1676:
33:
6202:
3282:
1686:
3576:, China focuses particularly on countries it views as hub states in each region. Although Chinese diplomatic understandings change over time, hub states have often included Indonesia, Singapore, and Thailand (in Southeast Asia); India and Pakistan (in South Asia); Kazakhstan in Central Asia; Egypt, Ethiopia, and Nigeria (in Africa), Iran and Saudi Arabia (in the Middle East); and Argentina and Brazil (in Latin America). China conducts good relations including with hub states that are regional rivals with each other, often seeking to use
1659:
3541:
developed states, including the United States, Russia, Japan, United
Kingdom, and various European Union states as well as the European Union as a whole. Strategic periphery countries are generally geographically proximate ones, traditionally including Russia, East Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. China began increasing its focus on peripheral diplomacy during the Hu Jintao era. during the Xi Jinping era, the
3737:, Xi Jinping emphasized the "Five Nos" which guide its foreign policy in dealing with African countries and other developing countries: (1) non-interference in other countries' pursuit of development paths suitable to their national conditions, (2) non-interference in domestic affairs, (3) not imposing China's will on others, (4) not attaching political conditions to
3668:
noticeably changed their foreign or domestic policies because of their new economic linkages with China. Nevertheless, the governments pay more attention to
Beijing's views. On the other hand, China's push into the Caribbean is increasingly resented by the United States and further escalation between the two major powers is a possibility in the region.
3504:, which prompted the creation of the Central National Security Leadership Small Group (NSLSG) in 2000 to coordinate national security crisis response. In 2018, the FALSG was renamed as the Central Foreign Affairs Commission, which was a politically significant move because a commission ranks higher than a leading small group.
3667:
China has shown a moderate interest in the
Caribbean region in recent years, but not nearly on the same scale as its interest in Asia and Africa. It has been developing ties with Cuba, the Bahamas, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic and Haiti, as well as Colombia. These small countries have not by 2019
3540:
Chinese scholars observe that the country's international relations differentiate between major powers, states on China's strategic periphery, developing countries, and multilateral international fora. These categorizations are not strict and multiple may apply. The major powers are the economically
4085:
The ruling was rejected by both Taiwan and China. The People's
Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan) stated that they did not recognize the tribunal and insisted that the matter should be resolved through bilateral negotiations with other claimants. However, the tribunal did not rule
3803:
China has a major role in fostering cooperation among the global south countries in the area of climate change and clean energy. China engaged in South-South climate and clean energy cooperation through: (1) bilateral clean energy agreements, (2) multilateral clean energy cooperation, (3) expanding
3619:
during Hu Jintao's administration. The core interests are: maintaining the power of the CCP, continuing China's social and economic growth, and preservation of China's sovereignty and territorial integrity. China also views these core interests as red lines that other countries' behavior should not
4089:
Scholars have been probing the
Chinese motivations and long-term expectations. One approach is to compare trends in multilateral Code of Conduct negotiations between 1992 and 2016. In general, the sovereignty issue regarding contested waters is no longer a central major concern. For three reasons:
3647:
Lowell
Dittmer argues that in dealing with the goal of dominance over East Asia, Beijing has to juggle its relations with the United States, which has more military and economic power in the region because of close U.S. ties with Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Australia and other countries.
3643:
and drive for access to essential natural resources, such as gas, are articulated in terms of these ideological approaches. Beijing balances both purely economic goals with geopolitical strategies regarding the United States, Russia and other powers. Balancing those two powers gives China a clear
3552:
China establishes bilateral partnerships with other countries that range from broad strategic partnerships to those with more discrete areas of cooperation. "Comprehensive strategic partnerships" are the broadest, with "strategic partnerships" and "comprehensive cooperative partnerships" used to
3811:
The "Ten, Hundred, Thousand" program is China's overarching initiative for South-South cooperation in addressing climate change. As of 2023, China had signed partnerships with at least 27 other developing countries as part of this initiative. Through framing BRI and other economic mechanisms as
3718:
China also contends that many internal crises or conflicts are beyond the scope of the
Security Council's mandate. As a corollary to China's principles of non-interventionism, China asserts that other countries must not involve themselves in matters that China deems as its own domestic affairs.
3678:
China is generally skeptical about the efficacy of sanctions, often characterizing them as a
Western instrument of oppression that escalates tensions. China opposes the use of unilateral sanctions and trade discrimination to achieve foreign policy goals and has generally positioned itself as a
3598:
During the Xi
Jinping administration, China seeks to shape international norms and rules in emerging policy areas where China has an advantage as an early participant. Xi describes such areas as "new frontiers," and they include policy areas such as space, deep sea, polar regions, the Internet,
3556:
Chinese foreign policy documents with countries it views as strategic partners frequently assert the concepts of the validity of different developmental paths, different understandings of democracy or human rights, and noninterference in domestic affairs. In its free trade agreements and global
3656:
countries, its involvement in Gulf security affairs is relatively recent. China articulates a "zero-enemy policy" in the Gulf region, taking a balanced attitude towards both incumbent governments and opposition forces, Sunni and Shi'a, republics and monarchies, and Iran and the Arab countries.
3799:
During the presidency of Hu Jintao, China began to increase the importance it placed on relations with Global South countries. This trend has continued during the administration of Xi
Jinping. As part of its view of South-South Cooperation, China often votes in the United Nations based on the
3804:
exports of its clean energy technology to other developing countries, and (4) foreign energy infrastructure development via the Belt and Road Initiative. Much of China's overall South-South Cooperation is now explicitly linked to the BRI. The BRI is likewise tied to the concepts of the
3522:
in 2014, which he defined as taking "the security of the people as compass, political security as its roots, economic security as its pillar, military security, cultural security, and cultural security as its protections, and that relies on the promotion of international security."
3495:
increased the number of stakeholders involved in the development of foreign policy. It became a forum for the central leadership in charge of foreign policy to meet regularly with top bureaucrats to discuss priorities, achieve consensus, and prepare recommendations for the
3675:(CICA). Implying that Asian countries can handle their security without the involvement of the United States, the core of the New Asian Security Concept is that "Asian issues should be taken care of by Asians, and Asian security should be maintained by Asians."
1063:
3865:
and its policies on social media and in interviews. As an attempt to gain "discourse power" in international politics, wolf warrior diplomacy forms one part of a new foreign policy strategy called Xi Jinping's "Major Country Diplomacy"
212:
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3644:
advantage, for its totalitarian government could plan for generations and could change course regardless of the wishes of the electorate or clearly defined interest groups, as is the case with the modern capitalist West.
2325:
3548:
Generally, China tends to take the side of developing countries. In the broader category of developing countries, China distinguishes between major developing states, newly emerging powers, and other developing states.
3651:
Analysts argue that Beijing is not yet ready to become a major force in shaping regional politics in the Middle East. While China has major commercial interests in the Middle East and a long history of relations with
3479:
had greater influence in China's foreign affairs, particularly during the early years of the PRC. The influence of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs within China's foreign policy establishment has increased since 2009.
3634:
Political scientist Dmitry Shlapentokh argues that Xi and his top leadership are developing plans for global predominance based on rapidly growing economic power. The ideological framework is a specialized blend of
3725:
When China provides debt relief, it generally does not require recipient countries to alter their domestic macroeconomic policy. China views its position in this regard as consistent with its non-interventionism.
3071:
1637:
2054:
1085:
7215:
2083:
1753:
5290:
3607:
Since the late 1970s, China's primary foreign policy goals are safeguarding its independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and shaping an international environment favorable to its modernization and
2070:
3744:
At times, China has modified its approach to non-intervention, particularly because of political issues involving Africa. These changes began in 2006, when under pressure from Western governments and the
4012:
1591:
954:
1617:
1578:
3532:
On security issues, China generally prioritizes military-to-military exchanges. China typically views military personnel as more effective interlocutors on security matters than civil personnel.
391:
1604:
1075:
971:
185:
950:
3839:
China has generally become more assertive in foreign affairs since 2008, particularly in its relations with the United States, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific countries. According to academic
3776:, which established a no-fly zone. The necessity of evacuating over 35,000 Chinese citizens in a period of ten days during the crisis also shaped China's policy approach to conflict zones.
2060:
194:
1979:
1647:
1622:
5467:
1565:
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167:
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469:
3526:
Although various actors in the Chinese party-state contest foreign policy decision making, Chinese foreign policy is overwhelmingly top-down in decision-making and implementation.
3704:
3461:
1627:
713:
110:
5910:
3465:
4090:
the inconsistency of China's official claims over time, China's increased bargaining power, and the importance of the shelved sovereignty axiom since the era of Deng Xiaoping.
1675:
4974:
3081:
2760:
2397:
1141:
893:
3529:
China traditionally operates separate tracks of government-to-government and party-to-party relations, the latter for example via the CCP's International Liaison Department.
1434:
960:
203:
124:
1539:
1398:
1200:
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1151:
918:
765:
709:
285:
5392:
7366:
2794:
2370:
1268:
4884:
PonĂĆŸilovĂĄ, Martina (November 2, 2019). "Foreign Policy Activities of China in the Middle East: Establishing Energy Security or Being a Responsible Emerging Power?".
3711:. China's view is that international intervention, especially the use of force under Chapter IV of the UN Charter, is only legitimate with both authorization of the
1996:
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3501:
2013:
1769:
426:
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but by 1960 they began a bitter contest for control over the local communist movement in many countries. It reached détente with the United States in 1972. After
4082:. The tribunal judged that there was no evidence that China had historically exercised exclusive control over the waters or resources within the Nine-Dash Line.
3086:
1190:
1136:
1059:
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1111:
1099:
925:
303:
298:
293:
239:
3518:(NSC), which absorbed the NSLG. The NSC's focus is holistic national security and it addresses both external and internal security matters. Xi introduced the
3684:
3210:
2145:
2049:
1843:
1254:
1007:
671:
661:
176:
5353:
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804:
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46:
3127:
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1430:
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3758:
3592:
3014:
2135:
1779:
1705:
1239:
1017:
5617:
5102:
Velosa, Eduardo (December 17, 2018). "A Tale of Should Be but Is Not: the Political and Economic Drivers of Limited Chinese Investments in Colombia".
3413:
ambitions on the global scale, with special emphasis on the East China Sea. China is investing heavily in global infrastructure, citing a desire for
7240:
5888:
2125:
1510:
944:
849:
440:
280:
265:
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7308:
4143:
In a 1990 speech, Deng Xiaoping succinctly stated his foreign policy as "Observe affairs calmly, maintain our position, respond with deliberation,
3615:
China uses the term "core interests" to define the primary goals that determine its foreign policy choices. This concept was developed by diplomat
3406:
3113:
1774:
1447:
749:
678:
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3921:
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3131:
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2435:
1898:
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419:
146:
3703:-enshrined idea that of respect for the sovereignty of member states. China has articulated the principle of non-interventionism since the 1950
3595:
to coordinate aid, China has placed greater emphasis on aid to facilitate foreign policy and a lesser emphasis on aid to advance foreign trade.
3962:
3679:
proponent of global free trade. China advocates for the role of the WTO as the primary multilateral trade forum. The pace of China's bilateral
3664:, the overarching principle of which is that no single state, even the most powerful, is capable of coping with all security challenges alone.
2846:
2228:
1632:
1170:
5860:
5475:
3722:
As part of its non-interventionism, China does not support opposition movements in other countries, particularly those advocating separatism.
6168:
2196:
1391:
880:
702:
92:
3390:
and emphasized trade relations with the world, while maintaining a low key, less ideological foreign policy, widely described by the phrase
6275:
3884:) which has legitimized a more active role for China on the world stage, including engaging in an open ideological struggle with the West.
3117:
2466:
1357:
940:
5936:
Kim, Jiye; Druckman, Daniel (January 2, 2020). "Shelved sovereignty or invalid sovereignty? The South China Sea negotiations, 1992â2016".
4242:
7398:
4018:
4004:
3818:
is a further mechanism for China's cooperation with the global south and functions as a forum for policy coordination among its members.
3319:
2330:
1403:
1012:
648:
535:
399:
1875:
1762:
1362:
1126:
722:
115:
3812:
South-South cooperation, China seeks to position itself as a global South leader and draw a contrast with the global North countries.
6295:
2339:
2140:
1833:
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984:
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2883:
2863:
2160:
1711:
1131:
698:
369:
270:
71:
5911:"PCA Press Release: The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China) | PCA-CPA"
5580:
3565:. Although it is willing to accept increased standards itself, China does not generally seek to impose standards in excess of the
3487:(FALSG) has historically been a semi-institutional foreign policy coordination body. Created in 1958, it was disbanded during the
6626:
6511:
3843:, China is motivated in part by the desire to restore itself from a self-perceived state of victimhood in international affairs.
3708:
3376:
3159:
2707:
2461:
1156:
539:
3861:. Wolf warrior diplomacy is confrontational and combative, with its proponents loudly denouncing any perceived criticism of the
7438:
6566:
6136:
3683:
negotiations has accelerated since 2007, when free trade agreements were identified as a national priority following the CCP's
3187:
3123:
1386:
1345:
554:
548:
520:
327:
5796:
3292:
6310:
5376:
5264:
5235:
5160:
5033:
4868:
4798:
4645:
4613:
4533:
4504:
4462:
4381:
4282:
4119:
3734:
3472:. Generally, the head of the Foreign Affairs Commission's Office has greater authority than the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
2606:
2555:
1851:
682:
527:
158:
3976:
policy, any polity exerts efforts for countries recognizing either the PRC or ROC to switch their recognition to the other.
7331:
7327:
7137:
6831:
6789:
6732:
5251:
Turcsanyi, Richard J. (2023). "Relations with the Europe and Russia". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.).
5104:
5059:
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2868:
2347:
1748:
1736:
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7147:
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3943:
3349:
3151:
2969:
2964:
2250:
2244:
1425:
1381:
732:
316:
6146:
5445:
3553:
describe relations with less broad cooperation. China generally avoids signing formal alliances and bilateral treaties.
7303:
7245:
7081:
6946:
5987:
5703:
5643:
5313:
3927:
3453:
3357:
3215:
2939:
2839:
2677:
2621:
2285:
2279:
2096:
1685:
1146:
1046:
628:
5766:
3417:. It is also investing in strategic locations to secure its trade and security interests. It calls these programs the
1658:
7428:
6631:
6345:
6119:
5197:
4816:
4762:
4716:
4681:
4575:
4322:
4124:
3764:
China also modified its typically non-interventionist approach during the 2011 Libyan crisis, when pressure from the
3429:
3253:
3235:
3220:
3192:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1892:
598:
53:
5497:
4927:
Mansour, Imad (September 2019). "Treading with Caution: China's Multidimensional Interventions in the Gulf Region".
7275:
6868:
6816:
6455:
6445:
6255:
6063:
Ferdinand, Peter. "Westward hoâthe China dream and 'one belt, one road': Chinese foreign policy under Xi Jinping."
6046:
4174:
3836:
The Chinese diplomatic style generally downplays the significance of individual diplomats and their personalities.
3433:
2445:
2267:
2181:
1986:
5983:"Maritime Territorial Disputes in East Asia: A Comparative Analysis of the South China Sea and the East China Sea"
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7021:
6826:
6806:
6784:
6657:
6576:
6460:
6350:
6027:
5345:
4109:
3831:
3712:
3514:
In his effort to build additional institutional capacity for foreign policy coordination, Xi Jinping created the
3437:
3422:
3312:
3096:
2481:
1812:
6093:
Hu, Weixing. "Xi Jinping's 'Major Country Diplomacy': The Role of Leadership in Foreign Policy Transformation."
6078:
7371:
7178:
7051:
7016:
7006:
6878:
6853:
6744:
6739:
6692:
6672:
6667:
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6405:
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6375:
6270:
3562:
3558:
3361:
2748:
2272:
1952:
1584:
1523:
1121:
1103:
449:
6198:
7102:
7001:
6838:
6821:
6801:
6707:
6641:
6606:
6516:
6395:
4147:, disguise our weakness, never seek leadership, and act with intention." (Original Chinese: "ć·éè§ćŻăçšłäœé”èăæČçćșä»ă
3700:
3573:
3432:
with the United States. It is also challenging U.S. dominance in the Pacific and Indian Ocean, expanding its
1974:
1372:
1042:
129:
7265:
7250:
7112:
7086:
7036:
6931:
6858:
6796:
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6551:
6526:
6495:
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6265:
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3984:
3958:
3947:
3827:
3469:
3410:
3182:
3019:
2853:
2743:
2722:
2587:
2574:
2107:
2018:
2008:
1942:
496:
342:
337:
58:
32:
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7076:
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7011:
6986:
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6754:
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6662:
6636:
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6581:
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6531:
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6435:
6420:
6410:
6400:
6365:
6360:
6315:
6285:
6260:
6235:
6068:
5552:
3785:
3628:
3476:
3174:
2834:
2308:
2302:
1947:
1662:
1552:
486:
464:
7386:
7260:
7066:
7056:
7046:
7031:
7026:
6996:
6971:
6961:
6941:
6888:
6863:
6722:
6682:
6677:
6611:
6601:
6541:
6536:
6490:
6485:
6425:
6380:
6340:
6330:
6240:
6206:
6143:
Foreign Relations of the PRC: The Legacies and Constraints of China's International Politics Since 1949
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3305:
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3200:
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2318:
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1908:
1885:
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5149:
China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace
4269:Ć ebok, Filip (2023). "China's Political System". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.).
3772:
prompted China to support an arms embargo, travel ban, and asset freeze and to abstain from voting on
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6991:
6895:
6843:
6811:
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6415:
6370:
6355:
6335:
6325:
6305:
6245:
5189:
4754:
4454:
4365:
4314:
4028:. Its claims are disputed by other countries. The contested area in the South China Sea includes the
3858:
3620:
cross. China's emphasis on national sovereignty arises from its historical experiences following the
3519:
2493:
2440:
1869:
1367:
491:
381:
77:
65:
5224:
Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector
4208:
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7107:
6749:
6717:
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6385:
6280:
5865:
5528:
4785:Ć imalÄĂk, Matej (2023). "China in the World". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.).
4673:
4564:
The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order
4525:
4099:
3653:
3542:
3418:
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3034:
2773:
2702:
2690:
2476:
2217:
2201:
1679:
1116:
585:
357:
4708:
4629:
4602:
China in Global Governance of Intellectual Property: Implications for Global Distributive Justice
3934:(ROC), part of its inviolable sovereign territory. The ROC was founded in mainland China in 1912
3457:
3387:
3104:
2731:
2567:
2130:
2102:
2001:
1216:
1069:
513:
5861:"Taiwan-controlled Taiping Island is a rock, says international court in South China Sea ruling"
5057:
MacDonald, Scott (January 15, 2019). "Sino-Caribbean Relations in a Changing Geopolitical Sea".
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7255:
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7210:
6848:
3911:
3901:
3846:
3730:
3263:
3225:
3029:
2814:
2807:
2753:
2550:
1957:
1918:
1879:
911:
249:
6041:
4078:
ruled that China has no legal basis to claim "historic rights" within its nine-dash line in a
7173:
4567:
3640:
3609:
3588:
2902:
2738:
1264:
332:
322:
234:
229:
5314:"China is embracing a new brand of foreign policy. Here's what wolf warrior diplomacy means"
3983:
authorizing the use of military force in the event of unilateral separatist activity by the
6058:
The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power 1850 to the Present
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2042:
1991:
1532:
1482:
906:
575:
565:
435:
8:
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3907:
3862:
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3584:
3488:
3484:
3205:
3005:
2908:
2873:
2782:
2717:
2545:
2363:
1828:
1558:
1244:
623:
454:
101:
6088:
5963:
5938:
5831:
5801:
5648:
5591:
5147:
Korolev, Alexander S. (2023). "Political and Economic Security in Multipolar Eurasia".
5129:
5084:
4999:
4954:
4909:
4841:
4670:
The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance
4605:
4539:
4104:
4060:
4053:
4008:
3980:
3793:
3789:
3577:
3500:. It was the only standing foreign policy coordination body until the aftermath of the
3336:
and one of the three big players in the tri-polar geopolitics (PRC-US-USSR) during the
3024:
2858:
2514:
2500:
1969:
1186:
1054:
990:
964:
635:
613:
605:
414:
244:
5414:
4362:
The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy
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4609:
4571:
4529:
4500:
4458:
4387:
4377:
4318:
4311:
China's Rising Foreign Ministry: Practices and Representations of Assertive Diplomacy
4278:
4216:
4182:
4045:
4041:
3931:
3917:
3441:
3345:
3169:
2819:
2789:
2582:
2520:
2471:
2186:
1689:
23:
4543:
5996:
5947:
5384:
5113:
5068:
4983:
4938:
4893:
4825:
4369:
4049:
3867:
3850:
3395:
3109:
2726:
1718:
1310:
1250:
592:
407:
136:
5951:
4897:
4829:
7381:
7346:
6151:
6109:
5581:
Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China, 2011
4033:
4029:
4021:
3965:
3935:
3750:
3566:
3164:
2768:
1696:
83:
4987:
3707:
and made it central component of foreign policy after its inclusion in the 1953
7376:
6001:
5982:
5739:
5675:
5117:
5072:
4751:
Developmental Peace: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding
4446:
4074:
On July 12, 2016, an arbitral tribunal constituted under Annex VII to the 1982
4025:
3951:
3754:
3729:
China's approach to non-interventionism has been particularly well received in
3039:
2628:
2592:
2562:
2506:
2155:
1610:
1528:
1496:
977:
481:
5170:
5043:
4972:
Shichor, Yitzhak (January 1992). "China and the Middle East since Tiananmen".
4942:
4814:
Shlapentokh, Dmitry (January 2, 2020). "China Quest for Global Predominance".
4391:
7467:
6010:
5959:
5810:
5717:
5524:"Taiwan's critical battle to keep its diplomatic allies from switching sides"
5281:"Europe, U.S. should say 'no' to China's 'wolf-warrior' diplomacy - EU envoy"
5125:
5080:
4995:
4950:
4905:
4837:
4357:
4220:
4186:
4037:
3840:
3805:
3765:
3492:
3383:
3368:
2670:
2254:
2087:
1516:
1319:
1292:
1278:
618:
362:
224:
6075:
China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic
5653:
4162:
China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic
3753:. Chinese President Hu Jintao visited Sudan and met with Sudanese President
3639:, coupled with China's pre-1800 historic claims to world dominance. China's
5832:"South China Sea: Tribunal backs case against China brought by Philippines"
5708:
5557:
4247:
4243:"The 3 Pillars of Chinese Foreign Policy: The State, the Party, the People"
3741:, and (5) not seeking political self-interest in investment and financing.
3580:
diplomacy and regional cooperation forums in an effort to reduce tensions.
3372:
3286:
3258:
2597:
2527:
2236:
1457:
1349:
1326:
1299:
1091:
754:
5388:
4373:
4700:
3854:
3769:
3616:
3333:
2895:
2777:
2683:
2536:
2451:
2113:
2076:
2064:
1571:
1026:
841:
827:
352:
198:
150:
4067:
operations asserting its position that some waters claimed by China are
4013:
Regional reactions to China's maritime activities in the South China Sea
3671:
In 2014, Xi announced the New Asian Security Concept at a summit of the
1754:
State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense
3800:
position of regional groups like the African Union or the Arab League.
3621:
3402:
3379:
3341:
2945:
2889:
2389:
2289:
2176:
1818:
1790:
1597:
1464:
1440:
1333:
1194:
972:
Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission
856:
811:
772:
758:
742:
689:
207:
171:
162:
140:
96:
87:
4209:"'We Cannot Afford This': Malaysia Pushes Back Against China's Vision"
5704:"US Navy: Beijing creating a 'great wall of sand' in South China Sea"
5256:
5227:
5152:
5025:
4790:
4634:
China Incorporated: The Politics of a World Where China is Number One
4274:
3973:
3893:
3508:
2824:
2649:
2427:
2412:
2385:
1902:
1285:
1220:
1079:
931:
872:
785:
560:
189:
6102:
Following the Leader: Ruling China, from Deng Xiaoping to Xi Jinping
3398:
grew very rapidly giving it steadily increasing power and ambition.
5836:
5744:
5680:
5419:
3337:
2951:
1740:
1722:
1545:
1489:
1258:
864:
821:
781:
180:
105:
5578:
3942:
from 1895 and regained in 1945, but Taiwan became the seat of the
3511:
created The Protecting Maritime Rights and Interests LSG in 2012.
5285:
3705:
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance
3631:
has become China's most important foreign relations formulation.
2312:
4451:
China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement
4086:
on the ownership of the islands or delimit maritime boundaries.
3957:
Along with the ROC, in PRC's perspective, Taiwan is described a
5767:"The U.S. Asserts Freedom of Navigation in the South China Sea"
5618:"China's new '10-dash line map' eats into Philippine territory"
4493:
Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption
3875:
2613:
2404:
2377:
1206:
899:
886:
833:
796:
789:
570:
6158:(Basic Books; 2012) 515 pages; comprehensive scholarly history
4975:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
4522:
Stalemate: Autonomy and Insurgency on the China-Myanmar Border
3946:
since 1949 and later lost its international representation as
3367:
In 1950-1953 it fought an undeclared war in Korea against the
2398:
Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization
1399:
State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission
7230:
6201:
5889:"China's South China Sea Claims Dashed by Hague Court Ruling"
3815:
3353:
3051:
2654:
5740:"US-China tensions rise over Beijing's 'Great Wall of Sand'"
3796:
as a hedge against the United States and the Soviet Union.
5019:
3759:
United Nations-Africa Union peacekeeping mission in Darfur
3425:", which it sees as part of its goal of self-sufficiency.
2371:
Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture
5468:"Taiwan loses second ally in a month amid China pressure"
5346:"China's "Wolf Warrior" Diplomacy in the COVID-19 Crisis"
5318:
5305:
3695:
In its foreign policy, China emphasizes the principle of
3673:
Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building in Asia
3545:
is closely associated with China's peripheral diplomacy.
5676:"China building 'great wall of sand' in South China Sea"
3502:
United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade
6126:
The dynamics of foreign-policy decisionmaking in China
5797:"Tribunal Rejects Beijing's Claims in South China Sea"
6163:
End of Isolationism: China's Foreign Policy After Mao
5553:"Constitution does not allow independence, Hung says"
3440:
securing strategic locations in the Indian Ocean and
1844:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
4861:
China's Asia: Triangular Dynamics Since the Cold War
4695:
4693:
3599:
nuclear safety, anticorruption, and climate change.
3535:
2665:
Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs
213:
Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members
6085:
Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China
5886:
5858:
5615:
5338:
4175:"Money and Muscle Pave China's Way to Global Power"
3699:. Its emphasis on non-intervention is based on the
3507:To address policy coordination on maritime issues,
3356:has one of the world's largest populations, second
2916:
Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits
5644:"PH protests China's '9-dash line' Spratlys claim"
5579:Office of the Secretary of Defense (May 6, 2011).
3593:China International Development Cooperation Agency
3394:, or "hide one's talent and bide one's time". The
4690:
3561:issues, it takes a position of non-imposition on
1152:Environment Protection and Resources Conservation
7465:
6165:(Macmillan International Higher Education, 2016)
6077:(2nd ed. 2018) comprehensive scholarly history.
3857:adopted by Chinese diplomats under Xi Jinping's
3660:Since the late 1990s, China has articulated its
3452:The main institutions of foreign policy are the
3407:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
6156:Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750
6133:Historical Dictionary of Chinese Foreign Policy
4076:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
4017:China has staked its territorial claims in the
3993:§ PRC's condition on military intervention
3926:The People's Republic of China (PRC) considers
3922:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758
3774:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973
3092:State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs
5572:
5498:"Taiwan's break of relations with El Salvador"
3749:in Beijing, China altered its position on the
3587:to advance both foreign policy objectives and
3447:
3371:. Until the late 1950s it was allied with the
2319:Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police
317:"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)
6184:
5186:One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty
4445:
3436:and diplomatic efforts. Part of this is the
3313:
2436:National Press and Publication Administration
1137:Education, Science, Culture and Public Health
4048:. The claim encompasses the area of Chinese
3332:The People's Republic of China emerged as a
3015:International Development Cooperation Agency
2467:National Radio and Television Administration
1633:Reform & Organizational Structure Office
1363:National Development & Reform Commission
941:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
805:Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission
7399:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
6145:(Rowman & Littlefield; 2013) 355 pages
5935:
5020:Li-Chen Sim; Jonathan Fulton, eds. (2022).
4813:
4699:
4561:
4160:For a detailed history see John W. Garver,
4005:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
3591:objectives. Since the 2018 creation of the
3428:Since 2017 it has engaged in a large-scale
1240:State Council (Central People's Government)
850:Financial & Economic Affairs Commission
7200:
6191:
6177:
4886:Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies
4883:
3779:
3320:
3306:
328:Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)
6000:
5436:"Malawi Drops Ties With Taiwan for China"
5311:
5250:
5056:
3715:and the consent of the parties involved.
3421:(formerly "One Belt, One Road") and the "
3072:International Military Cooperation Office
2340:Office for Safeguarding National Security
985:Central Leading Group for Inspection Work
343:Highest state organ of power (Article 57)
16:People's Republic of China foreign policy
5824:
5641:
5177:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
2884:Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs
2864:Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
1712:National Defense Mobilization Commission
919:Office of the Central Secrecy Commission
6218:
5887:David Tweed; Ting Shi (July 12, 2016).
5859:Jun Mai; Shi Jiangtao (July 12, 2016).
5395:from the original on September 21, 2021
5217:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5183:
5146:
4971:
4926:
4858:
4604:. Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies series.
4490:
4240:
3808:and the Community of Common Destiny.
3709:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
3160:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
2229:CCP Central Politics and Law Commission
1909:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police
333:Protection of human rights (Article 33)
7466:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5737:
5293:from the original on December 16, 2021
5244:
5101:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4587:
3792:, where it cultivated ties with other
3690:
3188:China and the World Trade Organization
3124:Visa requirements for Chinese citizens
2261:Public Security Organs People's Police
555:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
7292:
7199:
6217:
6172:
5771:Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative
5616:Michaela del Callar (July 26, 2013).
5374:
5356:from the original on January 11, 2022
5253:Contemporary China: a New Superpower?
5221:
5015:
5013:
4787:Contemporary China: a New Superpower?
4771:
4654:
4628:
4599:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4271:Contemporary China: a New Superpower?
4268:
4206:
4120:History of foreign relations of China
2607:Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission
2556:Overseas censorship of Chinese issues
2296:State Security Organs People's Police
1852:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
1785:CMC Leading Group for Military Reform
1618:Politics and Legal Affairs Commission
6110:Chinese Foreign Policy in Transition
5550:
5375:Smith, Stephen (February 16, 2021).
5206:
5105:Journal of Chinese Political Science
5060:Journal of Chinese Political Science
4748:
4667:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4241:Fiddler, Connor (February 3, 2021).
4036:, and various other areas including
3972:, by force if necessary. Under the
3731:its relations with African countries
3466:CCP International Liaison Department
3047:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
2869:Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement
5980:
5785:
5377:"China's "Major Country Diplomacy""
4725:
4705:The Political Thought of Xi Jinping
4622:
4584:
4519:
4308:
4262:
3887:
3821:
3362:largest economy in the world by PPP
3348:in the 1960s, with its status as a
3152:National Immigration Administration
2197:Federation of Industry and Commerce
1834:Anti-corruption campaign since 2012
1592:National Defense Mobilization Dept.
393:General Principles of the Civil Law
13:
7304:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
6021:
5988:Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
5903:
5696:
5642:Jamandre, Tessa (April 14, 2011).
5635:
5551:Shih, Hsiu-chuan (June 17, 2015).
5444:. Associated Press. Archived from
5433:
5022:Asian perceptions of Gulf security
5010:
4562:Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024).
4550:
4513:
4471:
4291:
4200:
3998:
3602:
3454:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
2940:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
2622:Cyberspace Administration of China
629:Two Establishes and Two Safeguards
14:
7485:
7429:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
6291:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
5738:Marcus, Jonathan (May 29, 2015).
5415:"Senegal picks China over Taiwan"
5326:from the original on May 29, 2020
4817:Perspectives on Political Science
4398:
4331:
4207:Beech, Hannah (August 20, 2018).
4167:
4145:hide our talent and bide our time
4125:Old friends of the Chinese people
3735:Forum on China-Africa Cooperation
3536:International relations framework
3193:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
2050:Political Consultative Conference
1638:Int'l Military Cooperation Office
1623:Science and Technology Commission
1579:Training and Administration Dept.
1426:Central Military Commission (CMC)
599:Scientific Outlook on Development
323:Democratic centralism (Article 3)
6200:
5226:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The
3409:in 2012, China has expanded its
3377:Chinese Communist Party chairman
3350:recognized nuclear weapons state
3280:
2446:State Council Information Office
2268:State Immigration Administration
1684:
1674:
1657:
1605:Discipline Inspection Commission
1127:Supervisory and Judicial Affairs
338:Freedom of religion (Article 36)
31:
7449:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
7357:Dates of diplomatic recognition
6060:(3rd ed. 2019) popular history.
5974:
5929:
5880:
5852:
5759:
5731:
5668:
5609:
5544:
5516:
5490:
5460:
5427:
5407:
5368:
5273:
5140:
5095:
5050:
4965:
4920:
4877:
4852:
4807:
4110:String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)
4080:case brought by the Philippines
3832:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
3627:During the Xi Jinping era, the
3097:Overseas Chinese Affairs Office
2482:China Global Television Network
2462:Ministry of Culture and Tourism
2326:Bureau of Prison Administration
1886:People's Courts Judicial Police
1813:National Supervisory Commission
894:Office of the General Secretary
7372:Foreign relations of Hong Kong
6104:(U of California Press, 2014).
5795:Perlez, Jane (July 12, 2016).
5434:Wu, Debby (January 14, 2008).
5312:Jiang, Steven; Westcott, Ben.
4234:
4154:
4137:
3940:Taiwan was under Japanese rule
3880:
3757:, who afterwards accepted the
3216:ChinaâEuropean Union relations
2708:Special administrative regions
1893:Supreme People's Procuratorate
1132:Financial and Economic Affairs
1:
7293:
6095:Journal of Contemporary China
5952:10.1080/09512748.2018.1535520
4898:10.1080/19448953.2018.1506292
4830:10.1080/10457097.2019.1612507
4130:
3685:Seventeenth National Congress
3563:intellectual property matters
3236:ChinaâUnited States relations
3221:ChinaâLatin America relations
3082:NPC Foreign Affairs Committee
2678:HK & Macau Affairs Office
2421:Central Propaganda Department
2273:Local public security bureaus
1648:Offices Administration Agency
1157:Agriculture and Rural Affairs
7328:Diplomatic missions of China
6047:Resources in other libraries
4863:. Rowman & Littlefield.
3985:Democratic Progressive Party
3828:Foreign policy of Xi Jinping
3516:National Security Commission
3483:The Central Foreign Affairs
3470:United Front Work Department
3183:China and the United Nations
3087:CCP International Department
3067:Ministry of National Defense
2994:Diplomatic missions of China
2854:Taiwan independence movement
2575:Publishing industry in China
2108:United Front Work Department
1953:Regular Disciplined Services
1943:Law enforcement in Hong Kong
1749:Ministry of Veterans Affairs
1731:Ministry of National Defense
766:National Security Commission
606:Harmonious Socialist Society
497:Death sentence with reprieve
471:Administrative Procedure Law
7:
7316:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
5151:. Mher Sahakyan. New York:
4988:10.1177/0002716292519001007
4449:; Eisenman, Joshua (2023).
4093:
4040:and the Vereker Banks, the
3938:the Chinese monarchy while
3629:Community of Common Destiny
3462:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3448:Foreign policy institutions
3175:Community of Common Destiny
2965:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2835:Republic of China on Taiwan
2245:Ministry of Public Security
1566:Equipment Development Dept.
733:Central Military Commission
10:
7490:
7387:Political status of Taiwan
6207:Foreign relations of China
6002:10.1177/186810261104000207
5981:Yee, Andy (June 1, 2011).
5118:10.1007/s11366-018-09589-5
5073:10.1007/s11366-018-09590-y
4115:Political status of Taiwan
4002:
3915:
3905:
3898:Political status of Taiwan
3891:
3825:
2830:Political status of Taiwan
2280:Ministry of State Security
1980:Public Prosecutions Office
1780:Military reform since 2015
1392:Deputy Secretaries-General
1162:Social Development Affairs
1043:National People's Congress
581:Primary stage of socialism
549:Admission Oath (Article 6)
116:Current provincial leaders
7299:
7288:
7206:
7195:
7166:
7095:
6904:
6650:
6504:
6228:
6224:
6213:
6042:Resources in your library
5588:Annual Report to Congress
5222:Lewis, Joanna I. (2023).
5190:Stanford University Press
4943:10.1017/S0305741018001777
4755:Columbia University Press
4703:; Cheung, Olivia (2024).
4455:Columbia University Press
4366:Stanford University Press
4315:Stanford University Press
3871:
3520:holistic security concept
3438:String of Pearls strategy
3386:led a massive process of
3211:ChinaâCaribbean relations
2795:Mainland & Macau CEPA
2494:China Radio International
2441:China Film Administration
1628:Strategic Planning Office
1358:Cabinet-level departments
450:Intellectual property law
7413:Major historical splits
7337:Belt and Road Initiative
6276:Central African Republic
5866:South China Morning Post
5590:(Report). Archived from
5529:South China Morning Post
4859:Dittmer, Lowell (2018).
4674:Cornell University Press
4566:. New Haven and London:
4526:Cornell University Press
4491:Garlick, Jeremy (2024).
4364:. Stanford, California:
4309:Loh, Dylan M.H. (2024).
4100:South China Sea disputes
3654:Gulf Cooperation Council
3543:Belt and Road Initiative
3491:and restored in 1981 as
3477:People's Liberation Army
3419:Belt and Road Initiative
3254:Administrative divisions
3035:Belt and Road Initiative
2732:Hong Kong SAR Government
2703:One country, two systems
2691:Hong Kong Liaison Office
2477:China Central Television
1987:Secretariat for Security
1663:People's Liberation Army
1404:most Central Enterprises
1147:Overseas Chinese Affairs
586:Four Cardinal Principles
7362:Foreign policy of China
7276:China and the Antarctic
7241:ChinaâJapanâSouth Korea
6147:excerpt and text search
6137:excerpt and text search
6114:(Transaction, 2004).
6033:Foreign policy of China
5381:Foreign Policy Analysis
4709:Oxford University Press
4600:Cheng, Wenting (2023).
3979:The PRC has passed the
3790:1955 Bandung Conference
3786:South-South cooperation
3780:South-South cooperation
3458:Chinese Communist Party
3226:ChinaâPacific relations
3105:Chinese nationality law
1997:Unitary Police Services
1654:National armed forces:
1070:Council of Chairpersons
926:Organization Department
658:National Party Congress
363:Socialist law tradition
240:Organization Department
7474:Chinese foreign policy
7444:Wolf warrior diplomacy
7271:Arctic policy of China
7211:BCIM Economic Corridor
7201:Multilateral relations
6296:Congo, Republic of the
6067:92.4 (2016): 941â957.
5184:Laikwan, Pang (2024).
4749:Meng, Wenting (2024).
3944:ROC central government
3912:United front in Taiwan
3902:Cross-Strait relations
3847:Wolf warrior diplomacy
3485:Leadership Small Group
3231:ChinaâRussia relations
3201:ChinaâAfrica relations
3030:China Development Bank
3006:Foreign aid from China
2847:"Taiwan Province", PRC
2815:Cross-Strait relations
2808:Cross-Strait relations
2761:Mainland & HK CEPA
2202:People's organizations
2009:Public Security Police
1958:Hong Kong Police Force
1919:Judiciary of Hong Kong
1870:Supreme People's Court
1775:Military modernization
1553:Logistic Support Dept.
286:Previous constitutions
159:Communist Party leader
54:Leadership generations
7367:Foreign Relations Law
7342:China's peaceful rise
6431:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
6065:International Affairs
5289:. December 10, 2020.
4672:. Ithaca and London:
4668:Chen, Muyang (2024).
4568:Yale University Press
4374:10.1515/9781503634152
4181:. November 25, 2018.
4065:freedom of navigation
4003:Further information:
3916:Further information:
3892:Further information:
3826:Further information:
3610:Reform and Opening Up
3559:intellectual property
3358:largest GDP (nominal)
3352:in 1960s. Currently,
3344:in 1950-1953 and the
2903:Taiwan Affairs Office
2754:Independence movement
2739:Politics of Hong Kong
1975:Court of Final Appeal
1936:Prosecutions Division
1931:Department of Justice
1924:Court of Final Appeal
1680:People's Armed Police
1373:National Audit Office
1004:Provincial committee
235:Collective leadership
230:Democratic centralism
111:Current state leaders
66:HuâWen Administration
6874:United Arab Emirates
6097:28.115 (2019): 1â14.
5504:. September 19, 2018
5478:on February 17, 2019
4544:10.7591/j.ctv2t8b78b
4520:Ong, Andrew (2023).
4069:international waters
3954:in 1971 to the PRC.
3794:developing countries
3784:China's emphasis on
3747:2008 Summer Olympics
3681:free trade agreement
3662:new security concept
3415:economic integration
3206:ChinaâArab relations
3138:Visa policy of China
3057:New Development Bank
3020:Ministry of Commerce
2783:Macau SAR Government
2696:Macau Liaison Office
2489:China National Radio
2172:Historical parties:
1992:Macau Security Force
1540:Political Work Dept.
1178:State representative
1122:Constitution and Law
907:Central Guard Bureau
576:Deng Xiaoping Theory
353:Chinese legal system
168:State representative
130:Orders of precedence
93:20th Party Politburo
72:XiâLi Administration
7392:Chinese unification
7352:Confucius Institute
6889:Northern Domination
6627:Trinidad and Tobago
6512:Antigua and Barbuda
6219:Bilateral relations
5441:The Washington Post
5423:. October 26, 2005.
5389:10.1093/fpa/orab002
4930:The China Quarterly
4638:Bloomsbury Academic
4497:Bloomsbury Academic
3989:Pan-Green coalition
3908:Chinese unification
3788:developed from the
3697:non-interventionism
3691:Non-interventionism
3489:Cultural Revolution
2984:Diplomatic missions
2956:Secretary-General:
2874:Chinese unification
2718:Hong Kong Basic Law
2588:Internet censorship
2546:Censorship in China
2303:Ministry of Justice
1829:Corruption in China
1201:Presidential Office
840:Secretary-General:
723:Central Secretariat
624:Four Comprehensives
428:Labour Contract Law
358:Civil law tradition
195:Conference Chairman
84:4th Leadership Core
59:Succession of power
6567:Dominican Republic
6141:Sutter, Robert G.
6131:Sutter, Robert G.
6128:(Routledge, 2018).
6100:Lampton, David M.
5939:The Pacific Review
5802:The New York Times
5773:. October 27, 2015
5712:. March 31, 2015.
5024:. Abingdon, Oxon:
4606:Palgrave Macmillan
4213:The New York Times
4179:The New York Times
4151:ăćäșèæăćłäžćœć€Žăææäœäžșă")
4105:Maritime Silk Road
4061:United States Navy
4054:Great Wall of Sand
4009:Great Wall of Sand
3981:Anti-Secession Law
3863:Chinese government
3475:Historically, the
3423:Maritime Silk Road
3025:Exim Bank of China
2859:Anti-Secession Law
2749:Pro-democracy camp
2515:China News Service
2501:Xinhua News Agency
2055:National Committee
1970:Judiciary of Macau
1899:Prosecutor General
1112:Special Committees
1060:Standing Committee
1018:Deputy secretaries
1008:Standing committee
951:Standing Committee
912:Central Guard Unit
710:Standing Committee
614:Xi Jinping Thought
571:Mao Zedong Thought
487:Capital punishment
465:Administrative law
204:Commander-in-chief
177:Head of government
102:14th State Council
7461:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7439:Theater diplomacy
7404:Stadium diplomacy
7324:
7312:
7309:General Secretary
7284:
7283:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7186:
6311:Equatorial Guinea
6161:Yahuda, Michael.
6107:Liu, Guoli, ed.,
6056:Fenby, Jonathan.
6028:Library resources
5656:on April 19, 2011
5597:on March 28, 2015
5266:978-1-03-239508-1
5237:978-0-262-54482-5
5162:978-1-003-35258-7
5035:978-1-003-22737-3
4870:978-1-4422-3755-1
4800:978-1-03-239508-1
4647:978-1-350-26724-4
4615:978-3-031-24369-1
4535:978-1-5017-7071-5
4506:978-1-350-25231-8
4464:978-0-231-21001-0
4383:978-1-5036-3088-8
4284:978-1-03-239508-1
4046:Scarborough Shoal
4042:Macclesfield Bank
3991:, as outlined in
3932:Republic of China
3918:Chinese Civil War
3442:Strait of Malacca
3388:industrialization
3346:Sino-Soviet split
3330:
3329:
3269:Ethnic minorities
3170:Beijing Consensus
3110:Chinese passports
2950:Deputy Director:
2933:Foreign relations
2820:Chinese Civil War
2790:Politics of Macau
2583:Internet in China
2472:China Media Group
2411:Deputy Director:
2348:Urban Management
2097:Political parties
2084:Secretary-General
2071:Vice-Chairpersons
1805:Supervisory organ
1690:China Coast Guard
1524:Joint Staff Dept.
1435:supreme commander
1387:Secretary-General
1346:Secretary-General
1100:Secretary-General
1086:Vice-Chairpersons
863:Deputy Director:
818:Deputy Directors:
699:Central Politburo
679:General Secretary
668:Central Committee
528:Principal leaders
186:Congress Chairman
78:Xi Administration
74:(2012–2017)
68:(2002–2012)
24:Politics of China
7481:
7409:String of Pearls
7321:Foreign Minister
7318:
7306:
7290:
7289:
7197:
7196:
7138:Papua New Guinea
6226:
6225:
6215:
6214:
6205:
6204:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6170:
6169:
6152:Westad, Odd Arne
6083:Garver, John W.
6073:Garver, John W.
6015:
6014:
6004:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5792:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5652:. Archived from
5639:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5596:
5585:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5474:. Archived from
5472:Channel NewsAsia
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5448:on April 7, 2012
5431:
5425:
5424:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5352:. May 15, 2020.
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5219:
5204:
5203:
5188:. Stanford, CA:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5017:
5008:
5007:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4782:
4769:
4768:
4746:
4723:
4722:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4665:
4652:
4651:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4597:
4582:
4581:
4559:
4548:
4547:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4488:
4469:
4468:
4443:
4396:
4395:
4354:
4329:
4328:
4306:
4289:
4288:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4141:
4050:land reclamation
3930:administered by
3888:Status of Taiwan
3882:
3873:
3851:public diplomacy
3822:Diplomatic style
3713:Security Council
3637:MarxismâLeninism
3392:taoguang yanghui
3322:
3315:
3308:
3287:China portal
3285:
3284:
3283:
2744:Pro-Beijing camp
2727:John Lee Ka-chiu
2384:Deputy Leaders:
2334:
2022:
2014:Judiciary Police
2005:
1763:Military history
1688:
1678:
1668:Theater commands
1661:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1467:
1460:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1311:State Councilors
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1245:Li Qiang Cabinet
1106:
836:
830:
824:
686:
593:Three Represents
566:MarxismâLeninism
492:Capital offences
382:List of statutes
137:Paramount leader
125:National leaders
35:
19:
18:
7489:
7488:
7484:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7453:
7382:Panda diplomacy
7347:Chinese Century
7295:
7280:
7202:
7183:
7162:
7148:Solomon Islands
7091:
6900:
6646:
6500:
6220:
6209:
6199:
6197:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6024:
6022:Further reading
6019:
6018:
5979:
5975:
5934:
5930:
5920:
5918:
5917:. July 12, 2016
5909:
5908:
5904:
5894:
5892:
5885:
5881:
5871:
5869:
5857:
5853:
5843:
5841:
5840:. July 12, 2016
5830:
5829:
5825:
5815:
5813:
5793:
5786:
5776:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5750:
5748:
5736:
5732:
5722:
5720:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5687:
5685:
5684:. April 1, 2015
5674:
5673:
5669:
5659:
5657:
5640:
5636:
5626:
5624:
5614:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5583:
5577:
5573:
5563:
5561:
5549:
5545:
5535:
5533:
5532:. June 18, 2018
5522:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5481:
5479:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5451:
5449:
5432:
5428:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5398:
5396:
5373:
5369:
5359:
5357:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5329:
5327:
5310:
5306:
5296:
5294:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5249:
5245:
5238:
5220:
5207:
5200:
5182:
5178:
5163:
5145:
5141:
5100:
5096:
5055:
5051:
5036:
5018:
5011:
4970:
4966:
4925:
4921:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4857:
4853:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4783:
4772:
4765:
4747:
4726:
4719:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4666:
4655:
4648:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4598:
4585:
4578:
4560:
4551:
4536:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4489:
4472:
4465:
4447:Shinn, David H.
4444:
4399:
4384:
4355:
4332:
4325:
4307:
4292:
4285:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4223:
4205:
4201:
4191:
4189:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4164:(2nd ed. 2018).
4159:
4155:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4096:
4034:Spratly Islands
4030:Paracel Islands
4022:South China Sea
4015:
4001:
3999:South China Sea
3924:
3914:
3904:
3890:
3834:
3824:
3782:
3751:Darfur conflict
3693:
3605:
3603:Long-term goals
3583:China provides
3567:TRIPS Agreement
3538:
3450:
3396:Chinese economy
3326:
3297:
3293:Other countries
3281:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3264:Family planning
3249:
3241:
3240:
3197:
3179:
3165:Panda diplomacy
3156:
3101:
3078:
3063:
3002:
2990:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2894:Deputy Leader:
2880:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2774:Chief Executive
2769:Macao Basic Law
2765:
2723:Chief Executive
2714:
2660:
2659:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2616:
2579:
2542:
2430:
2415:
2407:
2392:
2380:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2344:
2328:
2315:
2292:
2257:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2218:Law enforcement
2207:
2206:
2191:
2165:
2067:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2016:
1999:
1966:
1948:Security Bureau
1915:
1905:
1882:
1864:
1863:
1862:Judicial organs
1858:
1848:
1840:
1825:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1770:Armed conflicts
1743:
1725:
1714:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1352:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1261:
1234:
1233:
1232:Executive organ
1228:
1223:
1197:
1180:
1179:
1142:Foreign Affairs
1098:
1082:
1050:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1001:
875:
867:
859:
844:
832:
826:
820:
819:
814:
799:
780:
775:
753:
745:
717:
677:
652:
651:
644:
608:
601:
557:
543:
542:
516:
514:Communist Party
506:
505:
478:
461:
388:
376:Legislation Law
349:
319:
308:
276:
275:
255:
254:
219:Related systems
153:
49:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7487:
7477:
7476:
7459:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7419:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7384:
7379:
7377:Nine-dash line
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7325:
7313:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7286:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7266:United Nations
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7246:European Union
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7207:
7204:
7203:
7193:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7170:
7168:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7082:United Kingdom
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6947:Czech Republic
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6835:
6834:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6232:
6230:
6222:
6221:
6211:
6210:
6196:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6159:
6149:
6139:
6129:
6122:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6081:
6071:
6061:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6016:
5995:(2): 165â193.
5973:
5928:
5902:
5879:
5851:
5823:
5784:
5758:
5730:
5695:
5667:
5634:
5608:
5571:
5543:
5515:
5502:Taiwan Insight
5489:
5459:
5426:
5406:
5367:
5350:The Asan Forum
5337:
5304:
5272:
5265:
5243:
5236:
5205:
5198:
5176:
5161:
5155:. p. 16.
5139:
5112:(4): 643â663.
5094:
5067:(4): 665â684.
5049:
5034:
5009:
4964:
4919:
4892:(6): 643â662.
4876:
4869:
4851:
4806:
4799:
4770:
4763:
4724:
4717:
4689:
4682:
4653:
4646:
4621:
4614:
4583:
4576:
4549:
4534:
4512:
4505:
4470:
4463:
4397:
4382:
4358:Zhao, Suisheng
4330:
4323:
4290:
4283:
4261:
4233:
4199:
4166:
4153:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4095:
4092:
4063:has conducted
4052:known as the "
4026:nine-dash line
4000:
3997:
3952:United Nations
3889:
3886:
3859:administration
3849:is a style of
3823:
3820:
3781:
3778:
3755:Omar al-Bashir
3733:. At the 2018
3692:
3689:
3604:
3601:
3557:engagement on
3537:
3534:
3468:, and the CCP
3449:
3446:
3434:military naval
3411:foreign policy
3382:died in 1976,
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:Related topics
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3135:
3121:
3107:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3040:Silk Road Fund
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3001:
3000:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
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2629:Zhuang Rongwen
2626:
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2600:
2595:
2593:Great Firewall
2578:
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2570:
2568:Internal media
2563:Media of China
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2521:People's Daily
2517:
2512:
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2507:Reference News
2498:
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2011:
1984:
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1965:
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1611:Zhang Shengmin
1602:
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1563:
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1550:
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1511:General Office
1505:
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1497:Zhang Shengmin
1493:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1469:
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1418:Military organ
1417:
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1396:
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1382:General Office
1379:
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1217:Vice President
1215:
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1209:
1185:
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1176:
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1129:
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1119:
1117:Ethnic Affairs
1109:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1095:
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1083:
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1057:
1051:
1041:
1040:
1037:
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1024:
1023:
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1021:
1020:
1015:
1000:
999:
998:
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995:
994:
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982:
981:
980:
978:Zhang Shengmin
969:
968:
967:
938:
937:
936:
935:
934:
923:
922:
921:
916:
915:
914:
904:
903:
902:
890:
889:
881:General Office
878:
877:
876:
871:Office Chief:
870:
868:
862:
860:
854:
847:
846:
845:
839:
837:
817:
815:
809:
802:
801:
800:
795:Office Chief:
794:
792:
779:Vice-Chairman:
778:
776:
770:
763:
762:
761:
748:
746:
737:
730:
720:
719:
718:
708:
695:
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647:
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638:
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583:
573:
568:
563:
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531:
530:
524:
523:
517:
512:
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494:
477:
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457:
447:
446:
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433:
432:
431:
424:
412:
405:
397:
387:
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384:
379:
367:
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365:
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348:
347:
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335:
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325:
320:
315:
312:
311:
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296:
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277:
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133:
132:
127:
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108:
99:
90:
75:
69:
62:
61:
56:
50:
45:
44:
41:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7486:
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7264:
7262:
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7251:Latin America
7249:
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7237:
7234:
7232:
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7224:
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7212:
7209:
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7198:
7194:
7180:
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7169:
7167:Former states
7165:
7159:
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6656:
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6632:United States
6630:
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6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
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6349:
6347:
6346:Guinea-Bissau
6344:
6342:
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6334:
6332:
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6327:
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6319:
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6120:0-202-30752-2
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4982:(1): 86â100.
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4039:
4038:Pratas Island
4035:
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4027:
4023:
4020:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
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3975:
3971:
3968:that must be
3967:
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3929:
3923:
3919:
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3881:DĂ guĂł WĂ ijiÄo
3877:
3869:
3864:
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3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3841:Suisheng Zhao
3837:
3833:
3829:
3819:
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3813:
3809:
3807:
3806:Chinese dream
3801:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
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3767:
3766:African Union
3762:
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3600:
3596:
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3589:foreign trade
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3568:
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3524:
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3512:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3493:Deng Xiaoping
3490:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
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3443:
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3412:
3408:
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3385:
3384:Deng Xiaoping
3381:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3369:United States
3365:
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3359:
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3347:
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3323:
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3018:
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3013:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2985:
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2980:
2979:Spokespersons
2977:
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2697:
2694:
2692:
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2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:Ding Xuexiang
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2656:
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2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Radio jamming
2549:
2548:
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2538:
2534:
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2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2255:Wang Xiaohong
2252:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2216:
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2211:
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2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2088:Wang Dongfeng
2085:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
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1894:
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1877:
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1792:
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1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:State Council
1704:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1665:
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1612:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1599:
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1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:Zhong Shaojun
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:Departments:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:Vice Chairmen
1446:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1320:Wang Xiaohong
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:Zhang Guoqing
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1279:Ding Xuexiang
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:Vice-Premiers
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
992:
988:
987:
986:
983:
979:
975:
974:
973:
970:
966:
962:
959:
958:
956:
952:
949:
948:
946:
942:
939:
933:
929:
928:
927:
924:
920:
917:
913:
910:
909:
908:
905:
901:
897:
896:
895:
892:
891:
888:
884:
883:
882:
879:
874:
869:
866:
861:
858:
853:
852:
851:
848:
843:
838:
835:
829:
823:
816:
813:
808:
807:
806:
803:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
777:
774:
769:
768:
767:
764:
760:
756:
751:
750:Vice Chairmen
747:
744:
740:
736:
735:
734:
731:
728:
724:
721:
715:
711:
707:
706:
704:
700:
697:
696:
691:
688:
687:
684:
680:
676:
675:
673:
669:
666:
665:
663:
659:
656:
655:
654:
653:
650:
637:
634:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
619:Chinese Dream
617:
616:
615:
612:
607:
603:
602:
600:
596:
594:
591:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
556:
552:
550:
547:
546:
545:
544:
541:
537:
529:
526:
525:
522:
519:
518:
515:
510:
509:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
484:
483:
480:
479:
473:
472:
468:
467:
466:
463:
462:
456:
453:
452:
451:
448:
444:
443:
439:
438:
437:
434:
430:
429:
425:
423:
422:
418:
417:
416:
413:
411:
410:
406:
403:
402:
398:
395:
394:
390:
389:
383:
380:
378:
377:
373:
372:
371:
368:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
351:
350:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
318:
314:
313:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
289:
288:
287:
284:
283:
282:
279:
278:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
259:
258:
251:
250:Civil service
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
225:Unified power
223:
222:
218:
217:
214:
211:
209:
205:
202:
200:
196:
193:
191:
187:
184:
182:
178:
175:
173:
169:
166:
164:
160:
157:
152:
148:
144:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
89:
85:
82:
81:
80:(since 2017)
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
55:
52:
51:
48:
43:
42:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
7361:
7174:Soviet Union
7087:Vatican City
6869:Turkmenistan
6817:Saudi Arabia
6456:South Africa
6446:Sierra Leone
6256:Burkina Faso
6162:
6155:
6142:
6132:
6125:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6084:
6074:
6064:
6057:
6032:
5992:
5986:
5976:
5946:(1): 32â60.
5943:
5937:
5931:
5919:. Retrieved
5914:
5905:
5893:. Retrieved
5882:
5870:. Retrieved
5864:
5854:
5842:. Retrieved
5835:
5826:
5814:. Retrieved
5800:
5775:. Retrieved
5770:
5761:
5749:. Retrieved
5743:
5733:
5721:. Retrieved
5709:The Guardian
5707:
5698:
5686:. Retrieved
5679:
5670:
5658:. Retrieved
5654:the original
5647:
5637:
5625:. Retrieved
5621:
5611:
5601:February 16,
5599:. Retrieved
5592:the original
5587:
5574:
5562:. Retrieved
5558:Taipei Times
5556:
5546:
5536:December 28,
5534:. Retrieved
5527:
5518:
5508:December 28,
5506:. Retrieved
5501:
5492:
5482:December 28,
5480:. Retrieved
5476:the original
5471:
5462:
5450:. Retrieved
5446:the original
5439:
5429:
5418:
5409:
5397:. Retrieved
5380:
5370:
5358:. Retrieved
5349:
5340:
5328:. Retrieved
5317:
5307:
5297:December 16,
5295:. Retrieved
5284:
5275:
5252:
5246:
5223:
5185:
5179:
5148:
5142:
5109:
5103:
5097:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5021:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4860:
4854:
4824:(1): 12â26.
4821:
4815:
4809:
4786:
4750:
4704:
4701:Tsang, Steve
4669:
4633:
4630:Brown, Kerry
4624:
4601:
4563:
4521:
4515:
4492:
4453:. New York:
4450:
4361:
4310:
4270:
4264:
4252:. Retrieved
4248:The Diplomat
4246:
4236:
4226:December 27,
4224:. Retrieved
4212:
4202:
4192:December 25,
4190:. Retrieved
4178:
4169:
4161:
4156:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4088:
4084:
4073:
4058:
4016:
3978:
3956:
3925:
3879:
3845:
3838:
3835:
3814:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3783:
3763:
3743:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3694:
3677:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3650:
3646:
3641:trade policy
3633:
3626:
3614:
3606:
3597:
3582:
3574:Global South
3571:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3513:
3506:
3482:
3474:
3451:
3427:
3400:
3391:
3373:Soviet Union
3366:
3340:, after the
3331:
3259:Hukou system
2598:Great Cannon
2535:
2528:Global Times
2526:
2519:
2505:
2450:
2349:
2237:Chen Wenqing
2103:CCP (ruling)
2075:Top-ranked:
2043:United front
1643:Audit Office
1458:Zhang Youxia
1368:Central bank
1350:Wu Zhenglong
1327:Wu Zhenglong
1300:Liu Guozhong
1092:Li Hongzhong
1090:Top-ranked:
755:Zhang Youxia
649:Organization
536:Constitution
482:Criminal law
470:
442:Property Law
441:
436:Property law
427:
420:
409:Marriage Law
408:
400:
392:
375:
281:Constitution
266:Constitution
7261:Third World
7226:Arab League
7128:New Zealand
7072:Switzerland
7022:Netherlands
6827:South Korea
6807:Philippines
6785:North Korea
6658:Afghanistan
6577:El Salvador
6461:South Sudan
6351:Ivory Coast
5921:January 11,
5915:pca-cpa.org
5895:January 11,
5891:. Bloomberg
5872:January 11,
5844:January 11,
5816:January 11,
5751:January 11,
5688:January 11,
5627:January 11,
5564:October 23,
5452:January 14,
4937:: 656â678.
4254:February 6,
3928:Taiwan area
3855:compellence
3770:Arab League
3739:foreign aid
3617:Dai Bingguo
3585:foreign aid
3572:Within the
3334:great power
2896:Wang Huning
2840:Taiwan Area
2778:Ho Iat-seng
2684:Xia Baolong
2537:China Today
2452:China Daily
2350:(chengguan)
2329: [
2235:Secretary:
2114:Shi Taifeng
2077:Shi Taifeng
2065:Wang Huning
2017: [
2000: [
1609:Secretary:
1572:Xu Xueqiang
1027:Party group
976:Secretary:
842:Wang Huning
828:Wang Huning
404:(From 2021)
199:Wang Huning
151:Peng Liyuan
7179:Yugoslavia
7118:Micronesia
7052:San Marino
7017:Montenegro
7007:Luxembourg
6879:Uzbekistan
6854:Tajikistan
6745:Kyrgyzstan
6740:Kazakhstan
6693:East Timor
6673:Bangladesh
6668:Azerbaijan
6557:Costa Rica
6441:Seychelles
6406:Mozambique
6391:Mauritania
6376:Madagascar
6271:Cape Verde
6124:Lu, Ning.
5360:January 9,
5171:1353290533
5044:1347700067
4753:. Ibidem.
4636:. London:
4392:1331741429
4131:References
3959:separatist
3906:See also:
3853:involving
3701:UN Charter
3622:Opium Wars
3403:Xi Jinping
3380:Mao Zedong
3342:Korean War
2946:Xi Jinping
2944:Director:
2907:Director:
2890:Xi Jinping
2682:Director:
2627:Director:
2612:Director:
2403:Director:
2390:Shen Yiqin
2364:Propaganda
2290:Chen Yixin
1819:Liu Jinguo
1817:Director:
1791:Xi Jinping
1598:Liu Faqing
1596:Director:
1583:Director:
1570:Director:
1557:Director:
1544:Director:
1533:Liu Zhenli
1515:Director:
1483:Liu Zhenli
1465:He Weidong
1441:Xi Jinping
1334:Shen Yiqin
1195:Xi Jinping
885:Director:
857:Xi Jinping
855:Director:
812:Xi Jinping
810:Director:
773:Xi Jinping
771:Chairman:
759:He Weidong
743:Xi Jinping
690:Xi Jinping
455:Patent law
421:Labour Law
415:Labour law
401:Civil Code
208:Xi Jinping
172:Xi Jinping
163:Xi Jinping
147:First lady
141:Xi Jinping
97:Xi Jinping
88:Xi Jinping
47:Leadership
7294:Diplomacy
7236:Caribbean
7103:Australia
7002:Lithuania
6839:Sri Lanka
6822:Singapore
6802:Palestine
6708:Indonesia
6642:Venezuela
6607:Nicaragua
6517:Argentina
6396:Mauritius
6011:1868-1026
5968:158607834
5960:0951-2748
5811:0362-4331
5718:0261-3077
5257:Routledge
5228:MIT Press
5153:Routledge
5134:255164621
5126:1080-6954
5089:255160749
5081:1080-6954
5026:Routledge
5004:145084038
4996:0002-7162
4959:159131464
4951:0305-7410
4914:149641488
4906:1944-8953
4846:199771734
4838:1045-7097
4791:Routledge
4275:Routledge
4221:0362-4331
4187:0362-4331
4024:with the
3974:One China
3970:reunified
3963:breakaway
3894:One China
3509:Hu Jintao
3498:Politburo
3430:trade war
3142:Hong Kong
3128:Hong Kong
3114:Hong Kong
2825:One China
2650:Hong Kong
2428:Li Shulei
2413:Li Shulei
2386:Li Shulei
1903:Ying Yong
1880:Zhang Jun
1876:President
1585:Wang Peng
1559:Zhang Lin
1475:Members:
1286:He Lifeng
1221:Han Zheng
1187:President
1171:Presidium
1080:Zhao Leji
1055:Elections
1013:Secretary
961:Secretary
932:Li Ganjie
873:He Lifeng
786:Zhao Leji
636:Democracy
561:Communism
396:(to 2020)
245:Elections
190:Zhao Leji
7468:Category
7434:Treaties
7332:in China
7113:Kiribati
7037:Portugal
6932:Bulgaria
6859:Thailand
6797:Pakistan
6770:Mongolia
6765:Maldives
6760:Malaysia
6688:Cambodia
6622:Suriname
6592:Honduras
6552:Colombia
6527:Barbados
6505:Americas
6496:Zimbabwe
6471:Tanzania
6321:Ethiopia
6301:Djibouti
6266:Cameroon
6251:Botswana
5837:BBC News
5745:BBC News
5681:BBC News
5622:GMA News
5420:BBC News
5393:Archived
5354:Archived
5324:Archived
5291:Archived
4632:(2023).
4360:(2023).
4094:See also
4044:and the
4019:disputed
3966:province
3936:deposing
3768:and the
3444:region.
3360:and the
3338:Cold War
3010:to China
2998:in China
2970:Minister
2952:Li Qiang
2909:Song Tao
2888:Leader:
2669:Leader:
2376:Leader:
2309:Minister
2286:Minister
2251:Minister
2061:Chairman
1789:Leader:
1741:Dong Jun
1737:Minister
1723:Li Qiang
1719:Chairman
1546:Miao Hua
1490:Miao Hua
1431:Chairman
1259:Li Qiang
1076:Chairman
989:Leader:
865:Li Qiang
822:Li Qiang
782:Li Qiang
739:Chairman
540:ideology
181:Li Qiang
106:Li Qiang
7422:Albania
7256:Oceania
7216:BIMSTEC
7158:Vanuatu
7096:Oceania
7077:Ukraine
7042:Romania
7012:Moldova
6987:Ireland
6982:Iceland
6977:Hungary
6967:Germany
6957:Finland
6952:Denmark
6937:Croatia
6927:Belgium
6922:Belarus
6917:Austria
6912:Albania
6884:Vietnam
6832:History
6790:History
6775:Myanmar
6755:Lebanon
6733:history
6698:Georgia
6663:Armenia
6637:Uruguay
6597:Jamaica
6582:Grenada
6572:Ecuador
6532:Bolivia
6522:Bahamas
6481:Tunisia
6451:Somalia
6436:Senegal
6421:Nigeria
6411:Namibia
6401:Morocco
6366:Liberia
6361:Lesotho
6316:Eritrea
6286:Comoros
6261:Burundi
6236:Algeria
6135:(2011)
6087:(1992)
6079:excerpt
5777:May 27,
5723:May 27,
5660:June 2,
5330:May 30,
5286:Reuters
3950:in the
3948:"China"
3868:Chinese
3460:(CCP),
3456:of the
3405:became
2974:Wang Yi
2958:Wang Yi
2313:He Rong
1697:Militia
1253: (
1251:Premier
1205:Chief:
898:Chief:
521:History
7417:Soviet
7221:Africa
7067:Sweden
7057:Serbia
7047:Russia
7032:Poland
7027:Norway
6997:Kosovo
6972:Greece
6962:France
6942:Cyprus
6905:Europe
6864:Turkey
6849:Taiwan
6723:Israel
6683:Brunei
6678:Bhutan
6612:Panama
6602:Mexico
6542:Canada
6537:Brazil
6491:Zambia
6486:Uganda
6426:Rwanda
6381:Malawi
6341:Guinea
6331:Gambia
6241:Angola
6229:Africa
6118:
6089:online
6069:online
6030:about
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2112:Head:
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930:Head:
900:Cai Qi
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834:Cai Qi
797:Cai Qi
790:Cai Qi
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7231:BRICS
7153:Tonga
7143:Samoa
7123:Nauru
7062:Spain
6992:Italy
6896:Yemen
6844:Syria
6812:Qatar
6780:Nepal
6728:Japan
6703:India
6587:Haiti
6547:Chile
6466:Sudan
6416:Niger
6371:Libya
6356:Kenya
6336:Ghana
6326:Gabon
6306:Egypt
6246:Benin
5964:S2CID
5595:(PDF)
5584:(PDF)
5130:S2CID
5085:S2CID
5000:S2CID
4955:S2CID
4910:S2CID
4842:S2CID
4540:JSTOR
3987:-led
3816:BRICS
3354:China
3146:Macau
3132:Macau
3118:Macau
3052:BRICS
2655:Macau
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2146:CPWDP
2136:CNDCA
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1529:Chief
991:Li Xi
965:Li Xi
7133:Niue
7108:Fiji
6750:Laos
6718:Iraq
6713:Iran
6651:Asia
6617:Peru
6562:Cuba
6476:Togo
6386:Mali
6281:Chad
6116:ISBN
6007:ISSN
5956:ISSN
5923:2019
5897:2019
5874:2019
5846:2019
5818:2019
5807:ISSN
5779:2024
5753:2019
5725:2024
5714:ISSN
5690:2019
5662:2011
5629:2019
5603:2012
5566:2022
5538:2018
5510:2018
5484:2018
5454:2008
5401:2021
5362:2022
5332:2020
5299:2021
5261:ISBN
5232:ISBN
5194:ISBN
5167:OCLC
5157:ISBN
5122:ISSN
5077:ISSN
5040:OCLC
5030:ISBN
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4947:ISSN
4902:ISSN
4865:ISBN
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4678:ISBN
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4459:ISBN
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1047:14th
955:20th
945:20th
727:20th
714:20th
703:20th
683:list
672:20th
662:20th
370:Laws
304:1978
299:1975
294:1954
5997:doi
5948:doi
5385:doi
5319:CNN
5114:doi
5069:doi
4984:doi
4980:519
4939:doi
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4894:doi
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4370:doi
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