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1731:, just outside Prague. The day before, King Frederick had ridden down the lines and exhorted the soldiers. He then rushed to Prague to implore the Bohemian Estates to raise money for his troops and to receive the envoys of the English king. However, it was too late. When, on 8 November 1620, Frederick wanted to ride back to the troops, he was met at the gates of Prague by fleeing soldiers of his army and his chancellor, Anhalt, who informed him of the disaster: the Bohemian army had received a crushing defeat that morning in the
1587:
1305:, portrayed the decision as based mainly on Elizabeth Stuart's desire to be a queen. More recently, historians have concluded that Frederick's decision was based primarily on a sense of duty to his fellow Protestants, although Frederick wavered between his obligations to the emperor and his commitment to his religious brethren. There also seems to have been economic considerations; the Upper Palatinate was at that time Europe's center for iron production, while Bohemia was a focal point for the tin and glass trade.
714:
2061:
42:
1967:
4094:
1294:
1104:
4142:
4130:
1827:
1163:, Frederick V's governor of the Upper Palatinate, moved to intervene in Bohemia. He did not initially propose nominating Frederick as king because the young elector was still seen as politically inexperienced, and was a Calvinist, while there were virtually no Calvinists in Bohemia. At any rate, Frederick was not initially eager to defy the Emperor, who had praised Frederick's loyalty. Frederick did not publicly break with the Emperor, but in a letter to his father-in-law,
4154:
1205:
1242:) and on 31 July 1619 at Prague, these states formed the Bohemian Confederacy, dedicated to opposing the Habsburgs; under the terms of this agreement, Protestantism became virtually the state religion of the Bohemian lands. In August 1619, the general parliament of all the Bohemian lands declared that Ferdinand had forfeited the Bohemian throne. This formally severed all ties between Bohemia and the Habsburgs and made war inevitable.
4106:
4118:
1551:. This treaty provided that Maximilian would be commander of the forces against Frederick, promised that Maximilian would retain all of the occupied Bohemian lands for himself, and that he would be granted Frederick's electoral title as well. The Emperor was also able to obtain the support of Elector John George I of Saxony; John George's court preacher,
1724:, Maximilian's forces first met with the 15,000 ragtag, poorly paid and poorly equipped troops that Frederick had managed to raise. Frederick visited his army on 28 September 1620, but, lacking a military background, left the conduct of the war to his generals. Frederick focused his attention on organizing supplies and preparing fortifications.
1119:, as heir to the throne of Bohemia. Ferdinand was an intensely loyal Catholic, and many Protestant noblemen believed that Ferdinand intended to withdraw the protections of Rudolf II's Letter of Majesty. These suspicions were further aroused when Imperial officials ordered Protestants to stop erecting Protestant churches on the "
1253:
The preferred candidate of
Bohemians as their new king was the Elector of Saxony, but he let it be known he would not accept the throne. This left Frederick as the most senior Protestant prince available, since no one else was willing to risk conflict with the emperor. In August 1619, the chances of
1095:
as Rudolf's heir, and
Matthias became king of Bohemia in 1611 and emperor in 1612. Yet in the latter year there was discussion within the Protestant Union about fielding a Protestant candidate to supplant Matthias as king of Bohemia, and Frederick's name was discussed in this regard. Strategists in
752:
intervened in the dispute, with the result being that
Frederick V was able to begin his personal rule in the Palatinate even though he was still underage. The dispute ended in 1614, when Frederick attained his eighteenth birthday. However, much bad blood among the houses was caused by this dispute.
1289:
adhered to the tradition of supporting the
Habsburg Imperial candidate. The electoral college also condemned the Bohemian Confederation's attempt to remove Ferdinand from the throne of Bohemia and declared that the 1617 vote of the Estates of Bohemia, making Ferdinand King of Bohemia, was binding.
827:
Frederick travelled to London to collect his bride, landing on
English soil on 16 October 1612. Frederick and Elizabeth, who had previously corresponded in French, now met each other for the first time, and got on well together. They were formally engaged in January 1613 and married on 14 February
1127:
who were not subject to the
Bohemian Estates. The Protestants claimed the status of these lands fell under the term "royal land", and thus were subject to Bohemia's authority by the Letter of Majesty – a very disputed legal interpretation which the Habsburg government rejected. On 23 May 1618, an
2044:
Frederick left most of the day-to-day business of his government-in-exile to his counselors, although he did take some interest in his finances. Frederick was very stingy in funding his administration, and yet, in order to maintain the dignity of a royal court, he spent vast sums on building and
1781:
On 21 January 1621, Ferdinand issued a decree against
Frederick and Anhalt, accusing them of breach of peace, supporting rebels, and treason. Ferdinand decreed that Frederick's lands and titles within the Holy Roman Empire were now forfeited. On 6 February 1621, representatives of the Protestant
1582:
and there was not, therefore, a conflict between an imperial prince and the emperor. Frederick argued that it would therefore be illegal for
Ferdinand to use imperial power against him. This meeting, which included John George of Saxony and Maximilian of Bavaria, rejected Frederick's argument,
2032:
There were attempts at reconciling
Frederick with the emperor in 1624–25 and in 1627, but these came to naught. Frederick was willing to compromise with the emperor, but he wanted the restoration of his lands and electoral title, and the emperor was not inclined to restore these to Frederick.
1461:
Frederick assumed a weak crown and a state torn with internal divisions. The state's finances had been disrupted for years, and, at any rate, Bohemian kings had only very limited ability to raise funds, being primarily dependent on the goodwill of the nobility and the tax allocations of the
1864:
in early 1622, and on 21 April 1622, Frederick joined
Mansfeld there. Frederick attempted to convince other Protestant princes to reconstitute the Protestant Union, but met with limited success. Frederick's cause was boosted by a 27 April 1622 victory over Tilly's forces at the
810:, but these plans were rejected by his advisors. Frederick's advisors in the Palatinate were worried that if Elizabeth were married to a Catholic prince, this would upset the confessional balance of Europe, and they were thus resolved that she should marry Frederick V.
1598:
On 1 April 1620, the Imperial party issued an ultimatum calling on Frederick to leave Bohemia by 1 June. If Frederick did not comply by this date, Ferdinand threatened to enforce his right as Holy Roman Emperor and rightful King of Bohemia to overthrow the
2057:'. When completed in 1631, this palace had a large central residence, a courtyard, a two-storey main building with two wings projecting to the south, and was surrounded by large gardens. Frederick spent much of his time there in hunting and long walks.
1758:
Maximilian took Prague shortly after Frederick's departure. From Silesia, Frederick wanted to plan revenge for the Battle of White Mountain, but the Silesian Estates refused to support this project, and he was forced to leave Silesia in early 1621.
767:
Frederick IV's marriage policy had been designed to solidify the Palatinate's position within the Reformed camp in Europe. Two of Frederick V's sisters were married to leading Protestant princes: his sister Luise Juliane to his one-time guardian
879:
before leaving for Germany on 5 May 1613. The couple entered Heidelberg on 12 June 1613, amidst widespread celebration. Elizabeth was popular with Frederick's subjects, and this popularity grew when, on 1 January 1614, she gave birth to a son,
1625:
to fight the impending Imperial threat. To raise money for the Bohemian forces, Frederick used his private funds, pawned his jewels and, in May 1620, drove the Palatinate into insolvency when he decided to move two tons of gold to Bohemia.
2166:
of the King of Sweden. The lands of the Palatinate were simply too important strategically for Gustavus Adolphus to hand them over to Frederick. Gustavus Adolphus also insisted that Frederick would have to establish equal rights for
2150:, with Gustavus Adolphus paying Frederick full royal honours. However, Gustavus Adolphus did not offer Frederick support for restoring him in the Palatinate because England and the Netherlands had not signed off on such a proposal.
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A declaration of the cavses, for the which, wee Frederick, by the grace of God King Bohemia, Covnt Palatine of the Rhine, Elector of the Sacred Empire, & c. haue accepted of the crowne of Bohemia, and of the covntryes thereunto
984:, and Calvinist principalities (although Calvinism was not recognised in the Peace of Augsburg). The conflicts between princes of these three faiths developed into a deep struggle over the Empire's constitution. Furthermore, the
1540:. Frederick's propagandists attempted to respond to the phrase by arguing that Frederick was in fact a "Winter Lion" who defended the crown of Bohemia against troublemakers and liars, and that he would also be a "Summer Lion."
1481:, so court offices were staffed primarily with foreigners, while the administration of the localities was left to the local nobles. This made an alliance of the royal family with the corporate bodies of the realm difficult.
1562:
in December 1619. This conference was a fiasco, as few princes bothered to send representatives. John George of Saxony declined to send a representative. Those who did attend half-heartedly promised to secure Frederick's
1535:
The nickname "The Winter King" appeared shortly after the beginning of Frederick's reign and our first printed reference using the term came in a 1619 Imperial pamphlet that presented the phrase in the context of a royal
705:, Tilenus called for the unity of Protestant princes, and taught that it was their Christian duty to intervene if their brethren were being harassed. These views are likely to have shaped Frederick's future policies.
1794:
ended on 9 April 1621. On 14 April, Frederick joined his wife at The Hague. The Dutch Republic and Frederick signed a contract in which he accepted the support of the Netherlands for the reconquest of his dominions.
1226:, had previously been crowned King of Bohemia, the Estates of Bohemia now refused to recognise him as their king. Fearing an invasion by Imperial forces, the Estates sought an alliance with the other members of the
2161:
on 17 May 1632. He pressed his case with Gustavus Adolphus, who told Frederick that he would accept Frederick's restoration without Dutch/British support only if Frederick would agree to hold the Palatinate as a
1664:
In early August 1620, 25,000 troops, under the command of Spinola, marched into Bohemia. In the third week of August, they shifted their focus and marched into the nearly unarmed Electoral Palatinate, occupying
1144:. The rebels charged them with violating the Letter of Majesty, found them guilty, and threw them and their scribe Philip Fabricius out of the windows of the Bohemian Chancellery. This event – known as the
1786:
to protest, but they soon agreed to support the settlement in the Palatinate, and the Palatinate remained occupied by Spanish troops. At this point, the Protestant Union had essentially ceased to exist.
932:, during which he was struck by fever and nearly died. Subsequently contemporaries described him as changed, melancholy and possibly depressed. As such, Frederick transferred much responsibility to his
1064:. A large number of Bohemian nobles were Protestant and feared that a Catholic emperor would attempt to impose Catholicism on Bohemia. Thus, a substantial opposition movement developed to the rule of
2108:
820:
since his return to Heidelberg, was sent to London to court the princess in spring 1612. After intense negotiations, a marriage contract was signed on 26 May 1612, over the objection of her mother,
1178:
of Frederick's name as a possible candidate as king of Bohemia came in November 1618. It is not known if Frederick's agents played a role in talking up his possible candidacy. Palatine diplomat
1335:
Between 24 September and 28, Frederick reached his decision "not to resist the will of the Almighty" and thus decided to accept the Bohemian crown. The Dutch Republic, the Republic of Venice,
1727:
After a series of skirmishes, on 5 November 1620, Frederick drew his forces back towards Prague and Imperial troops followed them. On 7 November, Bohemian forces determined to make a stand at
1015:. Unlike many principalities of the Holy Roman Empire, the Electoral Palatinate was not a solid dominion, but instead consisted of two unconnected provinces surrounded by foreign lands. The
1520:
was to be desecrated. Scultetus' iconoclasm was deeply unpopular, and Frederick attempted to distance himself from it, claiming that his orders were not being carried out by his followers.
2103:, Frederick formally petitioned to be forgiven for having accepted the crown of Bohemia and admitted his wrongdoing. But nothing came of this. In March 1631, Frederick despatched diplomat
1810:, where they remained for ten years. The elective monarchy was now abolished; the role of the Estates greatly curtailed; and the Letter of Majesty was torn by Ferdinand himself. Only
745:, as his son's guardian. Frederick V welcomed John to Heidelberg, whereas Wolfgang William was denied entry. This led to a heated dispute among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire.
972:
Politically, Frederick positioned himself as a leader of the Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire, and as a defender of the liberty of the German nobles against the Catholic
762:
1953:
now held out. After the conquest of Heidelberg, the Protestant churches were closed, the university was closed, and at the request of Maximilian, the great library, the famous
860:
1841:, Frederick's former guardian who had served as regent of the Electoral Palatinate when Frederick left for Prague, resigned. Frederick was also at this time placed under the
2178:
About this time, England finally determined to send an expeditionary force to Germany. Unfortunately for Frederick, it was too late. Gustavus Adolphus was killed at the
1888:
Frederick was increasingly under Mansfeld's influence at this time, and was growing disillusioned with the Protestant cause. With Frederick's knowledge, Mansfeld raided
1457:
The reverse of this medallion: 5 hands holding the Bohemian royal crown over the Palatinate Lion lying with a scepter in his right paw, and his left paw lying on the orb
1274:
On 26 August 1619, the states of the Bohemian Confederacy elected Frederick as the new King of Bohemia, Frederick receiving news of his election on 29 August in Amberg.
1076:
from 1593 to 1606. Dissatisfied with the outcome, Rudolf sought to launch a new war against the Ottomans. To gain Bohemian support, Rudolf agreed to guarantee Bohemia's
1641:
signed the Treaty of Ulm (1620), thereby withdrawing their support for Frederick and declaring neutrality in the conflict between Frederick and the Catholic League.
1437:
Although a large part of the country was already devastated by war, and many refugees were encamped in the town, the coronation was celebrated with lavish parties.
1031:. The Lower Palatinate's economy was dominated by agriculture, while the Upper Palatinate was a mining region with one of the most successful economies in Europe.
4214:
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was summoned from Darmstadt to Mainz, but nothing could be done for Frederick. Frederick died on the morning of 29 November 1632, of a "pestilential fever".
1922:
Frederick dismissed Mansfeld after he became convinced he would be unable to reconquer his hereditary lands. Frederick then spent the summer with his uncle,
773:
881:
233:
1900:
as hostages. This was clearly a violation of Imperial law, and cost Frederick whatever remaining sympathy he still had in Europe. During his retreat into
1474:. Further limiting Frederick's ability to manoeuvre was the need to distribute royal bounty to supporters in order to ensure their loyalty to his regime.
4219:
1301:
Frederick's decision to accept the Bohemian crown has been the subject of much historical speculation. Later Catholic propaganda, in a view accepted by
4189:
1814:
remained tolerated in Bohemia, and in the coming years, the rest of the population would be actively re-Catholicized. Bohemia would remain part of the
725:
On 19 September 1610, Frederick's father, Frederick IV, died from "extravagant living"; his son being 14 years old at the time. Under the terms of the
523:
in 1622. An Imperial edict formally deprived him of the Palatinate in 1623. He lived the rest of his life in exile with his wife and family, mostly at
4279:
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1934:
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1774:
Contemporary pamphleteers – both Catholic and Protestant – were merciless in their portrayal of Frederick's flight from Prague. After Frederick's
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Frederick held out some hope that his lands might be retaken militarily, but these hopes were crushed on 27 August 1626, when the forces of
1509:
1669:. The Electoral Palatinate was defended by only 2,000 English volunteers and the country was easily taken. Imperial troops set up camp in
1621:
This was the context when the parliament of the Bohemian Confederacy met on 25 March 1620. Frederick called for massive tax increases and
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entertainment, quickly blowing through donations from the English and Dutch governments. For example, in 1629, Frederick commissioned
4204:
2612:
1838:
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from 1619 to 1620. He was forced to abdicate both roles, and the brevity of his reign in Bohemia earned him the derisive sobriquet "
4259:
4199:
2931:
Mary Anne Everett Green and S. C. Lomas, Elizabeth, Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia, 2nd edn (Methuen & Company, 1909).
1982:
On 23 February 1623, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor awarded Frederick's electoral title to Maximilian of Bavaria, who now became
1477:
In Prague, Frederick soon came to be alienated from a portion of the nobility and the clergy. Neither Frederick nor his wife spoke
1115:
Meanwhile, the sectarian conflicts in Bohemia continued. In 1617, Matthias prevailed on the Bohemian Estates to elect the Habsburg
1056:; since 1555, these kings had also been emperors. In the early seventeenth century, however, Bohemia faced a political crisis. The
3027:
2764:
1052:, and despite being a kingdom, was a part of the Holy Roman Empire. Since 1526, the kings of Bohemia had all been members of the
335:
4174:
1306:
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777:
17:
1374:. Finally on 31 October 1619, Frederick entered Prague, along with 568 people and 100 cars, and was greeted enthusiastically.
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2729:
2171:
in his territories. Frederick refused Gustavus Adolphus' conditions and they parted. Frederick travelled to Swedish-occupied
2096:, did not. Frederick himself sustained serious physical injuries in the accident, and would not fully recover for 15 months.
1893:
1630:
803:
489:
3016:
Für eine zeitgenössische Darstellung des Einzugs und die Krönung siehe Krönung Friedrichs von der Pfalz zum böhmischen König
2182:
on 16 November, and in October, Frederick developed an infection that got worse in the following weeks. The famed physician
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In Bohemia, the crushing of the Bohemian Revolt had terrible consequences. Twenty-seven Bohemian nobles were killed in the
1171:
and the Spanish party at the Habsburg court. This was a questionable evasion of the role played by Frederick's own agents.
3109:
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2837:
2827:
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2139:
in December 1631, Frederick believed the time was ripe for him to reestablish himself in the Palatinate, and he left for
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Anhalt could recommend only one option to Frederick: immediate flight. As such, on 9 November, Frederick fled to the
1321:
1190:
similarly rejected the idea, fearing it might lead to religious war and the Elector of Saxony was staunchly opposed.
1100:, to break his alliance with the Habsburgs and come fully to the Protestant cause. This assumption proved unfounded.
535:
426:
314:
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476:. Frederick was asked to assume the crown of Bohemia. He accepted the offer and was crowned on 4 November 1619, as
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A little later, John George of Saxony signed a treaty with Ferdinand in which Ferdinand guaranteed the practice of
1544:
1328:– sent letters saying they would not be able to offer Frederick assistance if he accepted the Bohemian offer. Only
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344:
125:
84:
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Concerning Anhalt's political aims and his secret diplomacy against the House of Habsburg see: Walter KrĂĽssmann,
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was sung – per the Catholic tradition – rather than spoken as was normally done by the Calvinists. Frederick was
1145:
943:
Frederick undertook a large building campaign, designed to glorify his regime. In addition to the renovations to
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refused to support his son-in-law militarily. The Netherlands sent only a small force and promised only 50,000
1419:
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with the possibility of Frederick becoming king, but James reacted negatively to this idea. The princes of the
615:
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With its central location in Germany, the Palatinate was vulnerable to incursions of imperial troops from the
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1201:, which saw Pilsen fall to rebel forces on 21 November 1618, leaving the entire kingdom in Protestant hands.
1141:
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1963:
in appreciation of the 620,000 guilders he had provided for financing the campaigns of the Catholic League.
1129:
891:. These renovations were completed in 1615 and the "Elizabeth Entrance" to Heidelberg Castle was dedicated.
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Epithalamion, or Mariage Song on the Lady Elizabeth, and Count Palatine being married on St. Valentines Day
749:
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1610:
in Bohemia and recognized the secular areas in the Netherlands. Ferdinand also agreed to give John George
1543:
Meanwhile, Ferdinand II rallied his forces against Frederick. On 21 October 1619, he signed a treaty with
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on 14 September. From Bohemia, Frederick was powerless to stop the occupation of his ancestral homeland.
1227:
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in 1617 and who would later claim that Frederick had usurped his rightful claim to the throne of Bohemia.
781:
639:
294:
241:
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Frederick's chancellor, Christian of Anhalt, urged Frederick to call a meeting of Protestant princes at
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administrator of the diocese, JiĹ™Ăk Dicastus, and a Protestant elder, Jan Cyril Ĺ palek z TĹ™ebĂÄŤe. The
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One of Frederick's first acts upon taking the reins of government was attendance at a meeting of the
488:, a military alliance founded by his father, and hoped for the support of Frederick's father-in-law,
249:
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Der Winterkönig. Friedrich von der Pfalz. Bayern und Europa im Zeitalter des Dreißigjährigen Krieges
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Bohemia 1620, retrospective coronation medal of King Frederic Elector Palatine of the Rhine. Obverse
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of the Palatinate until Frederick reached the age of majority. However, his nearest male relative,
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to support the Bohemian rebels. In August 1618, forces under Mansfeld entered Bohemia and led the
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2945:(1580–1626); Grafensohn, Söldnerführer, Kriegsunternehmer gegen Habsburg im Dreißigjährigen Krieg
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and he wore the Order's chain during the wedding ceremony. Elaborate celebrations, organised by
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and a number of diplomats and dignitaries attended his baptism at Amberg on 6 October 1596. The
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and Frederick's allies in the Protestant Union failed to support him militarily by signing the
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who voted against Ferdinand; even the Protestant prince-electors John George I of Saxony and
1247:
1845:, which permitted the forfeiture of his territories and effectively rendered him an outlaw.
1574:, Frederick despatched a legal defense of his actions. He argued that he had not broken the
741:, was a Catholic, so, shortly before his death, Frederick IV had named another Wittelsbach,
673:
before being brought to Heidelberg in 1598. In 1604, at his mother's urging, he was sent to
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was found in Prague, pamphleteers routinely portrayed him with his stockings falling down.
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with Frederick's body. It is believed that Ludwig Philipp transferred Frederick's body to
1316:
and called on Frederick not to intervene in Bohemian affairs. Other possible allies – the
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in 1609. Still, the Bohemian nobles remained suspicious of Rudolf and in contact with the
8:
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1466:. The Protestant nobles felt that higher taxes were necessary to pay for war against the
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of Bohemia became worried that the Habsburgs were planning to transform Bohemia into an
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The Winter King: Frederick V of the Palatinate and the Coming of the Thirty Years' War
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against the Imperial army and marched into southern Germany. When the Swedes captured
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992:, was set to expire in 1621, and was likely to lead to renewed fighting between the
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2038:
1853:
1751:, along with his wife and child, some advisers, and not much more baggage than the
1638:
1586:
1309:, told Frederick that a union of the two areas could be commercially advantageous.
1187:
1085:
1024:
1016:
949:
929:
921:
908:
855:
694:
670:
559:
485:
371:
56:
2197:, served as regent. Frederick's internal organs were buried at St. Catherine's in
4158:
4134:
3610:
3212:
2733:
2210:
2060:
1960:
1927:
1463:
1346:
On 29 September 1619, Frederick left Heidelberg for Prague. He travelled through
1329:
1255:
1212:
1198:
1149:
958:
917:
821:
713:
674:
595:
501:
402:
379:
359:
91:
41:
1966:
1833:(1580–1626), soldier who held on to Frederick's Palatine inheritance until 1622.
1802:
on 21 June 1621. Afterwards, the heads of twelve nobles, along with the hand of
1504:
crusade against images: beginning on 21 December 1619, images were removed from
4110:
3913:
3265:
2206:
2085:
1986:. Maximilian was also awarded the conquered territory of Upper Palatinate as a
1807:
1517:
1478:
1317:
1293:
1282:
1073:
997:
993:
865:
730:
690:
666:
555:
520:
461:
446:
387:
2072:
Frederick suffered a personal tragedy on 17 January 1629. He was traveling to
1103:
4168:
3929:
3893:
3816:
3082:
2112:
2026:
1713:
1701:
1682:
1259:
1133:
1124:
845:
685:. During his time at Sedan, Frederick was a frequent visitor to the court of
678:
481:
2092:. Frederick survived the accident, but his eldest son, the fifteen-year-old
1826:
1250:
predicted this decision would lead to twenty, forty, or sixty years of war.
780:. Frederick IV had hoped that his daughter Katharina would marry the future
3438:
2822:(1630–1714), heir presumptive to the thrones of England and Ireland by the
2737:
1842:
1622:
1575:
1501:
651:
349:
4129:
3333:
2205:. On 9 June 1635, with Spanish troops approaching, Ludwig Philipp fled to
1869:, but this boost was short lived. Frederick's forces under the command of
894:
3417:
2202:
2054:
1950:
1811:
1670:
1607:
1513:
954:
913:
871:
On their return trip to Heidelberg, Frederick and Elizabeth travelled to
607:
591:
414:
4153:
3343:
1204:
2140:
1942:
1911:
1637:
a month for Frederick. Worst of all for Frederick, on 3 July 1620, the
1537:
1528:
1403:
1351:
1096:
the Palatinate believed that if Frederick became king, this would lead
1020:
933:
833:
662:
492:. However, James opposed his son-in-law's takeover of Bohemia from the
3230:
2153:
Frederick subsequently took part in Gustavus Adolphus' march into the
2029:, Frederick urged his father-in-law not to go through with the match.
1748:
1430:
with little objection. At the end of the coronation, the Estates paid
1262:. This was also precisely the period when Ferdinand was travelling to
798:
In keeping with his father's policy, Frederick V sought a marriage to
3293:
2198:
2168:
2147:
2136:
2073:
1991:
1937:
completed the Spanish conquest of the Electoral Palatinate. After an
1889:
1783:
1686:
1564:
1559:
1493:
1489:
1427:
1411:
1263:
887:
As part of the marriage negotiations, Frederick had agreed to expand
872:
647:
524:
453:
in 1610, and at the age of 17 was married to the Protestant princess
442:
438:
324:
3298:
1193:
Behind the scenes, Frederick authorised sending a force under Count
634:. Frederick was related to almost all of the ruling families of the
3313:
2942:
2213:
in September 1637, but Frederick's final resting place is unknown.
2193:, was only 15 years old. Therefore, his uncle, Frederick's brother
1946:
1721:
1674:
1571:
981:
966:
658:
of Bavaria, which was deeply devoted to the Roman Catholic Church.
1371:
1363:
1222:
died on 20 March 1619. Although his successor, the future Emperor
586:(1574–1610), Frederick was the hereditary ruler of the Palatinate.
3328:
3308:
2089:
1744:
1611:
1600:
1488:, who was determined to use his new post to advance the cause of
1415:
1347:
1336:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1168:
611:
418:
289:
1949:
similarly fell on 5 November 1622. Only the British garrison in
508:
on 8 November 1620 – a year and four days after his coronation.
3338:
2158:
2065:
2050:
1901:
1821:
1767:
1658:
1591:
1555:, encouraged the Emperor to smash Frederick and the Bohemians.
1497:
1484:
Further alienation was caused by Frederick V's court preacher,
1470:, but the country already felt overburdened in the wake of the
1423:
1340:
1175:
1028:
962:
840:. Shortly before the ceremony, Frederick was inducted into the
763:
Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V of the Palatinate
734:
3119:
Portraits of Frederick V, King of Bohemia and Elector Palatine
2014:
In late 1622 and early 1623, Frederick organised a Palatinate
546:, one of the most colourful figures of his time. His daughter
3323:
3318:
2898:. The Houston Circle for the Study of Early Modern Philosophy
2172:
1678:
1666:
1367:
912:
commissioned by Frederick, and designed by English architect
528:
515:
Frederick's Palatine lands, forcing him to flee to his uncle
177:
1644:
1583:
finding that Bohemia was an indivisible part of the Empire.
980:, the Empire had been delicately balanced between Catholic,
669:
at this time, so Frederick spent his first two years in the
2163:
1987:
1709:
1355:
861:
The Memorable Masque of the Middle Temple and Lincoln's Inn
708:
1959:(3500 manuscripts), was presented as a gift of thanks to
1570:
In March 1620, during a meeting of the Imperial party at
1516:
was destroyed. There was even a rumour that the grave of
947:
mentioned above, he commissioned a courtyard garden, the
848:, followed the ceremony; these included a performance of
1254:
Frederick becoming King of Bohemia became greater when
895:
Electoral reign before the Thirty Years' War, 1614–1618
806:. James had initially considered marrying Elizabeth to
729:, Frederick's closest male relative would serve as his
2981:
s. hierzu s. unter Literaturangabe: Berning ... S. 134
4082:
2783:(1620–1652) who also served in the English Civil War.
2146:
In February 1632, Frederick met Gustavus Adolphus at
1974:(1578–1637) awarding Frederick's lands and titles to
1720:
crossed the Bohemian border on 26 September 1620. At
590:
Frederick was born on 26 August 1596 was born at the
3898:
During his reign obtained non-hereditary royal title
2744:
on 14 February 1613 and had the following children:
2018:
at The Hague. This Palatinate council was headed by
1500:
and images in church, but Scultetus now launched an
1567:territories during Frederick's absence in Bohemia.
1531:, was the first to dub Frederick "The Winter King".
1167:, he placed the blame for the Bohemian vote on the
234:
Henry Frederick, Electoral Prince of the Palatinate
2959:), especially pp. 81–86, 98–100, 134–139, 170–176.
1312:On 12 September 1619, the Protestant Union met at
2064:The winter palace constructed for Frederick V at
1990:. Other territories of the Electoral Palatinate (
538:was restored to the electorate in 1648 under the
484:chose Frederick because he was the leader of the
4166:
1614:, thus cementing John George's dominance of the
27:Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia (1596–1632)
1418:was modelled on that used at the coronation of
756:
4215:17th-century Prince-electors of the Palatinate
4210:17th-century Calvinist and Reformed Christians
3959:
3028:"The Queen of Hearts and the Rosicrucian Dawn"
1904:, Mansfeld burned a city and thirty villages.
1766:1620 pamphlet mocking Frederick's flight from
1128:assembly of Protestant noblemen, led by Count
3945:
3246:
2921:. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p. 53.
2886:
2884:
2864:"Frederick V (elector Palatine of the Rhine)"
1924:Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon
1681:on 5 September 1620 and proceeded to capture
1651:Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases
851:The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn
683:Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon
472:, beginning a conflict that would become the
366:; 26 August 1596 – 29 November 1632) was the
2857:
2855:
2853:
1822:Fall of Frederick's ancestral lands, 1621–22
1629:Bad news continued to arrive for Frederick.
1510:Prague Altarpiece of Lucas Cranach the Elder
2004:Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg
1933:Shortly thereafter, troops under Tilly and
1860:to dislodge him. Mansfeld crossed into the
1578:because Bohemia was located outside of the
1281:Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick was the only
1034:
739:Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg
650:; this was in marked contrast to the other
3952:
3938:
3253:
3239:
3125:
2881:
2225:Ancestors of Frederick V of the Palatinate
2084:when his boat capsized while crossing the
1871:Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
1527:This 1619 Imperial pamphlet, containing a
1091:The Bohemian Estates elected the Habsburg
40:
4190:17th-century deaths from plague (disease)
2850:
2613:Louis III de Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier
1856:and had successfully resisted efforts by
1645:Battle of White Mountain, 8 November 1620
1343:recognised Frederick as King of Bohemia.
401:Frederick was born at the hunting lodge (
4280:German expatriates in the Dutch Republic
4225:German Calvinist and Reformed Christians
3838:
3753:
3719:
3685:
3648:
3603:
3569:
2577:Princess Louise Juliana of Orange-Nassau
2551:Countess Juliana of Stolberg-Wernigerode
2308:Margravine Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
2195:Ludwig Philipp of Simmern-Kaiserslautern
2059:
1965:
1906:
1825:
1761:
1691:
1585:
1522:
1452:
1444:
1381:
1292:
1203:
1102:
1002:
898:
786:
712:
709:Controversy over guardianship, 1610–1614
569:
343:
315:Princess Louise Juliana of Orange-Nassau
260:Prince Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern
216:
3260:
3063:
3025:
1806:, were nailed to the Old Town Tower of
1653:, began raising Imperial troops in the
1039:
254:Louise Hollandine, Abbess of Maubuisson
14:
4220:German people of the Thirty Years' War
4167:
2947:; Berlin 2010 (Duncker & Humblot,
2916:
2719:
2592:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2396:Landgravine Elisabeth of Hesse-Cassell
2349:
2239:
2235:
2049:to build him a large summer palace in
1839:John II, Count Palatine of ZweibrĂĽcken
1649:With the signing of the Treaty of Ulm
1307:Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg
1269:
1161:Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg
1109:Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg
938:Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg
778:George William, Elector of Brandenburg
770:John II, Count Palatine of ZweibrĂĽcken
743:John II, Count Palatine of ZweibrĂĽcken
468:rebelled against their Catholic king,
3933:
3234:
3081:
2840:(1632–1641), died young, of epilepsy.
2730:James VI of Scotland and I of England
2668:
2658:
2654:
2642:
2636:
2626:
2610:
2600:
2596:
2580:
2574:
2564:
2548:
2538:
2534:
2522:
2515:
2505:
2489:
2479:
2475:
2451:
2441:
2425:
2415:
2411:
2399:
2393:
2383:
2367:
2357:
2353:
2337:
2331:
2321:
2305:
2295:
2291:
2279:
2273:
2263:
2247:
2243:
2157:, and was present for the march into
2109:Ernst Egon VIII, Count of FĂĽrstenberg
1894:Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
1877:on 6 May 1622; and then forces under
1852:continued to occupy a portion of the
1631:James VI of Scotland and I of England
1422:, with only a few parts altered. The
1136:, and seized two Imperial governors,
804:James VI of Scotland and I of England
689:. His tutor was Calvinist theologian
646:, were noted for their attachment to
490:James VI of Scotland and I of England
242:Elisabeth, Princess-Abbess of Herford
3089:, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,
2175:, intending to return to the Hague.
1508:, and on 27–28 December, the famous
1258:launched an anti-Habsburg revolt in
1152:, and with it, the beginning of the
961:. Frederick was depicted therein as
784:, although this never came to pass.
665:, was suffering from an outbreak of
66:19 September 1610 – 23 February 1623
2828:Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover
2792:Louis (1623–1624), died in infancy.
2201:and his embalmed body was taken to
2131:on the Protestant side. He won the
2009:
877:Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
565:
24:
3026:Nichols, Kimberly (19 July 2013).
2861:
1879:Christian the Younger of Brunswick
814:, who had served as Frederick V's
378:from 1610 to 1623, and reigned as
25:
4311:
4275:Pretenders to the Bohemian throne
3123:National Portrait Gallery, London
3103:
2890:
2492:William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen
2094:Frederick Henry of the Palatinate
1918:(1559–1632) on 19 September 1622.
1496:churches had retained the use of
1322:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
693:, a professor of theology at the
246:Prince Rupert, Duke of Cumberland
238:Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine
4205:17th-century monarchs of Bohemia
4152:
4140:
4128:
4116:
4104:
4092:
3553:
2992:Geschichte des 30jährigen Kriegs
2639:Charlotte de Bourbon-Montpensier
2025:During the negotiations for the
1984:Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria
1976:Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria
1972:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
1916:Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly
1858:Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly
1332:offered words of encouragement.
1209:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
1098:John George I, Elector of Saxony
916:(1573–1652) and French engineer
828:1613 at the royal chapel at the
654:of Wittelsbachs, headed by Duke
435:Charlotte de Bourbon-Montpensier
334:
103:26 August 1619 – 8 November 1620
4260:People from Neumarkt (district)
4200:17th-century monarchs in Europe
3045:
3019:
3010:
3003:Zitiert nach Peter Bilhöfer in
2250:Frederick III, Elector Palatine
1146:Second Defenestration of Prague
953:, designed by English gardener
661:The capital of the Palatinate,
632:Charlotte de Bourbon-Monpensier
460:In 1618 the largely Protestant
427:Louise Juliana of Orange-Nassau
199:
3137:Frederick V of the Palatinate
2997:
2984:
2975:
2962:
2934:
2925:
2910:
2832:King George I of Great Britain
2334:Frederick IV, Elector Palatine
2118:
1590:Frederick V on horseback with
1148:– marked the beginning of the
832:. The event was celebrated in
584:Frederick IV, Elector Palatine
13:
1:
4175:Frederick V of the Palatinate
3353:
3087:The Rosicrucian Enlightenment
3057:
2454:Frederick V, Elector Palatine
2037:were crushed by Tilly at the
1881:were soundly defeated at the
1386:Coronation of Frederick V in
1377:
1287:John Sigismund of Brandenburg
1277:Two days later, Ferdinand II
1211:(1578–1637), who was elected
1142:Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice
504:ended with his defeat at the
445:, he succeeded his father as
3920:from the Wittelsbach dynasty
3064:Pursell, Brennan C. (2003),
2370:Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
2133:Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)
2111:, president of the Imperial
1935:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
1782:Union met with Ferdinand at
1220:Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
974:Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
757:Marriage to Elizabeth Stuart
750:Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
719:Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt
558:, and is the founder of the
276:Sophia, Electress of Hanover
48:Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt
7:
4270:People from Sedan, Ardennes
4230:House of Palatinate-Simmern
2428:Duchess Christine of Saxony
2216:
2125:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
1945:fell on 19 September 1622;
1804:Joachim Andreas von Schlick
1718:Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria
1545:Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria
1228:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
812:Hans Meinhard von Schönberg
782:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
10:
4316:
4195:17th-century German people
3961:Electors of the Palatinate
2586:
2469:
2343:
2276:Louis VI, Elector Palatine
2237:
2189:Frederick's son and heir,
1914:is taken by the forces of
1800:Old Town Square executions
760:
642:, the elder branch of the
544:Prince Rupert of the Rhine
3967:
3885:
3829:
3744:
3710:
3678:
3639:
3594:
3562:
3551:
3513:
3352:
3281:
3272:
3219:
3210:
3202:
3192:
3183:
3175:
3170:
3142:House of Palatine Simmern
3135:
3051:Quoted by Wedgwood, p. 94
2917:Parker, Geoffrey (1997).
2656:
2648:
2620:
2598:
2594:
2558:
2536:
2528:
2499:
2477:
2473:
2435:
2413:
2405:
2377:
2355:
2351:
2315:
2293:
2285:
2257:
2241:
2107:to hold discussions with
2101:Diet of Regensburg (1630)
1738:
1406:was conducted not by the
1117:Ferdinand, Duke of Styria
1013:Habsburg hereditary lands
920:(1576–1626), painting by
717:Portrait of Frederick by
534:His eldest surviving son
330:
320:
310:
300:
288:
209:
184:
167:
143:
139:
131:
121:
107:
99:
90:
80:
70:
62:
55:
39:
34:
4255:Nobility from Heidelberg
3666:Ladislaus the Posthumous
2968:Zitiert nach Golo Mann:
2844:
2082:Dutch West India Company
2000:Peilstein im MĂĽhlviertel
1733:Battle of White Mountain
1698:Battle of White Mountain
1553:Matthias Hoe von Hoenegg
1440:
1402:on 4 November 1619. The
1396:Crown of Saint Wenceslas
1350:, Amberg, Neumarkt, and
1314:Rothenburg ob der Tauber
1080:, issuing his so-called
1035:King of Bohemia, 1619–20
1007:Frederick in Roman garb.
624:Louise Juliana of Nassau
506:Battle of White Mountain
280:Prince Gustavus Adolphus
264:Princess Henriette Marie
3514:1198–1306 (Kings)
2949:Historische Forschungen
2868:Encyclopædia Britannica
2180:Battle of LĂĽtzen (1632)
2088:, a body of water near
2047:Bartholomeus van Bassen
2035:Christian IV of Denmark
1996:Weiden in der Oberpfalz
1159:In these circumstances
1107:Frederick's chancellor
1068:. Rudolf had waged the
703:French Wars of Religion
513:Imperial forces invaded
268:Prince Philip Frederick
3356:870–1198 (Dukes)
3115:(archived 28 May 2010)
2078:Spanish treasure fleet
2069:
2068:between 1629 and 1631.
1979:
1919:
1834:
1771:
1705:
1677:. Spinola crossed the
1595:
1532:
1468:German Catholic League
1458:
1450:
1391:
1298:
1216:
1138:Vilem Slavata of Chlum
1112:
1008:
925:
795:
722:
599:
587:
511:After the battle, the
406:
363:
352:
18:Frederick V of Bohemia
4245:Knights of the Garter
3304:Přemysl the Ploughman
2919:The Thirty Years' War
2751:(1614–1629)—(drowned)
2105:Sir Robert Anstruther
2063:
1969:
1910:
1873:were defeated at the
1829:
1765:
1753:Bohemian Crown Jewels
1695:
1589:
1526:
1456:
1448:
1394:Frederick donned the
1385:
1296:
1248:Archbishop of Cologne
1207:
1174:The first mention in
1130:Jindřich Matyáš Thurn
1106:
1006:
902:
790:
716:
582:. As son and heir of
573:
550:was eventually named
519:, Stadtholder of the
500:. His brief reign as
437:. An intellectual, a
421:). He was the son of
347:
4235:House of Wittelsbach
3577:Henry the Carinthian
3505:Vladislaus III Henry
3150:House of Wittelsbach
3147:Cadet branch of the
2990:Friedrich Schiller:
2757:(1617–1680), became
2671:Jacqueline de Longwy
1956:Bibliotheca Palatina
1685:on 10 September and
1408:Archbishop of Prague
1266:for his coronation.
1244:Ferdinand of Bavaria
1125:ecclesiastical lords
1058:Estates of the realm
1040:Background and plans
957:and French engineer
808:Louis XIII of France
644:House of Wittelsbach
620:Electoral Palatinate
576:Electoral Palatinate
4295:Shipwreck survivors
3909:Wittelsbach dynasty
3403:Boleslaus the Brave
3068:, London: Ashgate,
2720:Family and children
2016:government-in-exile
1792:Twelve Years' Truce
1655:Spanish Netherlands
1506:St. Vitus Cathedral
1400:St. Vitus Cathedral
1388:St. Vitus Cathedral
1270:Frederick in Prague
1180:Christoph von Dohna
986:Twelve Years' Truce
842:Order of the Garter
836:poetic masterpiece
830:Palace of Whitehall
774:Elizabeth Charlotte
727:Golden Bull of 1356
628:William I of Orange
618:, was the ruler of
552:heiress presumptive
540:Peace of Westphalia
180:, Holy Roman Empire
4300:Protestant mystics
4265:People from Rhenen
4062:Charles III Philip
3449:Svatopluk the Lion
2943:Ernst von Mansfeld
2862:Parker, Geoffery.
2728:, the daughter of
2520:, Prince of Orange
2518:William the Silent
2127:intervened in the
2070:
2002:) were awarded to
1980:
1920:
1867:Battle of Wiesloch
1862:Rhenish Palatinate
1850:Ernst von Mansfeld
1835:
1831:Ernst von Mansfeld
1772:
1706:
1704:(1592–1667), 1620.
1616:Upper Saxon Circle
1596:
1594:in the background.
1533:
1459:
1451:
1392:
1390:, 4 November 1619.
1326:Republic of Venice
1303:Friedrich Schiller
1299:
1217:
1195:Ernst von Mansfeld
1184:James I of England
1165:James I of England
1113:
1046:Kingdom of Bohemia
1009:
988:, a hiatus in the
926:
796:
794:(1596–1662), 1613.
723:
687:Henry IV of France
626:, the daughter of
602:) in Deinschwang,
588:
542:. Another son was
451:Rhenish Palatinate
431:William the Silent
429:, the daughter of
409:) in Deinschwang,
353:
272:Princess Charlotte
116:St Vitus Cathedral
4123:Holy Roman Empire
4080:
4079:
4072:Maximilian Joseph
3927:
3926:
3881:
3880:
3831:Habsburg-Lorraine
3825:
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3706:
3705:
3674:
3673:
3635:
3634:
3590:
3589:
3549:
3548:
3229:
3228:
3220:Succeeded by
3193:Succeeded by
3032:Newtopia Magazine
2957:978-3-428-13321-5
2830:. Her son became
2824:Act of Settlement
2787:Louise Hollandine
2775:English Civil War
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2129:Thirty Years' War
2020:Ludwig Camerarius
1939:eleven-week siege
1885:on 20 June 1622.
1875:Battle of Wimpfen
1816:Habsburg monarchy
1696:Depiction of the
1580:Holy Roman Empire
1486:Abraham Scultetus
1154:Thirty Years' War
1123:", lands held by
1082:Letter of Majesty
1078:religious liberty
1066:Emperor Rudolf II
1062:absolute monarchy
1054:House of Habsburg
1050:elective monarchy
990:Eighty Years' War
978:Peace of Augsburg
945:Heidelberg Castle
904:Heidelberg Castle
889:Heidelberg Castle
772:, and his sister
699:Eighty Years' War
640:Palatine Simmerns
636:Holy Roman Empire
622:; his mother was
580:Holy Roman Empire
474:Thirty Years' War
376:Holy Roman Empire
342:
341:
162:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
4307:
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4133:
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4109:
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4097:
4096:
4095:
4088:
4067:Charles Theodore
3954:
3947:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3905:Elector Palatine
3836:
3835:
3751:
3750:
3717:
3716:
3683:
3682:
3662:
3646:
3645:
3601:
3600:
3567:
3566:
3557:
3500:Henry Bretislaus
3378:Saint Wenceslaus
3355:
3279:
3278:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3203:Preceded by
3186:Elector Palatine
3176:Preceded by
3166:
3165:29 November 1632
3159:
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2891:Brown, Gregory.
2888:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2859:
2826:, 1701. Married
2808:Philip Frederick
2759:Elector Palatine
2726:Elizabeth Stuart
2231:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2155:Duchy of Bavaria
2080:captured by the
2039:Battle of Lutter
2010:Exile, 1622–1632
1883:Battle of Höchst
1854:Upper Palatinate
1837:In summer 1621,
1708:After capturing
1639:Protestant Union
1547:, leader of the
1492:in Bohemia. The
1188:Protestant Union
1086:Protestant Union
1025:Upper Palatinate
1017:Lower Palatinate
950:Hortus Palatinus
930:Protestant Union
922:Jacques Fouquier
909:Hortus Palatinus
856:Francis Beaumont
800:Elizabeth Stuart
792:Elizabeth Stuart
695:Academy of Sedan
671:Upper Palatinate
574:Map showing the
566:Youth, 1596–1610
486:Protestant Union
455:Elizabeth Stuart
368:Elector Palatine
338:
295:Palatine Simmern
220:
203:
201:
191:Elizabeth Stuart
174:
171:29 November 1632
153:
151:
113:4 November 1619
95:(as Frederick I)
57:Elector Palatine
44:
32:
31:
21:
4315:
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4310:
4309:
4308:
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4240:Imperial vicars
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4093:
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4083:
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4076:
4042:Charles I Louis
3963:
3958:
3928:
3923:
3877:
3839:1780–1918
3821:
3754:1526–1780
3736:
3720:1471–1526
3702:
3686:1457–1471
3670:
3660:
3649:1437–1457
3631:
3604:1310–1437
3586:
3570:1306–1310
3558:
3545:
3509:
3348:
3268:
3259:
3225:
3216:
3213:King of Bohemia
3208:
3198:
3196:Charles I Louis
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2882:
2872:
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2851:
2847:
2802:Henriette Marie
2773:(1619–1682) of
2749:Frederick Henry
2734:Anne of Denmark
2722:
2717:
2219:
2121:
2012:
1961:Pope Gregory XV
1824:
1741:
1647:
1549:Catholic League
1443:
1380:
1330:Gabriel Bethlen
1272:
1256:Gabriel Bethlen
1213:King of Bohemia
1199:Siege of Pilsen
1150:Bohemian Revolt
1042:
1037:
959:Salomon de Caus
918:Salomon de Caus
897:
882:Frederick Henry
765:
759:
711:
677:to live in the
614:). His father,
568:
562:line of kings.
548:Princess Sophia
502:king of Bohemia
384:the Winter King
380:King of Bohemia
284:
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114:
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92:King of Bohemia
51:
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22:
15:
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11:
5:
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4297:
4292:
4290:Exiled royalty
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4250:Child monarchs
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4113:
4101:
4099:Czech Republic
4078:
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4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:Philip William
4049:
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3914:Prince-elector
3911:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3890:Duke of Poland
3886:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3869:
3867:Francis Joseph
3864:
3859:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3811:Charles Albert
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
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3652:
3650:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
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3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:John the Blind
3607:
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3598:
3592:
3591:
3588:
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3573:
3571:
3564:
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3559:
3552:
3550:
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3546:
3544:
3543:
3541:Wenceslaus III
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
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3173:
3172:
3171:Regnal titles
3168:
3167:
3158:26 August 1596
3146:
3139:
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3131:
3130:
3116:
3105:
3104:External links
3102:
3101:
3100:
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3083:Yates, Frances
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2893:"Friedrich V."
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2207:Kaiserslautern
2123:In 1630, King
2120:
2117:
2086:Haarlemmermeer
2011:
2008:
1970:1623 edict by
1823:
1820:
1808:Charles Bridge
1740:
1737:
1729:White Mountain
1646:
1643:
1576:imperial peace
1518:St. Wenceslaus
1512:depicting the
1442:
1439:
1434:to Frederick.
1379:
1376:
1318:Dutch Republic
1271:
1268:
1074:Ottoman Empire
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
998:Spanish Empire
994:Dutch Republic
896:
893:
866:George Chapman
802:, daughter of
761:Main article:
758:
755:
710:
707:
691:Daniel Tilenus
667:bubonic plague
567:
564:
556:British throne
527:, and died in
521:Dutch Republic
517:Prince Maurice
462:Czech nobility
447:Prince-Elector
340:
339:
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322:
318:
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250:Prince Maurice
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175:(aged 36)
169:
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4285:German exiles
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4022:Frederick III
4020:
4018:
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4010:
4008:
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4000:
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3995:
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3990:
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3897:
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3894:Piast dynasty
3891:
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3817:Maria Theresa
3815:
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3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:Ferdinand III
3789:
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3762:
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3728:
3727:Vladislaus II
3725:
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3622:Wenceslaus IV
3620:
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3608:
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3536:Wenceslaus II
3534:
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3527:
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3503:
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3496:
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3490:Wenceslaus II
3488:
3486:
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3464:Vladislaus II
3462:
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3450:
3447:
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3439:Bretislaus II
3437:
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3429:
3428:Vratislaus II
3426:
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3393:Boleslaus III
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3075:0-7546-3401-9
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2755:Charles Louis
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2509:
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2497:
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2255:
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2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:Charles Louis
2187:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2113:Privy Council
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2027:Spanish match
2023:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:and captured
1891:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
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1788:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:Upper Austria
1711:
1703:
1702:Peter Snayers
1699:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1683:Bad Kreuznach
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
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1593:
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1568:
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1521:
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1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
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1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1447:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1260:Royal Hungary
1257:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:Prague Castle
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:
905:
901:
892:
890:
885:
883:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
862:
857:
853:
852:
847:
846:Francis Bacon
843:
839:
835:
831:
825:
823:
819:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
793:
789:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
754:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
720:
715:
706:
704:
700:
697:. During the
696:
692:
688:
684:
681:of his uncle
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
606:(present-day
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:hunting lodge
585:
581:
577:
572:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:Charles Louis
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
498:Treaty of Ulm
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:(present-day
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
351:
346:
337:
333:
329:
326:
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306:
303:
299:
296:
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291:
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277:
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232:
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228:
222:
219:
218:
212:
208:
192:
187:
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166:
163:
159:
156:Deinschwang,
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4057:John William
4036:
4032:Frederick IV
4012:Frederick II
3781:Ferdinand II
3712:Jagiellonian
3679:Non-dynastic
3563:Non-dynastic
3526:Wenceslaus I
3475:Sobeslaus II
3454:Vladislaus I
3423:Spytihněv II
3418:Bretislaus I
3388:Boleslaus II
3373:Vratislaus I
3223:Ferdinand II
3211:
3206:Ferdinand II
3184:
3179:Frederick IV
3162:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3110:
3086:
3065:
3047:
3035:. Retrieved
3031:
3021:
3012:
3004:
2999:
2991:
2986:
2977:
2969:
2964:
2948:
2941:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2895:
2871:. Retrieved
2867:
2738:Chapel Royal
2723:
2453:
2188:
2177:
2152:
2145:
2122:
2098:
2076:to view the
2071:
2043:
2031:
2024:
2013:
1981:
1978:(1573–1651).
1954:
1932:
1921:
1896:and his son
1887:
1847:
1843:Imperial ban
1836:
1818:until 1918.
1797:
1789:
1780:
1773:
1757:
1742:
1726:
1707:
1663:
1648:
1628:
1623:conscription
1620:
1605:
1597:
1569:
1557:
1542:
1534:
1502:iconoclastic
1483:
1476:
1460:
1436:
1393:
1345:
1334:
1311:
1300:
1276:
1273:
1252:
1224:Ferdinand II
1218:
1192:
1173:
1158:
1120:
1114:
1111:(1568–1630).
1090:
1072:against the
1043:
1023:, while the
1010:
976:. Since the
971:
948:
942:
927:
907:
886:
870:
859:
849:
837:
834:John Donne's
826:
815:
797:
766:
747:
724:
660:
652:cadet branch
616:Frederick IV
589:
533:
510:
477:
470:Ferdinand II
459:
423:Frederick IV
400:
395:
391:
383:
364:Friedrich V.
355:
354:
350:coat of arms
348:Frederick's
305:Frederick IV
257:Prince Louis
226:
215:
173:(1632-11-29)
135:Ferdinand II
126:Ferdinand II
85:Maximilian I
75:Frederick IV
46:Portrait by
29:
4185:1632 deaths
4180:1596 births
4147:Netherlands
4037:Frederick V
3997:Frederick I
3862:Ferdinand V
3776:Matthias II
3761:Ferdinand I
3661:Interregnum
3459:Sobeslaus I
3383:Boleslaus I
3368:Spytihněv I
2970:Wallenstein
2896:Leibnitiana
2816:(1628–1631)
2810:(1627–1650)
2804:(1626–1651)
2798:(1625–1663)
2789:(1622–1709)
2767:(1618–1680)
2724:He married
2203:Frankenthal
2184:Peter Spina
2119:Death, 1632
2055:Koningshuis
1951:Frankenthal
1812:Lutheranism
1747:capital of
1671:Frankenthal
1657:and in the
1608:Lutheranism
1514:Virgin Mary
1410:but by the
1279:was elected
1182:approached
1027:centred on
1019:centred on
955:Inigo Jones
914:Inigo Jones
608:Lauterhofen
600:Jagdschloss
478:Frederick I
415:Lauterhofen
407:Jagdschloss
396:Winterkönig
356:Frederick V
122:Predecessor
71:Predecessor
35:Frederick V
4169:Categories
4047:Charles II
4017:Otto Henry
3982:Rupert III
3856:Francis II
3851:Leopold II
3806:Charles II
3771:Rudolph II
3766:Maximilian
3698:Matthias I
3616:Charles IV
3596:Luxembourg
3531:Ottokar II
3444:Bořivoj II
3217:1619–1620
3190:1610–1623
3058:References
3007:, S. 24 24
2141:Heidelberg
1943:Heidelberg
1912:Heidelberg
1538:chronogram
1529:chronogram
1420:Charles IV
1404:coronation
1378:Coronation
1352:Waldsassen
1324:, and the
1132:, stormed
1021:Heidelberg
934:chancellor
822:Queen Anne
817:Hofmeister
663:Heidelberg
656:Maximilian
604:Palatinate
560:Hanoverian
411:Palatinate
394:; German:
392:Zimnà král
158:Palatinate
150:1596-08-26
109:Coronation
3987:Louis III
3977:Rupert II
3907:from the
3892:from the
3872:Charles I
3846:Joseph II
3796:Leopold I
3786:Frederick
3627:Sigismund
3582:Rudolph I
3521:Ottokar I
3495:Ottokar I
3480:Frederick
3470:Frederick
3363:Bořivoj I
3334:Křesomysl
3282:Legendary
3274:Přemyslid
3037:17 August
2972:, S. 146M
2902:16 August
2873:16 August
2814:Charlotte
2765:Elisabeth
2742:Whitehall
2199:Oppenheim
2169:Lutherans
2148:Frankfurt
2137:Oppenheim
2074:Amsterdam
1992:Parkstein
1890:Darmstadt
1848:However,
1784:Heilbronn
1687:Oppenheim
1565:Rhineland
1560:Nuremberg
1494:Utraquist
1490:Calvinism
1412:Utraquist
1297:Frederick
1264:Frankfurt
875:to visit
873:The Hague
748:In 1613,
648:Calvinism
531:in 1632.
525:The Hague
494:Habsburgs
443:Calvinist
331:Signature
325:Calvinist
132:Successor
81:Successor
50:, c. 1630
4159:Politics
4135:Monarchy
4027:Louis VI
3992:Louis IV
3972:Rupert I
3901:Antiking
3801:Joseph I
3746:Habsburg
3641:Habsburg
3434:Conrad I
3398:Vladivoj
3344:HostivĂt
3314:Nezamysl
3262:Monarchs
3112:annexed.
3085:(1972),
2994:, Teil 1
2838:Gustavus
2834:in 1714.
2217:Ancestry
1947:Mannheim
1745:Silesian
1722:Rokycany
1675:Mannheim
1661:region.
1572:Mulhouse
1472:Long War
1428:anointed
1093:Matthias
1070:Long War
996:and the
982:Lutheran
967:Hercules
906:and the
731:guardian
701:and the
441:, and a
321:Religion
4111:Germany
4085:Portals
4007:Louis V
3918:Bavaria
3413:Oldřich
3408:JaromĂr
3329:Vnislav
3309:Valasca
3266:Bohemia
3121:at the
2781:Maurice
2761:in 1648
2736:in the
2732:and of
2099:At the
2090:Haarlem
2053:, the '
1749:Breslau
1635:florins
1612:Lusatia
1601:usurper
1416:liturgy
1360:Sokolov
1348:Ansbach
1337:Denmark
1283:elector
1240:Moravia
1236:Lusatia
1232:Silesia
1169:Jesuits
1048:was an
965:and as
733:and as
721:, 1613.
612:Germany
578:in the
554:to the
482:estates
480:. The
466:Bohemia
449:of the
425:and of
419:Germany
374:in the
370:of the
217:more...
204:
196:
4002:Philip
3693:George
3656:Albert
3339:Neklan
3299:Libuše
3161:
3093:
3072:
2955:
2951:, 94;
2820:Sophia
2796:Edward
2771:Rupert
2159:Munich
2066:Rhenen
2051:Rhenen
1998:, and
1902:Alsace
1898:Johann
1776:Garter
1768:Prague
1739:Escape
1659:Alsace
1592:Prague
1498:relics
1432:homage
1424:litany
1370:, and
1341:Sweden
1339:, and
1176:Prague
1121:Stifts
1029:Amberg
963:Apollo
735:regent
596:German
439:mystic
403:German
360:German
311:Mother
301:Father
185:Spouse
3874:(III)
3813:(II)
3732:Louis
3324:Vojen
3319:Mnata
3289:Czech
3163:Died:
3156:Born:
2845:Notes
2777:fame.
2211:Sedan
2173:Mainz
1928:Sedan
1926:, in
1679:Rhine
1667:Mainz
1479:Czech
1464:diets
1441:Reign
1372:SlanĂ˝
1368:Louny
1364:Žatec
679:court
675:Sedan
529:Mainz
388:Czech
372:Rhine
290:House
211:Issue
198:(
194:
178:Mainz
100:Reign
63:Reign
3294:Krok
3091:ISBN
3070:ISBN
3039:2019
2953:ISBN
2904:2014
2875:2014
2669:15.
2611:14.
2549:13.
2490:12.
2426:11.
2368:10.
2164:fief
1988:fief
1790:The
1710:Linz
1673:and
1356:Cheb
1140:and
1044:The
858:and
630:and
433:and
168:Died
144:Born
3916:of
3858:(I)
3618:(I)
3466:(I)
3430:(I)
3264:of
2637:7.
2575:3.
2516:6.
2452:1.
2394:5.
2332:2.
2306:9.
2274:4.
2248:8.
1700:by
1398:in
864:by
854:by
776:to
464:of
398:).
386:" (
227:See
4171::
3354:c.
3030:.
2883:^
2866:.
2852:^
2740:,
2143:.
2041:.
2022:.
2006:.
1994:,
1941:,
1930:.
1755:.
1735:.
1716:,
1712:,
1618:.
1603:.
1366:,
1362:,
1358:,
1320:,
1246:,
1238:,
1234:,
1156:.
1088:.
1000:.
969:.
940:.
936:,
884:.
868:.
824:.
610:,
598::
457:.
417:,
405::
390::
362::
200:m.
160:,
4087::
3953:e
3946:t
3939:v
3254:e
3247:t
3240:v
3041:.
2906:.
2877:.
1770:.
1230:(
924:.
594:(
358:(
152:)
148:(
20:)
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