357:('Great Porcupine') when he was adopted into the Turtle clan of the Seneca people. Such adoptions were a means of assigning a kinship position to outsiders who were welcome guests; they did not, however, constitute tribal membership. Speck was particularly interested in how family and kinship systems underlay tribal organizations and relations to homelands and natural resources. In Canada, he developed maps of individual family bands' hunting territories to document Algonquian land rights. These later became crucial to Native American land claims.
220:. He had two siblings: a sister, Gladys H. (8 years younger), and brother Reinhard S. (9 years younger). The Speck family was well-to-do, with live-in servants that included a German woman, Anna Muller, and a mixed Native American/African American woman, Gussie Giles from South Carolina. Around 1910, Frank married Florence Insley, from Rockland, New York, and they raised three children: Frank S., Alberta R., and Virginia C. Speck. The family lived in
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335:. In 1924, Speck arranged to enroll Tantaquidgeon in Penn's College Courses for Teachers. Over time, their positions evolved from teacher/student to intellectual colleagues, and he encouraged her to take charge of independent research projects among Delaware, Wampanoag, and Mohegan peoples. Margaret Bruchac has examined the academic relationship between Frank Speck and Gladys Tantaquidgeon in her book called
342:
his home. Colleagues and students like Ernest Dodge, Carl
Weslager, Loren Eisely, and Edmund Carpenter later recalled that Speck was extraordinarily accepting of, and seemed most comfortable among, Indians and other people of color. William Fenton recalled that Speck would often absent himself from academic functions when Native American informants came to visit him in Philadelphia.
312:
people to lose traditional lands, material, and culture. Speck found that his work constituted, in effect, a "salvage operation" to try to capture ethnological material during a time of great stress for
Indigenous people. He began his efforts among Native Americans in New England, and soon expanded to regions as far afield as Labrador and Ontario in Canada.
42:
341:
Speck especially loved fieldwork and typically camped and traveled with the people he studied. During an era of extreme social stratification and white elitism, Speck did not hesitate to invite his Native informants to join him in his field research, to offer lectures in his classroom, and to stay in
748:
University of
Pennsylvania to Frank G. Speck 1911-1932, Speck Papers, Subcollection I, Series II, Biographical Material, box 20, American Philosophical Society. Notices of Speck's appointments can also be found in the University of Pennsylvania Museum Board of Managers Minutes, June 1905-June 1910,
307:
Speck received a series of re-appointments in his dual position of
Assistant in Ethnology/Instructor of Anthropology until 1912, when he was appointed as a full-time faculty member in the new Department of Anthropology. By 1913, after a contentious split with Penn Museum Director Gordon, Speck was
263:
language. Modern sources suggest that Speck was raised by
Fidelia, but there is no evidence in Mohegan tribal records to support this notion. There is, however, no question that Speck's "interests in literature, natural history and Native American linguistics" were inspired by his early encounters
658:
Loren
Eiseley (c 1975), All The Strange Hours, "Though Frank's mother was still living when I knew him, there had been a time in childhood when, in ill health, he had been entrusted to the care of an old Mohegan woman. Why this was i never completely understood, save that this foster mother was a
311:
Speck was unique among many anthropologists of his generation in choosing to study
American Indians close to home, rather than people of more distant lands. The pressures of relocation, boarding schools, cultural assimilation, and economic marginalization had, however, caused many Native American
648:
Gladys
Tantaquidgeon, "Frank Speck," unpublished reminiscence in the Gladys Tantaquidgeon Papers, Tantaquidgeon Indian Museum. Edited and reprinted as "An Affectionate Portrait of Frank Speck," in Dawnland Voices: An Anthology of Indigenous Writing from New England. Siobhan Senier, ed. Lincoln:
271:, Speck found his direction for life study as an anthropological ethnographer. He received his BA from Columbia in 1904, and proceeded to initiate fieldwork among the Yuchi Indians, receiving his M.A. in 1905. From 1905 to 1908, he continued his work on Yuchi data, receiving his Ph.D. from the
299:
arranged for Speck to receive a dual appointment, as both
Assistant in Ethnology at the University Museum, and Instructor of Anthropology for the university. Speck was assigned to teach the introductory course in Anthropology. The Harrison Fellowship was next held in 1908 by another of Boas's
251:, Connecticut, while on break from Columbia. Speck was surprised to encounter a group of Mohegan Indian young men about his own age. Burrill Fielding, Jerome Roscoe Skeesucks, and Edwin Fowler introduced him to about 80 other members of their tribe living in Uncasville, near Fort Shantok, in
956:
Blankenship, Roy (1991) "The Life and Times of Frank G Speck, 1881-1950" Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania. With chapters by John Witthoft, William N. Fenton, Ernest S. Dodge, C.A. Weslager, Edmund S. Carpenter, Anthony F.C. Wallace and Claudia
638:
Speck family data is drawn from the United States Census Records for: Brooklyn, New York (1880); Hackensack, New Jersey Ward 4, Bergen, New Jersey (1900); Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1910); and Swarthmore, Delaware, Pennsylvania (1930 and
1000:
Pulla, Siomonn. (2016). Critical Reflections on (Post) colonial Geographies: Applied Anthropology and the Interdisciplinary Mapping of Indigenous Traditional Claims in Canada during the Early 20th Century. Human Organization, 75(4),
231:
As a young man, Frank developed an affinity for forests and swamps and wild landscapes, and for the Native people who lived in these locales. These interests inspired him to pursue anthropological studies. He was accepted into
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Wallace, Anthony F.C. (1986) "The Value of the Speck Papers for Ethnohistory," in 'The American Indian: A conference in the American Philosophical Society', American Philosophical Society Library Publication, No. 2,
415:
Frank G. Speck collected thousands of Native American objects, along with many reels of audio recordings, reams of transcriptions, and photographs, which have been distributed into multiple museums, most notably the
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Pulla, Siomonn (2000) "From Advocacy to Ethnology: Frank Speck and the Development of Early Anthropological Projects in Canada, 1911-1920, 2000." Masters Thesis, Carleton University, Department of Anthropology.
960:
Bruchac, Margaret M. (2018) "Indian Stories: Gladys Tantaquidgeon and Frank Speck." In Savage Kin: Indigenous Informants and American Anthropologists, pp. 140–175. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
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William N. Fenton, "Frank G. Speck's Anthropology," pp. 9-37 in The Life and Times of Frank G. Speck, 1881-1950, Roy Blankenship, ed. Philadelphia PA: University of Pennsylvania Department of Anthropology
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Margaret M. Bruchac (2018) "Indian Stories: Gladys Tantaquidgeon and Frank Speck." In Savage Kin: Indigenous Informants and American Anthropologists, pp. 140-175. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
997:
Pulla, Siomonn (2011). "A Redirection in Neo-Evolutionism?: A Retrospective Examination of the Algonquian Family Hunting Territories Debates." Histories of Anthropology Annual, 7(1), 170–190.
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Pulla, Siomonn (2006) "Frank Speck and the Mapping of Aboriginal Territoriality in Eastern Canada, 1900--1950." Department of Sociology and Anthropology Thesis (Ph.D.), Carleton University.
675:
Melissa Tantaquidgeon Zobel (2018) "Forward." In Savage Kin: Indigenous Informants and American Anthropologists, by Margaret M. Bruchac, pp. ix-xiii. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
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Pulla, Siomonn (2003) "Frank Speck and the Moisie River incident: anthropological advocacy and the question of Aboriginal fishing rights in Québec." Anthropologica: 129–145.
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In 1907, the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) awarded Frank G. Speck a one-year George Lieb Harrison Fellowship as a research fellow at the University Museum (now the
518:"Songs from the Iroquois Longhouse." (1942) Program notes for an album of American Indian music from the eastern woodlands, Washington, DC: Library of Congress.
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913:"Frank G. Speck's Contributions to the Understanding of Mi'kmaq Land Use, Leadership, and Land Management," 'Ethnohistory' 46:3 (summer 1999): 485.
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appointed as chair of the department. He headed the department for four decades, stepping down only after his health failed in 1949.
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Cherokee References in Frank G. Speck Papers 1903-1950, Mss. Ms. Collection 126, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA.
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515:(1942) Harrisburg : Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Public Instruction, Pennsylvania Historical Commission.
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Darnell, Regna (2006) "Keeping the Faith: A Legacy of Native American Ethnography, Ethnohistory, and Psychology", in
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Speck was elected to numerous professional associations, where he took an active role on committees, such as the
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Pulla, Siomonn (2008). " 'Would you believe that, Dr. Speck?' Frank Speck and The Redman's Appeal for Justice."
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Frank G. Speck Papers 1903-1950, Mss. Ms. Collection 126, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA.
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327:, among many others. Speck also sponsored a few Native American students at Penn: his research assistant
177:(November 8, 1881 – February 6, 1950) was an American anthropologist and professor at the
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Catalogue of Officers and Graduates of Columbia University from the Foundation of King's College in 1754
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in the Southeast United States and Oklahoma. Through the years, he worked extensively with tribal elder
967:, ed. by Sergei A. Kan and Pauline Turner Strong, pp. 3–16. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
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The Nanticoke and Conoy Indians with a review of linguistic material from manuscript and living sources
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835:, Roy Blankenship, ed. Philadelphia PA: University of Pennsylvania Department of Anthropology (1991).
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Among his students at Penn, Speck nurtured a generation of prominent anthropologists, including:
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Frank Gouldsmith Speck, son of Frank G. and Hattie Speck, was raised in urban settings (in
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Strangers to Relatives: The Adoption and Naming of Anthropologists in Native North America
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Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology). Assistant Curator of Archaeology and Ethnology
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Frank Speck, "The Family Hunting Band as the Basis of Algonquian Social Organization",
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929:(in English and Delaware). Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical Commission. p. 192
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Fenton, William N. (2001) "He-Lost-a-Bet (Howanʼneyao) of the Seneca Hawk Clan", in
822:. Edited and with a reminiscence by Kenneth Heuer. Boston, MA: Little, Brown (1987).
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New Perspectives on Native North America: Cultures, Histories, and Representations
275:(1908), with his dissertation supervised by Boas. This ethnography focused on the
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496:, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1940 (new edition 1997, 2015)
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974:, ed. by Sergei Kan, pp. 81–98. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
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and in the Director's Letterbooks for 1907-1913, Penn Museum Archives.
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family friend". ch 9. pg. 92. Charles Scribner & Sons/ New York,
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726:, v-xvi. Bison Books Edition. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
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887:"The Speck Connection: Recovering Histories of Indigenous Objects"
739:. Philadelphia: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.
590:. The Civilization of the American Indian Series. Vol. 163.
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Carl A. Weslager. "The Unforgettable Frank Speck," pp. 52-76 in
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Penobscot man : the life history of a forest tribe in Maine
768:, American Philosophical Society Website, accessed 16 Feb 2009
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Medicine Trail: The Life and Lessons of Gladys Tantaquidgeon
696:, University of Pennsylvania Archives, accessed 17 Feb 2009
477:(1931) Harrisburg : Pennsylvania Historical Commission
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in 1899. After working closely with professor and linguist
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The Iroquois Eagle Dance: an Offshoot of the Calumet Dance
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Contacts between Iroquois Herbalism and Colonial Medicine
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From the 1920s through the 1940s, Speck also studied the
120:
858:, ed. by Bruce Cox (1973); Naskapi (1935, reprint 1977)
353:, who marked their relationship by giving him the name
820:
Loren C. Eiseley. The Lost Notebooks of Loren Eiseley
781:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995) p. 57-63
550:(1951) Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
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Naskapi: The Savage Hunters of the Labrador Peninsula
471:(1927) Wilmington: The Historical Society of Delaware
372:. Speck credited Long as co-author of his 1951 book
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Smithsonian Institution Research Information System
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The study of the Delaware Indian big house ceremony
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The Study of the Delaware Indian Big House Ceremony
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
216:), with occasional summer family sojourns to rural
694:"Frank Gouldsmith Speck Papers: Biographical Note"
439:Speck's papers were collected and archived by the
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609:The Little Water Medicine Society of the Senecas
548:Symposium on Local Diversity in Iroquois Culture
283:, among whom he worked in 1904, 1905, and 1908.
833:The Life and Times of Frank G. Speck, 1881-1950
621:Midwinter Rites of the Cayuga Long House (1949)
594:(contributions). University of Oklahoma Press.
1087:Members of the American Philosophical Society
923:Speck, Frank Gouldsmith; Witapanóxwe (1931).
247:Around 1900, during a summer camping trip to
722:Jason Baird Jackson. 2004. Introduction. In
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522:The Iroquois: A Study in Cultural Evolution
304:, a specialist in linguistic anthropology.
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420:, Museum of the American Indian (now the
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524:(1945), Cranbrook Institute of Science
349:, Speck became close to members of the
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422:National Museum of the American Indian
255:. Speck took a particular interest in
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794:. University of Arizona Press (2000).
779:Molly Spotted Elk: Penobscot in Paris
535:The Roll Call of the Iroquois Chiefs
397:Geographical Society of Philadelphia
389:American Anthropological Association
513:The Tutelo Spirit Adoption Ceremony
451:and at the Phillips Library of the
27:American anthropologist (1881–1950)
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1082:University of Pennsylvania faculty
1077:Columbia College (New York) alumni
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808:. The University of Arizona Press.
759:"Frank G. Speck Papers, 1903-1950"
418:American Museum of Natural History
401:American Museum of Natural History
224:, also keeping a summer home near
200:peoples of eastern boreal Canada.
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1072:University of Pennsylvania alumni
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892:, Penn Museum Blog. May 20, 2015.
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706:University, Columbia (1912).
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393:American Ethnological Society
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649:University of Nebraska Press
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204:Early life and education
1057:Academics from Brooklyn
790:Melissa Jayne Fawcett.
405:Smithsonian Institution
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214:Hackensack, New Jersey
181:, specializing in the
175:Frank Gouldsmith Speck
53:Frank Gouldsmith Speck
885:Margaret M. Bruchac.
735:Frank G. Speck 1909.
483:(1935, reprint 1977)
403:in New York, and the
368:of Big Cove, western
321:Anthony F. C. Wallace
264:with Mohegan people.
1052:American folklorists
1024:Works by Frank Speck
457:Salem, Massachusetts
453:Peabody Essex Museum
434:Peabody Essex Museum
329:Gladys Tantaquidgeon
253:Mohegan, Connecticut
407:in Washington, DC.
317:A. Irving Hallowell
297:George Byron Gordon
269:Columbia University
238:John Dyneley Prince
234:Columbia University
103:Columbia University
91:Academic background
764:2007-10-11 at the
189:peoples among the
1028:Project Gutenberg
994:, 55(2), 183–201.
712:. The University.
580:Speck, Frank G.;
333:Molly Spotted Elk
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671:
654:
644:
634:
608:
586:
566:
553:
547:
534:
521:
512:
499:
493:
480:
474:
468:
438:
414:
382:
373:
359:
354:
344:
340:
336:
314:
310:
306:
302:Edward Sapir
290:
277:Yuchi people
266:
249:Fort Shantok
246:
230:
207:
174:
173:
146:Institutions
80:(1950-02-06)
1067:1950 deaths
1062:1881 births
933:28 November
430:Penn Museum
411:Collections
355:Gahehdagowa
337:Savage Kin.
218:Connecticut
34:Frank Speck
1046:Categories
806:Savage Kin
626:References
300:students,
242:Franz Boas
183:Algonquian
158:Algonquian
136:Discipline
59:1881-11-08
187:Iroquoian
162:Iroquoian
96:Education
762:Archived
584:(1993).
362:Cherokee
347:Iroquois
281:Oklahoma
210:Brooklyn
67:Brooklyn
1035:at the
1006:Sources
957:Medoff.
845:(1991).
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569:(1987)
556:(1953)
537:(1950)
502:(1941)
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323:, and
287:Career
463:Works
1001:289.
935:2012
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613:ISBN
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526:ISBN
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485:ISBN
432:and
185:and
160:and
75:Died
49:Born
1026:at
455:in
447:in
424:),
279:of
267:At
121:PhD
1048::
937:.
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436:.
395:,
391:,
387:,
380:.
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244:.
228:.
111:MA
109:,
107:BA
604:.
123:)
119:(
113:)
105:(
61:)
57:(
20:)
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