346:('Great Porcupine') when he was adopted into the Turtle clan of the Seneca people. Such adoptions were a means of assigning a kinship position to outsiders who were welcome guests; they did not, however, constitute tribal membership. Speck was particularly interested in how family and kinship systems underlay tribal organizations and relations to homelands and natural resources. In Canada, he developed maps of individual family bands' hunting territories to document Algonquian land rights. These later became crucial to Native American land claims.
209:. He had two siblings: a sister, Gladys H. (8 years younger), and brother Reinhard S. (9 years younger). The Speck family was well-to-do, with live-in servants that included a German woman, Anna Muller, and a mixed Native American/African American woman, Gussie Giles from South Carolina. Around 1910, Frank married Florence Insley, from Rockland, New York, and they raised three children: Frank S., Alberta R., and Virginia C. Speck. The family lived in
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324:. In 1924, Speck arranged to enroll Tantaquidgeon in Penn's College Courses for Teachers. Over time, their positions evolved from teacher/student to intellectual colleagues, and he encouraged her to take charge of independent research projects among Delaware, Wampanoag, and Mohegan peoples. Margaret Bruchac has examined the academic relationship between Frank Speck and Gladys Tantaquidgeon in her book called
331:
his home. Colleagues and students like Ernest Dodge, Carl
Weslager, Loren Eisely, and Edmund Carpenter later recalled that Speck was extraordinarily accepting of, and seemed most comfortable among, Indians and other people of color. William Fenton recalled that Speck would often absent himself from academic functions when Native American informants came to visit him in Philadelphia.
301:
people to lose traditional lands, material, and culture. Speck found that his work constituted, in effect, a "salvage operation" to try to capture ethnological material during a time of great stress for
Indigenous people. He began his efforts among Native Americans in New England, and soon expanded to regions as far afield as Labrador and Ontario in Canada.
31:
330:
Speck especially loved fieldwork and typically camped and traveled with the people he studied. During an era of extreme social stratification and white elitism, Speck did not hesitate to invite his Native informants to join him in his field research, to offer lectures in his classroom, and to stay in
737:
University of
Pennsylvania to Frank G. Speck 1911-1932, Speck Papers, Subcollection I, Series II, Biographical Material, box 20, American Philosophical Society. Notices of Speck's appointments can also be found in the University of Pennsylvania Museum Board of Managers Minutes, June 1905-June 1910,
296:
Speck received a series of re-appointments in his dual position of
Assistant in Ethnology/Instructor of Anthropology until 1912, when he was appointed as a full-time faculty member in the new Department of Anthropology. By 1913, after a contentious split with Penn Museum Director Gordon, Speck was
252:
language. Modern sources suggest that Speck was raised by
Fidelia, but there is no evidence in Mohegan tribal records to support this notion. There is, however, no question that Speck's "interests in literature, natural history and Native American linguistics" were inspired by his early encounters
647:
Loren
Eiseley (c 1975), All The Strange Hours, "Though Frank's mother was still living when I knew him, there had been a time in childhood when, in ill health, he had been entrusted to the care of an old Mohegan woman. Why this was i never completely understood, save that this foster mother was a
300:
Speck was unique among many anthropologists of his generation in choosing to study
American Indians close to home, rather than people of more distant lands. The pressures of relocation, boarding schools, cultural assimilation, and economic marginalization had, however, caused many Native American
637:
Gladys
Tantaquidgeon, "Frank Speck," unpublished reminiscence in the Gladys Tantaquidgeon Papers, Tantaquidgeon Indian Museum. Edited and reprinted as "An Affectionate Portrait of Frank Speck," in Dawnland Voices: An Anthology of Indigenous Writing from New England. Siobhan Senier, ed. Lincoln:
260:, Speck found his direction for life study as an anthropological ethnographer. He received his BA from Columbia in 1904, and proceeded to initiate fieldwork among the Yuchi Indians, receiving his M.A. in 1905. From 1905 to 1908, he continued his work on Yuchi data, receiving his Ph.D. from the
288:
arranged for Speck to receive a dual appointment, as both
Assistant in Ethnology at the University Museum, and Instructor of Anthropology for the university. Speck was assigned to teach the introductory course in Anthropology. The Harrison Fellowship was next held in 1908 by another of Boas's
240:, Connecticut, while on break from Columbia. Speck was surprised to encounter a group of Mohegan Indian young men about his own age. Burrill Fielding, Jerome Roscoe Skeesucks, and Edwin Fowler introduced him to about 80 other members of their tribe living in Uncasville, near Fort Shantok, in
945:
Blankenship, Roy (1991) "The Life and Times of Frank G Speck, 1881-1950" Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania. With chapters by John Witthoft, William N. Fenton, Ernest S. Dodge, C.A. Weslager, Edmund S. Carpenter, Anthony F.C. Wallace and Claudia
627:
Speck family data is drawn from the United States Census Records for: Brooklyn, New York (1880); Hackensack, New Jersey Ward 4, Bergen, New Jersey (1900); Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1910); and Swarthmore, Delaware, Pennsylvania (1930 and
989:
Pulla, Siomonn. (2016). Critical Reflections on (Post) colonial Geographies: Applied Anthropology and the Interdisciplinary Mapping of Indigenous Traditional Claims in Canada during the Early 20th Century. Human Organization, 75(4),
220:
As a young man, Frank developed an affinity for forests and swamps and wild landscapes, and for the Native people who lived in these locales. These interests inspired him to pursue anthropological studies. He was accepted into
966:
Wallace, Anthony F.C. (1986) "The Value of the Speck Papers for Ethnohistory," in 'The American Indian: A conference in the American Philosophical Society', American Philosophical Society Library Publication, No. 2,
404:
Frank G. Speck collected thousands of Native American objects, along with many reels of audio recordings, reams of transcriptions, and photographs, which have been distributed into multiple museums, most notably the
970:
Pulla, Siomonn (2000) "From Advocacy to Ethnology: Frank Speck and the Development of Early Anthropological Projects in Canada, 1911-1920, 2000." Masters Thesis, Carleton University, Department of Anthropology.
949:
Bruchac, Margaret M. (2018) "Indian Stories: Gladys Tantaquidgeon and Frank Speck." In Savage Kin: Indigenous Informants and American Anthropologists, pp. 140–175. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
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William N. Fenton, "Frank G. Speck's Anthropology," pp. 9-37 in The Life and Times of Frank G. Speck, 1881-1950, Roy Blankenship, ed. Philadelphia PA: University of Pennsylvania Department of Anthropology
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Margaret M. Bruchac (2018) "Indian Stories: Gladys Tantaquidgeon and Frank Speck." In Savage Kin: Indigenous Informants and American Anthropologists, pp. 140-175. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
986:
Pulla, Siomonn (2011). "A Redirection in Neo-Evolutionism?: A Retrospective Examination of the Algonquian Family Hunting Territories Debates." Histories of Anthropology Annual, 7(1), 170–190.
976:
Pulla, Siomonn (2006) "Frank Speck and the Mapping of Aboriginal Territoriality in Eastern Canada, 1900--1950." Department of Sociology and Anthropology Thesis (Ph.D.), Carleton University.
664:
Melissa Tantaquidgeon Zobel (2018) "Forward." In Savage Kin: Indigenous Informants and American Anthropologists, by Margaret M. Bruchac, pp. ix-xiii. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
973:
Pulla, Siomonn (2003) "Frank Speck and the Moisie River incident: anthropological advocacy and the question of Aboriginal fishing rights in Québec." Anthropologica: 129–145.
280:
In 1907, the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) awarded Frank G. Speck a one-year George Lieb Harrison Fellowship as a research fellow at the University Museum (now the
507:"Songs from the Iroquois Longhouse." (1942) Program notes for an album of American Indian music from the eastern woodlands, Washington, DC: Library of Congress.
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902:"Frank G. Speck's Contributions to the Understanding of Mi'kmaq Land Use, Leadership, and Land Management," 'Ethnohistory' 46:3 (summer 1999): 485.
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appointed as chair of the department. He headed the department for four decades, stepping down only after his health failed in 1949.
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Cherokee References in Frank G. Speck Papers 1903-1950, Mss. Ms. Collection 126, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA.
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504:(1942) Harrisburg : Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Public Instruction, Pennsylvania Historical Commission.
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Darnell, Regna (2006) "Keeping the Faith: A Legacy of Native American Ethnography, Ethnohistory, and Psychology", in
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Speck was elected to numerous professional associations, where he took an active role on committees, such as the
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Pulla, Siomonn (2008). " 'Would you believe that, Dr. Speck?' Frank Speck and The Redman's Appeal for Justice."
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Frank G. Speck Papers 1903-1950, Mss. Ms. Collection 126, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA.
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316:, among many others. Speck also sponsored a few Native American students at Penn: his research assistant
166:(November 8, 1881 – February 6, 1950) was an American anthropologist and professor at the
698:
Catalogue of Officers and Graduates of Columbia University from the Foundation of King's College in 1754
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in the Southeast United States and Oklahoma. Through the years, he worked extensively with tribal elder
956:, ed. by Sergei A. Kan and Pauline Turner Strong, pp. 3–16. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
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The Nanticoke and Conoy Indians with a review of linguistic material from manuscript and living sources
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824:, Roy Blankenship, ed. Philadelphia PA: University of Pennsylvania Department of Anthropology (1991).
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Among his students at Penn, Speck nurtured a generation of prominent anthropologists, including:
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Frank Gouldsmith Speck, son of Frank G. and Hattie Speck, was raised in urban settings (in
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Strangers to Relatives: The Adoption and Naming of Anthropologists in Native North America
8:
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Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology). Assistant Curator of Archaeology and Ethnology
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Frank Speck, "The Family Hunting Band as the Basis of Algonquian Social Organization",
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918:(in English and Delaware). Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical Commission. p. 192
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388:, and Archaeological Society of North Carolina (honorary). He conducted work for the
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Fenton, William N. (2001) "He-Lost-a-Bet (Howanʼneyao) of the Seneca Hawk Clan", in
811:. Edited and with a reminiscence by Kenneth Heuer. Boston, MA: Little, Brown (1987).
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95:
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New Perspectives on Native North America: Cultures, Histories, and Representations
264:(1908), with his dissertation supervised by Boas. This ethnography focused on the
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485:, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1940 (new edition 1997, 2015)
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248:, an elderly widow who (unlike most of her neighbors) still fluently spoke the
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432:, of which he was a member. There are also collections of his papers at the
963:, ed. by Sergei Kan, pp. 81–98. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
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and in the Director's Letterbooks for 1907-1913, Penn Museum Archives.
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family friend". ch 9. pg. 92. Charles Scribner & Sons/ New York,
175:
150:
715:, v-xvi. Bison Books Edition. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
350:
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269:
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876:"The Speck Connection: Recovering Histories of Indigenous Objects"
728:. Philadelphia: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.
579:. The Civilization of the American Indian Series. Vol. 163.
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Carl A. Weslager. "The Unforgettable Frank Speck," pp. 52-76 in
483:
Penobscot man : the life history of a forest tribe in Maine
757:, American Philosophical Society Website, accessed 16 Feb 2009
265:
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Medicine Trail: The Life and Lessons of Gladys Tantaquidgeon
685:, University of Pennsylvania Archives, accessed 17 Feb 2009
466:(1931) Harrisburg : Pennsylvania Historical Commission
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in 1899. After working closely with professor and linguist
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The Iroquois Eagle Dance: an Offshoot of the Calumet Dance
489:
Contacts between Iroquois Herbalism and Colonial Medicine
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From the 1920s through the 1940s, Speck also studied the
109:
847:, ed. by Bruce Cox (1973); Naskapi (1935, reprint 1977)
342:, who marked their relationship by giving him the name
809:
Loren C. Eiseley. The Lost Notebooks of Loren Eiseley
770:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995) p. 57-63
539:(1951) Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
470:
Naskapi: The Savage Hunters of the Labrador Peninsula
460:(1927) Wilmington: The Historical Society of Delaware
361:. Speck credited Long as co-author of his 1951 book
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Smithsonian Institution Research Information System
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The study of the Delaware Indian big house ceremony
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The Study of the Delaware Indian Big House Ceremony
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
205:), with occasional summer family sojourns to rural
683:"Frank Gouldsmith Speck Papers: Biographical Note"
428:Speck's papers were collected and archived by the
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911:
598:The Little Water Medicine Society of the Senecas
537:Symposium on Local Diversity in Iroquois Culture
272:, among whom he worked in 1904, 1905, and 1908.
822:The Life and Times of Frank G. Speck, 1881-1950
610:Midwinter Rites of the Cayuga Long House (1949)
583:(contributions). University of Oklahoma Press.
1076:Members of the American Philosophical Society
912:Speck, Frank Gouldsmith; Witapanóxwe (1931).
236:Around 1900, during a summer camping trip to
711:Jason Baird Jackson. 2004. Introduction. In
1096:Presidents of the American Folklore Society
511:The Iroquois: A Study in Cultural Evolution
293:, a specialist in linguistic anthropology.
192:
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29:
409:, Museum of the American Indian (now the
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513:(1945), Cranbrook Institute of Science
338:, Speck became close to members of the
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411:National Museum of the American Indian
244:. Speck took a particular interest in
1091:20th-century American anthropologists
783:. University of Arizona Press (2000).
768:Molly Spotted Elk: Penobscot in Paris
524:The Roll Call of the Iroquois Chiefs
386:Geographical Society of Philadelphia
378:American Anthropological Association
502:The Tutelo Spirit Adoption Ceremony
440:and at the Phillips Library of the
16:American anthropologist (1881–1950)
13:
1071:University of Pennsylvania faculty
1066:Columbia College (New York) alumni
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797:. The University of Arizona Press.
748:"Frank G. Speck Papers, 1903-1950"
407:American Museum of Natural History
390:American Museum of Natural History
213:, also keeping a summer home near
189:peoples of eastern boreal Canada.
14:
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1061:University of Pennsylvania alumni
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881:, Penn Museum Blog. May 20, 2015.
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334:During his fieldwork with the
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695:University, Columbia (1912).
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382:American Ethnological Society
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638:University of Nebraska Press
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793:Bruchac, Margaret (2018).
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262:University of Pennsylvania
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576:Cherokee Dance and Drama
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211:Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
193:Early life and education
1046:Academics from Brooklyn
779:Melissa Jayne Fawcett.
394:Smithsonian Institution
320:and, for a brief time,
203:Hackensack, New Jersey
170:, specializing in the
164:Frank Gouldsmith Speck
42:Frank Gouldsmith Speck
874:Margaret M. Bruchac.
724:Frank G. Speck 1909.
472:(1935, reprint 1977)
392:in New York, and the
357:of Big Cove, western
310:Anthony F. C. Wallace
253:with Mohegan people.
1041:American folklorists
1013:Works by Frank Speck
446:Salem, Massachusetts
442:Peabody Essex Museum
423:Peabody Essex Museum
318:Gladys Tantaquidgeon
242:Mohegan, Connecticut
396:in Washington, DC.
306:A. Irving Hallowell
286:George Byron Gordon
258:Columbia University
227:John Dyneley Prince
223:Columbia University
92:Columbia University
80:Academic background
753:2007-10-11 at the
178:peoples among the
1017:Project Gutenberg
983:, 55(2), 183–201.
701:. The University.
569:Speck, Frank G.;
322:Molly Spotted Elk
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469:
463:
457:
427:
403:
371:
362:
348:
343:
333:
329:
325:
303:
299:
295:
291:Edward Sapir
279:
266:Yuchi people
255:
238:Fort Shantok
235:
219:
196:
163:
162:
135:Institutions
69:(1950-02-06)
1056:1950 deaths
1051:1881 births
922:28 November
419:Penn Museum
400:Collections
344:Gahehdagowa
326:Savage Kin.
207:Connecticut
23:Frank Speck
1035:Categories
795:Savage Kin
615:References
289:students,
231:Franz Boas
172:Algonquian
147:Algonquian
125:Discipline
48:1881-11-08
176:Iroquoian
151:Iroquoian
85:Education
751:Archived
573:(1993).
351:Cherokee
336:Iroquois
270:Oklahoma
199:Brooklyn
56:Brooklyn
1024:at the
995:Sources
946:Medoff.
834:(1991).
600:(2002)
558:(1987)
545:(1953)
526:(1950)
491:(1941)
153:peoples
652:
628:1940).
604:
587:
562:
549:
530:
517:
495:
476:
312:, and
276:Career
452:Works
990:289.
924:2012
650:ISBN
602:ISBN
585:ISBN
560:ISBN
547:ISBN
528:ISBN
515:ISBN
493:ISBN
474:ISBN
421:and
174:and
149:and
64:Died
38:Born
1015:at
444:in
436:in
413:),
268:of
256:At
110:PhD
1037::
926:.
448:.
425:.
384:,
380:,
376:,
369:.
308:,
233:.
217:.
100:MA
98:,
96:BA
593:.
112:)
108:(
102:)
94:(
50:)
46:(
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