975:. If the word is found, the interpreter executes the code associated with the word, and then returns to parse the rest of the input stream. If the word isn't found, the word is assumed to be a number and an attempt is made to convert it into a number and push it on the stack; if successful, the interpreter continues parsing the input stream. Otherwise, if both the lookup and the number conversion fail, the interpreter prints the word followed by an error message indicating that the word is not recognised, flushes the input stream, and waits for new user input.
3868:
1177:, usually a NULL pointer, is found. A context switch causes a list search to start at a different leaf. A linked list search continues as the branch merges into the main trunk leading eventually back to the sentinel, the root. There can be several dictionaries. In rare cases such as meta-compilation a dictionary might be isolated and stand-alone. The effect resembles that of nesting namespaces and can overload keywords depending on the context.
3840:
629:
654:
644:
546:. Words for bigger tasks call upon many smaller words that each accomplish a distinct sub-task. A large Forth program is a hierarchy of words. These words, being distinct modules that communicate implicitly via a stack mechanism, can be prototyped, built and tested independently. The highest level of Forth code may resemble an English-language description of the application. Forth has been called a
619:
1593:. The original Forth which follows the informal FIG standard (Forth Interest Group), is a TIL (Threaded Interpretive Language). This is also called indirect-threaded code, but direct-threaded and subroutine threaded Forths have also become popular in modern times. The fastest modern Forths, such as SwiftForth, VFX Forth, and iForth, compile Forth to native machine code.
3445:
To summarize, there are three kinds of variables: System variables contain values used by the entire Forth system. User variables contain values that are unique for each task, even though the definitions can be used by all tasks in the system. Regular variables can be accessible either system-wide or
1156:
bit, while keeping the word names and other non-executing parts of the dictionary in the original compiling computer. The minimum definitions for such a Forth compiler are the words that fetch and store a byte, and the word that commands a Forth word to be executed. Often the most time-consuming part
1140:
After the fetch and store operations are redefined for the code space, the compiler, assembler, etc. are recompiled using the new definitions of fetch and store. This effectively reuses all the code of the compiler and interpreter. Then, the Forth system's code is compiled, but this version is stored
1033:
to write words using the processor's facilities. Forth assemblers often use a reverse Polish syntax in which the parameters of an instruction precede the instruction. A typical reverse Polish assembler prepares the operands on the stack and the mnemonic copies the whole instruction into memory as the
1136:
as it is normally defined). The usual method is to redefine the handful of words that place compiled bits into memory. The compiler's words use specially named versions of fetch and store that can be redirected to a buffer area in memory. The buffer area simulates or accesses a memory area beginning
1088:
is used to save the current task's execution context, to locate the next task, and restore its execution context. Each task has its own stacks, private copies of some control variables and a scratch area. Swapping tasks is simple and efficient; as a result, Forth multitaskers are available even on
1070:
is employed to translate the number of a 1K-sized block of disk space into the address of a buffer containing the data, which is managed automatically by the Forth system. Block use has become rare since the mid-1990s. In a hosted system those blocks too are allocated in a normal file in any case.
1054:
and use the host operating system's file system for source and data files; the ANSI Forth
Standard describes the words used for I/O. All modern Forth systems use normal text files for source, even if they are embedded. An embedded system with a resident compiler gets its source via a serial line.
448:
The
Dystraflex system allowed for the pre-programming of camera movements, which could then be repeated exactly for multiple takes. This was crucial for combining live-action footage with model shots and other visual effects. Forth was chosen for its efficiency and its ability to handle real-time
1601:
When a word is a variable or other data object, the CF points to the runtime code associated with the defining word that created it. A defining word has a characteristic "defining behavior" (creating a dictionary entry plus possibly allocating and initializing data space) and also specifies the
1643:
Data objects defined by these and similar words are global in scope. The function provided by local variables in other languages is provided by the data stack in Forth (although Forth also has real local variables). Forth programming style uses very few named data objects compared with other
1227:
The "compile time" flag in the name field is set for words with "compile time" behavior. Most simple words execute the same code whether they are typed on a command line, or embedded in code. When compiling these, the compiler simply places code or a threaded pointer to the word.
1207:
Head and body of a dictionary entry are treated separately because they may not be contiguous. For example, when a Forth program is recompiled for a new platform, the head may remain on the compiling computer, while the body goes to the new platform. In some environments (such as
1639:
Forth also provides a facility by which a programmer can define new application-specific defining words, specifying both a custom defining behavior and instance behavior. Some examples include circular buffers, named bits on an I/O port, and automatically indexed arrays.
254:. One of the early benefits of Forth was size: an entire development environment—including compiler, editor, and user programs—could fit in memory on an 8-bit or similarly limited system. No longer constrained by space, there are modern implementations that generate
1275:
words work similarly but set up combinations of primitive words that work with a counter, and so on. During compilation, the data stack is used to support control structure balancing, nesting, and back-patching of branch addresses. The snippet:
1465:, effectively replacing its compilation semantics with its interpretation semantics. Immediate words are normally executed during compilation, not compiled, but this can be overridden by the programmer in either state.
1034:
last step. A Forth assembler is by nature a macro assembler, so that it is easy to define an alias for registers according to their role in the Forth system: e.g. "dsp" for the register used as the data stack pointer.
261:
like other language compilers. The relative simplicity of creating a basic Forth system has led to many personal and proprietary variants, such as the custom Forth used to implement the bestselling 1986 video game
235:. Words can be defined, tested, redefined, and debugged without recompiling or restarting the whole program. All syntactic elements, including variables, operators, and control flow, are defined as words. A
2579:
Because Forth is simple to implement and has no standard reference implementation, there are numerous versions of the language. In addition to supporting the standard varieties of desktop computer systems
1223:
The compiler itself is not a monolithic program. It consists of Forth words visible to the system, and usable by a programmer. This allows a programmer to change the compiler's words for special purposes.
1141:
in the buffer. The buffer in memory is written to disk, and ways are provided to load it temporarily into memory for testing. When the new version appears to work, it is written over the previous version.
1760:
comes before the text to print. By convention, the Forth interpreter does not start output on a new line. Also by convention, the interpreter waits for input at the end of the previous line, after an
577:
grammar inappropriate, and it does not have a monolithic compiler. Extending the compiler only requires writing a new word, instead of modifying a grammar and changing the underlying implementation.
1417:(semi-colon) finishes the current definition and returns to interpretation state. It is an example of a word whose compilation semantics differ from the default. The interpretation semantics of
1707:(dot-quote) reads a double-quote delimited string and appends code to the current definition so that the parsed string will be displayed upon execution. The space character separating the word
1635:
Names a location; space may be allocated at this location, or it can be set to contain a string or other initialized value. Instance behavior returns the address of the beginning of this space.
963:
has no official specification. Instead, it is defined by a simple algorithm. The interpreter reads a line of input from the user input device, which is then parsed for a word using spaces as a
1421:(semi-colon), most control flow words, and several other words are undefined in ANS Forth, meaning that they must only be used inside of definitions and not on the interactive command line.
1386:
and embedded data, if any of the numbers involved have been separately defined as constants. There would be similar changes if yet other words were used instead of constants, and so on.)
1473:
takes a name as a parameter and appends the compilation semantics of the named word to the current definition even if the word was marked immediate. Forth-83 defined separate words
469:(NRAO). After their work at NRAO, Charles Moore and Elizabeth Rather formed FORTH, Inc. in 1973, refining and porting Forth systems to dozens of other platforms in the next decade.
1157:
of writing a remote port is constructing the initial program to implement fetch, store and execute, but many modern microprocessors have integrated debugging features (such as the
293:
Moore developed a series of microprocessors for executing compiled Forth-like code directly and experimented with smaller languages based on Forth concepts, including cmForth and
2011:. This is XORed with a byte of the plaintext to encrypt, or the ciphertext to decrypt. The array is initialized by first setting it to 0 through 255. Then step through it using
1116:, and many provide extensions that employ the scheduling provided by the operating system. Typically they have a larger and different set of words from the stand-alone Forth's
1483:
Instead of reserving space for an
Immediate flag in every definition, some implementations of Forth use an Immediates Dictionary which is checked first when in compile mode.
1565:(paren) which reads and ignores the following words up to and including the next right parenthesis and is used to place comments in a colon definition. Similarly, the word
1169:
The basic data structure of Forth is the "dictionary" which maps "words" to executable code or named data structures. The dictionary is laid out in memory as a tree of
1402:) and enters compilation state. The interpreter continues to read space-delimited words from the user input device. If a word is found, the interpreter executes the
1212:) the heads occupy memory unnecessarily. However, some cross-compilers may put heads in the target if the target itself is expected to support an interactive Forth.
1435:
has the compilation semantics to take an object from the data stack and to append semantics to the current colon definition to place that object on the data stack.
461:'s personal programming system, which had been in continuous development since 1968. Forth was first exposed to other programmers in the early 1970s, starting with
1137:
at a different address than the code buffer. Such compilers define words to access both the target computer's memory, and the host (compiling) computer's memory.
503:
in 1978. The Forth
Interest Group was formed in 1978. It promoted and distributed its own version of the language, FIG-Forth, for most makes of home computer.
441:. This system was instrumental in creating the complex and precise camera movements required for the space battle scenes and the trench run sequences on the
424:
produced single-chip microcomputers with resident Forth kernels: the R65F11 and R65F12. ASYST was a Forth expansion for measuring and controlling on PCs.
3922:
1382:
is the primitive word for pushing a "literal" number onto the data stack. (Faster, shorter code would be compiled using pointers to constants instead of
528:
As of 2018, the source for the original 1130 version of FORTH has been recovered, and is now being updated to run on a restored or emulated 1130 system.
741:. The text in parentheses is a comment, advising that this word expects a number on the stack and will return a possibly changed number (on the stack).
521:
Common practice was codified in the de facto standards FORTH-79 and FORTH-83 in the years 1979 and 1983, respectively. These standards were unified by
573:
where the operator is placed between its operands. Postfix notation makes the language easier to parse and extend; Forth's flexibility makes a static
1529:(tick) takes the name of a word as a parameter and returns the execution token associated with that word on the data stack. In interpretation state,
3917:
1975:
We have an array of 256 bytes, all different. Every time the array is used it changes by swapping two bytes. The swaps are controlled by counters
1722:
A standard Forth system is also an interpreter, and the same output can be obtained by typing the following code fragment into the Forth console:
3572:
3912:
1644:
languages; typically such data objects are used to contain data which is used by a number of words or tasks (in a multitasked implementation).
1243:. Almost all of Forth's control structures and almost all of its compiler are implemented as compile-time words. Apart from some rarely used
3897:
1255:
words are executed during compilation to compile various combinations of primitive words along with their branch addresses. For instance,
1651:
usage; it is the programmer's responsibility to use appropriate operators to fetch and store values or perform other operations on data.
499:
microprocessors, starting in 1976. MicroFORTH was later used by hobbyists to generate Forth systems for other architectures, such as the
3892:
3856:
472:
Forth is so-named, because in 1968 "the file holding the interpreter was labeled FOURTH, for 4th (next) generation software, but the
1078:
3861:
3907:
2869:
213:
of the language was published in 1994 as ANS Forth. A wide range of Forth derivatives existed before and after ANS Forth. The
3902:
3851:
3205:
1522:(compile-comma) takes an execution token from the data stack and appends the associated semantics to the current definition.
522:
477:
1427:(right-bracket) which enter interpretation state or compilation state, respectively. These words can be used with the word
466:
3331:
3592:
3565:
1445:
which contains the value true when in compilation state and false otherwise. This allows the implementation of so-called
121:
2928:
1128:
A full-featured Forth system with all source code will compile itself, a technique commonly called meta-compilation or
1084:, is normally available (although multitasking words and support are not covered by the ANSI Forth Standard). The word
184:
37:
1066:. Instead of storing code in files, source code is stored in disk blocks written to physical disk addresses. The word
3597:
1410:. The default compilation semantics of a word are to append its interpretation semantics to the current definition.
3602:
404:
3169:
1869:
takes a space-delimited word as parameter and places the value of its first character on the data stack. The word
2987:
1817:
character (81) directly. The text between the parentheses is a comment and is ignored by the compiler. The word
1431:
to calculate a value during a compilation and to insert the calculated value into the current colon definition.
3927:
3871:
3803:
3676:
3558:
2853:
2776:
2959:
1741:(dot-paren) is an immediate word that parses a parenthesis-delimited string and displays it. As with the word
476:
operating system restricted file names to five characters." Moore saw Forth as a successor to compile-link-go
3846:
3824:
3778:
3751:
3726:
3686:
968:
518:-resident operating system. Insoft GraFORTH is a version of Forth with graphics extensions for the Apple II.
214:
149:
1561:
that take their arguments from the user input device instead of the data stack. Another example is the word
1503:
on the data stack. The execution token provides an opaque handle for the compiled semantics, similar to the
3818:
3721:
2747:
2945:
3793:
3788:
3731:
3711:
2802:
2734:
1153:
438:
1843:
character, return to compilation state and append the calculated value to the current colon definition:
3736:
3632:
3615:
3462:
Hary, David; Oshio, Koichi; Flanagan, Steven D. (1987). "The ASYST Software for
Scientific Computing".
1569:(backslash) is used for comments that continue to the end of the current line. To be parsed correctly,
369:
236:
177:
157:
153:
41:
3746:
3701:
375:
3783:
3666:
2615:, an ANS Forth implementation (as far as possible) for Flash microcontrollers (MSP430 & Risc-V)
1602:
behavior of an instance of the class of words constructed by this defining word. Examples include:
1508:
1129:
788:
764:
takes a true-or-false value and chooses to execute commands immediately after it or to skip to the
551:
227:
Forth typically combines a compiler with an integrated command shell, where the user interacts via
640:
takes the top two numbers from the stack, multiplies them, and puts the product back on the stack.
433:. Specifically, it was used to control the Dystraflex motion control system, which was created by
562:
537:
240:
3932:
3652:
1081:
1030:
421:
49:
45:
20:
1173:
with the links proceeding from the latest (most recently) defined word to the oldest, until a
947:
moves the output to a new line (again, this is only here for readability). Finally, a call to
297:. Most of these languages were designed to support Moore's own projects, such as chip design.
1518:
takes an execution token from the data stack and performs the associated semantics. The word
1074:
354:
255:
3581:
3471:
3390:
3086:
2681:
558:
180:
32:
2903:
506:
Forth was popular in the early 1980s, because it was well suited to the limited memory of
8:
3657:
500:
287:
221:
196:
3475:
3144:
3544:
3503:
3487:
3373:
3053:
2748:"Intersil's RTX processors and Forth software controlled the successful Philae landing"
733:
The colon indicates the beginning of a new definition, in this case a new word (again,
210:
96:
2833:
3637:
3495:
3201:
3030:
2924:
2849:
2596:. Listed here are some of the systems which conform to the 1994 ANS Forth standard.
2585:
1232:
1149:
1043:
677:
prints the result. As everything has completed successfully, the Forth system prints
387:
203:. The FORTH-79 and FORTH-83 implementations, which were not written by Moore, became
3507:
3401:
3377:
3286:
2918:
2683:
1215:
The exact format of a dictionary entry is not prescribed, and implementations vary.
3479:
3365:
3310:
3265:
2841:
2593:
1586:
1504:
1439:
1133:
1113:
1059:
574:
569:. In RPN, the operator is placed after its operands, as opposed to the more common
515:
462:
458:
429:
400:
336:
325:
188:
61:
3483:
3195:
1715:
is not included as part of the string. It is needed so that the parser recognizes
361:
published multiple video games in the 1980s that were written in Forth, including
1209:
1145:
1090:
670:
566:
358:
353:
used an elaborate animated demo written in Forth to showcase capabilities of the
306:
305:
Forth has a niche in astronomical and space applications as well as a history in
269:
56:
3109:
2638:
SP-Forth, ANS Forth implementation from the
Russian Forth Interest Group (RuFIG)
3335:
2647:
2612:
1247:
words only found in a few implementations, such as the conditional return word
1174:
1158:
960:
570:
344:
2047:
The following
Standard Forth version uses Core and Core Extension words only.
1449:
with behavior that changes according to the current state of the interpreter.
1120:
word for task creation, suspension, destruction and modification of priority.
145:
3886:
3756:
2976:
Campbell et al, "Up and
Running with Asyst 2.0", MacMillan Software Co., 1987
2710:
2618:
1839:
to temporarily switch to interpreter state, calculate the ASCII value of the
1590:
1577:(backslash) must be separated by whitespace from the following comment text.
1480:
to force the compilation of non-immediate and immediate words, respectively.
507:
488:
343:
chip in 1978, and MacFORTH was the first resident development system for the
310:
276:
247:
1821:
takes a value from the data stack and displays the corresponding character.
1148:, the code may instead be written to another computer, a technique known as
1144:
Numerous variations of such compilers exist for different environments. For
3808:
3647:
3499:
3123:
3012:
2845:
1272:
1252:
1244:
1094:
971:
characters. When the interpreter finds a word, it looks the word up in the
434:
258:
3446:
within a single task only, depending upon whether they are defined within
3369:
290:, and in other embedded systems which involve interaction with hardware.
2607:
1611:
Names an uninitialized, one-cell memory location. Instance behavior of a
1438:
In ANS Forth, the current state of the interpreter can be read from the
1170:
1109:
1063:
1018:, and makes the name findable in the dictionary. When executed by typing
511:
510:. The ease of implementing the language led to many implementations. The
408:
350:
283:
279:
86:
3550:
3068:
1585:
In most Forth systems, the body of a code definition consists of either
335:
Forth has often been used to bring up new hardware. Forth was the first
246:
For much of Forth's existence, the standard technique was to compile to
3716:
3491:
2622:
1964:
1319:
would often be compiled to the following sequence inside a definition:
484:
442:
381:
340:
317:
294:
264:
228:
2991:
3813:
3356:
Martin, Harold M. (March 1991). "Developing a tethered Forth model".
2832:
Rather, Elizabeth D.; Colburn, Donald R.; Moore, Charles H. (1996) .
1648:
1271:(pop a value off the stack, and branch if it is false). Counted loop
1102:
1098:
964:
492:
415:
2641:
Swift Forth, machine code generating implementation from Forth, Inc.
1398:(colon) parses a name as a parameter, creates a dictionary entry (a
2650:, an adaptation of Forth for the Little Man Stack Machine computer.
2626:
1971:
cipher-system for RSA Data
Security, Inc. Its description follows:
496:
473:
393:
251:
205:
2888:
3706:
3696:
2660:
580:
Using RPN, one can get the result of the mathematical expression
363:
329:
313:
192:
1132:, by Forth programmers (although the term doesn't exactly match
628:
3773:
3741:
3625:
2737:(original NASA server no longer running, copy from archive.org)
2632:
2603:
684:
Even Forth's structural features are stack-based. For example:
217:
130:
3170:"Restoring the original source code for FORTH on the IBM 1130"
2003:. The code is the array byte at the sum of the array bytes at
1771:
1108:
Other non-standard facilities include a mechanism for issuing
943:
is called, which pops the number again and pushes the result.
653:
643:
195:, the language's name in its early years was often spelled in
3681:
3671:
3642:
3620:
3524:
2806:
2589:
2581:
1810:
1764:
prompt. There is no implied "flush-buffer" action in Forth's
1424:
The interpreter state can be changed manually with the words
1389:
1047:
1042:
Most Forth systems run under a host operating system such as
427:
The Forth programming language was used in the production of
191:
and first used by other programmers in 1970. Although not an
165:
161:
110:
3538:
2600:
ASYST, a Forth-like system for data collection and analysis
1469:
is an example of an immediate word. In ANS Forth, the word
1037:
3763:
3530:
1051:
542:
Forth emphasizes the use of small, simple functions called
3332:"Motorola Background Debugging Mode Driver for Windows NT"
3266:"Build Your Own Assembler, Part 2: a 6809 Forth Assembler"
2920:
Amnesia
Remembered: Reverse Engineering a Digital Artifact
1491:
In ANS Forth, unnamed words can be defined with the word
403:(1986), a flat-file database program, and VP-Planner from
3798:
3768:
2840:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 625–670.
2680:
There are exceptions, such as Ulrich Hoffmann's preForth
1968:
1123:
792:
760:
ed input), and replaces them with a true-or-false value;
618:
321:
2592:), many of these Forth systems also target a variety of
239:
is used to pass parameters between words, leading to a
1514:
Execution tokens can be stored in variables. The word
978:
The definition of a new word is started with the word
220:
implementation is actively maintained, as are several
1486:
756:
compares the top two numbers on the stack (6 and the
2836:. In Bergin, Thomas J.; Gibson, Richard G. (eds.).
1251:used in Ulrich Hoffmann's preForth, all of Forth's
1231:The classic examples of compile-time words are the
787:word is equivalent to this function written in the
2831:
1768:, as sometimes is in other programming languages.
1495:which compiles the following words up to the next
939:First a number (1 or 8) is pushed onto the stack,
3461:
3145:"Standard Forth (ANSI INCITS 215-1994) Reference"
3013:"ANS 1994 Specification, Annex C ("Perspective")"
1798:( the ASCII value for the character 'Q' )
625:First the numbers 25 and 10 are put on the stack.
3884:
2027:and a key byte, and swapping the array bytes at
1703:to be displayed on a new line. The parsing word
1058:Classic Forth systems traditionally use neither
480:, or software for "fourth generation" hardware.
3384:
3311:"MOVING FORTH, Part 8: CamelForth for the 6809"
3126:. ANSI technical committee X3J14. 24 March 1994
2606:, a portable ANS Forth implementation from the
1780:which when executed emits the single character
483:FORTH, Inc.'s microFORTH was developed for the
449:processing required for these intricate tasks.
3150:. Quartus Handheld Software. 13 September 2005
1699:(Carriage Return) causes the output following
1263:, and the words that match with those, set up
418:(1987) uses Forth for its system programming.
3566:
1540:
1461:marks the most recent colon definition as an
868:This function is written more succinctly as:
525:in 1994, commonly referred to as ANS Forth.
407:(1983), a spreadsheet program competing with
1218:
1164:
744:The subroutine uses the following commands:
673:) starts the output on a new line. Finally,
19:"FORTH" redirects here. For other uses, see
3535:unpublished book by Charles H. Moore (1970)
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3045:
2960:"FORTH GETS ITS OWN SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP"
2901:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2043:are set to 0. All additions are modulo 256.
1772:Mixing states of compiling and interpreting
1623:Names a value (specified as an argument to
565:which is commonly used in calculators from
3923:Programming languages with an ISO standard
3839:
3573:
3559:
3329:
2946:"FORTH Programming Language (Going FORTH)"
2777:"Here comes Philae! Powered by an RTX2010"
1390:Compilation state and interpretation state
737:is the term used for a subroutine) called
665:adds the top two values, pushing the sum.
650:Then the number 50 is placed on the stack.
3580:
3308:
3051:
1406:associated with the word, instead of the
1038:Operating system, files, and multitasking
3395:
3238:
2820:
1912:(backslash) for the describing comment.
550:: a language that can be used to create
430:Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope
3918:Extensible syntax programming languages
3532:Programming a problem-oriented language
3167:
2704:
2702:
2644:VFX Forth, optimizing native code Forth
1903:\ Emit the single character 'Q'
1809:This definition was written to use the
1627:). Instance behavior returns the value.
250:, which can be interpreted faster than
3885:
3439:
3424:
3412:
3355:
3251:
3232:
3220:
3193:
2916:
2870:"Atari In-Store Demonstration Program"
1647:Forth does not enforce consistency of
1152:, over a serial port or even a single
1124:Self-compilation and cross compilation
478:third-generation programming languages
135:VFX Forth (MicroProcessor Engineering)
3913:Programming languages created in 1970
3554:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3349:
3323:
3302:
3284:
3278:
3263:
3257:
3226:
3214:
3161:
3137:
3116:
3102:
3079:
3066:
3060:
3023:
2985:
2979:
2970:
2943:
2904:"Time Warp: Episode 9 - Stuart Smith"
2838:History of programming languages---II
2803:"Space Related Applications of Forth"
2708:
1958:
1180:A defined word generally consists of
3309:Rodriguez, Brad (July–August 1995).
2795:
2769:
2740:
2728:
2699:
1922:are predefined in ANS Forth. Using
1580:
967:; some systems recognise additional
776:pushes a 5 on top of the stack; and
748:duplicates the number on the stack;
467:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
3898:Concatenative programming languages
2886:
1933:could have been defined like this:
1378:represent relative jump addresses.
13:
2906:(Podcast). Event occurs at 29:02.
2755:MicroProcessor Engineering Limited
2574:
2569:\ output should be: F1 38 29 C9 DE
2456:This is one way to test the code:
2023:by adding to it the array byte at
1659:
1487:Unnamed words and execution tokens
1452:
652:
642:
627:
617:
557:Forth relies on explicit use of a
185:integrated development environment
14:
3944:
3893:Forth programming language family
3518:
3391:Ulrich Hoffmann's preForth slides
2709:Maher, Jimmy (October 28, 2014).
1983:, each initially 0. To get a new
1776:Here is the definition of a word
1615:returns its address on the stack.
1196:(LF), and body consisting of the
772:discards the value on the stack;
3867:
3866:
3838:
3547:at Institut fĂĽr Computersprachen
3539:Annual European Forth Conference
3330:Shoebridge, Peter (1998-12-21).
3054:"Forth family tree and timeline"
2889:"David Maynard: Software Artist"
2663:, a CPU that runs Forth natively
1991:, add the array byte at the new
1188:with the head consisting of the
752:pushes a 6 on top of the stack;
405:Paperback Software International
397:(1984) was written in MacFORTH.
16:Stack-based programming language
3455:
3200:(2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall.
3187:
3005:
2952:
2937:
2910:
2895:
1745:the space character separating
1692:HELLO <cr> Hello, World!
1596:
1022:at the console this will print
982:(colon) and ends with the word
514:home computer has Forth in its
3287:"Multitasking 8051 CamelForth"
3124:"Programming Languages: Forth"
2923:. Berghahn Books. p. 79.
2880:
2862:
2674:
1995:. Exchange the array bytes at
1883:could be rewritten like this:
1824:The following redefinition of
1029:Most Forth systems include an
1:
3908:Systems programming languages
3484:10.1126/science.236.4805.1128
2692:
2635:, portable Forth written in C
1879:, the example definition for
954:
332:contain a Forth environment.
215:free and open-source software
3903:Stack-based virtual machines
3168:Claunch, Carl (2018-03-02).
2944:Sharp, Doug (8 April 2023).
1161:) that eliminate this task.
951:pops the result and prints.
896:This can be run as follows:
439:Industrial Light & Magic
7:
2654:
2629:standard based on ANS Forth
1872:is an immediate version of
1753:is not part of the string.
1654:
1499:(semi-colon) and leaves an
1267:(unconditional branch) and
986:(semi-colon). For example,
531:
209:standards, and an official
101:.fs, .fth, .4th, .f, .forth
73:; 54 years ago
10:
3949:
3402:Ulrich Hoffmann's preForth
3069:"GraFORTH Language Manual"
2902:John Romero (2020-09-23).
2735:NASA applications of Forth
2100:\ state array of 256 bytes
1541:Parsing words and comments
552:problem-oriented languages
535:
452:
391:(1986). Robot coding game
370:Adventure Construction Set
18:
3834:
3611:
3588:
3450:or within a private task.
2988:"Forth - The Early Years"
2986:Moore, Charles H (1991).
1219:Structure of the compiler
1165:Structure of the language
548:meta-application language
411:, were written in Forth.
286:applications such as the
144:
139:
127:
119:
105:
95:
85:
67:
55:
31:
2834:"The evolution of Forth"
2667:
2458:
2049:
1935:
1885:
1845:
1786:
1724:
1663:
1408:interpretation semantics
1321:
1278:
988:
898:
870:
797:
686:
586:
189:Charles H. "Chuck" Moore
128:SwiftForth (Forth, Inc.)
3364:(3). ACM Press: 17–19.
3358:ACM Sigforth Newsletter
3110:"The Forth-83 Standard"
3087:"The Forth-79 Standard"
2715:The Digital Antiquarian
1557:(tick) are examples of
563:reverse Polish notation
538:Reverse Polish notation
401:Ashton-Tate's RapidFile
300:
241:Reverse Polish Notation
2846:10.1145/234286.1057832
2045:
1987:, add 1. To get a new
1509:C programming language
1082:round-robin scheduling
1014:will compile the word
789:C programming language
780:ends the conditional.
657:
647:
632:
622:
357:in department stores.
21:Forth (disambiguation)
3928:Programming languages
3582:Programming languages
3370:10.1145/122089.122091
2917:Aycock, John (2023).
2685:and Tom Zimmer's TCOM
2298:( KeyAddr KeyLen -- )
1973:
1908:This definition used
1531:' RANDOM-WORD EXECUTE
1404:compilation semantics
656:
646:
631:
621:
536:Further information:
465:at the United States
355:Atari 8-bit computers
275:Forth is used in the
3194:Brodie, Leo (1987).
3067:Lutus, Paul (1982).
3031:"The Forth Language"
2781:The CPU Shack Museum
793:conditional operator
181:programming language
3525:Forth 2012 Standard
3476:1987Sci...236.1128H
457:Forth evolved from
224:supported systems.
197:all capital letters
97:Filename extensions
68:First appeared
28:
3437:"Under The Hood".
2966:. 6 February 1989.
2887:Maynard, David S.
2783:. October 12, 2014
2757:. October 13, 2014
2019:, getting the new
1959:RC4 cipher program
1589:, or some form of
1374:The numbers after
1233:control structures
1112:to the host OS or
658:
648:
633:
623:
211:technical standard
26:
3880:
3879:
3862:Non-English-based
3470:(4805): 1128–32.
3285:Rodriguez, Brad.
3264:Rodriguez, Brad.
3207:978-0-13-843079-5
2586:Microsoft Windows
1865:The parsing word
1831:(right-bracket),
1719:as a Forth word.
1581:Structure of code
1533:is equivalent to
1505:function pointers
1447:state-smart words
1150:cross compilation
1114:windowing systems
1044:Microsoft Windows
388:Lords of Conquest
337:resident software
288:Philae spacecraft
171:
170:
87:Typing discipline
3940:
3870:
3869:
3842:
3841:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3512:
3511:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3334:. Archived from
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2990:. Archived from
2983:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2829:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2805:. Archived from
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2706:
2686:
2678:
2594:embedded systems
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1733:( Hello, World!)
1731:
1728:
1718:
1714:
1711:from the string
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1587:machine language
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1517:
1498:
1494:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1444:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1400:colon definition
1397:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1210:embedded systems
1146:embedded systems
1134:meta-compilation
1119:
1091:microcontrollers
1087:
1077:, most commonly
1069:
1060:operating system
1050:or a version of
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
985:
981:
950:
946:
942:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
786:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
680:
676:
668:
664:
639:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
583:
463:Elizabeth Rather
459:Charles H. Moore
437:and his team at
307:embedded systems
183:and interactive
115:
112:
81:
79:
74:
62:Charles H. Moore
57:Designed by
29:
25:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3830:
3607:
3584:
3579:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3460:
3456:
3447:
3443:. p. 241.
3436:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3385:
3354:
3350:
3341:
3339:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3166:
3162:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3065:
3061:
3052:M. Anton Ertl.
3050:
3046:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2997:
2995:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2915:
2911:
2900:
2896:
2885:
2881:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2657:
2577:
2575:Implementations
2572:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1828:uses the words
1825:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:“Hello, World!”
1657:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1501:execution token
1496:
1492:
1489:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1455:
1453:Immediate words
1442:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1395:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1221:
1202:parameter field
1167:
1126:
1117:
1085:
1067:
1040:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
983:
979:
957:
948:
944:
940:
937:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
894:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
879:( n -- n' )
878:
875:
872:
866:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
784:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
738:
731:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
695:( n -- n' )
694:
691:
688:
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671:carriage return
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603:
600:
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591:
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581:
567:Hewlett-Packard
540:
534:
455:
359:Electronic Arts
303:
270:Electronic Arts
134:
129:
122:implementations
109:
77:
75:
72:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3946:
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3555:
3549:
3548:
3545:Forth Research
3542:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3519:External links
3517:
3514:
3513:
3454:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3394:
3383:
3348:
3322:
3301:
3277:
3256:
3237:
3225:
3213:
3206:
3197:Starting Forth
3186:
3160:
3136:
3115:
3101:
3078:
3059:
3044:
3022:
3004:
2978:
2969:
2951:
2936:
2930:978-1800738676
2929:
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1967:developed the
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1488:
1485:
1463:immediate word
1454:
1451:
1391:
1388:
1322:
1279:
1220:
1217:
1175:sentinel value
1166:
1163:
1159:Motorola CPU32
1125:
1122:
1093:, such as the
1039:
1036:
989:
956:
953:
899:
871:
798:
687:
587:
582:(25 * 10 + 50)
571:infix notation
533:
530:
508:microcomputers
454:
451:
345:Macintosh 128K
302:
299:
178:stack-oriented
169:
168:
146:Bitcoin Script
142:
141:
137:
136:
125:
124:
117:
116:
111:forth-standard
107:
103:
102:
99:
93:
92:
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69:
65:
64:
59:
53:
52:
35:
15:
9:
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3:
2:
3945:
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3933:1970 software
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3757:Object Pascal
3755:
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3562:
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3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:official site
3526:
3523:
3522:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3427:, p. 199
3426:
3421:
3415:, p. 273
3414:
3409:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3338:on 2007-06-06
3337:
3333:
3326:
3312:
3305:
3288:
3281:
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3260:
3253:
3248:
3246:
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3209:
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3199:
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3119:
3111:
3105:
3088:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3035:BYTE Magazine
3032:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3008:
2994:on 2006-06-15
2993:
2989:
2982:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2955:
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2932:
2926:
2922:
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2905:
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2875:
2871:
2865:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2809:on 2010-10-24
2808:
2804:
2798:
2782:
2778:
2772:
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2716:
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2658:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:Open Firmware
2617:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2457:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1934:
1913:
1884:
1844:
1822:
1813:value of the
1812:
1785:
1769:
1754:
1751:Hello, World!
1723:
1720:
1713:Hello, World!
1681:Hello, World!
1652:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1591:threaded code
1588:
1578:
1560:
1559:parsing words
1538:
1523:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1484:
1481:
1464:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1422:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1387:
1320:
1277:
1274:
1254:
1246:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1200:(CF) and the
1199:
1195:
1192:(NF) and the
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1027:
987:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
952:
897:
869:
796:
794:
790:
781:
742:
736:
685:
682:
672:
655:
651:
645:
641:
630:
626:
620:
585:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
539:
529:
526:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:Motorola 6800
486:
481:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:
425:
423:
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372:
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366:
365:
360:
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352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:
311:Open Firmware
308:
298:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
278:
277:Open Firmware
273:
271:
267:
266:
260:
257:
253:
249:
248:threaded code
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
179:
175:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
133:(GNU Project)
132:
126:
123:
118:
114:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
90:
88:
84:
70:
66:
63:
60:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:concatenative
36:
34:
30:
22:
3857:Generational
3847:Alphabetical
3843:
3823:
3691:
3648:Visual Basic
3541:1985–present
3531:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3397:
3386:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3340:. Retrieved
3336:the original
3325:
3314:. Retrieved
3304:
3293:. Retrieved
3280:
3269:. Retrieved
3259:
3254:, p. 16
3235:, p. 14
3228:
3223:, p. 20
3216:
3196:
3189:
3177:. Retrieved
3173:
3163:
3152:. Retrieved
3139:
3128:. Retrieved
3118:
3104:
3093:. Retrieved
3081:
3072:
3062:
3047:
3038:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3007:
2996:. Retrieved
2992:the original
2981:
2972:
2964:Tech Monitor
2963:
2954:
2939:
2919:
2912:
2897:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2837:
2811:. Retrieved
2807:the original
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2780:
2771:
2759:. Retrieved
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2714:
2711:"Starflight"
2676:
2578:
2455:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1962:
1914:
1907:
1864:
1823:
1808:
1775:
1755:
1737:
1721:
1694:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1600:
1597:Data objects
1584:
1573:(paren) and
1558:
1544:
1524:
1513:
1500:
1490:
1482:
1462:
1456:
1446:
1437:
1423:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1373:
1318:
1273:control flow
1253:control flow
1245:control flow
1230:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1171:linked lists
1168:
1143:
1139:
1130:self-hosting
1127:
1107:
1089:very simple
1075:Multitasking
1073:
1057:
1041:
1028:
1013:
977:
972:
958:
938:
895:
867:
782:
743:
734:
732:
683:
659:
649:
634:
624:
579:
556:
547:
543:
541:
527:
520:
505:
482:
471:
456:
447:
435:John Dykstra
428:
426:
420:
413:
399:
392:
386:
385:(1986), and
380:
374:
368:
362:
349:
334:
304:
292:
274:
263:
259:machine code
245:
232:
226:
222:commercially
204:
200:
187:designed by
173:
172:
3852:Categorical
3440:Brodie 1987
3425:Brodie 1987
3413:Brodie 1987
3252:Brodie 1987
3233:Brodie 1987
3221:Brodie 1987
3073:archive.org
3017:taygeta.com
2874:Atari Mania
2608:GNU Project
2035:. Finally,
1535:RANDOM-WORD
1079:cooperative
1064:file system
512:Jupiter ACE
409:Lotus 1-2-3
351:Atari, Inc.
339:on the new
284:spaceflight
280:boot loader
229:subroutines
42:stack-based
3887:Categories
3717:JavaScript
3593:Comparison
3342:2006-06-19
3316:2023-04-29
3295:2023-04-29
3271:2023-04-29
3174:rescue1130
3154:2023-04-29
3130:2006-06-03
3095:2023-04-29
2998:2006-06-03
2855:0201895021
2813:2007-09-04
2693:References
2623:bootloader
1965:Ron Rivest
1545:The words
1198:code field
1194:link field
1190:name field
1095:Intel 8051
973:dictionary
969:whitespace
955:Facilities
791:using the
584:this way:
559:data stack
485:Intel 8080
443:Death Star
382:Starflight
341:Intel 8086
295:colorForth
265:Starflight
140:Influenced
50:reflective
46:procedural
3814:Smalltalk
3075:. Insoft.
3041:(8), 1980
2787:April 29,
2761:April 29,
2720:April 29,
2415:swap_s_ij
2367:swap_s_ij
2250:swap_s_ij
1963:In 1987,
1953:IMMEDIATE
1924:IMMEDIATE
1756:The word
1695:The word
1649:data type
1549:(colon),
1525:The word
1459:IMMEDIATE
1457:The word
1413:The word
1394:The word
1103:TI MSP430
1099:Atmel AVR
1031:assembler
965:delimiter
661:The word
636:The word
493:Zilog Z80
416:Canon Cat
347:in 1984.
330:OLPC XO-1
314:boot ROMs
256:optimized
3872:Category
3638:Assembly
3598:Timeline
3508:30463062
3500:17799670
3448:OPERATOR
3378:26362015
3179:July 30,
2655:See also
2627:Firmware
2539:rc4_init
2518:rc4_byte
2445:get_byte
2433:get_byte
2424:get_byte
2412:j_update
2406:i_update
2400:rc4_byte
2391:reset_ij
2385:i_update
2364:j_update
2355:get_byte
2352:KeyArray
2343:reset_ij
2337:set_byte
2295:rc4_init
2286:set_byte
2277:set_byte
2268:get_byte
2259:get_byte
2229:get_byte
2220:j_update
2196:i_update
2169:reset_ij
2139:set_byte
2124:get_byte
2106:KeyArray
1944:POSTPONE
1928:POSTPONE
1876:. Using
1655:Examples
1625:CONSTANT
1619:CONSTANT
1613:VARIABLE
1607:VARIABLE
1551:POSTPONE
1520:COMPILE,
1471:POSTPONE
1235:such as
959:Forth's
532:Overview
497:RCA 1802
474:IBM 1130
422:Rockwell
394:ChipWits
379:(1986),
373:(1984),
367:(1983),
316:used by
252:bytecode
206:de facto
91:Typeless
33:Paradigm
3825:more...
3804:Scratch
3707:Haskell
3697:Fortran
3653:classic
3603:History
3492:1699106
3472:Bibcode
3464:Science
2661:RTX2010
2613:noForth
2439:as_byte
2316:KeyAddr
2235:as_byte
2205:as_byte
2154:as_byte
2115:KeyAddr
2076:KeyAddr
1947:LITERAL
1854:LITERAL
1837:LITERAL
1678:."
1516:EXECUTE
1507:of the
1493::NONAME
1475:COMPILE
1433:LITERAL
1429:LITERAL
1339:?BRANCH
1269:?BRANCH
961:grammar
453:History
376:Amnesia
243:style.
231:called
193:acronym
106:Website
76: (
3844:Lists:
3779:Python
3774:Prolog
3752:Pascal
3742:MATLAB
3727:Kotlin
3687:Erlang
3626:Simula
3506:
3498:
3490:
3376:
3204:
2927:
2852:
2633:pForth
2604:Gforth
2464:create
2442:SArray
2430:SArray
2421:SArray
2388:REPEAT
2334:SArray
2310:KeyLen
2283:SArray
2274:SArray
2265:SArray
2256:SArray
2226:SArray
2109:KeyLen
2091:SArray
2088:create
2085:KeyLen
1891:EMIT-Q
1881:EMIT-Q
1851:EMIT-Q
1826:EMIT-Q
1792:EMIT-Q
1778:EMIT-Q
1684:"
1672:( -- )
1631:CREATE
1376:BRANCH
1354:BRANCH
1265:BRANCH
1204:(PF).
1101:, and
941:FLOOR5
922:FLOOR5
904:FLOOR5
876:FLOOR5
821:return
803:floor5
785:FLOOR5
739:FLOOR5
692:FLOOR5
495:, and
364:Worms?
328:, and
309:. The
218:Gforth
150:Factor
131:Gforth
120:Major
3819:Swift
3809:Shell
3722:Julia
3692:Forth
3682:COBOL
3643:BASIC
3621:ALGOL
3504:S2CID
3488:JSTOR
3374:S2CID
3290:(PDF)
3148:(PDF)
3090:(PDF)
2751:(PDF)
2668:Notes
2648:Firth
2590:macOS
2582:POSIX
2379:WHILE
2346:BEGIN
2097:allot
2082:value
2073:value
2064:value
2055:value
1915:Both
1811:ASCII
1749:from
1669:HELLO
1443:STATE
1261:WHILE
1249:?EXIT
1241:WHILE
1118:PAUSE
1110:calls
1086:PAUSE
1068:BLOCK
1048:Linux
1024:11 10
795:'?:'
544:words
318:Apple
282:, in
268:from
237:stack
233:words
201:FORTH
176:is a
174:Forth
166:STOIC
162:Rebol
27:Forth
3794:Rust
3789:Ruby
3764:Perl
3732:Lisp
3712:Java
3658:.NET
3496:PMID
3202:ISBN
3181:2018
2925:ISBN
2850:ISBN
2789:2023
2763:2023
2722:2023
2625:and
2621:, a
2566:test
2533:AKey
2524:LOOP
2506:test
2467:AKey
2376:<
2340:LOOP
2039:and
2031:and
2015:and
2007:and
1999:and
1979:and
1941:CHAR
1926:and
1919:and
1917:CHAR
1897:EMIT
1874:CHAR
1867:CHAR
1857:EMIT
1835:and
1833:CHAR
1819:EMIT
1801:EMIT
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