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of the royal prerogative to its fullest extent. He bargained hard over taxation and other issues with interest groups, often by appearing not to bargain at all. He enhanced royal power and concentrated decision-making in a tight personal executive but used a wide range of offices, gifts and his own personal charisma to build up an elective personal affinity among the ranks of the nobility upon whom his reign depended .... Under
Francis, the court of France was at the height of its prestige and international influence during the 16th century. Although opinion has varied considerably over the centuries since his death, his cultural legacy to France, to its Renaissance, was immense and ought to secure his reputation as among the greatest of its kings.
1740:
690:
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42:
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922:
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1058:, signed on 14 January, before he was freed on 17 March. An ultimatum from Ottoman Sultan Suleiman to Charles additionally played a role in his release. Francis was forced to surrender any claims to Naples and Milan in Italy. Francis was forced to recognised the independence of the Duchy of Burgundy, which had been part of France since the death of
1018:, a capable commander who fought alongside Francis as his constable at the great battle of Marignano, but defected to Charles V after his conflict with Francis' mother over inheritance of Bourbon estates. Despite all this, the Kingdom of France still held the balance of power in its favour. Nevertheless, the defeat suffered from the cataclystic
988:. Francis and Charles maintained an intense personal rivalry. Charles, in fact, brashly dared to challenge Francis to single combat multiple times. In addition to the Holy Roman Empire, Charles personally ruled Spain, Austria, and a number of smaller possessions neighbouring France. He was thus a constant threat to Francis I's kingdom.
775:, it is as the great hope to bring culture to the war-obsessed French nation. Not only did Francis support a number of major writers of the period, but he was also a poet himself, if not one of particular ability. Francis worked diligently at improving the royal library. He appointed the great French humanist
1664:. The most fervent Catholics were outraged by the notice's allegations. Francis himself came to view the movement as a plot against him and began to persecute its followers. Protestants were jailed and executed. In some areas, whole villages were destroyed. In Paris, after 1540, Francis had heretics such as
1813:
He was a king who ruled as well as reigned. He knew the importance of war and a high international profile in staking his claim to be a great warrior-king of France. In battle, he was brave, if impetuous, which led equally to triumph and disaster. Domestically, Francis exercised the spirit and letter
1758:
Francis I has a poor reputation in France—his 500th anniversary was little noted in 1994. Popular and scholarly historical memory ignores his building of so many fine chateaux, his stunning art collection, and his lavish patronage of scholars and artists. He is seen as a playboy who disgraced France
1066:
and Henry, Duke of Orléans, the future Henry II of France, but once he was free he revoked the forced concessions as his agreement with
Charles was made under duress. He also proclaimed that the agreement was void because his sons were taken hostage with the implication that his word alone could not
779:
as chief librarian and began to expand the collection. Francis employed agents in Italy to look for rare books and manuscripts, just as he had agents looking for artworks. During his reign, the size of the library greatly increased. Not only did he expand the library, but there is also evidence that
1010:
on 7 June 1520, but despite a lavish fortnight of diplomacy they failed to reach an agreement. Francis and Henry VIII both shared the dreams of power and chivalric glory; however their relationship featured intense personal and dynastic rivalry. Francis was driven by his intense eagerness to retake
1053:
Francis was held captive morbidly in Madrid. In a letter to his mother, he wrote, "Of all things, nothing remains to me but honour and life, which is safe." This line has come down in history famously as "All is lost save honour." Francis was compelled to make major concessions to
Charles in the
1230:
through the Crown of Spain, Francis endeavoured to develop contacts with the New World and Asia. Fleets were sent to the
Americas and the Far East, and close contacts were developed with the Ottoman Empire permitting the development of French Mediterranean trade as well as the establishment of a
941:(1494–1559) came to dominate the reign of Francis I, which he constantly participated in at the forefront as le Roi-Chevalier, the wars were not the sole focus of his policies. He merely continued the wars that he succeeded from his predecessors and that his heir and successor on the throne,
1485:. The alliance has been called "the first nonideological diplomatic alliance of its kind between a Christian and non-Christian empire". It did, however, cause quite a scandal in the Christian world and was designated "the impious alliance", or "the sacrilegious union of the
1218:
under which the newly discovered lands would be divided between the two signatories. All this prompted
Francis to declare, "The sun shines for me as it does for others. I would very much like to see the clause of Adam’s will by which I should be denied my share of the world."
709:
had arrived in France, and
Francis became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. At the time of his accession, the royal palaces of France were ornamented with only a scattering of great paintings, and not a single sculpture, not ancient nor modern.
1711:
on 31 March 1547, on his son and successor's 28th birthday. It is said that "he died complaining about the weight of a crown that he had first perceived as a gift from God". He was interred with his first wife, Claude, Duchess of
Brittany, in
3336:"Francois I, hoping that Morocco would open up to France as easily as Mexico had to Spain, sent a commission, half commercial and half diplomatic, which he confided to one Pierre de Piton. The story of his mission is not without interest" in
1603:. This same edict required priests to register births, marriages, and deaths, and to establish a registry office in every parish. This initiated the first records of vital statistics with filiations available in Europe.
780:
he read the books he bought for it, a much rarer event in the royal annals. Francis set an important precedent by opening his library to scholars from around the world in order to facilitate the diffusion of knowledge.
1124:, testifying to the growing importance of gunpowder. The force was a national standing army, where any soldier could be promoted on the basis of vacancies, were paid wages by grade and granted exemptions from the
965:(1508–1516) and, more specifically, to the final stage of that war, which history refers to simply as "Francis' First Italian War" (1515–1516), when Francis routed the combined forces of the Papal States and the
721:; the latter of whom was persuaded to make France his home during his last years. While da Vinci painted very little during his years in France, he brought with him many of his greatest works, including the
1929:, Duchess of Étampes, who, with the death of Queen Claude two years earlier, wielded far more political power at court than her predecessor had done. Another of his earlier mistresses was allegedly
961:, primarily due to his adversary Charles having threatened the electors with violence. However, there were also temporary victories, such as in the portion of the Italian Wars called the
623:
1723:
Francis' tomb and that of his wife and mother, along with the tombs of other French kings and members of the royal family, were desecrated on 20 October 1793 during the
594:. Following Anne's death, the marriage took place on 18 May 1514. On 1 January 1515, Louis died, and Francis inherited the throne. He was crowned King of France in the
673:
and wrestling. He ended up reading philosophy and theology and he was fascinated with art, literature, poetry and science. His mother, who had a high admiration for
753:, who enjoyed a fruitful late career in France. Francis also commissioned a number of agents in Italy to procure notable works of art and ship them to France.
1238:
was founded in 1517 during the early years of
Francis' reign. The construction of a new port was urgently needed in order to replace the ancient harbours of
981:(1521–1526), Francis was forced to abandon Milan in the face of the advancing Imperial forces of the Holy Roman Empire and open revolt within the duchy.
809:, of whose letters he was so fond that he would carry them around and show them to the ladies of his court. Together with his sister, he visited her in
5450:
1347:
1011:
Milan, despite the strong opposition of other powers. Henry VIII was likewise determined to recapture northern France, which
Francis could not allow.
4019:
Isom-Verhaaren, Christine. "'Barbarossa and His Army Who Came to Succor All of Us': Ottoman and French Views of Their Joint
Campaign of 1543–1544."
5405:
5380:
3523:
563:, later King Louis XII. However, Charles VIII died childless in 1498 and was succeeded by Louis XII, who himself had no male heir. The
1113:(1529; "the Peace of the Ladies", negotiated by Francis’ mother and Charles’ aunt). The two princes were released, and Francis married Eleanor.
1687:
issued by Francis. Major acts of violence continued, as when Francis ordered the extirpation of one of the historical pre-Lutheran groups, the
610:
1014:
However, the situation was grave; Francis had to face not only the whole might of Western Europe, but also internal hostility in the form of
4682:
3550:
5445:
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2251:
861:, inspired by the architectural styles of the Italian Renaissance, and perhaps even designed by Leonardo da Vinci. Francis rebuilt the
586:
and Francis to be married immediately, but only through an assembly of nobles were the two engaged. Claude was heir presumptive to the
1868:(31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559): succeeded his father Francis I as King of France and his brother Francis as Duke of Brittany. Married
418:, which Francis had acquired. Francis' reign saw important cultural changes with the growth of central power in France, the spread of
5370:
1952:
1660:", on the night of 17 October 1534, in which notices appeared on the streets of Paris and other major cities denouncing the Catholic
1493:." Nevertheless, it endured for many years, since it served the objective interests of both parties. The two powers colluded against
2163:
1316:
to find "certain islands and lands where it is said there must be great quantities of gold and other riches". In 1541, Francis sent
953:. Militarily and diplomatically, the reign of Francis I was a mixed bag of success and failure. Francis tried and failed to become
3916:
3304:
1980:
of England or Francis' second marriage. The workshop of van Cleve produced copies of this work to be distributed to other courts.
296:
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in 1477. And finally, Francis was betrothed to Charles' sister Eleanor. Francis returned to France in exchange for his two sons,
1862:(28 February 1518 – 10 August 1536): succeeded his mother Claude as Duke of Brittany, but died aged 18, unmarried and childless.
17:
649:
humanist), were attracted by these new ways of thinking and attempted to influence Francis. His academic education had been in
1885:
1552:
as the language of knowledge. In 1530, he declared French the national language of the kingdom, and that same year opened the
628:
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be trusted. Thus he firmly repudiated it. A renewed alliance with England enabled Francis to repudiate the treaty of Madrid.
5385:
1913:
During his reign, Francis kept two official mistresses at court, and he was the first king to officially give the title of "
1473:
In a watershed moment in European diplomacy, Francis came to an understanding with the Ottoman Empire that developed into a
4404:
2283:
1891:
1120:
and the Roman legions, issued an edict to form seven infantry LĂ©gions of 6,000 troops each, of which 12,000 of 42,000 were
669:. Francis came to learn chivalry, dancing, and music, and he loved archery, falconry, horseback riding, hunting, jousting,
301:
4282:
733:), and these remained in France after his death. Other major artists to receive Francis' patronage included the goldsmith
5400:
3750:
2493:
5240:
896:
4599:
1482:
1419:
1070:
677:, passed this interest on to her son. Although Francis did not receive a humanist education, he was more influenced by
4248:
Four Princes: Henry VIII, Francis I, Charles V, Suleiman the Magnificent and the Obsessions that Forged Modern Europe
2813:
2761:
1895:
1645:, who was genuinely attracted by Luther's theology. Francis even considered it politically useful, as it caused many
1739:
1596:
1541:
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1839:
83:
4634:
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1143:
to regain his traditional seat, from which Charles had removed him in 1519. Francis also obtained the help of the
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5273:
1875:
1767:
1525:
830:
291:
5355:
5390:
4701:
4024:
1424:
Under the reign of Francis I, France became the first country in Europe to establish formal relations with the
4627:
3244:"The Ottoman Empire and its successors, 1801–1922. Being a rev. and enl. ed. of The Ottoman Empire, 1801–1913"
2189:
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on 13–15 September 1515. This grand victory at Marignano allowed Francis to capture the Italian city-state of
689:
544:
386:
326:
1907:
1859:
1853:
1843:
1684:
1494:
1063:
985:
926:
791:, which decreed that his library be given a copy of every book to be sold in France. Francis' older sister,
357:
281:
63:
1680:
were forced into exile. The persecutions soon numbered thousands of dead and tens of thousands of homeless.
909:, which quickly became his favourite place of residence, as well as the residence of his official mistress,
5325:
1926:
1160:
1152:
1136:
1023:
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in 1538. Francis I actually refused to meet Charles in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.
910:
837:
Francis poured vast amounts of money into new structures. He continued the work of his predecessors on the
3475:
1599:, which, among other reforms, made French the administrative language of the kingdom as a replacement for
1163:. Francis I managed to hold off the forces of Charles and Henry VIII. Charles was forced to sign the
5440:
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4514:
4483:
4253:
1106:
209:
2131:
2105:
1637:
Initially, Francis was relatively tolerant of the new movement, despite burning several heretics at the
984:
Much of the military activity of Francis's reign was focused on his sworn enemy, the Holy Roman Emperor
904:
2467:
2225:
1375:
796:
501:
2805:
1329:
1259:
1093:
Francis persevered in his rivalry against Charles and his intent to control Italy. By the mid-1520s,
1059:
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786:
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and others claimed lands in the Americas for France and paved the way for the expansion of the first
346:
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2829:
1706:
1317:
176:
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5420:
5415:
5410:
5365:
5247:
2373:
1989:
1751:
1513:
1452:
1354:
French trade with East Asia was initiated during the reign of Francis I with the help of shipowner
567:
prevented women from inheriting the throne. Therefore, the four-year-old Francis (who was already
509:
286:
872:
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4716:
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2615:
1869:
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1456:
1415:
1055:
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636:
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wished to liberate Italy from foreign domination, especially that of Charles, so he allied with
949:
sent a plea to King Charles VIII of France for protection against the aggressive actions of the
840:
5083:
4711:
1657:
1620:
1399:
1269:
1184:
1015:
1007:
799:, was an accomplished writer who produced the classic collection of short stories known as the
766:
642:
556:
435:
374:
3376:
3145:
2029:(1907) by an unknown actor, possibly Méliès. He has been since played by Claude Garry (1910),
1536:
1528:, welcomed French overtures and granted freedom of shipping and protection of French traders.
856:
826:
749:, all of whom were employed in decorating Francis' various palaces. He also invited architect
5073:
3951:
The dukes of Bourbon, the Bourbonnais and the kingdom of France at the end of the Middle Ages
3216:
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1948:
1642:
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1281:
1215:
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533:
497:
4334:
1914:
568:
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5034:
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2347:
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into a building of Renaissance splendour. He financed the building of a new City Hall (the
771:
481:
190:
3888:
3520:
2034:
1918:
1630:
1592:
1559:
1439:
880:
821:
653:, geography, grammar, history, reading, spelling, and writing and he became proficient in
159:
8:
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3727:
1879:
1849:
1168:
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520:
Francis of Orléans was born on 12 September 1494 at the Château de Cognac in the town of
276:
141:
131:
96:
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2050:
1159:. The agreement collapsed, however, which led to Francis' final attempt on Italy in the
1042:, from GuipĂşzcoa. For this reason, Hercolani was named "Victor of the battle of Pavia".
901:. The largest of Francis' building projects was the reconstruction and expansion of the
848:
316:
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5157:
5124:
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4275:
Defenders of the Faith: Christianity and Islam Battle for the Soul of Europe, 1520–1536
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4144:
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3920:
2996:
A History of Sixteenth Century France, 1483-1598 Renaissance, Reformation and Rebellion
2020:
1944:
With Jacquette de Lanssac he was reputed to have had the following illegitimate child:
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on 27 January 1534. This was directed against Charles on the pretext of assisting the
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Un Fils Naturel de François Ier: Louis de Saint-Gelais, baron de la Mothe-Saint-Héray
4160:
4108:
4081:
3953:] (in French). Yzeure: Société bourbonnaise des études locales. pp. 145–160.
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3354:
3310:
3264:
3222:
3185:
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3037:
2999:
2894:
2809:
2757:
2748:(1996) . "Sebastiano Serlio on architecture". In Hart, Vaughan; Hicks, Peter (eds.).
2745:
2011:
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718:
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255:
4131:—— (2000). "'Born between two women ...' Jules Michelet and Francis I".
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for the French crown. Verrazzano's letter to Francis of 8 July 1524 is known as the
877:) for Paris in order to have control over the building's design. He constructed the
776:
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of Francis I, with his emblem and motto. A gift to his Ottoman allies recovered in
1585:
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Monumens de l'église de Sainte-Marthe à Tarascon, département des Bouches-du-Rhône
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Les ducs de Bourbon, le Bourbonnais et le royaume de France Ă la fin du Moyen Age
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after the king who founded it, but this name did not survive into later reigns.
1135:
After the League of Cognac failed, Francis concluded a secret alliance with the
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2016:
1973:
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was supposedly invented on the spot to feed the captive king after the battle.
974:
950:
946:
762:
576:
521:
485:
382:
58:
3945:
Leguai, André (2005). "Agnès de Bourgogne, duchesse de Bourbon (1405?–1476)".
3070:
2042:
1759:
by allowing himself to be defeated and taken prisoner at Pavia. The historian
945:, would inherit after Francis' death. Indeed, the Italian Wars had begun when
555:. His family was not expected to inherit the throne, as his third cousin King
5319:
4915:
4841:
4806:
4771:
4317:
4052:
4030:
Jensen, De Lamar. "The Ottoman Turks in Sixteenth Century French Diplomacy,"
3995:
3492:
Robert J. Knecht, "'Born between two women...'Jules Michelet and Francis I."
3057:
Destombes, M. (1954). "Nautical Charts Attributed to Verrazano (1525–1528)".
2921:
2676:
2602:
1653:
1638:
1616:
1615:
in Western Europe during Francis' reign created lasting international rifts.
1498:
1320:
to settle Canada and to provide for the spread of "the Holy Catholic faith."
1273:
1272:
to North America. On this expedition, Verrazzano visited the present site of
1197:
1156:
1022:
on 24 February 1525, during part of the continuing Italian Wars known as the
930:
862:
423:
113:
4385:
4325:
3852:
Alain IX de Rohan, 1382–1462: un grand seigneur de l'âge d'or de la Bretagne
3119:
Benians, Ernest Alfred; Newton, Arthur Percival; Rose, John Holland (1940).
1246:, whose utility had decreased due to silting. Le Havre was originally named
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4741:
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3212:
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2038:
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1486:
1202:: in June 1481 Portuguese rule over Africa and the Indies was confirmed by
1121:
938:
496:. In his struggle against Imperial hegemony, Francis sought the support of
473:
41:
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3218:
Eastern wisdom and learning: the study of Arabic in seventeenth-century...
2771:
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1994:
1965:
1938:
1930:
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1339:
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upheaved the political ground of Europe. He was actually taken prisoner:
746:
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670:
559:
was still young at the time of his birth, as was his father's cousin the
4152:
3784:. Vol. 1. Scarecrow Press (published 16 January 2010). p. 708.
3551:"Habsburg, Eleonore von Oesterreich (Tochter Philipp's von Oesterreich)"
3497:
2930:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 935.
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Representations of Renaissance Monarchy: Francis I and the Image-Makers
4039:
1977:
1934:
1782:('Francis of the Big Nose'), and he was also colloquially known as the
1371:
1298:
1192:
1003:
801:
650:
633:(his Latin instructor, who later during the reign of Francis was named
3968:
Clough, C.H. "Francis I and the Courtiers of Castiglione’s Courtier."
2838:(in French). Tarascon: Élisée Aubanel, Imprimeur-libraire. p. 57.
1964:
Francis was the subject of several portraits. A 1525–30 work by
1776:("I nourish and extinguish "). His long nose earned him the nickname
1447:
1334:
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of 1526–30. Francis' allies proved weak, and the war was ended by the
991:
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and Christopher Fremantle. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1969.
2006:
1976:
may have been commissioned either for the occasion of a meeting with
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Renaissance France at War: Armies, Culture and Society, c. 1480–1560
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La Faveur du Roi: Mignons et Courtisans au Temps des Derniers Valois
1179:
1155:. This round of fighting, which had little result, was ended by the
1030:
injured his horse, and Francis himself was subsequently captured by
5203:
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1888:(22 January 1522 – 9 September 1545): died unmarried and childless.
1669:
1394:. Upon its return, the expedition triggered the development of the
1359:
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1239:
1235:
1207:
810:
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4048:. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company (2nd ed. 1991).
3569:
Sex With Kings: 500 Years of Adultery, Power, Rivalry, and Revenge
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1544:
in August 1539 prescribed the use of French in official documents.
1497:, and in 1543 they even combined for a joint naval assault in the
4756:
2787:
A New Universal Biography: Forming the first volume of series III
1951:(1512/1513–1593) married first Jeanne de La Roche-Andry and then
1747:
1577:
1509:
1391:
1343:
1117:
582:
In 1505, Louis XII, having fallen ill, ordered his daughter
575:
to the throne of France in 1498 and was vested with the title of
311:
1809:
British historian Glenn Richardson considers Francis a success:
618:
As Francis was receiving his education, ideas emerging from the
571:
after the death of his own father two years earlier) became the
4399:
2852:(Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich Inc.: New York, 1976) p. 619.
2800:
Cholakian, Patricia Francis; Cholakian, Rouben Charles (2006).
1969:
1581:
1460:
1313:
1125:
853:. Early in his reign, he began construction of the magnificent
698:
393:. He succeeded his first cousin once removed and father-in-law
4168:—— (2003). "An Update on the Reign of Francis I".
1226:
under Charles V, especially its control of large parts of the
408:
by attracting many Italian artists to work for him, including
3340:
by Cecil Vivian Usborne, S. Paul & co. ltd., 1936, p. 33.
2657:
1852:(23 October 1516 – 8 September 1524): died young; engaged to
1842:(19 August 1515 – 21 September 1518): died young; engaged to
1549:
1363:
1167:
because of his financial difficulties and conflicts with the
713:
Francis patronized many great artists of his time, including
662:
451:(the 'Father and Restorer of Letters'). He was also known as
1477:. The objective for Francis was to find an ally against the
2867:
2855:
1925:. In 1526, she was replaced by the blonde-haired, cultured
1794:. For his personal involvement in battles, he was known as
1265:
4214:
Portraits d'un Royaume: Henri III, la Noblesse et la Ligue
3443:
3246:. Cambridge University Press – via Internet Archive.
2944:(Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2012) p. 153.
1983:
The amorous exploits of Francis inspired the 1832 play by
1531:
3588:
Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, X, no. 450
1623:, which spread through much of Europe, including France.
1521:
765:. When he comes up in a conversation among characters in
512:, a controversial move for a Christian king at the time.
3545:
3527:
2975:
1548:
Francis took several steps to eradicate the monopoly of
1481:. The pretext used by Francis was the protection of the
805:. Francis corresponded with the abbess and philosopher
622:
were influential in France. Some of his tutors, such as
472:
In keeping with his predecessors, Francis continued the
3615:
3591:
2756:]. Vol. 2. Yale University Press. p. xi.
2645:
2635:
2633:
2631:
1174:
4105:
Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I
4046:
Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation
3919:(in French). Conseil Savoie Mont Blanc. Archived from
3883:
Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide
3627:
3603:
3502:
1906:, Queen (widow) of Portugal and the sister of Emperor
1683:
Persecutions against Protestants were codified in the
1151:, ruler of Milan, renewed the contest in Italy in the
492:, led to France being geographically encircled by the
4283:"Good Friends and Brothers? Francis I and Henry VIII"
3639:
3097:
3085:
2702:
2692:
2690:
1516:. In a letter to Francis I dated 13 August 1533, the
441:
For his role in the development and promotion of the
385:
from 1515 until his death in 1547. He was the son of
3455:
2628:
2578:
2005:("The King's Amusement"), which featured the jester
4124:
French Renaissance Monarchy: Francis I and Henry II
2726:
2714:
3880:
3855:(in French). Éditions Jean Picollec. p. 480.
3555:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich
3378:The rise and fall of Renaissance France, 1483–1610
2957:(New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1971) p. 314.
2799:
2687:
1902:On 4 July 1530, Francis I married his second wife
1823:On 18 May 1514, Francis married his second cousin
1116:On 24 July 1534, Francis, inspired by the Spanish
4371:Prince of the Renaissance: The Life of François I
4225:. Société Française d'Imprimerie et de Librairie.
3874:
3872:
3118:
1641:in 1523. He was influenced by his beloved sister
426:, and the beginning of French exploration of the
5317:
2802:Marguerite de Navarre: mother of the Renaissance
1105:. Francis joined the League in May 1526, in the
1002:Francis I attempted to arrange an alliance with
705:By the time he ascended the throne in 1515, the
4231:From Renaissance Monarchy to Absolute Monarchy.
3571:(1st ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. pp. 5.
1972:in Paris. A portrait dated to 1532–33 by
3878:
3869:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3830:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 255.
3263:. University of California Press. p. 62.
1595:, Francis signed the important edict known as
1034:. Some claim he was captured by Diego Dávila,
4676:
4189:—— (2016). "A Battle of Giants".
2754:All the Works of Architecture and Perspective
2065:(2007–2010), Alfonso Bassave (2015-2016) and
1043:
3914:
3828:The Life and Afterlife of Isabeau of Bavaria
3821:
3819:
3817:
3114:
3112:
2998:. Macmillan Education UK. pp. 155–156.
2024:
1998:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1704:
1557:
1437:
1385:
1379:
1297:tried to establish a French trading post at
1222:In order to counterbalance the power of the
902:
894:
886:
878:
870:
854:
846:
838:
784:
728:
634:
524:, which at that time lay in the province of
464:
458:
452:
446:
3834:
3284:
3150:. Asian Educational Services. p. 123.
3031:
2994:Janine Garrisson, Emmanuel Haven · (1995).
2789:. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper. p. 301.
1894:(5 June 1523 – 14 September 1574): married
1771:
1564:, following the recommendation of humanist
1195:
515:
4683:
4669:
4349:
4332:
4297:
4280:
3780:Rège, Philippe (2010). "Méliès, Georges".
3533:
3508:
3181:Explorers and colonies: America, 1500–1625
2981:
2873:
2861:
2750:Tutte l'opere d'architettura et prospetiva
1917:" to his favorite mistress. The first was
1264:In 1524, Francis assisted the citizens of
504:. When this was unsuccessful, he formed a
40:
5451:People of the War of the League of Cognac
4420:House of Valois, Orléans-Angoulême branch
3940:
3938:
3814:
3122:The English history of the British Empire
3109:
3056:
2057:(1962), Bernard Pierre Donnadieu (1990),
381:; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was
4220:
3659:"Portrait of François I, King of France"
3621:
3597:
3299:
2889:. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2012,
2848:Hoyt, Robert S. & Stanley Chodorow,
1878:(10 August 1520 – 2 July 1537): married
1738:
1625:
1535:
1446:
1370:as having arrived in the Indian city of
1333:
1206:. Thirteen years later, on 7 June 1494,
1178:
1069:
990:
977:. However, in November 1521, during the
920:
820:
688:
609:
4233:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).
4211:
4202:
3975:
3845:
3749:Edwards, Henry Sutherland (June 1883).
3748:
3728:"Francis I (1494–1547), King of France"
3706:"Portrait of Francis I, King of France"
3684:"Portrait of Francis I, King of France"
3645:
3633:
3609:
2966:
2828:
1734:
1532:Bureaucratic reform and language policy
1191:Francis had been much aggrieved at the
693:Francis I receiving the last breath of
598:on 25 January 1515, with Claude as his
261:
224: 1514; died 1524)
14:
5406:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
5381:Heirs presumptive to the French throne
5318:
4690:
4267:(Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2008).
4188:
4167:
4130:
4121:
4102:
4075:
4051:
4016:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
4000:Francis I: The Maker of Modern France.
3944:
3935:
3910:
3908:
3476:"The Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots"
3461:
3449:
3374:
3241:
3211:
3103:
3091:
2934:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2447:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2205:
2095:
2091:
1568:. Students at the Collège could study
1132:, a heavy burden on the state budget.
545:Charles of Orléans, Count of Angoulême
4664:
3825:
3782:Encyclopedia of French Film Directors
3473:
3177:
3143:
2940:Mallet, Michael;and Shaw, Christine.
2910:
2784:
2523:
2513:
2509:
2497:
2491:
2481:
2465:
2455:
2451:
2435:
2429:
2419:
2403:
2393:
2389:
2377:
2371:
2361:
2345:
2335:
2331:
2307:
2297:
2281:
2271:
2267:
2255:
2249:
2239:
2223:
2213:
2209:
2193:
2187:
2177:
2161:
2151:
2147:
2135:
2129:
2119:
2103:
2099:
2009:, the inspiration for the 1851 opera
1818:
1656:changed for the worse following the "
1649:to turn against his enemy Charles V.
1619:'s preaching and writing sparked the
1606:
684:
551:, and a great-great-grandson of King
397:, who died without a legitimate son.
5304:Debatable or disputed rulers are in
3779:
3431:, Psychology Press, 1991, pp. 91–92.
3256:
1175:Relations with the Americas and Asia
845:and also started renovations on the
476:. The succession of his great rival
4221:Lhoumeau, Charles Sauzé de (1940).
4199:Battle of Marignano, Italy in 1515.
3905:
3879:Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1999).
3036:. Québec: Septentrion. p. 28.
2967:Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine.
2683:. Hambledon Continuum. p. 112.
1937:and sister of Henry's future wife,
1459:. Both were separately painted by
1074:Detail of a tapestry depicting the
457:('Francis of the Large Nose'), the
448:le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres
24:
5446:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
4145:10.1111/j.1477-4658.2000.tb00098.x
4069:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1981.tb01357.x
3961:
3351:Orientalism in early modern France
3242:Miller, William (4 January 1923).
2019:. Francis was first played in the
1420:Orientalism in early modern France
916:
123:11 October 1515 – 20 November 1521
25:
5462:
4392:
4277:(Penguin, 2009), popular history.
3221:Clarendon Press. pp. 26–27.
1896:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
1835:. The couple had seven children:
1766:Francis' personal emblem was the
1428:and to set up instruction in the
1409:
925:Francis I and Holy Roman Emperor
756:
5371:French people of Cypriot descent
4639:1 January 1496 – 1 January 1515
4398:
4258:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V
3796:"MCM: King François I of France"
3557:. Vienna: Verlag L. C. Zamarski.
3415:, Psychology Press, 1991, p. 92.
2595:
2581:
2081:Ancestors of Francis I of France
1504:In 1533, Francis I sent colonel
897:Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
624:François de Moulins de Rochefort
404:, Francis promoted the emergent
356:
27:King of France from 1515 to 1547
4468:1 January 1515 – 31 March 1547
3788:
3773:
3742:
3720:
3698:
3676:
3651:
3582:
3561:
3539:
3514:
3486:
3467:
3434:
3418:
3402:
3368:
3343:
3330:
3293:
3250:
3235:
3205:
3171:
3137:
3050:
3025:
3012:
2987:
2960:
2947:
2904:
2879:
2842:
2822:
2793:
2778:
1716:. He was succeeded by his son,
1268:in financing the expedition of
831:French Renaissance architecture
816:
761:Francis was also renowned as a
681:than any previous French king.
243:
221:
5346:16th-century dukes of Brittany
4260:(Yale University Press, 2019).
4107:. Cambridge University Press.
4080:. Cambridge University Press.
4009:New York: Howard Fertig, 1970.
4007:The French Monarchy, Volume I.
4002:New York: HarperCollins, 2018.
2955:Louis XI: The Universal Spider
2738:
2669:
1910:. The couple had no children.
1846:almost from birth until death.
1597:Ordinance of Villers-CotterĂŞts
1542:Ordinance of Villers-CotterĂŞts
1366:is recorded by the Portuguese
1362:trading ship from the city of
532:. Today the town lies in the
488:, followed by his election as
13:
1:
4055:(1981). "Francis and Paris".
3184:. A&C Black. p. 57.
3144:Oaten, Edward Farley (1991).
3032:Lacoursière, Jacques (2005).
2621:
1959:
1685:Edict of Fontainebleau (1540)
1463:
1231:strategic military alliance.
1083:
1006:at the famous meeting at the
282:Francis III, Duke of Brittany
47:
5436:16th-century peers of France
5431:15th-century peers of France
5396:Knights of the Golden Fleece
5341:16th-century kings of France
4502:18 May 1514 – 1 January 1515
4373:(New York: Macmillan, 1973)
4352:"The Field of Cloth of Gold"
4350:—— (July 2020).
3686:. Philadelphia Museum of Art
3429:The Course of French History
3413:The Course of French History
3147:European travellers in India
2917:"Francis I. of France"
2072:
963:War of the League of Cambrai
783:In 1537, Francis signed the
543:Francis was the only son of
7:
4333:—— (May 2015).
3751:"The Original of Rigoletto"
3309:. Read Books. p. 133.
2969:The Italian Wars: 1494–1559
2942:The Italian Wars: 1494–1559
2574:
2190:Charles, Count of AngoulĂŞme
1483:Christians in Ottoman lands
1253:
1234:The port city now known as
1107:War of the League of Cognac
387:Charles, Count of AngoulĂŞme
327:Charles, Count of AngoulĂŞme
210:Claude, Duchess of Brittany
10:
5467:
5401:People from Cognac, France
4335:"The Greatest French King"
4300:The Field of Cloth of Gold
4281:Richardson, Glenn (1994).
4126:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
3986:The Renaissance in France.
3375:Knecht, Robert J. (2002).
2468:Charles I, Duke of Bourbon
2441:
2325:
2226:Alan IX, Viscount of Rohan
2199:
2093:
1652:Francis' attitude towards
1591:In 1539, in his castle in
1413:
1398:, influencing the work of
1327:
1257:
1078:, woven from a cartoon by
502:Field of the Cloth of Gold
445:, Francis became known as
302:Margaret, Duchess of Savoy
5386:House of Valois-AngoulĂŞme
5302:
5283:
5257:
5219:
5193:
5147:
5122:
5043:
4954:
4850:
4726:
4696:
4641:
4632:
4624:
4606:
4597:
4581:
4574:
4563:
4555:
4545:
4536:
4528:
4511:
4495:
4480:
4470:
4461:
4453:
4448:
4413:
4302:. Yale University Press.
4212:Le Roux, Nicolas (2020).
4203:Le Roux, Nicolas (2000).
4032:Sixteenth Century Journal
4021:French Historical Studies
3915:Palluel-Guillard, André.
3349:McCabe, Ina Baghdianitz.
3071:10.1080/03085695408592059
2850:Europe in the Middle Ages
2806:Columbia University Press
2511:
2503:
2475:
2453:
2449:
2413:
2391:
2383:
2355:
2333:
2329:
2291:
2269:
2261:
2233:
2211:
2207:
2171:
2149:
2141:
2113:
2097:
1953:Gabrielle de Rochechouart
1927:Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly
1705:
1672:was censored and leading
1558:
1554:Collège des trois langues
1438:
1358:. In July 1527, a French
1318:Jean-François de Roberval
1260:France-Americas relations
1128:and other taxes up to 20
959:Imperial election of 1519
903:
895:
887:
879:
865:, transforming it from a
855:
847:
839:
787:Ordonnance de Montpellier
785:
614:Francis I painted in 1515
352:
342:
332:
322:
310:
292:Madeleine, Queen of Scots
254:
198:
183:
166:
151:
147:
137:
127:
119:
112:
102:
92:
82:
71:
57:
39:
34:
3970:European Studies Review.
3708:. The Walters Art Museum
3567:Herman, Eleanor (2004).
3547:Wurzbach, Constantin von
3440:Goubert, op. cit., p. 92
3257:Kann, Robert A. (1980).
3178:Quinn, David B. (1990).
2887:Country Cooking of Italy
2666:, pp. 224–225, 230.
2374:Philip II, Duke of Savoy
2132:John, Count of AngoulĂŞme
2106:Louis I, Duke of Orléans
1833:Duchess Anne of Brittany
1770:and his Latin motto was
1763:set the negative image.
1698:
1514:France-Morocco relations
1453:Suleiman the Magnificent
1161:Italian War of 1542–1546
1153:Italian War of 1536–1538
911:Anne, Duchess of Étampes
905:Château de Fontainebleau
637:Grand AumĂ´nier de France
605:
516:Early life and Accession
510:Suleiman the Magnificent
297:Charles, Duke of Orléans
287:Henry II, King of France
4717:List of French monarchs
4298:—— (2014).
4122:—— (1997).
4103:—— (1994).
4076:—— (1982).
3984:Denieul-Cormier, Anne.
3338:The conquest of Morocco
3301:Merriman, Roger Bigelow
3034:Canada Quebec 1534–2000
2927:Encyclopædia Britannica
2830:Faillon, Étienne-Michel
2616:Franco-Ottoman alliance
2026:François I et Triboulet
1993:, and the 1832 play by
1827:, the daughter of King
1800:('the Knight-King') or
1475:Franco-Ottoman alliance
1457:Franco-Ottoman alliance
1416:Franco-Ottoman alliance
1323:
1147:and after the death of
1056:Treaty of Madrid (1526)
675:Italian Renaissance art
508:with the Muslim sultan
506:Franco-Ottoman alliance
378:
5376:French Roman Catholics
5223:(1814–1815; 1815–1830)
4712:List of Frankish kings
4707:Simplified family tree
4604:1498 – 1 January 1515
4250:. (Grove Press, 2016).
4044:Jensen, De Lamar, ed.
3976:Cloulas, Ivan (1985).
3381:. Wiley. p. 158.
2953:Kendall, Paul Murray.
2025:
1999:
1856:from 1518 until death.
1806:('the Warrior-King').
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1755:
1707:Château de Rambouillet
1658:Affair of the Placards
1634:
1621:Protestant Reformation
1545:
1512:, initiating official
1470:
1432:under the guidance of
1402:cartographers such as
1386:
1380:
1351:
1304:In 1534, Francis sent
1270:Giovanni da Verrazzano
1196:
1188:
1185:Giovanni da Verrazzano
1090:
1044:
1016:Charles III de Bourbon
1008:Field of Cloth of Gold
999:
934:
871:
834:
767:Baldassare Castiglione
729:
702:
643:Christophe de Longueil
635:
615:
478:Emperor Charles V
465:
459:
453:
447:
436:French colonial empire
370:
177:Château de Rambouillet
51: 1527–1530
5391:Knights of the Garter
4182:10.1111/1478-0542.040
4034:16:4 (1985): 451–470
4023:30:3 (2007): 395–425
4005:Grant, Arthur James.
3917:"La Maison de Savoie"
3826:Adams, Tracy (2010).
3496:(2000) 14#3: 329–343
2611:Castell del Patriarca
1968:is now housed at the
1949:Louis de Saint-Gelais
1779:François du Grand Nez
1742:
1727:at the height of the
1668:tortured and burned.
1643:Marguerite de Navarre
1629:
1539:
1451:Francis I (left) and
1450:
1414:Further information:
1337:
1330:France–Asia relations
1328:Further information:
1258:Further information:
1216:Treaty of Tordesillas
1182:
1073:
994:
967:Old Swiss Confederacy
924:
824:
692:
613:
498:Henry VIII of England
469:(the 'Knight-King').
454:François au Grand Nez
4702:Detailed family tree
4425:Cadet branch of the
4415:Francis I of France
4407:at Wikimedia Commons
4244:Norwich, John Julius
3887:. ABC-CLIO. p.
3480:www.historytoday.com
3474:Cavendish, Richard.
3452:, pp. 405, 406.
2785:Plats, John (1826).
2348:Louis, Duke of Savoy
2284:Margaret of Brittany
1870:Catherine de' Medici
1773:Nutrisco et extinguo
1735:Image and reputation
1714:Saint Denis Basilica
1703:Francis died at the
1693:Massacre of MĂ©rindol
1674:Protestant reformers
1631:Massacre of MĂ©rindol
1455:(right) initiated a
1036:Alonso Pita da Veiga
829:displays a distinct
772:Book of the Courtier
727:(known in France as
590:through her mother,
482:Habsburg Netherlands
191:Basilica of St Denis
18:François I of France
5356:Counts of AngoulĂŞme
5326:Francis I of France
5138:Henry VI of England
4646:Merged in the crown
4611:Merged in the crown
4586:Merged in the crown
4405:Francis I of France
4229:Major, J. Russell.
4133:Renaissance Studies
3494:Renaissance Studies
2494:Margaret of Bourbon
2310:Francis I of France
1933:, mistress of King
1880:James V of Scotland
1588:beginning in 1539.
1169:Schmalkaldic League
1149:Francesco II Sforza
1141:Duke of WĂĽrttemberg
997:Battle of Marignano
857:Château de Chambord
827:Château de Chambord
620:Italian Renaissance
553:Charles V of France
486:the throne of Spain
277:Charlotte of Valois
142:Francesco II Sforza
132:Massimiliano Sforza
5441:French art patrons
5285:House of Bonaparte
5195:House of Bonaparte
5125:House of Lancaster
4691:Monarchs of France
4649:Title next held by
4635:Count of AngoulĂŞme
4614:Title next held by
4589:Title last held by
4216:. Passés Composés.
3663:Web Gallery of Art
3022:(2019) pp 308–312.
2746:Serlio, Sebastiano
2654:, pp. 77, 78.
2164:Valentina Visconti
1915:maîtresse-en-titre
1904:Eleanor of Austria
1854:Charles I of Spain
1844:Charles I of Spain
1819:Marriage and issue
1756:
1635:
1607:Religious policies
1546:
1526:Ahmed ben Mohammed
1471:
1352:
1338:An example of the
1310:St. Lawrence River
1295:Bertrand d'Ornesan
1189:
1137:Landgrave of Hesse
1091:
1000:
955:Holy Roman Emperor
943:Henry II of France
935:
929:made peace at the
835:
703:
685:Patron of the arts
616:
596:Cathedral of Reims
569:Count of AngoulĂŞme
530:Duchy of Aquitaine
490:Holy Roman Emperor
412:, who brought the
406:French Renaissance
402:patron of the arts
235:Eleanor of Austria
155:Francis of Orléans
5313:
5312:
5274:Louis Philippe II
5197:(1804–1814; 1815)
4659:
4658:
4559:Francis II Sforza
4549:Francis II Sforza
4546:Succeeded by
4532:Maximilian Sforza
4524:
4512:Succeeded by
4493:
4471:Succeeded by
4436:12 September 1494
4403:Media related to
4379:978-0-351-18234-1
4309:978-0-300-16039-0
4271:Reston Jr., James
4236:Mansfield, Lisa.
4114:978-0-521-57885-1
4087:978-0-521-24344-5
4053:Knecht, Robert J.
3898:978-1-57607-091-8
3862:978-2-86477-071-8
3802:. 19 October 2020
3577:978-0-06-058544-0
3534:Richardson (2015)
3509:Richardson (2015)
3388:978-0-631-22729-8
3359:978-1-84520-374-0
3316:978-1-4067-7272-2
3270:978-0-520-04206-3
3228:978-0-19-820291-2
3191:978-1-85285-024-1
3157:978-81-206-0710-1
3043:978-2-89448-186-8
3018:Geoffrey Parker,
3005:978-1-349-24020-3
2982:Richardson (2015)
2899:978-1-4521-2392-9
2885:Andrews, Colman.
2876:, pp. 20–26.
2874:Richardson (1994)
2864:, pp. 32–36.
2862:Richardson (2014)
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2526:Agnes of Burgundy
2252:Margaret of Rohan
2035:Aimé Simon-Girard
1990:Francis the First
1919:Françoise de Foix
1882:and had no issue.
1729:French Revolution
1593:Villers-CotterĂŞts
1508:as ambassador to
1479:House of Habsburg
1440:Collège de France
1212:Crown of Castille
1111:Treaty of Cambrai
1080:Bernard van Orley
1046:Zuppa alla Pavese
1032:Charles de Lannoy
995:Francis I at the
881:Château de Madrid
867:medieval fortress
841:Château d'Amboise
751:Sebastiano Serlio
737:and the painters
735:Benvenuto Cellini
719:Leonardo da Vinci
701:, painted in 1818
695:Leonardo da Vinci
588:Duchy of Brittany
494:Habsburg monarchy
410:Leonardo da Vinci
364:
363:
160:Château de Cognac
157:12 September 1494
75:1 January 1515 –
16:(Redirected from
5458:
5268:Louis Philippe I
5259:House of Orléans
5221:House of Bourbon
5149:House of Bourbon
4685:
4678:
4671:
4662:
4661:
4625:Preceded by
4556:Preceded by
4529:Preceded by
4518:
4498:Duke of Brittany
4487:
4481:Preceded by
4454:Preceded by
4444:
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4428:Capetian dynasty
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2589:Biography portal
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2087:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2063:Emmanuel Leconte
2051:Pedro Armendáriz
2028:
2004:
1805:
1799:
1797:le Roi-Chevalier
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1752:Musée de l'Armée
1710:
1709:
1586:Guillaume Postel
1563:
1562:
1468:
1465:
1443:
1442:
1434:Guillaume Postel
1389:
1383:
1348:Nicholas Vallard
1201:
1103:League of Cognac
1095:Pope Clement VII
1088:
1085:
1060:Charles the Bold
1049:
1028:Cesare Hercolani
908:
907:
900:
899:
893:and rebuilt the
892:
891:
889:Bois de Boulogne
884:
883:
876:
860:
859:
852:
851:
849:Château de Blois
844:
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807:Claude de Bectoz
797:Queen of Navarre
790:
789:
739:Rosso Fiorentino
732:
715:Andrea del Sarto
640:
632:
592:Anne of Brittany
573:heir presumptive
528:, a part of the
468:
462:
456:
450:
360:
317:Valois-AngoulĂŞme
272:Louise of Valois
265:
247:
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162:, Cognac, France
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5426:1540s in France
5421:1530s in France
5416:1520s in France
5411:1510s in France
5366:Dukes of Valois
5316:
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5309:
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5279:
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5045:House of Valois
5039:
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4911:Charles the Fat
4870:Pepin the Short
4855:
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4576:French nobility
4569:
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4551:
4542:
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4521:as sole duchess
4517:
4503:
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4490:as sole duchess
4486:
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4431:
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4395:
4390:
4367:Seward, Desmond
4310:
4207:. Champ Vallon.
4170:History Compass
4115:
4088:
3964:
3962:Further reading
3959:
3958:
3943:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3877:
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3847:Gicquel, Yvonig
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3652:
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3640:
3632:
3628:
3624:, pp. 5–7.
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3600:, pp. 3–7.
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2432:Louise of Savoy
2075:
1962:
1935:Henry VIII
1821:
1803:le Roi-Guerrier
1737:
1725:Reign of Terror
1701:
1609:
1534:
1506:Pierre de Piton
1466:
1430:Arabic language
1422:
1412:
1378:, on board the
1376:Jean Parmentier
1332:
1326:
1308:to explore the
1306:Jacques Cartier
1262:
1256:
1224:Habsburg Empire
1177:
1165:Treaty of Crépy
1086:
1076:Battle of Pavia
1040:Juan de Urbieta
1024:Four Years' War
1020:battle of Pavia
1004:Henry VIII
979:Four Years' War
919:
917:Military action
819:
759:
687:
626:
608:
561:Duke of Orléans
549:Louise of Savoy
518:
443:French language
432:Jacques Cartier
391:Louise of Savoy
337:Louise of Savoy
306:
259:
258:
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246: 1530)
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88:25 January 1515
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5361:Dukes of Milan
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4956:House of Capet
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4817:Childebert III
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4600:Duke of Valois
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4469:
4464:King of France
4460:
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4450:
4449:Regnal titles
4446:
4445:
4424:
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4409:
4408:
4394:
4393:External links
4391:
4389:
4388:
4364:
4347:
4330:
4308:
4295:
4278:
4268:
4263:Potter, D. L.
4261:
4251:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4218:
4209:
4200:
4186:
4165:
4139:(3): 329–343.
4128:
4119:
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4100:
4086:
4073:
4063:(216): 18–33.
4049:
4042:
4028:
4017:
4014:Tudor England.
4010:
4003:
3996:Frieda, Leonie
3993:
3990:Anne Fremantle
3982:
3973:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3934:
3923:on 8 July 2014
3904:
3897:
3868:
3861:
3833:
3813:
3787:
3772:
3741:
3719:
3697:
3675:
3650:
3638:
3636:, p. 297.
3626:
3614:
3612:, p. 391.
3602:
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3581:
3560:
3538:
3526:
3513:
3501:
3485:
3466:
3454:
3442:
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3425:Pierre Goubert
3417:
3409:Pierre Goubert
3401:
3387:
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3342:
3329:
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3292:
3283:
3269:
3249:
3234:
3227:
3204:
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3108:
3106:, p. 333.
3096:
3094:, p. 375.
3084:
3049:
3042:
3024:
3011:
3004:
2986:
2974:
2971:. p. 155.
2959:
2946:
2933:
2922:Chisholm, Hugh
2903:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2841:
2821:
2814:
2808:. p. 49.
2792:
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2762:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2686:
2677:Knecht, Robert
2668:
2656:
2644:
2642:, p. 1–2.
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2406:Anne of Cyprus
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2031:William Powell
2017:Giuseppe Verdi
2001:Le Roi s'amuse
1974:Joos van Cleve
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1921:, Countess of
1900:
1899:
1898:and had issue.
1889:
1883:
1873:
1872:and had issue.
1863:
1857:
1847:
1829:Louis XII
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1791:Bonhomme Colas
1761:Jules Michelet
1744:Grand culverin
1736:
1733:
1700:
1697:
1647:German princes
1608:
1605:
1566:Guillaume Budé
1533:
1530:
1489:and the
1426:Ottoman Empire
1411:
1410:Ottoman Empire
1408:
1368:JoĂŁo de Barros
1325:
1322:
1280:, and claimed
1255:
1252:
1248:Franciscopolis
1204:Pope Sixtus IV
1183:The voyage of
1176:
1173:
1145:Ottoman Empire
975:Duchy of Milan
951:King of Naples
918:
915:
873:HĂ´tel de Ville
818:
815:
777:Guillaume Budé
763:man of letters
758:
757:Man of letters
755:
686:
683:
607:
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577:Duke of Valois
517:
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395:Louis XII
383:King of France
362:
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5351:Ancien RĂ©gime
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4858:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4842:Childeric III
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:Theuderic III
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
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4783:
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4778:
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4773:
4772:Childebert II
4770:
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4758:
4755:
4753:
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4609:
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4566:Duke of Milan
4560:
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4539:Duke of Milan
4533:
4527:
4523:
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4443:31 March 1547
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4356:History Today
4353:
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4339:History Today
4336:
4331:
4327:
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4319:
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4311:
4305:
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4287:History Today
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4191:History Today
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4008:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3972:vol. 8, 1978.
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3752:
3745:
3729:
3723:
3707:
3701:
3685:
3679:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3648:, p. 59.
3647:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3623:
3622:Lhoumeau 1940
3618:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3598:Lhoumeau 1940
3594:
3585:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3536:, p. 45.
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3464:, p. 69.
3463:
3458:
3451:
3450:Knecht (1982)
3446:
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3430:
3426:
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3410:
3405:
3390:
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3333:
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3308:
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3272:
3266:
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3261:
3253:
3245:
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3224:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3213:Toomer, G. J.
3208:
3193:
3187:
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3182:
3174:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3124:
3123:
3115:
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3105:
3104:Knecht (1982)
3100:
3093:
3092:Knecht (1982)
3088:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
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3039:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2984:, p. 41.
2983:
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2817:
2815:0-231-13412-6
2811:
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2781:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2763:0-300-06286-9
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2735:, p. 16.
2734:
2733:Knecht (1982)
2729:
2723:, p. 11.
2722:
2721:Knecht (1982)
2717:
2710:
2709:Knecht (1982)
2705:
2698:
2697:Knecht (1982)
2693:
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2664:Knecht (1982)
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2648:
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2640:Knecht (1982)
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2603:France portal
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2027:
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2021:George Méliès
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1954:
1950:
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1940:
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1923:Châteaubriant
1920:
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1718:Henry II
1715:
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1666:Étienne Dolet
1663:
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1654:Protestantism
1650:
1648:
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1639:Place Maubert
1632:
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1617:Martin Luther
1614:
1611:Divisions in
1604:
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1560:Collège Royal
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1499:siege of Nice
1496:
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1287:Cèllere Codex
1283:
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1278:New AngoulĂŞme
1275:
1274:New York City
1271:
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1199:
1198:Aeterni regis
1194:
1186:
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1162:
1158:
1157:Truce of Nice
1154:
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948:
944:
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937:Although the
932:
931:Truce of Nice
928:
923:
914:
912:
906:
898:
890:
882:
875:
874:
868:
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863:Louvre Palace
858:
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748:
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743:Giulio Romano
740:
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638:
630:
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621:
612:
603:
601:
600:queen consort
597:
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570:
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546:
541:
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513:
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507:
503:
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491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
467:
466:Roi-Chevalier
461:
455:
449:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:Protestantism
421:
417:
416:
411:
407:
403:
400:A prodigious
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:Middle French
372:
368:
359:
355:
351:
348:
345:
341:
338:
335:
331:
328:
325:
321:
318:
315:
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263:
257:
253:
236:
229:
228:
211:
204:
203:
201:
197:
192:
186:
182:
178:
170:31 March 1547
169:
165:
161:
154:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
114:Duke of Milan
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
87:
85:
81:
77:31 March 1547
74:
70:
65:
60:
56:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5305:
5294:Napoleon III
5272:
5246:
5239:
5208:
5182:
5136:
5128:
5123:
5093:
5084:Charles VIII
4852:Carolingians
4837:Theuderic IV
4827:Chilperic II
4822:Dagobert III
4802:Childeric II
4797:Chlothar III
4742:Childebert I
4728:Merovingians
4651:
4642:
4633:
4616:
4607:
4598:
4591:
4582:
4564:
4537:
4520:
4519:
4504:
4496:
4489:
4488:
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4440:
4433:
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4418:
4370:
4359:
4355:
4342:
4338:
4299:
4290:
4286:
4274:
4264:
4257:
4247:
4237:
4230:
4222:
4213:
4204:
4194:
4190:
4173:
4169:
4136:
4132:
4123:
4104:
4077:
4060:
4056:
4045:
4031:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3950:
3946:
3925:. Retrieved
3921:the original
3882:
3851:
3827:
3804:. Retrieved
3799:
3790:
3781:
3775:
3763:. Retrieved
3761:(6): 126–127
3758:
3754:
3744:
3732:. Retrieved
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3700:
3688:. Retrieved
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3662:
3653:
3646:Le Roux 2000
3641:
3634:Le Roux 2020
3629:
3617:
3610:Cloulas 1985
3605:
3593:
3584:
3568:
3563:
3554:
3541:
3529:
3516:
3504:
3493:
3488:
3479:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3392:. Retrieved
3377:
3370:
3362:
3350:
3345:
3337:
3332:
3320:. Retrieved
3305:
3295:
3290:Miller, p. 2
3286:
3274:. Retrieved
3259:
3252:
3237:
3217:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3180:
3173:
3161:. Retrieved
3146:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3125:. p. 61
3121:
3099:
3087:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3033:
3027:
3019:
3014:
2995:
2989:
2977:
2968:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2925:
2912:Isaac, Jules
2906:
2886:
2881:
2869:
2857:
2849:
2844:
2834:
2824:
2801:
2795:
2786:
2780:
2753:
2749:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2699:, p. 3.
2680:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2309:
2059:Timothy West
2055:Claude Titre
2039:Sacha Guitry
2010:
1988:
1985:Fanny Kemble
1982:
1963:
1943:
1912:
1901:
1822:
1808:
1765:
1757:
1722:
1702:
1682:
1651:
1636:
1613:Christianity
1610:
1590:
1553:
1547:
1503:
1472:
1423:
1353:
1303:
1292:
1285:
1282:Newfoundland
1276:, naming it
1263:
1247:
1233:
1221:
1190:
1134:
1129:
1122:arquebusiers
1115:
1101:to form the
1092:
1052:
1013:
1001:
983:
939:Italian Wars
936:
836:
817:Construction
800:
782:
770:
760:
722:
712:
704:
697:in 1519, by
617:
581:
557:Charles VIII
542:
519:
474:Italian Wars
471:
440:
413:
399:
366:
365:
260:
172:(1547-03-31)
29:
5336:1547 deaths
5331:1494 births
5287:(1852–1870)
5261:(1830–1848)
5230:Louis XVIII
5210:Napoleon II
5151:(1589–1792)
5129:(1422–1453)
5074:Charles VII
5047:(1328–1589)
4921:Charles III
4906:Carloman II
4882:(Charles I)
4880:Charlemagne
4832:Chlothar IV
4787:Sigebert II
4777:Chlothar II
4762:Chilperic I
4752:Charibert I
4362:(7): 28–39.
4345:(5): 39–45.
4293:(9): 20–26.
4197:(1): 49–54.
4012:Guy, John.
3800:FrockFlicks
3462:Knecht 1997
3059:Imago Mundi
2067:Colm Meaney
2047:Jean Marais
2043:GĂ©rard Oury
1995:Victor Hugo
1966:Jean Clouet
1955:with issue.
1939:Anne Boleyn
1931:Mary Boleyn
1785:Grand Colas
1689:Waldensians
1678:John Calvin
1467: 1530
1396:Dieppe maps
1374:. In 1529,
1340:Dieppe maps
1214:signed the
1087: 1531
747:Primaticcio
707:Renaissance
671:real tennis
627: [
460:Grand Colas
347:Catholicism
187:23 May 1547
128:Predecessor
93:Predecessor
46:Francis I,
5320:Categories
5204:Napoleon I
5184:Louis XVII
5163:Louis XIII
5109:Charles IX
5104:Francis II
5069:Charles VI
5035:Charles IV
5010:Philip III
5000:Louis VIII
4965:Hugh Capet
4958:(987–1328)
4891:Charles II
4875:Carloman I
4857:Robertians
4782:Dagobert I
4767:Sigebert I
4747:Chlothar I
4570:1524–1525
4543:1515–1521
2681:The Valois
2622:References
1978:Henry VIII
1960:Portrayals
1768:salamander
1390:, reached
1301:, Brazil.
1299:Pernambuco
1193:papal bull
825:Francis's
802:Heptameron
793:Marguerite
730:La Joconde
651:arithmetic
647:Brabantian
534:department
463:, and the
371:François I
84:Coronation
5241:Louis XIX
5235:Charles X
5178:Louis XVI
5168:Louis XIV
5114:Henry III
5094:Francis I
5089:Louis XII
5064:Charles V
5054:Philip VI
5015:Philip IV
4995:Philip II
4990:Louis VII
4970:Robert II
4901:Louis III
4863:(751–987)
4812:Clovis IV
4792:Clovis II
4730:(509–751)
4457:Louis XII
4386:10687109M
4326:27957943M
4318:862814775
4176:(1): **.
4161:162232217
4078:Francis I
3980:. Fayard.
3730:. The Met
3394:23 August
3322:23 August
3276:23 August
3197:23 August
3163:23 August
3129:23 August
3065:: 57–66.
2073:Ancestors
2012:Rigoletto
2007:Triboulet
1908:Charles V
1876:Madeleine
1850:Charlotte
1750:in 1830.
1695:in 1545.
1691:, at the
1520:ruler of
1518:Wattassid
1495:Charles V
1404:Jean Rotz
1356:Jean Ango
1293:In 1531,
1228:New World
986:Charles V
971:Marignano
927:Charles V
724:Mona Lisa
565:Salic Law
526:Saintonge
428:New World
415:Mona Lisa
369:(French:
367:Francis I
353:Signature
138:Successor
103:Successor
97:Louis XII
35:Francis I
5173:Louis XV
5158:Henry IV
5099:Henry II
5079:Louis XI
5030:Philip V
5005:Louis IX
4985:Louis VI
4980:Philip I
4936:Louis IV
4926:Robert I
4896:Louis II
4861:Bosonids
4737:Clovis I
4618:Margaret
4474:Henry II
4153:24412871
4096:7735278M
3978:Henri II
3849:(1986).
3755:The Lute
3734:16 March
3712:16 March
3690:16 March
3668:16 March
3549:(1860).
3521:Larousse
3361:, p. 25
3306:Merriman
3303:(2007).
3215:(1996).
2914:(1911).
2832:(1835).
2679:(2004).
2575:See also
2069:(2022).
2061:(1998),
2053:(1956),
2049:(1955),
2045:(1953),
2041:(1937),
2037:(1937),
2033:(1922),
1892:Margaret
1866:Henry II
1676:such as
1670:Printing
1491:Crescent
1384:and the
1342:showing
1254:Americas
1244:Harfleur
1240:Honfleur
1236:Le Havre
1210:and the
1208:Portugal
811:Tarascon
679:humanism
538:Charente
420:humanism
379:Françoys
343:Religion
193:, France
179:, France
107:Henry II
5306:italics
5248:Henry V
5059:John II
5020:Louis X
4975:Henry I
4946:Louis V
4941:Lothair
4931:Rudolph
4886:Louis I
4757:Guntram
4628:Charles
4240:(2016).
4057:History
4040:2541220
3988:trans.
3927:28 June
3806:30 June
3079:1752690
3020:Emperor
2924:(ed.).
2772:811378M
1886:Charles
1860:Francis
1748:Algiers
1633:in 1545
1580:, then
1578:Aramaic
1510:Morocco
1436:at the
1392:Sumatra
1350:, 1547.
1344:Sumatra
1187:in 1524
1118:tercios
1064:Francis
957:at the
885:in the
667:Spanish
659:Italian
500:at the
480:to the
262:more...
248:
240:
226:
218:
214:
199:Spouses
64:more...
5025:John I
4653:Louise
4643:Vacant
4608:Vacant
4583:Vacant
4515:Claude
4507:Claude
4484:Claude
4439:
4384:
4377:
4324:
4316:
4306:
4159:
4151:
4111:
4094:
4084:
4038:
4025:online
3895:
3859:
3765:4 June
3575:
3498:online
3385:
3357:
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3154:
3077:
3040:
3002:
2897:
2812:
2770:
2760:
2023:short
1970:Louvre
1840:Louise
1825:Claude
1584:under
1582:Arabic
1574:Hebrew
1461:Titian
1400:Dieppe
1387:Pensée
1360:Norman
1314:Quebec
1126:taille
1099:Venice
1038:, and
745:, and
699:Ingres
655:Hebrew
641:) and
584:Claude
547:, and
522:Cognac
389:, and
333:Mother
323:Father
184:Burial
4593:Louis
4505:with
4441:Died:
4434:Born:
4157:S2CID
4149:JSTOR
4036:JSTOR
3949:[
2920:. In
2891:p. 60
2752:[
1699:Death
1601:Latin
1570:Greek
1556:, or
1550:Latin
1381:Sacre
1364:Rouen
947:Milan
663:Latin
631:]
606:Reign
312:House
256:Issue
242:(
238:
220:(
216:
120:Reign
72:Reign
4859:and
4375:ISBN
4314:OCLC
4304:ISBN
4109:ISBN
4082:ISBN
3929:2018
3893:ISBN
3857:ISBN
3808:2024
3767:2023
3736:2024
3714:2024
3692:2024
3670:2024
3573:ISBN
3396:2012
3383:ISBN
3355:ISBN
3324:2012
3311:ISBN
3278:2012
3265:ISBN
3260:Kann
3223:ISBN
3199:2012
3186:ISBN
3165:2012
3152:ISBN
3131:2012
3075:OCLC
3038:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2895:ISBN
2810:ISBN
2758:ISBN
2524:15.
2466:14.
2404:13.
2346:12.
2282:11.
2224:10.
1831:and
1662:mass
1576:and
1540:The
1487:Lily
1418:and
1324:Asia
1266:Lyon
1242:and
1130:sous
717:and
665:and
484:and
422:and
167:Died
152:Born
4916:Odo
4178:doi
4141:doi
4065:doi
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3067:doi
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2430:3.
2372:6.
2308:1.
2250:5.
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2104:8.
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