Francisco Macías Nguema

1606:, five others receive 30-year sentences, three others receive a year in prison, and two be sentenced to time served. Macías Nguema's defense counsel countered that the other co-defendants were responsible for specific crimes, and asked for acquittal. Macías Nguema himself delivered a statement to the court outlining what he viewed as the extensive good deeds he had performed for the country. At noon on 29 September 1979, the Tribunal delivered its sentences, which were more severe than what the prosecution had requested. Macías Nguema and six of his co-defendants were sentenced to death, and the confiscation of their property. Nguema was sentenced to death "101 times". Two defendants were sentenced to fourteen years in prison each, and two others to four years each. 1417: 998: 1438:. That summer, Macías Nguema organised the execution of several members of his own family, leading several members of his inner circle to fear that he was no longer acting rationally. On 3 August 1979, he was overthrown by Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, whose brother was among those murdered by the President. Obiang achieved his coup mostly with the help of his cousins with whom he had previously attended a Spanish military academy together and who now headed the military. As Macías Nguema was still at his palace, isolated from the rest of the country due to his fear of being overthrown, the coup met no organized opposition. 1286: 1477: 1311:" in 1976 after demanding that the rest of the Equatoguinean population replace their Hispanic names with African names. He also banned Western clothes, foods and medicines for the rest of the population, stating that they were un-African, with Macías Nguema obtaining the little food available and reselling it at prices the vast majority of the population could not afford to punish those he thought did not want to work. As he also decided at what time the food would be resold, products would often be expired before they were offered to the public. 667: 1268:, officials, and even members of his own family. Intellectuals and skilled professionals were a particular target, with human rights researcher Robert af Klinteberg describing Macías Nguema's policy as "deliberate cultural regression". The president's paranoid actions included mandating the death of those who wore glasses, banning use of the word "intellectual" and destroying boats to stop his people fleeing from his rule. Fishing was banned. He was known to order entire villages destroyed just to eliminate one suspected dissident. 4971: 36: 1277:

wooden clubs. Female prisoners were also subjected to rape, often in front of their husbands. Macías Nguema's regime often imprisoned entire families, including the spouses and children of suspected dissidents. The abuse in the prisons was overseen by Teodoro, who reportedly enjoyed mocking and torturing the prisoners. Among the few people who could still convince Macías Nguema to spare suspected dissidents were his relatives, such as Raimundo Ela Nve Senior, though his circle of confidants grew ever smaller.

1170:, due to what he felt was too much affection for Spain. Santa Isabel was then militarized, with its inhabitants harassed. Pagalu, part of Annobón, was cut off from aid during a 1973 cholera epidemic, resulting in around 100 deaths. In 1972, mass arrests had taken place on Annobón after a majority of its electorate voted against Macías Nguema in the 1968 elections. Use of the Fang language was forcibly imposed, with penalties for anyone caught using Spanish or languages belonging to ethnic minorities. 556: 1398:

while the JMM militia ran amok across Equatorial Guinea, drunkenly murdering civilians. The overcrowding of the prisons was solved through regular mass executions, though many prisoners were simply left to starve to death. Even the presidential guards were forced to survive by scavenging fruits and hunting wild animals, as supply had mostly collapsed. In mid-April 1979, Macías Nguema's wife travelled to North Korea for surgery, taking their three younger children,

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everything that remained in the national treasury to his Mongomo villa. Statisticians were also heavily repressed, and as a consequence, little economic data was generated on Equatorial Guinea during the 1970s. When the Equatorial Guinean director of the Institute of Statistics, Saturnin Antonio Ndongo, published demographic data considered too low by Macías, he was dismembered to "help him learn to count".

4863: 926:, Spain's dictator, on the 25th anniversary of his seizure of power. At the time, Macías Nguema generally displayed no anti-Spanish sentiment and collaborated with the authorities, preferring to work towards eventual independence within the existing system. Unlike many Equatoguinean activists at the time, he was never jailed by the Spanish. 1298:

protected by a military camp. The villa's private prison usually housed about 300 inmates, and the President occasionally personally executed some of them. As time went on, Macías Nguema's actions became ever more bizarre. He declared private education subversive, and banned it entirely with Decree 6 on 18 March 1975.

1143:, while repeatedly threatening to terminate this alliance in order to blackmail the Eastern Bloc into providing him with money. The Cubans and North Koreans provided Macías Nguema with soldiers and bodyguards. His relationship with North Korea remained good until his overthrow. He admired the North Korean dictator 1441:

The deposed ruler and a contingent of loyal forces initially tried to resist the coup upon hearing of it, but his forces eventually abandoned him. He fled into the jungle of Rio Muni, possibly intending to get across the border into exile, but was captured on 18 August. The former president was found

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To prevent people from escaping, Macías Nguema had the only road out of the country mined, and camouflaged ditches with spikes constructed along the mainland border. In 1976, Nigeria evacuated 45,000 contract laborers from the country, citing "brutal ill treatment" by Macías Nguema's regime. In 1977,

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magazine account stating that "perhaps 150,000" persons fled, suggests that the proportion of the population that sought safety in exile may have approached 70%, based on the World Bank's estimate of the population in 1979. By the end of his rule, nearly all of the country's educated class was either

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Macías Nguema failed the civil service exam three times in the 1930s. Regardless, he eventually became a clerk in the Spanish colonial administration, after passing the exam on the fourth try with assistance and some favoritism from colonial authorities, serving as court interpreter. In the 1940s, he

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With no higher court available to hear appeals, the decision of the Special Military Tribunal was final. However, one problem arose, as Macías Nguema reportedly swore that his ghost would return and take revenge on those who had condemned him. The Equatoguinean soldiers consequently refused to shoot

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He employed a Spanish lawyer to write his texts, providing him with a coherent agenda, and made various promises to improve his popularity. He would point at European-owned houses and ask the crowds if they wanted to own the place; when they responded positively, he stated that he would give them to

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As court interpreter, Macías Nguema eventually began taking bribes to manipulate his translations to absolve or incriminate defendants. The Spanish interpreted his important role in many trials as evidence for influence and talent for leadership, and began to rapidly promote him. He became assistant

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victims, and worshipping a collection of heads as per Fang tradition, hoping that this would grant him power. Even more disturbing to the servants was one occasion, however, when he ordered a meal and table to be prepared for eight guests. He then sat there alone, casually talking "with the dead".

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joint resolution condemning him for acts of religious persecution and genocide had been proposed. By 1979, his servants stated that Macías Nguema had become increasingly withdrawn, often spending the time mostly alone at his Mongomo villa. He would wander around, repeatedly saying the names of his

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Following his repeated purges and unpredictable policies, the country's government began to fall apart. During Macías Nguema's rule, the country had neither a development plan nor an accounting system or budget for government funds. After the killing of the governor of the Central Bank, he carried

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Growing increasingly paranoid, Macías Nguema no longer slept at the presidential palace from around 1974 and visited the capital on ever more rare occasions. Instead, he began holing up in a fortified villa at his home village of Mongomo; the location had a private bunker as well as prison and was

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On 7 May 1971, Macías Nguema issued Decree 415, which repealed parts of the 1968 Constitution and granted him "all direct powers of Government and Institutions", including powers formerly held by the legislative and judiciary branches, as well as the cabinet of ministers. On 18 October 1971, Law 1

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After assuming power, Macías Nguema initially maintained a moderate policy and good relations with Spain, but within a year began to hold inflammatory, anti-European speeches and claimed that there were plots to overthrow him. His rival Bonifacio Ondó Edú then fled to Gabon. Relations with Spanish

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Macías Nguema's regime was estimated to have killed between 20,000 and 50,000 people, equating to between 9 and 23 percent of the country's contemporary population, with some estimates ranging as high as 80,000 deaths. By the end of his rule, over half of the population had been arrested at least

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It was believed that Macías Nguema had actually burned 100 million dollars (much of Equatorial Guinea's cash reserves) before attempting to escape the country as revenge. When his wife heard of his overthrow, she returned to Equatorial Guinea to protect their eldest son. Monica, Maribel, and Paco

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organized by the JMM militia, as almost all judges in the country fled or were jailed during Macías Nguema's rule. In one of these show trials in 1974, even the defence team of the accused requested a death sentence for their clients. Prisoners sentenced to death were usually beaten to death with

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of both the nation and the party. Fearing that the Spanish wanted to overthrow him, Macías Nguema offered promotions and other rewards to anyone who revealed a Spanish spy. This led to a climate of fear and suspicion, as owning the wrong book or having talked with the wrong person could result in

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He began travelling the country, encouraging his followers to fight against the Spanish, provoking a diplomatic crisis, also ordering the confiscation of all weapons possessed by Spaniards in the country and demanding they abandon all property they owned there. The Spanish government subsequently

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Members of Macías Nguema's inner circle and government officials became more and more worried about his erratic behavior. At this point, the government had mostly ceased to function, as most minister posts were vacant, officials were no longer paid, the National Assembly was effectively defunct,

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introduced in 1975 which had quickly lost nearly all value could not be replaced. Only Macías Nguema, the army, and the police were able to receive a regular salary during this time, with others sometimes going months without getting paid, eventually leading to the economy regressing to a

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interpreter, mayor of Mongomo, minister of public works, and finally deputy president of the Governing Council within a single year in the 1960s after Spanish Guinea was transformed from a colony to a province of Spain. He also served as a member of the territorial parliament.

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imposed the death penalty as punishment for threatening the President or the government. Insulting or offending the President or his cabinet was punishable by 30 years in prison. On 14 July 1972, a presidential decree merged all existing political parties into the

1045:. Macías Nguema then accused Spain of creating an economic blockade by refusing to acknowledge obligations under the transition agreements, declaring he would not abide by the 1968 Constitution that had been "imposed" on the country by Spain and which he opposed. 1237:, and assigned himself titles such as the "Unique Miracle" and "Grand Master of Education, Science, and Culture". The island of Fernando Pó had its name Africanised after him to Masie Ngueme Biyogo Island; upon his overthrow in 1979, its name was again changed to 1064:

for help. Although little was known about what advice the Spanish expert gave Macías Nguema, Kenyon argued that the treatment appeared to have failed, considering the president's subsequent development. Macías Nguema persisted in consuming large amounts of drugs.

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The JMM became increasingly powerful, and its members abused their powers, often drunkenly harassing and imprisoning individuals based on mere suspicions of sympathy for dissident ideas. The President mostly filled his inner circle with family members such as

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had rapidly deteriorated. The coffers of the only two banks in the new country, the Banco Exterior de España and the Banco de Crédito, were emptied, meaning officials could not be paid. The country still lacked a national bank or its own currency, meaning the

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the listeners if they voted for him. However, Macías Nguema was easily distracted from his speeches, and often made "chaotic public appearances". His bouts of erratic behavior were generally believed to be the sign of a "fearless" and "charming" leader.

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and government services shrinking to only cover internal security. Starting in 1976, Macías Nguema mandated that all children between the ages of 7 and 14 receive military training, and that any parent or person refusing would be imprisoned or shot.

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remained behind for their own safety, and consequently lived in North Korea for the remainder of their childhood. Monica stated that Kim Il Sung honored his friendship to Macías Nguema by acting as their guardian and financing their education.

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the following year. Due to his dictatorship's severe human rights abuses and economic mismanagement, tens of thousands of people fled the country to avoid persecution. This led to Equatorial Guinea being internationally nicknamed the

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After 1973, his regime also suppressed private commercial activity, and due to a lack of exports and foreign investment (the latter due to Macías Nguema's refusal in most cases), the nation lacked foreign currency, meaning that the

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According to various sources, anywhere from 20,000 to 80,000 of the roughly 200,000 to 300,000 people living in the country were killed under his regime, with tens of thousands more fleeing the country. He has been compared to

76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 1442:

by an old woman; he was exhausted and probably delirious, sitting beneath a tree and eating sugarcane. Obiang's troops proceeded to arrest him, and found his nearby car stuffed full of suitcases with $ 4 million in cash.

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Tens of thousands of citizens responded by fleeing in fear of persecution and to protect their personal safety. Af Klinteberg reported that as of 1978, at least 101,000 persons, out of a contemporary population that the

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In 1964, Macías Nguema was named deputy prime minister of the autonomous transition government established the prior year. Around this time, Macías Nguema himself came to fear that he was mentally unstable. Before the

858:. During his adolescence, he worked as a servant for some wealthy Spanish settlers, being described as helpful and obedient, which earned him ridicule and mistreatment by other non-Christianized Fang, and showed an 1655:; she had published a Korean-language memoir about her own life. Macías Nguema's wife and daughter Maribel live in Spain, and his sons in Equatorial Guinea. His son Filiberto Ntutumu Nguema was named Rector of the 684: 3784: 1271:

His prisons, most importantly Black Beach, were notorious for human rights abuses; prisoners were humiliated, starved, tortured, and murdered without due process. When there was a trial at all, dissidents faced

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had to be used, and according to the transition agreements with Spain, any biennial budgets approved for the territory prior to independence would need to be used, but Spain refused to honor its obligations.

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responding to falling cocoa production (one of the country's main export items), the President instituted a "system of slavery". During his presidency, his country was nicknamed the "Dachau of Africa", after

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Ondó Edú was officially reported to have committed suicide on 5 March 1969, although it is reported that Edú was actually executed soon after his return on trumped-up charges of having been planning a coup.

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him. A group of hired Moroccan troops was instead employed to carry out the sentence. 55-year old Macías Nguema and the six other defendants sentenced to death were executed by the hired firing squad, at

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In what has been the only free election held in the country to date, he defeated Ondó Edú in the runoff and was sworn in as president on 12 October. During his time as president-elect, he was awarded the

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The Supreme Military Council opened Case 1979 on 18 August 1979, and began interviewing witnesses and collecting evidence against the Macías Nguema government. The Council subsequently convened a

1850: 1416: 957:, aged 44, he travelled to Madrid, where he was treated at the Ruben clinic. Despite these concerns, Macías Nguema ran for president of the soon-to-be independent country against Prime Minister 1639:

Macías Nguema's wider clan, led by Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, still leads Equatorial Guinea as of today. By 2007, his children had all left North Korea. However, Macías Nguema's daughter

3117: 4542: 4697: 4301: 2234: 1697: 2093: 4480: 2960: 2413: 1941: 4667: 4166: 1318:"There is no other God than Macías". Owning anything related to Christianity became a reason for imprisonment due to alleged support for anti-government plots or coup attempts. 893:

Several contemporaries, such as the French ambassador to Equatorial Guinea, argued that Macías Nguema was insane. Some observers have posited that Macías Nguema may have been a

2550: 4138: 3348: 871: 5090: 3514: 3048:"'Annobón jamás olvidará a Batho Obama Nsue Mangue'. Número especial de 'La Verdad', órgano de prensa de CPDS, sobre los 50 años de Independencia de Guinea Ecuatorial. CPDS" 3722: 3144: 691: 424: 3775: 3443: 933:

Even at this early point of his career, Macías Nguema already exhibited erratic tendencies. In a conference to discuss the future independence of Equatorial Guinea at

4933: 2694: 1088:". 150 of them were shot or hanged, with the remaining 36 being ordered to dig ditches, in which they were subsequently buried up to their necks and eaten alive by 5075: 3906: 4190:"The Pariah President: Teodoro Obiang is a brutal dictator responsible for thousands of deaths. So why is he treated like an elder statesman on the world stage?" 3248: 2935: 2176:"The Pariah President: Teodoro Obiang is a brutal dictator responsible for thousands of deaths. So why is he treated like an elder statesman on the world stage?" 2024: 974: 412: 5060: 1562: 870:

Medical reports from his early career suggested that Macías Nguema was mentally unstable. Based on a report from 1968, the French foreign intelligence service

5000: 3958: 2641: 2114: 1775: 1222:. The country's instruments of repression (the military and presidential bodyguard) were entirely controlled by Macías Nguema's relatives and clan members. 984:

for his service during the colonial administration. By this point he had also distanced himself from Catholicism, becoming outwardly critical of the Church.

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argued that he suffered from mental disorders and venereal diseases whose effects on his psyche were made even worse by his regular abuse of drugs such as

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At this point, Macías Nguema still recognized his own mental instability, and again sought help. After assuming the presidency, he made a secret trip to

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from which the country has never recovered. Two-thirds of the legislature and 10 of his original ministers were also killed or had been disappeared.

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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correspondent John Barnes. Edú was also captured and brought back to Equatorial Guinea, where he and several other senior officials were killed at

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level. He changed his name to Francisco Macías Nguema at this time after being baptized by Spanish Catholic missionaries, and would come to learn

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once, or had a relative who had been killed. Equatorial Guinea's per capita income fell from around $ 1,420 in 1968 to around $ 70 in 1975.

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the first president of the soon-to-be independent country in 1968. Early in his rule, he consolidated power by establishing an extreme

419: 4160: 1264:, and saw plots against his life and rule everywhere. As time went on, he ordered the mass murder of government ministers, members of 2998: 2888: 1108: 922:

in Bata, and in the Bata Public Works Service. In 1961, he first travelled to Madrid as spokesperson for a delegation which honoured

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over the next few days. A commonly circulated claim that these mass executions were performed by executioners dressed up as

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in history. As president, he exhibited bizarre and erratic behavior; many of his contemporaries believed he was insane.

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from the country's independence in 1968, until his overthrow in 1979. He is widely remembered as one of the most brutal

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estimates totalled 215,284 persons—nearly 47% of the population—had fled the country. Other reporting, such as a 1979

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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in Malabo a photo of the President was adorned with the statement "God created Equatorial Guinea thanks to Macías".

5120: 5045: 5005: 2777: 2119:"Between Three Continents: Rethinking Equatorial Guinea on the Fortieth Anniversary of its Independence from Spain" 820: 17: 5100: 3968: 3021: 2625: 1211: 5015: 4042: 3608: 2804: 1265: 4209:"H.J.Res.1112 - A resolution to provide an end to the persecution of religion and genocide in Equatorial Guinea" 779:, as intellectuals and educated classes were particular targets for his persecution. In 1979, he was overthrown 109: 4893: 4375: 4343: 3167: 1140: 728: 4970: 1053:

forces, while the British ambassador described the Equatoguinean capital as being in a state of total chaos.

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Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society

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In 1971, he began forcing the entire population to undergo daily military training with a wooden rifle.

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Equatorial Guinea, the forgotten dictatorship: forced labour and political murder in central Africa

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on 24 September to try Macías Nguema and ten members of his government. The charges for the ten

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had not yet exerted control over the jungled area. He belonged to the Esangui clan, part of the

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him. Macías then took photographs of Ndongo dying on the street, later showing the album to

5020: 4995: 4990: 2994: 2748:"El Jefe de Estado español rechazó una absurda acusación de Macías contra la Guardia Civil" 970: 898: 796: 4467: 2896: 2481:"Cronología de Guinea Ecuatorial: 1950 / 1979 De la independencia al juicio contra Macías" 340: 8: 1435: 1383: 1332: 1234: 1050: 1015: 919: 859: 812: 751: 3169:

Conflictos étnicos y gobernabilidad / Ethnic conflicts and governance: Guinea Ecuatorial

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David Casavis, "Teasing Out Psychopathic Behaviors of African Leaders: Francisco Macías"

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He eventually outlawed Christianity, and used the slogan, sometimes claimed to be the

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is almost certainly a fabrication, as this sensational detail does not appear in any

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had wanted to save Africans from colonialism and only got "confused", causing him to

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La Tierra de Bisila (Memorias de Fernando Póo 1958–1969) (Bioko – Guinea Ecuatorial)

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In March 1969, Macías Nguema arrested his own foreign minister and political rival,

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together with the new Equatorial Guinean president Macías Nguema on 12 October 1968

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Francisco Macías Nguema was born on 1 January 1924, as Mez-m Ngueme at Nzangayong,

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for the remainder of his life. He was educated at a Catholic school through to

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mission was expelled from the country. Macías Nguema went on to establish a

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golpe del 5 de marzo de 1969. Una versión española. Documental (18 minutos)

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An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996

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organized the evacuation of all its citizens (roughly 7,500) and all its

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By 1979, Macías Nguema's government had garnered condemnation from the

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that gave Macías Nguema absolute power and formally made his party the

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Deputy Prime Minister of the Autonomous Government of Equatorial Guinea

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

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The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair

1580: 1073: 1057: 3448:. International Commission of Jurists. pp. 6–55. Archived from 3580: 3565:"The Roots of African Despotism: The Question of Political Culture" 2847: 1730:[16 years in Pyongyang, Kim Il-sung was my second father]. 1584: 1261: 1089: 1037: 827:, Equatorial Guinea's majority ethnic group. His family settled in 732: 478: 4591:"Macías mantiene que desconocía las matanzas en Guinea Ecuatorial" 3400: 1111:, later the United National Workers' Party, with Macías Nguema as 2831: 1596: 1166:, whom he associated with relative wealth and education, and the 897:, a disorder potentially enabled, in part, by reported childhood 828: 792: 490: 135: 3141:"Agustín Nze: "En Guinea Ecuatorial el español es innegociable"" 1154:

Starting in the early 1970s, Macías Nguema began repressing the

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Times, William Borders Special to The New York (10 May 1971).

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Small is Not Always Beautiful: The Story of Equatorial Guinea

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Entre Estética Y Compromiso. la Obra de Donato Ndongo-bidyogo

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The state prosecutor requested that Macías Nguema receive a

719:; 1 January 1924 – 29 September 1979), often referred to as 4621:"Con la llegada al poder de Macías la economía se desplomó" 2664:"Situación jurídica de las propiedades españolas en Guinea" 2130:

Rene Pelissier, "Equatorial Guinea: Autopsy of a Miracle",

1178: 1136: 1128: 1119:

Having turned against Spain, Macías Nguema allied with the

3773: 2577:"Febrero de 1969: dos provincias españolas bajo el terror" 2549:(37). National University of Distance Education: 149–168. 949:. At one point he declared himself a "Hitlerian-Marxist". 835:

who allegedly killed his younger brother as a sacrifice.

727:, was an Equatoguinean politician who served as the first 4316: 3544: 3388: 3297: 2383: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4215:. United States House of Representatives. Archived from 3534: 3532: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3331: 3329: 3327: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2373: 2371: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2022:

Equatorial Guinea Macías Country: The Forgotten Refugees

1986:"El sexo y la violencia: el caso de Masié Nguema Biyogo" 1253:, while pictures of him were placed in churches. At the 1249:, as priests were ordered to thank the President before 2032:. Geneva: International University Exchange Fund, 1978. 1892:"Equatorial Guinea 'stops coup attempt by mercenaries'" 1874: 1872: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 905:

described Macías Nguema as "dangerously mentally ill".

742:, Macías Nguema held numerous official positions under 4712: 4690:"Malabo: EI fiscal pide la pena de muerte para Macías" 4336:

The Genocide Convention: An International Law Analysis

4390:"LA ANTIGUA GUINEA ESPAÑOLA: ANÁLISIS Y PERSPECTIVAS" 4281: 4269: 4248: 4231: 3529: 3371: 3324: 3312: 2772: 2512: 2368: 2186: 2139: 1366:, with condemnations of his government issued by the 1241:. The capital, Santa Isabel, had its name changed to 5091:

People executed by Equatorial Guinea by firing squad

4075:"El nuevo régimen guineano no controla todo el país" 3165: 3113:

Literaturas hispanoafricanas: realidades y contextos

2599:"España – Guinea, 1969: la estrategia de la tensión" 1869: 1790: 69: 4941: 4387: 831:, where he grew up. Macías Nguema was the son of a 3983: 2876:1969: Equatorial Guinea’s Christmas Eve executions 2778:""El derrocamiento de Macías. La caída del tigre"" 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 838:Macías Nguema managed to survive several bouts of 4302:"Teodoro Obiang Nguema: A brutal, bizarre jailer" 3441: 3072: 2434: 1595:of public funds, violations of human rights, and 937:, he suddenly began an "incoherent eulogy of the 4982: 2989: 2121:, 2009, at Hofstra University's Cultural Center. 5076:People convicted of murder by Equatorial Guinea 3990:. Lanham, Maryland: Stryker-Post Publications. 2887:Página Web Institucional de Guinea Ecuatorial. 1914: 1245:. His cult of personality even infiltrated the 1218:) militia/youth group, and the Esangui clan of 1080:in Malabo, as amplifiers in the stadium played 918:, the Río Benito Public Works Department, as a 890:, a drink with strong hallucinogenic effects. 142: and the second or maternal family name is 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 2802: 2540:"Francisco Macías: Nuevo Estado, Nuevo Ritual" 94:accompanying your translation by providing an 60:Click for important translation instructions. 47:expand this article with text translated from 27:First president of Equatorial Guinea (1968–79) 5061:Heads of government who were later imprisoned 4927: 4470:Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia 4040: 3951: 1942:"Macias Nguema: Ruthless and bloody dictator" 1853:(in French). JeuneAfrique.com. Archived from 1763: 1556: 961:on a strongly nationalist platform in 1968. 775:of Africa". His rule also led to significant 685: 5001:20th-century executions by Equatorial Guinea 4827:Makers Of Modern Africa: Profiles in History 4768: 4649: 4105:"La OUA condena la tiranía de Macías Nguema" 3670:"Hoy puede dictarse sentencia contra Macías" 3109: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2362: 2216: 1966: 1173: 802: 5086:People executed for crimes against humanity 4445:(in Romanian). Anonimus. 10 February 2017. 3424: 3237:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 441. 795:because of the violent, unpredictable, and 440:, Maribel, Paco, and at least one older son 5026:Equatoguinean people convicted of genocide 4934: 4920: 4299: 3891: 3268: 3266: 3138: 3075:"El Caso del Español en Guinea Ecuatorial" 2796: 2692: 2574: 2445:(in European Spanish): 166. Archived from 2404: 1983: 1563: 1549: 1190:, the 1968 Constitution was replaced with 865: 692: 678: 4769:Iyanga Pendi, Augusto (5 February 2021). 4583: 4443:"Blestemul numit Francisco Macías Nguema" 4381: 3981: 2713: 2268: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 787:and was subsequently tried and executed. 280:1 January 1964 – 12 October 1968 106:{{Translated|es|Francisco Macías Nguema}} 5036:Equatoguinean people of Gabonese descent 5031:Equatoguinean people convicted of murder 4123: 4044:The Trial of Macías in Equatorial Guinea 3815:GUINEA ECUATORIAL EL AUSCHWITZ DE ÁFRICA 3807: 3805: 3777:El Proceso Político de Guinea Ecuatorial 3737: 3698: 3562: 3456: 3445:The Trial of Macias in Equatorial Guinea 3166:Muakuku Rondo Igambo, Fernanado (2006). 3159: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2400: 2398: 2331:Guinea Ecuatorial el Auschwitz de Africa 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1657:National University of Equatorial Guinea 1415: 1289:Macías Ngema depicted on the 1969 1,000 1284: 1179:Growing paranoia and cult of personality 1031:, on treason charges, and killed him by 996: 191:12 October 1968 – 3 August 1979 4823: 4801: 4461: 4187: 4181: 3538: 3496: 3462: 3272: 3263: 2617: 2590: 2568: 2173: 1878: 14: 5131:20th-century Equatoguinean politicians 5056:Foreign ministers of Equatorial Guinea 4983: 4739:Dictatorland. The men who stole Africa 4735: 4718: 4322: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4242: 4034: 3767: 3629: 3550: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3365: 3335: 3318: 3306: 3230: 3206:"Biografía de Francisco Macías Nguema" 3198: 3139:Piedrafita, Belén (22 December 2009). 2829: 2766: 2724: 2623: 2556:from the original on 17 September 2021 2531: 2525: 2389: 2377: 2291: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2223:. Debate político. Madrid: IEPALA Ed. 2201: 2158: 2152: 2046:"Biografía de Francisco Macías Nguema" 2040: 2038: 1848: 1807: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1449: 1391:United States House of Representatives 914:also worked for the Forest Service in 766:in 1972, which was then ratified by a 5071:Politicians convicted of embezzlement 4915: 4631:from the original on 24 December 2018 4449:from the original on 14 December 2017 4055:from the original on 23 November 2019 3939:from the original on 21 November 2021 3802: 3611:from the original on 30 December 2022 3351:. Lonely Planet. 2007. Archived from 3054:from the original on 22 November 2018 2995:"Estado y poder en Guinea Ecuatorial" 2955: 2953: 2938:from the original on 10 November 2023 2917: 2754:from the original on 20 February 2017 2725:Falcón, Juan Antonio (27 June 2007). 2674:from the original on 11 February 2017 2537: 2487:from the original on 20 December 2016 2461: 2416:from the original on 20 December 2016 2395: 2212: 2210: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1813: 1156:non-Fang ethnic groups in the country 955:1968 Spanish Guinean general election 878:in the form of the edible derivative 5116:Perpetrators of Indigenous genocides 4789:from the original on 31 October 2023 4192:. The Ottawa Citizen. Archived from 3909:from the original on 2 February 2017 3790:from the original on 18 January 2022 3725:from the original on 4 November 2018 3707: 3091:from the original on 26 October 2012 3019: 3013: 2920:"Equatorial Guinea Under Harsh Rule" 2605:from the original on 5 February 2017 2217:Buale Borikó, Emiliano, ed. (1989). 1939: 1423:, Macías Nguema's nephew and leader 1260:Macías Nguema suffered from extreme 1247:Catholic Church in Equatorial Guinea 1072:1969, Macías Nguema had 186 alleged 973:. He was also made Commander of the 29: 4670:from the original on 15 August 2023 4545:from the original on 15 August 2023 4435: 4169:from the original on 15 August 2023 4049:International Commission of Jurists 3986:The World Today Series: Africa 2012 3774:Mansueto Nsí Owono – Okomo (2014). 3755:from the original on 10 August 2017 3517:from the original on 15 August 2023 3349:"Equatorial Guinea Background Info" 3273:Daniels, Anthony (29 August 2004). 3251:from the original on 15 August 2023 3212:from the original on 4 January 2017 3186:from the original on 15 August 2023 3147:from the original on 17 August 2017 3120:from the original on 15 August 2023 2880: 2644:from the original on 15 August 2023 2596: 2478: 2249: 2237:from the original on 15 August 2023 2096:from the original on 15 August 2023 2070: 2035: 1849:Pauron, Michael (12 October 2018). 1750: 1368:International Commission of Jurists 1233:Macías Nguema developed an extreme 1116:punishment, imprisonment or death. 645:"There is no other God than Macías" 640:Africanization of Equatorial Guinea 24: 4835: 4601:from the original on 5 August 2016 4486:from the original on 13 March 2017 4206: 4165:. Morehouse-Gorham Company. 1979. 4085:from the original on 2 August 2017 3848:"World: Africa: Equatorial Guinea" 3680:from the original on 5 August 2016 2950: 2207: 2058:from the original on 9 August 2016 2008: 1972: 1944:. Afroarticles.com. Archived from 1704:. 21 February 2014. Archived from 1643:had relocated from North Korea to 1507:Spanish Guinea (Spanish Cameroons) 1412:1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état 1206:with three important pillars: the 971:Collar of the Order of Civil Merit 842:as a child, which left him with a 25: 5142: 4855: 4756:from the original on 2 March 2023 4700:from the original on 1 March 2017 4300:Bloomfield, Steve (13 May 2007). 4141:from the original on 6 March 2017 3874:United States Department of State 3811: 3715:"Millones y corrupción a "go-go"" 3650:from the original on 4 April 2023 3633:The Illusion of Cultural Identity 3368:, pp. 261–262, 273, 276–279. 3116:. Verbum Editorial. p. 371. 3110:Díaz Navarro, Inmaculada (2015). 3001:from the original on 25 July 2019 2830:Fegley, Randall (February 1981). 2693:Eburi Palé, José (16 June 2008). 2327: 2279:from the original on 14 July 2019 1984:A ́bodjedi, Enènge (April 2010). 1764:Choe Sang-Hun (11 October 2013). 1647:, considering Korea her home and 4969: 4861: 4682: 4643: 4613: 4557: 4519: 4402:from the original on 5 July 2016 4360: 4188:Gardner, Dan (6 November 2005). 4022:from the original on 1 July 2016 3967:. 20 August 1979. Archived from 2961:"Equatorial Guinea Reports Coup" 2701:from the original on 8 June 2017 2575:Eburi Palé, José (5 July 2007). 2435:Martínez Carreras, José (2000). 2309:from the original on 1 July 2016 2174:Gardner, Dan (6 November 2005). 2136:, Vol. 25, No. 3, May–June 1980. 2117:, conference paper presented at 1898:. 3 January 2018. Archived from 1617: 1475: 1354:executed or forced into exile—a 1147:, and according to his daughter 665: 554: 161: 34: 5111:Presidents of Equatorial Guinea 4943:Presidents of Equatorial Guinea 4571:from the original on 9 May 2016 4531:. ABC-CLIO. 2015. p. 405. 4328: 4293: 4200: 4153: 4097: 4067: 4004: 3975: 3929:"Equatorial Guinea | Data" 3921: 3866: 3840: 3692: 3662: 3623: 3556: 3490: 3463:Otabela, Joseph-Désiré (2009). 3341: 3224: 3172:. Editorial Cumio. p. 80. 3132: 3103: 3066: 3040: 2983: 2911: 2869: 2823: 2740: 2686: 2656: 2499: 2428: 2356: 2321: 2124: 2108: 2079:Dictionary of African Biography 1728:"'평양에서 16년, 내게 김일성은 제2의 아버지였다'" 1669: 1308:Masie Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong 1001:Signing of the independence of 908: 862:with respect to the Spaniards. 717:Masie Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong 4894:President of Equatorial Guinea 4728: 4565:"Equatorial Guinea -- History" 4162:The Living Church, Volumen 178 3630:Bayart, Jean-François (2005). 3050:. ASODEGUE. 21 November 2018. 2082:. OUP USA. 2012. p. 458. 1960: 1884: 1734:. 2 March 2019. Archived from 1720: 1690: 1614:at 6 pm on the same day. 1402:, Maribel, and Paco with her. 1216:Youth on the March with Macías 1208:United National Workers' Party 762:(PUNT), and declaring himself 760:United National Workers' Party 729:president of Equatorial Guinea 625:1973 constitutional referendum 620:1968 constitutional referendum 601:President of Equatorial Guinea 391:United National Workers' Party 179:President of Equatorial Guinea 104:You may also add the template 13: 1: 5041:Executed Equatoguinean people 4960:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo 4904:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo 4885:Víctor Suances y Díaz del Río 4772:Historia de Guinea Ecuatorial 4468:Latorre Remón, José Antonio; 3703:. PublicAffairs. p. 240. 3563:Sundiata, Ibrahim K. (1988). 1683: 1631:declined to around 30 years. 1627:rose to around 60%. National 1532:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo 1421:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo 1376:Organisation of African Unity 1280: 1228:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo 1212:Juventud en Marcha con Macías 1123:, enlisting support from the 1078:the national football stadium 1005:by the then Spanish minister 992: 987: 819:, at a time when the Spanish 785:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo 261:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo 243:Víctor Suances y Díaz del Río 219:Bonifacio Nguema Esono Nchama 3982:Dickovick, J. Tyler (2008). 3409:, pp. 261–262, 276–279. 2750:(in Spanish). 9 April 1969. 2630:. Intermón Oxfam Editorial. 1469:History of Equatorial Guinea 1405: 134:, the first or paternal 7: 5081:People executed for treason 4650:Núñez Torres, Sara (2012). 4338:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 4131:"Guinea ya no es de Macías" 3878:"Equatorial Guinea (11/04)" 3084:(in European Spanish): 74. 2269:Nze Nfumu, Agustín (2006). 1992:(in Spanish) (6): 129–152. 1364:the Nazi concentration camp 630:1973 parliamentary election 10: 5147: 4775:(in Spanish). Nau Libres. 4366:Max Liniger-Goumaz (1988) 3442:Alejandro Artucio (1979). 1702:NK News – North Korea News 1409: 1307: 1196:only one legally permitted 854:in addition to his native 799:nature of his government. 129: 68:Machine translation, like 4967: 4949: 4900: 4891: 4881: 4876: 4841:Jensen, Geoffrey (2019). 4656:. Lulu.com. p. 317. 3699:Meredith, Martin (2011). 3636:. C. Hurst. p. 116. 3022:"La Dictadura. 1970–1976" 2272:Macías, Verdugo o Víctima 1634: 1372:World Council of Churches 1328:Equatorial Guinean ekwele 1215: 1174:Totalitarian dictatorship 947:attempt to conquer Europe 803:Background and early life 541: 537: 533: 523: 515: 510: 500: 470: 466: 458: 453:Execution by firing squad 448: 444: 433: 396: 386: 378: 350: 329: 324: 320: 308: 296: 284: 273: 266: 254: 230: 195: 184: 176: 172: 160: 153: 49:the corresponding article 5126:20th-century politicians 5066:Leaders ousted by a coup 4742:. London: Head of Zeus. 4388:Álvaro Rodríguez Núñez. 4370:, C. Hurst and Company, 4308:. London. Archived from 4135:El Periódico de Cataluña 3783:. University of Murcia. 3421:, pp. 274–276, 279. 3082:Centro Virtual Cervantes 2809:. Anti-Slavery Society. 1662: 1537:2004 coup d'état attempt 1527:Supreme Military Council 1151:, the two were friends. 563:This article is part of 5121:Politicide perpetrators 5046:Executed mass murderers 5006:Anti-Catholic activists 4954:Francisco Macías Nguema 4868:Francisco Macías Nguema 4830:. Africa Books Limited. 4824:Uwechue, Ralph (1981). 4334:John B. Quigley (2006) 3503:. Bradt Travel Guides. 3497:Scafidi, Óscar (2015). 3073:Gloria Nistal Rosique. 2893:Guinea Ecuatorial Press 2803:Suzanne Cronjé (1976). 2624:Mereth, Martin (2011). 1517:Francisco Macías Nguema 1425:of the coup against him 1255:Iglesia de San Fernando 866:Possible mental illness 705:Francisco Macías Nguema 573:Francisco Macías Nguema 483:Crimes against humanity 155:Francisco Macías Nguema 115:For more guidance, see 5016:Anti-Western sentiment 4888:(as colonial governor) 4802:Roberts, Adam (2006). 4507:Cite journal requires 4423:Cite journal requires 3569:African Studies Review 2889:"CRONOLOGÍA HISTÓRICA" 2836:Human Rights Quarterly 2538:Nerín, Gustau (2016). 2019:Klinteberg, Robert F. 1427: 1294: 1029:Atanasio Ndongo Miyone 1014:Deputy Prime Minister 1010: 844:profound fear of death 405:(1958–1963, 1968–1970) 4736:Kenyon, Paul (2018). 4696:. 28 September 1979. 4597:. 27 September 1979. 3971:on 30 September 2007. 3745:"Macías, en paradero" 3676:. 26 September 1979. 3231:Jessup, John (1998). 2774:Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo 2442:Universidad de Murcia 2220:El laberinto guineano 1419: 1380:Amnesty International 1288: 1109:United National Party 1000: 975:Civil Order of Africa 744:Spanish colonial rule 167:Macías Nguema in 1968 117:Knowledge:Translation 88:copyright attribution 5101:People from Río Muni 5011:Anti-intellectualism 4870:at Wikimedia Commons 4353:4 April 2023 at the 4312:on 19 December 2008. 4018:. 20 December 1978. 2991:Justo Bolekia Boleká 2784:on 24 September 2016 2027:13 June 2023 at the 1188:held on 29 July 1973 1100:about the incident. 899:psychological trauma 5106:Presidents for life 5096:People from Mongomo 5051:Executed presidents 4325:, pp. 281–282. 4041:Alejandro Artucio. 3721:. 30 October 1976. 3553:, pp. 269–270. 3397:, pp. 276–279. 3309:, pp. 261–262. 3279:The Daily Telegraph 2392:, pp. 266–267. 1450:Trial and execution 1436:European Commission 1384:European Commission 1235:cult of personality 1204:totalitarian regime 1086:Those Were the Days 1016:Luis Carrero Blanco 860:inferiority complex 813:Woleu-Ntem Province 752:cult of personality 660:1979 coup and death 525:Span of crimes 449:Cause of death 4877:Political offices 4848:Diplomatic History 4806:. Public Affairs. 4627:. 10 August 1979. 4207:Dornan, Robert K. 3933:data.worldbank.org 3751:. 13 August 1979. 3469:. Editorial UNED. 3028:on 27 October 2019 2965:The New York Times 2924:The New York Times 2670:. 24 August 1979. 1948:on 4 November 2014 1940:Suleiman, Rashid. 1771:The New York Times 1612:Black Beach Prison 1502:Treaty of El Pardo 1428: 1295: 1113:President for Life 1011: 959:Bonifacio Ondó Edú 764:president for life 361:Black Beach Prison 303:Office established 291:Bonifacio Ondó Edú 237:Office established 96:interlanguage link 4978: 4977: 4910: 4909: 4901:Succeeded by 4866:Media related to 4137:. 5 August 1979. 4081:. 8 August 1979. 3500:Equatorial Guinea 2597:Lacosta, Xavier. 2479:Lacosta, Xavier. 2449:on 20 August 2018 2408:(20 April 2012). 2363:Iyanga Pendi 2021 2305:. 5 August 1979. 2133:The Africa Report 1967:Iyanga Pendi 2021 1577:military tribunal 1573: 1572: 1266:National Assembly 941:", claiming that 797:anti-intellectual 702: 701: 610: 581: 580: 545: 544: 373:Equatorial Guinea 354:29 September 1979 341:Río Muni Province 247:colonial governor 128: 127: 61: 57: 16:(Redirected from 5138: 4973: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4913: 4912: 4882:Preceded by 4874: 4873: 4865: 4831: 4817: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4510: 4505: 4503: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4485: 4478: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4401: 4394: 4385: 4379: 4364: 4358: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4246: 4240: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4196:on 12 June 2008. 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3989: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3854:on 14 March 2012 3850:. Archived from 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3828:on 25 March 2016 3827: 3821:. Archived from 3820: 3812:Caden, Cynthia. 3809: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3789: 3782: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3439: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3355:on 9 March 2007. 3345: 3339: 3333: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3281:. Archived from 3270: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3143:. La Voz Libre. 3136: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3090: 3079: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3024:. 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Archived from 2336: 2328:Caden, Cynthia. 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2266: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2214: 2205: 2199: 2184: 2183: 2182:on 12 June 2008. 2171: 2156: 2150: 2137: 2128: 2122: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2057: 2050: 2042: 2033: 2017: 2006: 2005: 2004:on 4 April 2023. 2000:. Archived from 1981: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1937: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1902:on 16 March 2023 1888: 1882: 1876: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1846: 1811: 1805: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1774:. Archived from 1761: 1748: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1694: 1677: 1673: 1625:Infant mortality 1565: 1558: 1551: 1522:1979 coup d'état 1479: 1454: 1453: 1310: 1309: 1217: 1076:executed inside 983: 924:Francisco Franco 781:in a coup d'état 738:A member of the 694: 687: 680: 669: 655:Dachau of Africa 604: 577: 576: 574: 567: 566: 558: 551: 550: 547: 546: 501:Criminal penalty 475: 428: 416: 357: 325:Personal details 315:Office abolished 311: 299: 287: 278: 257: 250: 233: 198: 189: 165: 151: 150: 107: 101: 74:Google Translate 59: 55: 38: 37: 30: 21: 18:Francisco Nguema 5146: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5135: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4965: 4945: 4940: 4906: 4897: 4889: 4887: 4858: 4838: 4836:Further reading 4820: 4814: 4792: 4790: 4783: 4759: 4757: 4750: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4664: 4648: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4539: 4525: 4524: 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3461: 3457: 3452:on 17 May 2023. 3440: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3285:on 6 March 2023 3271: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3245: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3180: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2971:on 5 April 2023 2959: 2958: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2723: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2638: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2542: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2513: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2477: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2403: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 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4290:, p. 280. 4280: 4278:, p. 281. 4268: 4266:, p. 279. 4247: 4245:, p. 260. 4230: 4199: 4180: 4152: 4122: 4111:. 20 July 1979 4096: 4066: 4051:. p. 31. 4033: 4003: 3997:978-1610488815 3996: 3974: 3950: 3920: 3903:www.scribd.com 3890: 3865: 3839: 3801: 3766: 3749:Hoja del Lunes 3736: 3706: 3691: 3661: 3643:978-1850656609 3642: 3622: 3581:10.2307/524581 3555: 3543: 3528: 3510:978-1841629254 3509: 3489: 3476:978-8436258257 3475: 3455: 3423: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3385:, p. 273. 3370: 3358: 3340: 3338:, p. 271. 3323: 3321:, p. 269. 3311: 3296: 3262: 3244:978-0313281129 3243: 3223: 3197: 3179:978-8496357389 3178: 3158: 3131: 3102: 3065: 3039: 3012: 2982: 2949: 2910: 2879: 2868: 2848:10.2307/762065 2822: 2816:978-0900918056 2815: 2795: 2765: 2739: 2712: 2685: 2655: 2637:978-8484525950 2636: 2616: 2589: 2567: 2530: 2528:, p. 268. 2511: 2498: 2460: 2427: 2394: 2382: 2380:, p. 267. 2367: 2355: 2320: 2290: 2248: 2230:978-8485436736 2229: 2206: 2204:, p. 266. 2185: 2157: 2155:, p. 263. 2138: 2123: 2107: 2089:978-0195382075 2088: 2069: 2034: 2007: 1971: 1959: 1913: 1883: 1868: 1812: 1810:, p. 262. 1789: 1749: 1719: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1636: 1633: 1619: 1616: 1604:death sentence 1571: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1553: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1472: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1432:United Nations 1410:Main article: 1407: 1404: 1374:, the UN, the 1316:national motto 1282: 1279: 1200:United Nations 1192:a new document 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1158:, such as the 1060:and visited a 1033:defenestrating 1021:Spanish peseta 1003:Spanish Guinea 994: 991: 989: 986: 910: 907: 867: 864: 821:Colonial Guard 809:Spanish Guinea 804: 801: 783:by his nephew 700: 699: 697: 696: 689: 682: 674: 671: 670: 663: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 605: 597: 596: 591: 583: 582: 579: 578: 565:a series about 559: 543: 542: 539: 538: 535: 534: 531: 530: 527: 524: 521: 520: 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6 May 2018 2898: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2877: 2872: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2799: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2728: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2620: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2578: 2571: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2508: 2502: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2399: 2391: 2386: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2365:, p. 626 2364: 2359: 2340: 2333: 2332: 2324: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2213: 2211: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2073: 2054: 2047: 2041: 2039: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1969:, p. 602 1968: 1963: 1947: 1943: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1887: 1881:, p. 21. 1880: 1875: 1873: 1856: 1852: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1689: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1653:native tongue 1650: 1646: 1642: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1618:Regime impact 1615: 1613: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1484:Chronological 1483: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1403: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1336:barter system 1334: 1329: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1305:his name to " 1304: 1299: 1292: 1287: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1149:Monica Macias 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1070:Christmas Eve 1066: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1022: 1017: 1008: 1004: 999: 985: 981: 976: 972: 966: 962: 960: 956: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 927: 925: 921: 917: 906: 904: 900: 896: 891: 889: 888: 883: 882: 877: 873: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 800: 798: 794: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 769: 765: 761: 758:ruled by his 757: 753: 749: 748:being elected 745: 741: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 721:Macías Nguema 718: 714: 710: 706: 695: 690: 688: 683: 681: 676: 675: 673: 672: 668: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 635:Bubi Genocide 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 617: 616: 615: 608: 603: 602: 595: 594:1968 election 592: 590: 587: 586: 585: 584: 575: 560: 557: 553: 552: 549: 548: 540: 536: 532: 528: 522: 518: 514: 509: 506: 503: 499: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 477: 474: 473:Conviction(s) 469: 465: 461: 457: 454: 451: 447: 443: 439: 436: 432: 426: 421: 414: 409: 404: 401: 395: 392: 389: 385: 381: 379:Resting place 377: 374: 370: 366: 362: 353: 349: 346: 342: 332: 328: 323: 319: 316: 313: 307: 304: 301: 295: 292: 289: 283: 277: 272: 269: 265: 262: 259: 253: 248: 244: 238: 235: 229: 220: 217: 215:Miguel Eyegue 214: 211: 210: 208: 207: 200: 194: 188: 183: 180: 175: 171: 164: 159: 152: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 118: 114: 111: 103: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 78: 75: 71: 67: 65: 64: 58: 52: 50: 45:You can help 41: 32: 31: 19: 4953: 4892: 4846: 4826: 4803: 4793:23 September 4791:. 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