Fortifications of Gibraltar

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to construct the defences. Tyrawley put a great deal of energy into constructing new earthworks, batteries and a series of retrenched lines between the South Bastion and the New Mole, called the Prince of Wales Lines. It was said of him that he would never let a day pass "without visiting the works once or twice during his stay where there was a possibility of going out." Skinner disagreed with the placement of the new fortifications and criticised the use of compacted earth and sun-baked bricks, which had enabled them to be built at great speed and minimum cost, rather than stone. Skinner perhaps had a point, as most of Tyrawley's works were washed away by rain within only a few years.

1089:, his 350 guns were opposed by only 80 iron and 32 brass cannon of various calibres in Gibraltar. Most of the Spanish guns were not even manned. De Salinas only had about 150 regular soldiers, very few of whom were gunners, and about 250 armed civilians. Gibraltar fell after only four days of fighting. A Franco-Spanish army laid siege shortly afterwards and was able to inflict substantial damage on the old Spanish fortifications, which crumbled under the constant pounding. However, the Anglo-Dutch garrison was able to repair the worst of the damage and repelled Franco-Spanish attacks while being resupplied and reinforced by sea. After eight months the French and Spanish abandoned the 1586:, dubbed the "100 ton guns" – the biggest, heaviest and among the last muzzle-loading artillery pieces ever made. They were never used in anger and were not particularly reliable, suffering from a rate of fire of only one shot every four minutes. They were soon replaced by more reliable and powerful breech-loading guns and the process of pulling back the guns to retired sites continued until it reached its logical end point of situating the principal batteries on the very peak of the Rock, 1,400 feet (430 metres) above sea level. At this height, weather and communications became serious problems. Gibraltar is prone to a weather formation called the 1749: 565:, which presents a sheer cliff over 400 metres (1,300 feet) high at its north end, facing the isthmus. The Rock extends southwards for 2.5 kilometres (1.6 miles) with several peaks before it descends to two southern plateaus at heights of between 90–130 metres (300–430 feet) and 30–40 metres (98–131 feet) above sea level. The southern tip of Gibraltar is surrounded by steep cliffs. The Rock itself is asymmetric, with a moderate slope on the west side and a very steep (and in places near-vertical) slope on the east side. The original core of the town of Gibraltar occupies the lower north-west side of the Rock, adjoining the 1938: 1852: 1866:

the foundations of the Glacis Estate. The flat ground of the retired batteries made them prime building spots during Gibraltar's post-war building boom, thus many of them have disappeared under recent developments. The city walls have almost entirely survived and are progressively being cleared of modern structures to restore them to something more like their original appearance. However, they are no longer at the water's edge due to extensive land reclamation. Various parts of the fortifications have been converted to civilian use. After being used for some years as a hostel for Moroccan migrant workers, the

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of Gibraltar, the upper part of the Rock and a significant amount of property within the city walls, in addition to the runway and military facilities on the isthmus. Until recently, Gibraltar had no public sea front of its own due to military land usage. As the military presence has been run down, MOD property has been handed over to the Government of Gibraltar but the latter has lacked the resources to look after all of the buildings and land that have been transferred. This has led to the abandonment and severe physical deterioration of significant parts of Gibraltar's military heritage.

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invader would still face the barrier of the South Front. Third, the Europa defences might also be breached, but a defender holding the narrow Europa Pass or the heights of Windmill Hill could easily enfilade an invader; as Jones put it, "two hundred men on Windmill Hill and Europa Pass ought to hold as many thousands at bay". Fourth, the main threat was – as Green had recognised 80 years earlier – to the town itself. An enemy breaching the sea wall in the town would bypass the two land fronts and be able to attack them from their highly vulnerable rear.

4712: 700: 1404:– of skilled labourers under military discipline. He also improved the garrison's state of preparation for a fresh siege. The quality of the guns was improved; by 1776 there were 98 pointing north plus two mortars and two howitzers. Another 300 were mounted on the Line Wall and the south front, and there was room for a further 106. The guns were kept constantly loaded with several rounds positioned nearby in reserve, in case of a surprise attack. The Spanish historian López de Ayala remarked on how well prepared the garrison was: 1030: 1572: 22: 578:

the north and east sides of the Rock block access from those directions and the sea cliffs around the southern end of the peninsula make landings there difficult, especially if opposed. A single road connects Gibraltar with Spain, and within the territory most roads are narrow and often steep due to the restricted land area. Over the centuries, Gibraltar's successive occupants have built an increasingly complex set of fortifications around, on top of and incorporating the territory's natural features.

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occupied by defensive works; where it was possible, and often where it appeared almost impracticable, batteries and fortifications have been formed. From Europa Point, which pushes into the sea on the south side, to the highest point of the Rock, there is not a single point that has not been put into a defensible condition . . . Proceeding towards Europa Point, at the entrance of the town, fortifications, magazines, barracks, and batteries are placed wherever the nature of the surface would permit."

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from bombardment and capable of sheltering 16,000 men. They included a hospital, storerooms, workshops, ammunition magazines, a bakery, food stores capable of holding enough rations to feed the entire garrison for sixteen months, a power station, a water distillation plant and a telephone exchange. Much of the spoil was used to build a runway across the isthmus and extending into the bay, with an eventual length of 1,800 yards (1,600 metres) and a width of 150 yards (140 metres). The

1332:. Gibraltar's defences were stronger than they had been in the earlier siege but still had many deficiencies. The fortress seemed at first sight to be well-armed, with 339 cannon in 1744, but this number concealed the fact that they consisted of at least eight different calibres, some made of brass and some of iron – which meant greatly differing levels of reliability – and they required many different types of spares and ammunition, adding to the garrison's logistical problems. 63: 5866: 1493: 399: 1609:, while the larger guns could cover the entire Strait as far as the North African shore and could fire right over the Rock to counter-bombard land-based artillery. Fourteen 9.2-inch guns were eventually installed, along with another fourteen 6-inch guns, to provide Gibraltar's primary artillery defences. Another four 4-inch and ten 12-pounder guns were installed in various strategic positions, mostly along the coastline, to provide inshore defence. 5890: 1359: 1881:) fashion from the Grand Battery. Although gaps have been cut in the walls to allow vehicle traffic to enter the city centre, pedestrians can still walk over the wooden drawbridge over the North Front ditch to pass through the Landport Gate into the city. The Moorish Tower of Homage continues to stand above the Grand Battery on the lower slopes of the Rock. It is now open to the public as part of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve. 1393:, a fortification projecting from the sea wall between the Old and New Moles. It mounted twelve 32-pounder guns and ten 8-inch howitzers on its front, with another ten guns and howitzers on its flanks, allowing heavy fire to be directed out into the bay and enfilading the sea wall in both directions. Its massive structure, with solid stone parapets up to 15 feet (4.6 m) thick, could house 800 men in its casemates. 917: 5902: 5878: 1626:

abandoned due to the vast expense and only marginal gains in security. A new round of tunnelling was carried out to provide more bombproof accommodation for the garrison, along with deep shelters and casemates capable of accommodating 2,000 men. Ultimately it was decided in 1906 that Gibraltar faced no credible threat from land and that the defences would be organised to deal with a threat from the sea.

500:. At their peak in 1865, the fortifications housed around 681 guns mounted in 110 batteries and positions, guarding all land and sea approaches to Gibraltar. The fortifications continued to be in military use until as late as the 1970s and by the time tunnelling ceased in the late 1960s, over 34 miles (55 km) of galleries had been dug in an area of only 2.6 square miles (6.7 km). 814:(320 square metres (3,400 sq ft)). It was a much-strengthened rebuilding of an earlier tower and still bears scars on its eastern wall from projectiles shot by the Castilians during the siege of 1333. The kasbah could only be accessed via a single gate, which still survives; an inscription visible up to the 18th century recorded that it had been dedicated to 696:(written around 1370–71) describes the reconstruction of Gibraltar. The city was expanded, and a new defensive wall was built to cover the western and southern flanks, with towers and connecting passages added to strengthen them. The existing fortifications were also strengthened and repaired. The weak points that the Castilians had exploited were improved. 1702:

were built and access routes to permit easier movement between areas of the peninsula were constructed. The tunnelling work came to an end in April 1968, marking the end of the British Army's 200 years of tunnel-building. The 9.2 inch guns mounted on the Upper Ridge of the Rock remained in service until 7 April 1976 when the guns of

1026:. On visiting Gibraltar in 1624, the king found that his carriage could not fit through the Landport Gate. He had to walk into the town instead and expressed his displeasure, to which Gibraltar's military governor is said to have retorted: "Sir, the Gate was not made for the passage of carriages, but for the exclusion of enemies." 715: 1643:, an early though rather ineffectual form of anti-aircraft missiles, were also brought in. Bunkers and pillboxes were built to guard against amphibious landings, especially on the eastern side of the Rock, and anti-tank guns, ditches and obstacles were installed facing the isthmus to guard against a land attack. 1951:

The preservation of Gibraltar's fortifications, and of its architectural heritage in general, has been a problematic issue. The peninsula is extremely short of land; in the early 1980s, nearly half the available land was in military usage, comprising the naval dockyard, the whole of the southern part

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Many of the fortifications at sea level have survived, though not always in their original condition. A substantial number have been built over. The Inundation was drained after World War II and is now the site of the Laguna Estate, named after the Inundation's lagoon. The glacis was likewise used as

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and Britain's strategic interests shifted to the Atlantic. Some further work took place between 1958 and 1968 when Gibraltar was used as a NATO monitoring station to observe naval traffic through the Strait. Linking tunnels were dug to connect the existing tunnels, new storage chambers and reservoirs

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has put it, they are "capable of providing one of the great architectural experiences in the western world . . . the atmosphere of the Great Siege is vivid and evocative in the extreme." The Gibraltar Conservation Society proposed a £500,000 scheme in the early 1980s to preserve and reopen the Lines

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rather than through embrasures. Such positions could not easily be seen from the sea, were out of the effective range of enemy ships and could not be flanked by landward guns. The sea wall would be defended solely by musket fire with the artillery support being provided from the bastions and retired

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Jones's recommendations were based on a number of key assumptions about the threats faced in particular sectors of the fortifications. First, the North Front was so strongly defended that it was very unlikely to be vulnerable. Second, the sea defences below the South Bastion could be breached but an

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Although the 16th century works improved Gibraltar's defences significantly, they still had major shortcomings. Fernandez del Portillo noted in 1610 that while Gibraltar was "girt by quite a good wall with bastions at corners", there still remained work to be done to complete the fortification plans

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made with the local sand and faced with decorative brickwork to simulate masonry. The builders later changed their construction methods to utilise stone interlaced with brick, a rather stronger structure. The southern flank of the walls has survived relatively intact, and vestiges of the other walls

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These features have made Gibraltar a naturally strong defensive position. The isthmus lacks any natural cover, exposing any approaching enemy to opposing fire. The heights of the Rock form a natural barrier to movement and rocky ledges provide natural platforms for gun batteries. The sheer cliffs on

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Some of the 18th and 20th century tunnels can also be visited. The Upper Galleries (now known as the Great Siege Tunnels) on the North Face of the Rock of Gibraltar are a popular tourist attraction within the Nature Reserve. A number of tableaux have been installed to recreate the appearance of the

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By the start of the 20th century it was clear that Gibraltar could be bombarded with relative impunity from the Spanish mainland. Proposals were put forward to build a new harbour on the east side of the Rock, where ships would be less vulnerable to direct artillery fire from the mainland, but were

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Gibraltar's guns were reorganised and upgraded from 1856. Many of the 24-pounder guns were replaced with 32-pounders, and the retired batteries were equipped with 68-pounders. A wide variety of old guns was still in use, including iron-cast 6-, 12-, and 18-pounders, which complicated the supply and

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Jones also recognised that the development of more powerful and accurate artillery made the old system of shoreline batteries extremely vulnerable. He proposed that the shoreline artillery should be pulled back some 300 yards (270 metres) to "retired batteries" situated higher up the hill, equipped

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Gibraltar remained at peace for 121 years after the Great Siege – one of the longest periods of peace in its history – but work continued to develop the fortifications, driven to a large extent by the increasingly rapid pace of change in the power and range of artillery. The Grand Casemates, a huge

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After a lengthy debate the government approved his plans and Green returned to Gibraltar to implement them. The territory's fortifications were still largely based around the old Spanish and Moorish defences, though these had been strengthened and supplemented over the years. The sea wall was still

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Skinner and Tyrawley agreed that the most pressing threat was that of a combined land and sea assault focusing on the weakest part of the defences, the open ground between the South Front of the town and Europa Point at the end of the peninsula. However, they disagreed vehemently over where and how

1127:, a fortified structure across the entire width of the isthmus anchored by two major forts on each end. This was intended to block access from Gibraltar to the Spanish mainland, and also to serve as a base for any future sieges. The territory's importance increased following Britain's defeat in the 955:) had only four guns, while the castle's few guns were all dismounted (and therefore unusable), and there were no gunners. The garrison's equipment was antiquated and their numbers were few. The town's walls were still essentially medieval and could not have resisted mid-16th century artillery. The 581:

Writing in 1610, the Spanish historian Fernando del Portillo commented that Gibraltar was "a stronghold from its very topography which with a little art could be made impregnable," and so it has proved. The Irish writer George Newenham Wright observed in 1840 that "the surface of the Rock is wholly

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engaged and sank a German U-boat travelling on the surface. The Second World War presented a much greater challenge to Gibraltar's defences as a result of the development of long-range bomber aircraft. Numerous anti-aircraft positions were established across Gibraltar, many of them built on top of

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Gibraltar has its faults, but, with them, as tenable in my opinion as any place in Europe : where it is vulnerable is the sea . . . though it has often been said that Gibraltar is impregnable, which no place is according to my notions, it was always understood "while you commend the sea". The

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that "the works in general are in a very bad condition, and the money they have cost I am afraid has been ill laid out", by which he meant that it had been misappropriated. Rather than being spent on the fortifications, the funds had been diverted by corrupt officers to repair their own houses in

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Despite the pinprick nature of the Axis attacks, a huge amount of work was done during the war to develop Gibraltar's fortifications further. A new network of tunnels was dug under the Rock to accommodate a vastly increased garrison. The tunnels became what amounted to an underground city, secure

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One of the most noteworthy things about this place is that there is no cannon, there is no mortar or howitzer without its known and predetermined target . . . twice a day, at sunrise and sunset, the battery commander himself inspects the guns. He checks whether the wick is alight, the gun loaded,

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The most substantial development of Gibraltar's fortifications took place during the British occupation of the territory from 1704 to the present day. Little was done initially to improve the fortifications, beyond making modest upgrades and repairing the damage caused by the 1704 siege. In 1709,

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on original Gibraltar gun carriages. The Middle Galleries, where World War II tunnelling joins the original 18th century tunnels, are open under the name of the "World War II Tunnels". The Lower Galleries are not open to visitors, as they are in a poor condition due to vandalism and neglect, but

1590:, which often obscures the top of the Rock. Telegraphic cables were installed criss-crossing the Rock to allow the batteries to communicate with observation posts situated lower down. The observers would plot the movement of enemy targets and transmit the coordinates to the batteries high above. 1450:

were built in the area and the Montagu and Orange Bastions were enlarged. The work was carried out amidst considerable controversy, as there were vigorous disagreements between the governors and senior engineers of the time over how the works should be carried out and indeed whether some of them

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Funds were scarce in the 1760s but a number of improvements were made to the North Front defences and the sea wall from South Bastion to Europa Point, which was severely damaged by a great storm in 1766. Green spent several years reviewing the state of the fortifications and developing a plan to

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for a gun. They turned the tunnel into the first of a series of galleries with embrasures at intervals, overlooking the isthmus, which could be used to bombard the enemy lines with impunity. The tunnelling continued after the siege and by 1790 over 4,000 feet (1,200 m) of tunnels had been

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put it in 1851, "Ranges of batteries rising from the sea, tier above tier, extend along its entire sea-front, at the northern extremity of which is the town ; every nook in the crags bristles with artillery". However, only a decade later the rapid introduction of rifled artillery firing

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between 1779 and 1783. Despite the siege, the defences were continually improved under Green's supervision. More batteries and bastions were constructed on the North Front, all the way up to the summit of the Rock. The first of Gibraltar's many tunnels was also constructed, with the original

979:, extended the wall onto the Upper Rock at some point probably between 1558 and 1565. A lookout tower, one of several constructed along Spain's southern coast during this period, was built at the eastern end of the isthmus linking Gibraltar with the Spanish mainland. This structure, known as 1654:, an invasion of Gibraltar that would have enabled the Germans to close the entrance to the Mediterranean to the great disadvantage of the Allies. It was projected that Gibraltar would fall within only three days. In the event, Hitler failed to reach an agreement with the Spanish dictator 950:

be extended all the way to Europa Point on the southern tip of Gibraltar and that the town's southern wall should be strengthened. However, his advice was ignored. The soldier and writer Pedro Barrantes Maldonaldo noted that by 1540 Gibraltar's north-west bastion (presumably referring to

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Many of Gibraltar's fortifications were already redundant well before the British garrison was withdrawn from the territory in the 1990s, and the rapid military rundown in the 1980s and the 1990s left the civilian authorities with a large amount of surplus military property. Many of the

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much as it had been in the Spanish period and still represented a weak point, and a lack of accommodation for the 4,000 officers and men of the garrison was also a major problem. Green set about thoroughly overhauling, redesigning and re-siting the fortifications, building new bastions,

512:, referred to as the West Side. The southern end of the town is guarded by the South Land Front. Few fortifications exist on the east side, as the sheer cliff of the Rock of Gibraltar is a virtually impassable obstacle. Further fortifications occupy the plateaus of Windmill Hill and 991:

is also thought to have been employed in improving Gibraltar's fortifications between 1550 and 1552. Although there is no direct evidence, the Spanish fortifications at the southern end of the town are virtually identical in design to drawings in Specklin's posthumously published

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intention of reaching a rocky outcrop called the Notch on the north face of the Rock, to cover a blind angle on the Mediterranean side. As the tunnel was being constructed, an air vent was excavated using explosives. The tunnellers realised that they could use the shaft as an

553:. It is a long, narrow peninsula measuring 5.1 kilometres (3.2 miles) by 1.6 kilometres (1 mile) wide at maximum, with a land area of about six square kilometres (2.3 square miles). The only land access to the peninsula is via a sandy isthmus, only three metres (9.8 feet) 1138:

The first tranche of serious improvements made by the British after the siege focused on the North Front, where the weight of any future attack was likely to be heaviest. A marshy area in front of the Landport Gate was flooded and turned into what became known as "the

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at the southern end of the peninsula. Lookout posts and batteries on the summits of the Rock provide a 360° view across the Strait and far into Spain. Although Gibraltar is now largely demilitarised, many of the fortifications are still intact and some, such as the

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excavated, providing bombproof communications routes between the various lines and batteries on the North Front of the Rock. The Notch was also reached and was hollowed out to become a large gallery, called St George's Hall, capable of accommodating five guns.

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on the southern tip of the peninsula. A great deal of 20th century land reclamation on the west side has also widened the coastal area, which was formerly quite narrow. A couple of small settlements, originally fishing villages, occupy the east side.

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Following the Second World War, changes in Britain's military commitments and the strategic environment eventually made Gibraltar's role as a fortress superfluous. The Royal Navy's historic role in the Mediterranean was effectively taken over by the

1894:", the national motto of Spain. Flanking the base of the royal arms are the arms of Gibraltar and of one of the Spanish governors. The ditch that once adjoined the gates has largely been filled in, though a portion of it was reused to create the 1959:, consisting of the King's Lines, Queen's Lines and Prince's Lines overlooking the isthmus and the entrance to Gibraltar. Mostly dating during the Great Siege and shortly after, they have been described as "not merely one of the most, perhaps 1870:

Barracks have been renovated and converted into restaurants and shops. An electricity generating station was built inside the King's Bastion in the 1960s but has since been demolished and the bastion has been converted into a leisure centre.

1725:. The system had reportedly been withdrawn by 1997. During the 1980s and 1990s, the British Ministry of Defence closed Gibraltar's naval dockyard and greatly reduced the military presence in the territory, leaving the locally raised 1874:

The North Front defences, still following the course laid out by the Moors in the 11th century, are still substantially intact. A significant portion of the original Spanish and Moorish walls can still be seen, rising in a saw-tooth

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that had been drawn up in the previous century. He felt that "perhaps what does exist is enough to withstand an assault and more." The biggest weakness was the lack of an effective sea wall to resist naval bombardments, and in 1618

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the town. Other officers were accused of stealing cannons and selling them for profit in Lisbon. Stanhope expressed concern that the prospect of losing Gibraltar was "very practicable" given the poor condition of the defences.

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Gibraltar's fortifications are clustered in three main areas. The densest fortifications are in the area where historically Gibraltar was under the most threat – at the north end of the peninsula, the North Front, facing the

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The fortifications had only relatively thin crenelated walls, which were insufficiently strong to counter artillery bombardments. They were lined with many tall towers for archers, but could not be used to mount cannon. Don

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from North Africa carried out a major raid, taking advantage of the weak defenses. Hundreds of Gibraltar's residents were taken as hostages or slaves. The Spanish crown responded to Gibraltar's vulnerability by building the

1042:, the governor of Gibraltar, produced a report for the king recommending a series of changes to the territory's fortifications. A series of new batteries was built along the Line Wall, each named after saints, and a 1629:

In the event, the biggest threat Gibraltar faced in the 20th century came from the air. The only action seen by Gibraltar's coastal defences during the First World War occurred in August 1917 when the 6-inch gun at

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I walked round the mountain and saw the marvellous works executed on it by our master, the late Sultan of Morocco, and the armament with which he equipped it, together with the additions made thereto by our master

806:, though more properly that name refers to the entire fortified area of the Moorish city) was located at the highest point, serving as a final redoubt. The Tower was a formidable square keep situated within a 1968:

and the surrounding batteries, galleries and bombproof magazines, but the scheme did not go ahead and the Lines have continued to be neglected and vandalised despite being scheduled as an Ancient Monument.

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and can now be visited. Elsewhere, most of the ordnance has been removed. Two surviving 6-inch guns remain at Devil's Gap Battery, one of which is the gun that engaged a German U-boat in August 1917. At

1381:. He summed up his three principal aims as being to prevent a possible landing by sea; to improve the quality of the garrison and its provisioning; and to keep the enemy at a distance with artillery. 1123:

but the Spanish failed to retake Gibraltar, as the British were once again able to reinforce and resupply the garrison by sea. Following the siege, the Spanish began the construction in 1730 of the

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Jones's recommendations were immediately accepted and put into practice. A series of new batteries aligned on a roughly north–south axis facing west towards the harbour was constructed, including

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live. Many of the clifftop defences and gun emplacements in the far south of the peninsula are still visible, though some have been built on and others have been turned into viewing platforms.

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were introduced in the coastal positions and 9.2-inch guns were installed in the retired batteries. The smaller guns would be sufficient to protect against fast-moving enemy vessels, such as

282: 1564:, the coastal batteries were upgraded with armoured casemates made from expensively constructed iron laminates. He also proposed to build a sea fort in the bay, along the lines of Britain's 1151:, underwater ditches and other hidden obstacles to prevent passage. This left only two narrow approaches to the town, each guarded by barriers and watched over by cannon loaded with lethal 688:

ordered a refortification of Gibraltar "with strong walls as a halo surrounds the crescent moon". Many details of the rebuilt city are known due to the work of Abu al-Hasan's biographer,

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existing fortifications and equipped with 40 mm and 3.7-inch anti-aircraft guns. By March 1941 there were twenty-eight 3.7-inch guns and twenty-two (and eventually forty-eight)

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bombproof barracks, was built in 1817. Proposals were put forward in 1826 to rebuild the Line Wall with new bastions, though they were never put into practice. In 1841, General Sir

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are scanty. A portion of wall some 500 metres (1,600 ft) long still survives to the south of the main part of the city of Gibraltar, of similar design to defensive walls in

1351:, he arrived in Gibraltar with a wealth of knowledge of the latest methods of fortification. He was strongly supported by Tyrawley's successor as governor, Lieutenant General 4430: 641:(the City of Victory) was laid out on the upper slopes of the Rock. It is unclear how much of Medinat al-Fath was actually built, as the surviving archaeological remains of 1760: 1018:

subsequently ordered a major modernisation of Gibraltar's fortifications due to hostile activity in the Strait by the Protestant powers of northern Europe – particularly

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was constructed on the Old Mole to provide enfilading fire across the isthmus. The northern defences around the Grand Battery and the Landport were also strengthened.

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are most likely still to be found underlying the modern defensive walls constructed by the British. To the south of the fortified city was an urban area known as the

1813: 1601:, the governor at the time, recommended reducing and standardising the guns to make them easier to maintain and supply. Six-inch (150 mm) quick-firing guns and 1543:

at its north end blocking access to the higher ground behind. The sea wall in the town was straightened and strengthened with the building of two new curtain walls,

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of the Royal Engineers conducted a study of Gibraltar's defences which prompted major changes and defined the nature of the fortifications for many years to come.

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Further works were carried out to repair, rebuild and improve the defences around the Waterport Front, which incorporated the old Waterport Gate. New casemates,

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The walls of the South Front are also substantially intact. The Southport Gates still bear the arms of Charles V, with columns on either side representing the

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most, hauntingly vivid experiences of a visit to Gibraltar . . . comparison with some of the most famous military sites in the world." As John Harris of the

4822: 3539: 870: 3004: 1666:, which only caused limited damage and light casualties, and by Italian submarine and sabotage attacks which damaged or sank a number of ships in the bay. 1593:

The conversion of Gibraltar's armament to breech-loading guns led to a further reappraisal of the fortress's defensive needs in 1888. A report by Generals

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The northern approach to Gibraltar as seen in 1567; in the 17th century the tall towers for archers were pulled down and replaced with bastions for cannon

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Rose, Edward P.F. (2001). "Military Engineering on the Rock of Gibraltar and its Geoenvironmental Legacy". In Ehlen, Judy; Harmon, Russell S. (eds.).

1081:, the last Spanish governor of Gibraltar, had repeatedly called for the garrison and fortifications to be strengthened, but to no avail. When Admiral 4635: 4361: 4252: 1722: 1062:

above the entrance to the town provided further enfilading fire. A formidable bastion was constructed to protect the south of the town; known as the

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adjoining the Southport Gates. Further south, the upper section of Charles V Wall is intact and can be walked on; the lowest point of this section,

1779:, a conservation area that covers about 40% of the area of Gibraltar. A few of the Upper Rock batteries have been preserved intact; all four of the 5480: 5164: 4247: 1851: 1058:, stretching into the Bay of Gibraltar, provided further mountings for cannon to sweep the isthmus. A series of defensive works constructed on a 617:) "to be on guard and watch events on the other side of the Straits" as early as 1068. Gibraltar was fortified for the first time in 1160 by the 1839: 5340: 4905: 4404: 838: 427: 5740: 1389:, storehouses, hospitals, magazines and bomb-proof barracks and casemates. Among his most important improvements was the construction of the 907:, may God strengthen him ... strengthened the wall of the extremity of the mount, which is the most formidable and useful of its walls. 3466:

Rose, Edward P.F. (1998). "Environmental geology of Gibraltar: living with limited resources". In Bennett, Matthew R.; Doyle, Peter (eds.).

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was installed on the Rock; they were a specially adapted version of the MM38 ship borne missile known as "Excalibur" and were directed by a

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and the fortifications were allowed to fall into decay, with very few cannon mounted on the batteries. In 1535, the Spanish naval commander

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in London in 1762 and another in 1768. The following year he travelled to London to present his conclusions to a commission appointed by

4533: 1046:(later renamed the South Mole) was built to provide additional protection to ships in the harbour. On the north side of Gibraltar, the 5032: 3532: 3169: 3143: 3100: 3042: 369: 1077:

In August 1704, an Anglo-Dutch invasion force sailed into the Bay of Gibraltar and rapidly overcame the poorly manned garrison. Don

5592: 5395: 1054:) was fully adapted to mount cannon facing the isthmus with the old archery towers being pulled down and replaced by bastions. The 996:("The Architecture of Fortresses") and on this basis it has been suggested that he was the designer of Gibraltar's southern works. 3019: 177: 5818: 5794: 5137: 3444: 1639:, plus two pom-pom guns. Numerous searchlights were installed – by 1942 there were twenty-four located around Gibraltar – and 5152: 5147: 4470: 3475: 1964: 1171: 1124: 335: 296: 107: 5928: 4753: 4572: 3525: 1555:

maintenance of the batteries. At its peak, the fortress had 681 guns in 110 batteries and positions. As the British artist

389: 72: 5789: 5769: 5617: 5523: 5130: 4650: 4645: 4640: 1977: 1325: 363: 5713: 5622: 5308: 4933: 4827: 420: 1560:

explosive shells was already beginning to make the fortifications obsolete. As a result of recommendations by Colonel

5799: 5627: 5495: 5003: 4998: 4775: 3498: 3456: 3417: 3395: 3376: 3353: 3312: 3029: 1378: 1328:

during his term as governor, but progress was hindered by his confrontational relationship with his senior engineer,

1108: 345: 301: 1787:

are still in place, making it the only place in the world where a complete 5.25-inch battery can still be seen. The

1343:, who was posted to Gibraltar as its senior engineer in 1761. A veteran soldier with experience of campaigns in the 5757: 5677: 5599: 4748: 4313: 3735: 865:. Other than the Tower of Homage, two such towers still survive; one square based which was fitted with a clock in 5906: 5774: 5723: 5375: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 1636: 1112: 4673: 5752: 5612: 5357: 5330: 4697: 4526: 4030: 3980: 1551:. Defensive breakwaters were constructed in front of both to prevent an armoured enemy ship ramming the walls. 1132: 976: 939: 558: 959:

90 years earlier showed just how vulnerable such walls could be in the face of a heavy artillery bombardment.

5730: 5718: 4793: 4655: 4612: 4323: 4318: 3945: 3810: 1903: 1899: 1292: 1120: 1055: 1043: 943: 526: 413: 229: 209: 42: 328: 267: 247: 5735: 5637: 5490: 5446: 5265: 5081: 5027: 4788: 4379: 3995: 3970: 3760: 1180: 980: 114: 5804: 5682: 5335: 5292: 5048: 4576: 4346: 4035: 4020: 3985: 3965: 1788: 685: 461: 924:, built in 1540 and strengthened in 1552 by King Charles I of Spain (Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire) 786:

The refortified city occupied the north-eastern part of the present-day city, reaching from the area of

5882: 5841: 5607: 5587: 5451: 5385: 5345: 5255: 4783: 4592: 4176: 3975: 3950: 1784: 1329: 1090: 815: 650: 219: 164: 30: 62: 5831: 5670: 5505: 5199: 4993: 4895: 4817: 4567: 4519: 3955: 3940: 3915: 3865: 3850: 3745: 3594: 1821: 1801: 1776: 1698: 1594: 1576: 1539:

near the south of the peninsula and Windmill Hill was strengthened around its entire perimeter, with

1524: 1397: 1212: 1156: 929: 677: 669: 184: 149: 139: 84: 1499:, one of the "retired" batteries built in the 1850s. Piles of shells are visible behind the gunners. 601:

Gibraltar's fortifications have evolved in a number of stages. Its first permanent inhabitants, the

569:, though it has grown considerably to the point that the built-up area now stretches all the way to 5764: 5272: 5214: 5189: 5184: 5020: 4948: 4913: 4860: 4617: 4587: 4384: 4224: 3925: 3870: 3820: 3815: 3770: 3725: 3720: 3647: 3637: 3405: 1726: 1544: 1532: 1426: 1306: 1285: 1205: 1198: 1128: 1067: 1051: 952: 758: 673: 657: 234: 194: 189: 159: 154: 144: 134: 1820:

original 18th century gun batteries housed within the tunnels. They include a number of Victorian

5473: 5456: 4923: 4171: 4100: 4055: 3960: 3895: 3860: 3840: 3785: 3617: 1987: 1703: 1528: 1459: 1340: 972: 795: 661: 340: 204: 861:. The core of the city was surrounded by substantial defensive walls with tall towers topped by 497: 5535: 5485: 5441: 5367: 5350: 5209: 5093: 5015: 4725: 4275: 3930: 3740: 3710: 3322: 1707: 1686: 1631: 1582:

In 1879 the growing threat of ultra-heavy naval artillery led to the installation of two giant

1556: 1508: 1362:

King's Bastion, built between 1773 and 1776. The armoured iron casemate was added in the 1860s.

956: 894:, literally the "red sands", named after the predominant colouration of the soil in that area. 787: 3173: 3147: 3104: 3046: 1617: 1039: 5747: 5660: 5557: 5518: 5390: 5277: 5176: 5068: 5053: 4975: 4875: 4485: 4460: 4445: 4440: 4425: 4280: 4239: 4161: 4105: 3795: 3780: 3730: 1516: 1496: 1187: 1140: 854: 770: 460:. It has repeatedly been contested between European and North African powers and has endured 1621:

Searchlights pierce the night sky during an air-raid practice on Gibraltar, 20 November 1942

1413: 649:. It may have protected a settlement on the upper part of the Rock, around where the modern 5436: 5418: 5325: 5282: 5237: 5125: 4880: 4743: 4597: 4556: 4475: 4435: 4389: 4262: 4166: 3910: 3835: 3569: 1982: 1194: 1086: 850: 764: 530: 493: 489: 214: 51: 1669: 541: 8: 5530: 5380: 5314: 4918: 4885: 4805: 4582: 4351: 4305: 4295: 4000: 3905: 3900: 3755: 3622: 3589: 3574: 1885: 1540: 1512: 1418: 1005: 1001: 518: 449: 5870: 5698: 5665: 5644: 5632: 5468: 5194: 5076: 5058: 4500: 4495: 4229: 4181: 4110: 4095: 4090: 3990: 3890: 3885: 3790: 3750: 3715: 3685: 3680: 3564: 1895: 1890: 1809: 1583: 1260: 1019: 1015: 849:) built there by the Moors. It had three separate access gates: the Land Gate (now the 668:

above the town. The Castilians maintained control of Gibraltar until 1333, resisting a

630: 79: 549:

The nature and position of Gibraltar's defences have been dictated by the territory's

5889: 5836: 5577: 5572: 4870: 4765: 4667: 4663: 4607: 4480: 4209: 4080: 4025: 3935: 3880: 3855: 3805: 3705: 3690: 3675: 3670: 3662: 3627: 3584: 3494: 3490: 3471: 3452: 3432: 3413: 3391: 3372: 3349: 3332: 3326: 3308: 3025: 1792: 1718: 1598: 1504: 1473: 1390: 1374: 1352: 1269: 1244: 947: 878: 642: 637:(the Mount of Victory), though this name did not persist, and a fortified town named 596: 562: 509: 485: 453: 445: 315: 311: 224: 199: 124: 971:

to control the southern flank of the Rock. The wall's builder, the Italian engineer

699: 5894: 5826: 5582: 5540: 5010: 4928: 4865: 4850: 4490: 4341: 4075: 4050: 4005: 3920: 3825: 3775: 3765: 3700: 3652: 1877: 1780: 1655: 1565: 1548: 1520: 1464: 1078: 1029: 622: 566: 403: 254: 26: 1571: 5260: 4465: 4455: 4399: 4356: 4214: 4186: 4040: 4015: 3845: 3830: 3800: 3632: 3579: 3364: 1867: 1714:

Batteries were all fired for the last time. In October 1985, a single battery of

1690: 1682: 1679: 1651: 1561: 1401: 1278: 1235: 1071: 988: 963: 842: 799: 681: 554: 291: 1008:

for a deep-water harbour, protected by a newly constructed gun platform and the

21: 5463: 4943: 4938: 4627: 4204: 4196: 4146: 4128: 3875: 3642: 1693:

in 1942, over 600 Allied aircraft were crammed onto Gibraltar's single runway.

1228: 1221: 1144: 1023: 968: 921: 904: 882: 866: 803: 719: 522: 476:– have built successive layers of fortifications and defences including walls, 473: 457: 3517: 962:

The town's inhabitants paid the price for this neglect in September 1540 when

5922: 5513: 5204: 4890: 4758: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4010: 3695: 3344:

Binney, Marcus; Martin, Kit (1982). "Tourism, Conservation and Development".

1658:. Gibraltar's defences were tested several times by air raids carried out by 1646:

The possibility of an attack from the land was not a theoretical concern, as

1587: 946:

that Gibraltar's defences were seriously inadequate and recommended that the

3436: 3336: 714: 464:

since it was first settled in the 11th century. The peninsula's occupants –

4681: 4602: 4219: 4156: 4151: 4085: 4045: 3612: 1711: 1663: 1647: 1606: 1439: 1396:

To carry out the improvements more efficiently and cheaply, Green raised a

1313: 1082: 858: 830: 606: 570: 513: 1943:

The rusting remains of a World War II searchlight on the Northern Defences

794:. It was divided into three main quarters which functioned as a series of 5142: 4855: 3510:

The shores and islands of the Mediterranean, drawn by sir G. Temple, bart

1602: 1344: 1253: 934: 895: 886: 129: 94: 89: 1902:, is now the site of the Apes' Den, where many of Gibraltar's colony of 1535:

batteries. Further batteries and fortifications were constructed around

5320: 1492: 811: 810:

and had the largest footprint of all the towers to be built in Moorish

689: 550: 119: 1931:

Abandoned and vandalised, the Bombproof Barracks on the Prince's Lines

4711: 4542: 4138: 1640: 1536: 1431: 1358: 1299: 1152: 441: 1425:

Green's improvements came just in time to meet the challenge of the

932:

of 1462. The Moorish threat receded following the completion of the

508:

with Spain. Another group of fortifications guards the town and the

448:, has great strategic importance as a result of its position by the 4689: 4511: 3556: 3021:

The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems, 1997–1998

1485: 1443: 1148: 481: 1417:

Reconstruction of British gunners firing from an embrasure in the

625:

in response to the coastal threat posed by the Christian kings of

5545: 3604: 1447: 975:, also strengthened the Landport Gate. Another Italian engineer, 916: 708: 646: 618: 505: 477: 2208:"The Islamic City and Fortifications". Moorish Castle, Gibraltar 4333: 4120: 1715: 1348: 1059: 862: 807: 626: 613:(the Mount of Tarik, a name that was eventually corrupted into 1754:

Landport Front defences as seen from the North Bastion in 1828

4371: 3303:

Allan, George (1982). "Safeguards for Gibraltar's Heritage".

1659: 1386: 1339:

More fundamental and lasting changes were made under Colonel

602: 469: 465: 1070:, it enfiladed the ditch across the Gate of Africa, now the 561:. The peninsula is dominated by the limestone massif of the 3328:

Gleanings, Pictorial and Antiquarian, on the Overland Route

665: 1825:

still contain many relics of their former military usage.

660:

and its fortifications were repaired and improved by King

5300: 1766:

The same view in 2013, looking towards the Moorish Castle

16:

Defensive military constructions at the Rock of Gibraltar

1673:

Royal Engineers tunnelling in Gibraltar, 1 November 1941

1845:

The Tower of Homage, part of Gibraltar's Moorish Castle

1484:

with the latest and most powerful guns and firing from

837:

by the Spanish, which may have taken its name from the

557:, most of which is now occupied by the Spanish town of 3468:

Issues in environmental geology: a British perspective

3386:

Harris, John (1982). "An Architectural Appreciation".

1066:("Bastion of Our Lady of the Rosary"), and now as the 678:

a Castilian counter-siege which ended after two months

545:

An aerial view of modern Gibraltar, looking north-west

4823:

Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS)

1804:

one of the two 100-ton RML 17.72 inch guns is still

798:

through which troops could fall back in stages. The

1732: 283:Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population 656:The city fell to the Castilians in 1309 after the 653:is, but firm archaeological evidence is lacking. 276:Military history of Gibraltar during World War II 5920: 5165:European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar) 3009:, The Montreal Gazette, October 25, 1985 (p. 15) 1909: 1795:, Lord Airey's and O'Hara's Batteries are still 1131:in 1756, when a French naval victory led to the 3547: 3487:The Environmental Legacy of Military Operations 3470:. London: Geological Society. pp. 95–121. 3451:. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses. 3024:, The US Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 3043:"Discover Gibraltar – Princess Anne's Battery" 821:Below the kasbah was an area later called the 444:peninsula, located at the far southern end of 4527: 3533: 1857:The Southport Gates, bearing Charles V's arms 1689:, the Mediterranean and North Africa. During 928:Castile regained control of Gibraltar in the 421: 3427:Hughes, Quentin; Migos, Athanassios (1995). 2925: 2923: 2862: 2860: 2363: 2361: 2119: 1575:The 100 ton RML 17.72 inch gun installed at 1409:primed, and trained on its allotted target." 825:(Old Town) by the Spanish, accessed via the 3258: 3256: 2628: 2626: 2601: 2599: 2586: 2584: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2506: 2504: 2455: 2453: 2312: 2310: 2080: 1368:bay is extensive, our garrison small . . ." 703:Part of the Moorish city wall with a tower 4534: 4520: 3540: 3526: 3410:Rock of Contention: A history of Gibraltar 3195: 3193: 3191: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3101:"Discover Gibraltar – Great Siege Tunnels" 3083: 3081: 3068: 3066: 3064: 2964: 2962: 2847: 2845: 2552: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2192: 2190: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2058: 2056: 2031: 2029: 2004: 2002: 525:– where many of Gibraltar's population of 428: 414: 5033:Political development in modern Gibraltar 2986: 2920: 2908: 2857: 2830: 2818: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2611: 2358: 2271: 2259: 2160: 2158: 2109: 2107: 1775:best-preserved fortifications are in the 833:), and below that was a port area called 609:, are said to have established a fort on 3253: 2746: 2722: 2650: 2623: 2596: 2581: 2564: 2501: 2450: 2334: 2307: 1816:in conjunction with the Nature Reserve. 1729:as the main military force in Gibraltar. 1668: 1616: 1570: 1491: 1458: 1412: 1357: 1028: 915: 713: 698: 672:, but relinquished it in 1333 after the 540: 20: 5706: 3217: 3188: 3119: 3078: 3061: 2959: 2935: 2872: 2842: 2686: 2638: 2433: 2373: 2283: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2187: 2170: 2143: 2131: 2053: 2026: 1999: 1810:3.7 inch quick-firing anti-aircraft gun 1685:supported Allied air operations in the 898:visited the city in 1353–54 and wrote: 881:). The walls were at first built using 27:5.25 inch quick-firing dual-purpose gun 5921: 2155: 2104: 2092: 1373:improve them. He sent a report to the 1064:Baluarte de Nuestra Señora del Rosario 5416: 5235: 4973: 4723: 4554: 4515: 3521: 3412:. London: Robert Hale & Company. 1965:Royal Institute of British Architects 1568:, though this was never carried out. 1454: 1324:Further improvements were made under 1101: 877:(beaked, a design intended to resist 5877: 4541: 3431:. Gibraltar: Exchange Publications. 1808:and has been restored, along with a 1739:Landport Front defences then and now 1650:sought Spanish support to carry out 1612: 664:, who ordered the construction of a 633:. The Rock of Gibraltar was renamed 5901: 3390:. London: Save Britain's Heritage. 3348:. London: Save Britain's Heritage. 3307:. London: Save Britain's Heritage. 3170:"Discover Gibraltar – Star Chamber" 1978:List of fortifications of Gibraltar 364:History of nationality in Gibraltar 13: 5309:Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation 3144:"Discover Gibraltar – WW2 Tunnels" 14: 5940: 5628:Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned 5496:Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar 3493:: Geological Society of America. 3331:. London: Hall, Virtue & Co. 1133:surrender of the British garrison 1096: 1004:authorised works to create a new 911: 590: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5865: 5864: 4754:Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault 4710: 3508:Wright, George Newenham (1840). 1936: 1924: 1850: 1838: 1759: 1747: 1733:Gibraltar's fortifications today 1164: 397: 61: 3512:. London: Fisher, Son & Co. 3429:Strong as the Rock of Gibraltar 3369:The Fortifications of Gibraltar 3295: 3280: 3268: 3241: 3229: 3205: 3162: 3136: 3093: 3035: 3012: 2998: 2974: 2947: 2896: 2884: 2806: 2794: 2734: 2710: 2698: 2674: 2662: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2489: 2477: 2465: 2421: 2409: 2397: 2385: 2346: 2322: 2295: 2202: 1955:A prime example is that of the 1888:entwined with scrolls reading " 5077:Black Swan Project controversy 3653:Wellington Front Demi Bastions 2068: 2041: 2014: 977:Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino 1: 5593:Cathedral of the Holy Trinity 4724: 4613:Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar 3736:Devil's Bowling Green Battery 3484: 3465: 3449:The Rock of the Gibraltarians 3371:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 3321: 2980: 2953: 2740: 2047: 2020: 1993: 1910:Conserving the fortifications 1812:. The site is now run by the 536: 336:Second sovereignty referendum 230:Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar 210:War of the Spanish Succession 5638:Shrine of Our Lady of Europe 5447:Bayside Comprehensive School 4974: 3443: 2902: 2890: 2812: 2558: 2495: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2367: 2352: 2328: 2277: 2265: 2125: 2086: 297:First sovereignty referendum 115:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 7: 5929:Fortifications in Gibraltar 5417: 5396:Vehicle registration plates 5336:Royal Gibraltar Post Office 5236: 4555: 4036:Sir Herbert Miles Promenade 3981:Princess Caroline's Battery 3549:Fortifications of Gibraltar 3507: 3426: 3385: 3343: 3274: 3262: 3247: 3235: 2992: 2929: 2914: 2866: 2836: 2824: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2617: 2605: 2590: 2546: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2483: 2471: 2316: 2074: 2008: 1971: 1463:View of Gibraltar from the 857:) and a southern gate, the 846: 686:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman 379:Fortifications of Gibraltar 10: 5945: 5341:postage stamps and history 3946:Prince Ferdinand's Battery 3811:Governor's Lookout Battery 3404: 3362: 3302: 3286: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3130: 3087: 3072: 2968: 2941: 2878: 2851: 2800: 2692: 2644: 2632: 2575: 2459: 2444: 2379: 2340: 2301: 2289: 2253: 2241: 2229: 2217: 2196: 2181: 2164: 2149: 2137: 2113: 2098: 2062: 2035: 1900:Prince Ferdinand's Battery 1451:should be pursued at all. 1091:twelfth siege of Gibraltar 994:Architectura von Vestungen 873:) and another constructed 816:Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada 594: 585: 220:Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar 165:Seventh Siege of Gibraltar 5860: 5817: 5785: 5697: 5671:Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque 5653: 5565: 5556: 5504: 5429: 5425: 5412: 5366: 5291: 5248: 5244: 5231: 5200:Napier of Magdala Battery 5175: 5067: 5041: 4986: 4982: 4969: 4904: 4843: 4836: 4774: 4736: 4732: 4719: 4708: 4568:Neanderthals in Gibraltar 4563: 4550: 4418: 4370: 4332: 4304: 4261: 4238: 4195: 4137: 4119: 3996:Queen Charlotte's Battery 3971:Princess Amelia's Battery 3916:Napier of Magdala Battery 3761:Eliott's Practice Battery 3661: 3603: 3555: 3388:Save Gibraltar's Heritage 3346:Save Gibraltar's Heritage 3305:Save Gibraltar's Heritage 3018:Friedman, Norman (1997), 1802:Napier of Magdala Battery 1777:Upper Rock Nature Reserve 1699:United States Sixth Fleet 1595:William Howley Goodenough 1577:Napier of Magdala Battery 1398:Soldier Artificer Company 1163: 1143:", a pear-shaped body of 1121:siege was mounted in 1727 1085:'s fleet carried out the 940:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 853:), the Sea Gate (now the 559:La Línea de la Concepción 370:Political development in 185:Eighth Siege of Gibraltar 150:Fourth Siege of Gibraltar 140:Second Siege of Gibraltar 85:Neanderthals of Gibraltar 5215:Royal Gibraltar Regiment 5190:Gibraltar Defence Police 5185:British Forces Gibraltar 4588:First Siege of Gibraltar 4471:Lines of Contravallation 3986:Princess Royal's Battery 3966:Prince William's Battery 3926:North Mole Elbow Battery 3771:Europa Advance Batteries 3726:Cumberland Flank Battery 1830:Preserved fortifications 1727:Royal Gibraltar Regiment 1427:Great Siege of Gibraltar 1125:Lines of Contravallation 802:(now usually called the 674:third siege of Gibraltar 658:first siege of Gibraltar 235:Great Siege of Gibraltar 195:Tenth Siege of Gibraltar 190:Ninth Siege of Gibraltar 160:Sixth Siege of Gibraltar 155:Fifth Siege of Gibraltar 145:Third Siege of Gibraltar 135:First Siege of Gibraltar 5457:University of Gibraltar 5143:Sovereignty referendums 4801:Reptiles and amphibians 4101:Windmill Hill Batteries 3976:Princess Anne's Battery 3961:Prince of Wales Battery 3951:Prince George's Battery 3323:Bartlett, William Henry 1988:Fortifications of Malta 1814:Gibraltar Tourist Board 1785:Princess Anne's Battery 1400:– a predecessor of the 1279:—— Southport Gates 1048:Muralla de San Bernando 973:Giovanni Battista Calvi 662:Ferdinand IV of Castile 341:Cordoba Agreement, 2006 205:Marquisate of Gibraltar 31:Princess Anne's Battery 5386:Gibraltar–Spain border 5210:Royal Gibraltar Police 4949:St. Bernard's Hospital 4934:King George V Hospital 4623:George Augustus Eliott 4276:Europa Sunken Magazine 3956:Prince Henry's Battery 3941:Parson's Lodge Battery 3866:Lady Augusta's Battery 3851:Jews' Cemetery Battery 3746:Devil's Tongue Battery 3711:Civil Hospital Battery 3445:Jackson, William G. F. 1687:Battle of the Atlantic 1674: 1622: 1579: 1557:William Henry Bartlett 1500: 1468: 1422: 1411: 1379:William Pitt the Elder 1370: 1363: 1222:—— Moorish Castle 1157:Devil's Tongue Battery 1034: 987:. The German engineer 957:fall of Constantinople 925: 909: 788:Grand Casemates Square 783: 711: 546: 34: 5391:Shipping in Gibraltar 4656:Explosion of the RFA 4486:Prince of Wales Lines 4395:Stanley's Clock Tower 4291:Ragged Staff Magazine 4281:Flat Bastion Magazine 4225:Prince Albert's Front 4162:Grand Casemates Gates 3871:Lady Louisa's Battery 3821:Green's Lodge Battery 3781:Europa Pass Batteries 3731:Detached Mole Battery 3721:Crutchett's Batteries 1672: 1620: 1574: 1545:Prince Albert's Front 1495: 1462: 1416: 1406: 1365: 1361: 1355:, who wrote in 1768: 1286:—— South Bastion 1206:North Bastion —— 1199:Grand Battery —— 1181:Devil's Tower —— 1032: 919: 900: 855:Grand Casemates Gates 771:Grand Casemates Gates 717: 702: 670:Moorish siege in 1315 544: 24: 5800:Records in athletics 5775:Campo Gibraltar RUFC 5753:Football Association 5602:(Church of Scotland) 5600:St. Andrew's Church 5331:Regulatory Authority 4651:Maltese in Gibraltar 4646:Genoese in Gibraltar 4598:Capture of Gibraltar 4476:Montagu Counterguard 4436:Chatham Counterguard 4172:Prince Edward's Gate 4056:St. George's Battery 3911:Mount Misery Battery 3896:Lord Airey's Battery 3861:King's Lines Battery 3841:Hayne's Cave Battery 3786:Farringdon's Battery 3618:Hesse's Demi Bastion 3570:Buena Vista Barracks 1983:Tunnels of Gibraltar 1087:capture of Gibraltar 726:Inner and outer keep 404:Gibraltar portal 215:Capture of Gibraltar 5531:Gibraltarian status 5315:Gibraltar Chronicle 4886:Strait of Gibraltar 4810:Iberis gibraltarica 4593:Battle of Gibraltar 4583:Pillars of Hercules 4352:Great Siege Tunnels 4031:Signal Hill Battery 3906:Middle Hill Battery 3741:Devil's Gap Battery 3590:Retrenched Barracks 3575:Defensible Barracks 3263:Binney & Martin 3248:Binney & Martin 3236:Binney & Martin 3176:on 5 September 2013 3150:on 5 September 2013 3107:on 5 September 2013 3049:on 5 September 2013 1886:Pillars of Hercules 1632:Devil's Gap Battery 1584:RML 17.72 inch guns 1541:Retrenched Barracks 1467:looking north, 1828 1419:Great Siege Tunnels 1040:Luis Bravo de Acuña 1002:Philip III of Spain 985:during World War II 871:Stanley Clock Tower 531:tourist attractions 529:live – have become 519:Great Siege Tunnels 450:Strait of Gibraltar 346:Second constitution 285:during World War II 5790:Commonwealth Games 5645:Trafalgar Cemetery 5633:Our Lady of Europe 5474:Llévame Donde Nací 5195:Gibraltar Squadron 4994:Constitution Order 4876:St. Michael's Cave 4501:West Place of Arms 4496:Ragged Staff Guard 4230:Ragged Staff Flank 4182:Ragged Staff Gates 4111:Zoca Flank Battery 4106:Woodford's Battery 4091:White Rock Battery 3891:Little Bay Battery 3886:Lighthouse Battery 3796:Gardiner's Battery 3751:Edward VII Battery 3716:Couvreport Battery 3686:Buenavista Battery 3681:Bomb Proof Battery 3565:Bombproof Barracks 2993:Hughes & Migos 2930:Hughes & Migos 2915:Hughes & Migos 2867:Hughes & Migos 2837:Hughes & Migos 2825:Hughes & Migos 2789:Hughes & Migos 2777:Hughes & Migos 2765:Hughes & Migos 2753:Hughes & Migos 2729:Hughes & Migos 2717:Hughes & Migos 2705:Hughes & Migos 2681:Hughes & Migos 2669:Hughes & Migos 2657:Hughes & Migos 2618:Hughes & Migos 2606:Hughes & Migos 2591:Hughes & Migos 2547:Hughes & Migos 2535:Hughes & Migos 2523:Hughes & Migos 2511:Hughes & Migos 2484:Hughes & Migos 2472:Hughes & Migos 2317:Hughes & Migos 2009:Hughes & Migos 1896:Trafalgar Cemetery 1719:anti-ship missiles 1675: 1623: 1580: 1501: 1497:Gardiner's Battery 1469: 1455:Nineteenth century 1423: 1364: 1188:Inundation —— 1111:complained to the 1102:Eighteenth century 1035: 926: 784: 712: 676:. After defeating 547: 302:First constitution 80:Prehistoric Iberia 35: 5916: 5915: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5813: 5812: 5693: 5692: 5613:Roman Catholicism 5578:Diocese in Europe 5408: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5358:Telephone numbers 5303:(Internet domain) 5227: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5138:Political parties 4965: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4871:Rock of Gibraltar 4766:Iberian Peninsula 4706: 4705: 4668:Death on the Rock 4664:Operation Flavius 4608:Treaty of Utrecht 4509: 4508: 4271:Eliott's Magazine 4210:Line Wall Curtain 4081:Waterport Battery 4026:Scud Hill Battery 3936:Orillon Batteries 3836:Harding's Battery 3806:Genoese Batteries 3706:Catalan Batteries 3691:Buffadero Battery 3676:Breakneck Battery 3671:Alexandra Battery 3585:Lathbury Barracks 3491:Boulder, Colorado 3477:978-1-86239-014-0 1957:Northern Defences 1916:Northern Defences 1822:64-pounder cannon 1683:base on Gibraltar 1641:rocket projectors 1613:Twentieth century 1599:Lothian Nicholson 1474:John Thomas Jones 1375:Board of Ordnance 1353:Edward Cornwallis 1129:Battle of Minorca 983:, was demolished 948:Line Wall Curtain 887:lime-based mortar 792:Upper Castle Road 643:Moorish Gibraltar 597:Moorish Gibraltar 563:Rock of Gibraltar 454:Mediterranean Sea 438: 437: 316:Death on the Rock 312:Operation Flavius 225:Treaty of Utrecht 200:Catholic Monarchs 125:Moorish Gibraltar 5936: 5904: 5903: 5892: 5880: 5879: 5868: 5867: 5805:Victoria Stadium 5704: 5703: 5603: 5588:Bishop suffragan 5563: 5562: 5427: 5426: 5414: 5413: 5304: 5246: 5245: 5233: 5232: 4984: 4983: 4971: 4970: 4929:Garrison Library 4851:Bay of Gibraltar 4841: 4840: 4813: 4794:Barbary macaques 4734: 4733: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4631: 4552: 4551: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4431:Caledonian Canal 4347:Great North Road 4342:Admiralty Tunnel 4296:Willis' Magazine 4076:Victoria Battery 4051:Spyglass Battery 4021:Saluting Battery 4006:Rock Gun Battery 4001:Raglan's Battery 3931:O'Hara's Battery 3921:New Mole Battery 3901:Martin's Battery 3826:Half Way Battery 3776:Europa Batteries 3766:Engineer Battery 3756:Eliott's Battery 3701:Castle Batteries 3623:Jumper's Bastion 3542: 3535: 3528: 3519: 3518: 3513: 3504: 3481: 3462: 3440: 3423: 3401: 3382: 3365:Finlayson, Clive 3359: 3340: 3318: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3224:Fa and Finlayson 3221: 3215: 3212:Fa and Finlayson 3209: 3203: 3200:Fa and Finlayson 3197: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3172:. Archived from 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3146:. Archived from 3140: 3134: 3131:Fa and Finlayson 3128: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3103:. Archived from 3097: 3091: 3088:Fa and Finlayson 3085: 3076: 3073:Fa and Finlayson 3070: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3045:. Archived from 3039: 3033: 3016: 3010: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2969:Fa and Finlayson 2966: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2942:Fa and Finlayson 2939: 2933: 2927: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2879:Fa and Finlayson 2876: 2870: 2864: 2855: 2852:Fa and Finlayson 2849: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2801:Fa and Finlayson 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2693:Fa and Finlayson 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2645:Fa and Finlayson 2642: 2636: 2630: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2594: 2588: 2579: 2573: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2448: 2445:Fa and Finlayson 2442: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2380:Fa and Finlayson 2377: 2371: 2365: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2290:Fa and Finlayson 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2242:Fa and Finlayson 2239: 2233: 2230:Fa and Finlayson 2227: 2221: 2218:Fa and Finlayson 2215: 2209: 2206: 2200: 2197:Fa and Finlayson 2194: 2185: 2182:Fa and Finlayson 2179: 2168: 2165:Fa and Finlayson 2162: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2114:Fa and Finlayson 2111: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2036:Fa and Finlayson 2033: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 1940: 1928: 1904:Barbary macaques 1854: 1842: 1763: 1751: 1656:Francisco Franco 1566:Palmerston Forts 1549:Wellington Front 1521:Queen Victoria's 1168: 1167: 1079:Diego de Salinas 1011:Torre del Tuerto 567:Bay of Gibraltar 527:Barbary macaques 430: 423: 416: 402: 401: 400: 373: 372:modern Gibraltar 329:Modern Gibraltar 286: 255:Royal Calpe Hunt 65: 55: 37: 36: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5848: 5809: 5781: 5689: 5683:Great Synagogue 5649: 5601: 5583:Bishop diocesan 5552: 5500: 5491:Public holidays 5452:Westside School 5421: 5400: 5362: 5302: 5287: 5261:Gibraltar pound 5240: 5219: 5171: 5082:Disputed status 5063: 5037: 4978: 4953: 4900: 4832: 4818:Botanic Gardens 4807: 4770: 4728: 4715: 4702: 4629: 4628:Gibraltar real 4559: 4546: 4540: 4510: 4505: 4456:Grand Casemates 4446:Forbes' Barrier 4426:Bayside Barrier 4414: 4400:Tower of Homage 4366: 4362:Windsor Gallery 4357:Landport Tunnel 4328: 4300: 4257: 4253:Southport Ditch 4234: 4215:Montagu Curtain 4197:Defensive walls 4191: 4187:Southport Gates 4133: 4115: 4096:Willis' Battery 4041:South Batteries 4016:Rosia Batteries 3991:Queen's Battery 3846:Hutment Battery 3831:Hanover Battery 3801:Genista Battery 3791:Forbes' Battery 3657: 3633:Montagu Bastion 3599: 3580:Grand Casemates 3551: 3546: 3516: 3501: 3478: 3459: 3420: 3398: 3379: 3356: 3315: 3298: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3017: 3013: 3006:Exocet Deployed 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2858: 2850: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2597: 2589: 2582: 2574: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2451: 2443: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2188: 2180: 2171: 2163: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2054: 2046: 2042: 2034: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2000: 1996: 1974: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1932: 1929: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1868:Grand Casemates 1863: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1846: 1843: 1832: 1831: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1755: 1752: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1723:Type 1006 radar 1691:Operation Torch 1680:Royal Air Force 1652:Operation Felix 1615: 1562:William Jervois 1529:Prince of Wales 1457: 1402:Royal Engineers 1330:William Skinner 1322: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1303: 1296: 1289: 1282: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1225: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1202: 1191: 1184: 1177: 1174:Contravallation 1173: 1165: 1104: 1099: 1072:Southport Gates 989:Daniel Specklin 964:Barbary pirates 914: 869:times (now the 800:Tower of Homage 782: 757:Giralda Tower ( 748:Gate of Granada 742:Tower of Homage 738: 639:Medinat al-Fath 599: 593: 588: 555:above sea level 539: 462:fourteen sieges 434: 398: 396: 384: 383: 375: 371: 359: 351: 350: 331: 321: 320: 292:Operation Felix 288: 284: 278: 270: 260: 259: 250: 240: 239: 180: 170: 169: 110: 100: 99: 75: 53: 46: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5942: 5932: 5931: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5898: 5886: 5874: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5834: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5610: 5605: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5569: 5567: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5510: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5481:Gibraltar Fair 5478: 5477: 5476: 5466: 5464:Miss Gibraltar 5461: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5423: 5422: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5311: 5306: 5297: 5295: 5293:Communications 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5273:Stock Exchange 5270: 5269: 5268: 5258: 5252: 5250: 5242: 5241: 5229: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5140: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5049:Chief Minister 5045: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4990: 4988: 4980: 4979: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4944:The Rock Hotel 4941: 4939:Moorish Castle 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4910: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4847: 4845: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4730: 4729: 4717: 4716: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4687: 4679: 4671: 4661: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4548: 4547: 4539: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4481:Prince's Lines 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4390:O'Hara's Tower 4387: 4382: 4376: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4286:Grand Magazine 4283: 4278: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4248:Landport Ditch 4244: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4205:Charles V Wall 4201: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4147:Algeciras Gate 4143: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4129:Moorish Castle 4125: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3881:Lewis' Battery 3878: 3876:Levant Battery 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3856:Jones' Battery 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3643:Orange Bastion 3640: 3635: 3630: 3628:King's Bastion 3625: 3620: 3615: 3609: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3595:South Barracks 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3561: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3545: 3544: 3537: 3530: 3522: 3515: 3514: 3505: 3499: 3482: 3476: 3463: 3457: 3441: 3424: 3418: 3402: 3396: 3383: 3377: 3360: 3354: 3341: 3319: 3313: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3252: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3187: 3161: 3135: 3118: 3092: 3077: 3060: 3034: 3011: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2958: 2946: 2934: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2856: 2841: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2622: 2610: 2595: 2580: 2563: 2551: 2539: 2527: 2515: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2449: 2432: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2384: 2372: 2357: 2345: 2333: 2321: 2306: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2246: 2234: 2222: 2210: 2201: 2186: 2169: 2154: 2142: 2130: 2118: 2103: 2091: 2079: 2067: 2052: 2040: 2025: 2013: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1973: 1970: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1878:en crémaillère 1860: 1859: 1856: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1781:5.25-inch guns 1769: 1768: 1765: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1614: 1611: 1588:Levanter cloud 1525:Lady Augusta's 1509:Civil Hospital 1456: 1453: 1391:King's Bastion 1311: 1304: 1297: 1290: 1283: 1276: 1267: 1258: 1251: 1247:King's Bastion 1242: 1233: 1229:Charles V Wall 1226: 1219: 1213:Devil's Tongue 1210: 1203: 1192: 1185: 1178: 1169: 1162: 1161: 1145:brackish water 1113:Earl of Galway 1109:James Stanhope 1103: 1100: 1098: 1097:British period 1095: 1024:Dutch Republic 969:Charles V Wall 922:Charles V Wall 913: 912:Spanish period 910: 892:Turba al Hamra 827:Bab el-Granada 804:Moorish Castle 781: 780: 777: 774: 767: 762: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 739: 737: 736: 735:Port (Barcina) 733: 730: 727: 723: 720:Moorish Castle 707:, topped with 595:Main article: 592: 591:Moorish period 589: 587: 584: 538: 535: 523:Charles V Wall 458:Atlantic Ocean 436: 435: 433: 432: 425: 418: 410: 407: 406: 393: 392: 386: 385: 382: 381: 376: 368: 366: 360: 357: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 343: 338: 332: 327: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 309: 307:Border closure 304: 299: 294: 289: 281: 279: 274: 271: 266: 265: 262: 261: 258: 257: 251: 246: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 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5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5514:Gibraltarians 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5346:postal orders 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5205:RAF Gibraltar 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5160:EU referendum 5158: 5154: 5151: 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4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4071:Upper Battery 4069: 4067: 4066:Tower Battery 4064: 4062: 4061:Tovey Battery 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4011:Rooke Battery 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 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3479: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3458:0-8386-3237-8 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3419:0-7091-4352-4 3415: 3411: 3407: 3406:Hills, George 3403: 3399: 3397:0-905978-13-7 3393: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3378:1-84603-016-1 3374: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3357: 3355:0-905978-13-7 3351: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3314:0-905978-13-7 3310: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3288: 3283: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3259: 3257: 3249: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3074: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3031: 3030:1-55750-268-4 3027: 3023: 3022: 3015: 3008: 3007: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2938: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2916: 2911: 2904: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2766: 2761: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2718: 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1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1789:9.2 inch guns 1786: 1782: 1778: 1762: 1757: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1627: 1619: 1610: 1608: 1607:torpedo boats 1604: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1466: 1465:New Mole fort 1461: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440:counterguards 1436: 1433: 1428: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1369: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341:William Green 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1326:Lord Tyrawley 1318: 1317: 1309: 1308: 1307:Windmill Hill 1302: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1240: 1239: 1236:—— Grand 1231: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1208: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147:blocked with 1146: 1142: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1068:South Bastion 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:Grand Battery 1049: 1045: 1041: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1003: 997: 995: 990: 986: 982: 981:Devil's Tower 978: 974: 970: 965: 960: 958: 954: 953:North Bastion 949: 945: 941: 937: 936: 931: 923: 918: 908: 906: 899: 897: 893: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 851:Landport Gate 848: 847:Dar el-Sinaha 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 778: 775: 772: 768: 766: 763: 760: 759:North Bastion 756: 753: 750: 747: 745:Flanking Wall 744: 741: 740: 734: 731: 728: 725: 724: 721: 716: 710: 706: 701: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 635:Jebel al-Fath 632: 628: 624: 623:Abd al-Mu'min 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 598: 583: 579: 575: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 543: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 515: 511: 507: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 486:gun batteries 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 431: 426: 424: 419: 417: 412: 411: 409: 408: 405: 395: 394: 391: 388: 387: 380: 377: 374: 367: 365: 362: 361: 355: 354: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 330: 325: 324: 317: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 287: 280: 277: 273: 272: 269: 264: 263: 256: 253: 252: 249: 244: 243: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 179: 174: 173: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 112: 109: 104: 103: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 77: 74: 69: 68: 64: 60: 59: 56: 50: 49: 44: 39: 38: 32: 28: 23: 19: 5905: 5893: 5881: 5869: 5832:Coat of arms 5795:Island Games 5736:Field hockey 5654:Other faiths 5566:Christianity 5506:Demographics 5486:National Day 5351:Study Circle 5313: 5016:court system 4809: 4690: 4682: 4674: 4657: 4636:World War II 4603:George Rooke 4466:King's Lines 4405:Tuerto Tower 4220:Moorish Wall 4177:Queen’s Gate 4157:Granada Gate 4152:Barcina Gate 4086:West Battery 4046:Spur Battery 3613:Flat Bastion 3548: 3509: 3486: 3467: 3448: 3428: 3409: 3387: 3368: 3363:Fa, Darren; 3345: 3327: 3304: 3296:Bibliography 3282: 3270: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3178:. 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831:Granada Gate 826: 822: 820: 785: 779:Galley House 776:Barcina Gate 704: 693: 655: 651:Queen's Road 638: 634: 614: 611:Djebel Tarik 610: 607:North Africa 600: 580: 576: 571:Europa Point 548: 514:Europa Point 502: 439: 378: 268:20th century 248:19th century 178:Early modern 18: 5907:WikiProject 5842:other flags 5765:Rugby union 5573:Anglicanism 5021:LGBT rights 4924:The Convent 4856:Catalan Bay 4776:Environment 4641:Nationality 4618:Great Siege 4410:Round Tower 2981:Rose (2001) 2954:Rose (2001) 2719:, pp. 89–90 2707:, pp. 88–89 2683:, pp. 76–82 2430:, p. 110-11 2128:, pp. 34–35 2089:, pp. 31–32 2048:Rose (1998) 2021:Rose (2001) 1637:Bofors guns 1489:batteries. 1345:Netherlands 1254:Catalan Bay 935:Reconquista 896:Ibn Battuta 823:Villa Vieja 732:Villa Vieja 718:Map of the 130:Reconquista 95:Gibraltar 2 90:Gibraltar 1 52:History of 33:, Gibraltar 5714:Basketball 5321:Gibtelecom 5126:Parliament 4806:Candytuft 4630:(currency) 4461:Inundation 4324:South Mole 4319:North Mole 4139:City gates 3214:, pp. 55–6 2418:, p. 108-9 1994:References 1891:plus ultra 1533:Cumberland 1517:Gardiner's 1141:Inundation 835:La Barcina 812:Al-Andalus 769:Sea Gate ( 690:Ibn Marzuq 551:topography 537:Topography 456:meets the 452:where the 120:Al-Andalus 73:Prehistory 5608:Methodism 5536:Languages 5524:in the UK 5442:Education 5381:Cable car 5368:Transport 5094:Elections 4919:City Hall 4881:Sandy Bay 4726:Geography 4683:New Flame 4543:Gibraltar 4263:Magazines 3663:Batteries 2755:, p. 92–3 2671:, p. 72–3 2038:, pp. 4–5 1793:Breakneck 1537:Rosia Bay 1486:barbettes 1444:tenailles 1432:embrasure 1300:Rosia Bay 1272:Line Wall 1238:Casemates 1153:grapeshot 1149:palisades 1050:(now the 1016:Philip IV 944:Charles I 867:Victorian 751:Gatehouse 615:Gibraltar 498:galleries 490:magazines 482:casemates 442:Gibraltar 54:Gibraltar 5923:Category 5871:Category 5748:Football 5707:By sport 5661:Hinduism 5558:Religion 5326:Panorama 5278:Taxation 5177:Military 5069:Politics 5054:Governor 5028:Passport 4976:Politics 4698:COVID-19 4693:incident 4685:incident 4677:incident 4658:Bedenham 4573:Timeline 4167:Landport 3605:Bastions 3557:Barracks 3447:(1986). 3437:48491998 3408:(1974). 3367:(2006). 3337:27113570 3325:(1851). 2995:, p. 365 2983:, p. 112 2956:, p. 107 2932:, p. 153 2917:, p. 150 2905:, p. 283 2893:, p. 282 2869:, p. 151 2839:, p. 141 2827:, p. 134 2815:, p. 258 2791:, p. 130 2779:, p. 128 2767:, p. 125 2743:, p. 128 2741:Bartlett 2635:, p. 309 2620:, p. 280 2578:, p. 308 2561:, p. 147 2498:, p. 144 2486:, p. 364 2462:, p. 216 2343:, p. 124 2304:, p. 106 2065:, p. 121 1972:See also 1708:O'Hara's 1597:and Sir 1513:Raglan's 1448:lunettes 1293:New Mole 1195:Landport 1172:Lines of 1119:Another 1107:General 1056:Old Mole 1044:New Mole 1022:and the 905:Abu Inan 765:Landport 692:, whose 521:and the 478:bastions 390:Timeline 358:See also 108:Medieval 43:a series 41:Part of 5883:Commons 5819:Symbols 5731:Cycling 5719:Cricket 5678:Judaism 5618:Diocese 5546:Llanito 5541:English 5437:Cuisine 5430:General 5419:Culture 5376:Airport 5283:Tourism 5249:General 5238:Economy 5131:Speaker 5087:isthmus 4987:General 4844:Natural 4789:Mammals 4749:Geology 4744:Climate 4737:General 4557:History 4334:Tunnels 4240:Ditches 4121:Castles 3265:, p. 18 3250:, p. 13 3238:, p. 11 3226:, p. 22 3202:, p. 55 3133:, p. 54 3090:, p. 57 3075:, p. 58 3032:(p.227) 2971:, p. 53 2944:, p. 47 2903:Jackson 2891:Jackson 2881:, p. 46 2854:, p. 45 2813:Jackson 2803:, p. 36 2731:, p. 90 2695:, p. 31 2659:, p. 59 2647:, p. 29 2608:, p. 48 2593:, p. 43 2559:Jackson 2549:, p. 41 2537:, p. 42 2525:, p. 38 2513:, p. 40 2496:Jackson 2474:, p. 36 2447:, p. 25 2428:Jackson 2416:Jackson 2406:, p. 99 2404:Jackson 2394:, p. 96 2392:Jackson 2382:, p. 20 2370:, p. 84 2368:Jackson 2355:, p. 82 2353:Jackson 2331:, p. 75 2329:Jackson 2319:, p. 31 2292:, p. 17 2280:, p. 73 2278:Jackson 2268:, p. 57 2266:Jackson 2256:, p. 86 2244:, p. 13 2232:, p. 56 2220:, p. 14 2199:, p. 16 2184:, p. 12 2152:, p. 49 2140:, p. 39 2126:Jackson 2116:, p. 11 2101:, p. 13 2087:Jackson 2077:, p. 25 2050:, p. 92 2023:, p. 95 2011:, p. 91 1806:in situ 1797:in situ 1263:Battery 1261:Willis' 1215:Battery 1135:there. 1020:England 863:merlons 796:baileys 709:merlons 684:sultan 682:Marinid 647:Morocco 631:Castile 621:Sultan 619:Almohad 586:History 510:harbour 506:isthmus 494:tunnels 474:British 470:Spanish 5895:Portal 5827:Anthem 5623:Bishop 5042:People 4837:Places 4675:Aurora 4577:sieges 4545:topics 4451:Glacis 4441:Flêche 4372:Towers 3497: 3474: 3455: 3435: 3416: 3394: 3375: 3352: 3335: 3311: 3289:, p. 9 3277:, p. 7 3275:Harris 3180:19 May 3154:19 May 3111:19 May 3053:19 May 3028: 2167:, p. 9 2075:Wright 1716:Exocet 1505:Jones' 1387:redans 1349:Canada 1314:Europa 1197:& 1155:. 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Fortifications of Gibraltar

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