43:
388:
As of 2019, a maximum of 100 members may be elected annually. Non-citizens of the USA are elected as international members, with a maximum of 25 elected annually. Both members and international members are affiliated with one of six scientific disciplines:
447:
1535:
148:
judges to have made “distinguished and continuing achievements in original research”. Membership is a mark of excellence in science and one of the highest honors that a scientist can receive.
1382:
17:
1707:
1661:
342:
In 2019, 50 women out of 125 new members were female (40% of new female inductees), another record high although the proportion of women in the academy as a whole is much lower than 40%
189:
381:(CV) with a 250 word summary of the nominee's scientific achievements, the basis for election and a list of no more than 12 of their most important papers published in
1100:
453:
1558:
1771:
269:
1543:
1947:
185:
1390:
1715:
1669:
1591:
1587:
1684:
318:. Diversity of age, disability, race, religion, gender and sexual orientation is lower in NAS than in the general population. For example,
917:"US science academy celebrates 150 years: President Ralph Cicerone discusses diversity and efficiency at the National Academy of Sciences"
277:
also resigned for principled reasons (as opposed, say, to ill-health) in 1972, and Josiah
Whitney was the first member to resign, in 1874.
445:
Since 1966, newly elected members of the
National Academy of Sciences have been invited to contribute an inaugural year article (IYA) to
1469:
1216:
Lavelle, Marianne (2015). "Science Editor-in-Chief Marcia McNutt set to become first woman to lead U.S. National
Academy of Sciences".
1952:
859:"New Members and Foreign Associates Elected to the National Academy of Sciences on May 2, 2000. 60 New Members Chosen by the Academy"
789:"New Members and Foreign Associates Elected to the National Academy of Sciences on May 1, 2001: 72 New Members Chosen by the Academy"
385:. The publication limit of 12 aims to focus assessment on the quality of a nominee's work, rather than the quantity of publications.
1092:
1748:
357:
New members and international members have been elected annually since 1863. Membership can not be applied for as only voting
48:
492:
180:
As of May 2018 there were 2,382 active members and 484 international members, of whom approximately 190 have received
1889:
621:
1445:
1692:
451:(PNAS) which is accompanied by a brief biography of the author. Biographies of deceased members are published in the
1642:
1570:
1617:
1437:
161:
1036:
242:
1507:
1383:"Neurobiologist Becomes First Transgender Scientist Selected For U.S. National Academy of Science Membership"
1729:
1411:
1166:
1061:
250:
246:
141:
68:
377:(AGM) of the academy with results announced shortly after, usually early May. Each nomination includes a
1191:
1646:
339:
In 2012, the
Academy elected 84 new members, with a record high of 26 women (30% new female inductees)
207:(1846–1919) was the youngest scientist elected, only 26 years old at the time of his election in 1873
1942:
1603:
307:
1118:
722:"Newly Elected Members and Foreign Associates of the National Academy of Sciences April 29, 1997"
294:
for “old white men” who dominate membership of the
Academy. Elite institutions such as the from
225:
was the first woman to serve as president of the NAS, following her election as a member in 2005
1815:
462:
374:
323:
1500:
Perfectly reasonable deviations from the beaten track : the letters of
Richard P. Feynman
431:
397:
241:
was the first woman to be elected to all three
National Academies in the United States – the
1481:
1831:
1327:
1260:
978:
962:
870:
800:
733:
666:
530:
427:
417:
330:
In 1989, the academy had just 57 female members and 1,516 male members (3% female in total)
287:
336:
In 2011, there were only 9 women (12% new female inductees) from 72 newly elected members.
8:
1104:
412:
333:
In 2010, there were 14 newly elected women (19% new female inductees) from 72 new members
303:
264:
204:
1835:
1331:
1264:
982:
874:
804:
737:
670:
534:
365:
in an annual ballot of members every March. Candidates for membership are considered by
1900:
1358:
1315:
1291:
1248:
1009:
966:
944:
697:
654:
561:
518:
382:
1862:
1819:
1867:
1849:
1513:
1503:
1363:
1345:
1296:
1278:
1229:
1148:
1140:
1123:
1014:
996:
948:
936:
888:
836:
831:
818:
788:
769:
764:
751:
721:
702:
684:
566:
548:
210:
1857:
1839:
1756:
1353:
1335:
1286:
1268:
1221:
1132:
1004:
986:
926:
921:
878:
826:
808:
759:
741:
692:
674:
556:
538:
393:
378:
319:
274:
267:. Feynman outlines the reasons for his resignation in his published correspondence
93:
42:
1925:
1136:
1885:
655:"Editorial: Election to the National Academy of Sciences: Pathways to membership"
500:
458:
346:
256:
216:
1772:"Getting in: A Look at the Election Process Of the National Academy of Sciences"
1890:"A. G. W. Cameron 1925–2005, Biographical Memoir, National Academy of Sciences"
448:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
421:
315:
291:
238:
184:. A full list of members can be found in the online members directory. See the
1793:
931:
916:
584:
1936:
1853:
1477:
1349:
1282:
1233:
1144:
1000:
940:
892:
822:
755:
688:
650:
552:
362:
222:
145:
103:
1844:
1517:
1340:
1273:
1225:
991:
679:
629:
543:
1871:
1566:
1531:
1367:
1300:
1152:
1121:(1936). "The Youngest Member Elected to the National Academy of Sciences".
1018:
883:
858:
840:
813:
773:
746:
706:
570:
369:
and voted for again through several rounds of balloting and a final annual
259:
resigned his NAS membership because of what he perceived as the
Academy's
407:
366:
358:
232:
181:
167:
176:
members, who are no longer active and have rescinded their voting rights
124:
1536:"Top 50 universities by membership in the National Academy of Sciences"
326:
in the
Academy but the proportion of female members is slowly growing.
295:
228:
1814:
27:
Award given by the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
1905:
1599:
173:
190:
Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1801:
402:
311:
260:
437:
On election, members are invited to an annual awards ceremony.
370:
1818:; Fulton, K. R.; Sullenberger, D. M.; Coughlin, B. C. (2003).
213:(1871–1953) was the first woman to be elected a member in 1924
60:
distinguished and continuing achievements in original research
1685:"Only 9 Women Are Elected to the National Academy of Science"
361:
can submit formal nominations for newly elected members, for
219:(1919–2010) was the first African American elected in 1965
1592:"This Is How Many Women Are Members Of Science Academies"
1101:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
352:
299:
273:
Though arguably the most famous, Feynman was not alone.
1897:
Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
454:
Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
151:
1649:. May 20, 1989. p. D-2 – via newspapers.com.
270:
Perfectly Reasonable Deviations from the Beaten Track
18:
Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences
1808:
1708:"National Academy of Sciences Picks Few Women Again"
1438:"Frances Arnold Wins 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry"
314:also dominate membership, thereby perpetuating the
186:
list of members of the National Academy of Sciences
1749:"Record Number of Women Join Academy of Sciences"
1934:
200:Some notable member firsts and records include:
1824:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1320:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1253:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
971:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
863:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
793:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
726:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
659:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
523:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1820:"Biographies of newly elected Academy members"
1497:
499:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
138:Membership of the National Academy of Sciences
1184:
1111:
649:
1662:"National Academy of Sciences List for 2010"
1498:Feynman, Richard; Feynman, Michelle (2005).
967:"Vital Statistics of our Foreign Associates"
1582:
1580:
1556:
1209:
512:
510:
140:is an award granted to scientists that the
1948:United States National Academy of Sciences
1470:"SPT v8n3 – Reviews – Feynman Unprocessed"
1463:
1461:
1030:
1028:
955:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
852:
850:
645:
643:
641:
639:
166:Nonvoting international members, who have
41:
36:Member of the National Academy of Sciences
1904:
1861:
1843:
1676:
1643:"News of the week from the science world"
1357:
1339:
1290:
1272:
1117:
1008:
990:
930:
882:
830:
812:
763:
745:
696:
678:
560:
542:
519:"The National Academy of Sciences at 150"
1769:
1577:
1307:
1240:
507:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
195:
1746:
1722:
1682:
1586:
1559:"NAS Deigns to Admit 9 Women This Year"
1458:
1429:
1215:
1054:
1025:
899:
847:
636:
14:
1935:
1884:
1786:
1763:
1705:
1659:
1530:
1467:
1159:
1086:
1084:
1082:
961:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
577:
353:Nomination and election of new members
1699:
1653:
1493:
1491:
1389:. Trans Media Network. Archived from
1374:
516:
475:
440:
156:Three types of NAS membership exist:
152:NAS members and international members
49:National Academy of Sciences Building
1435:
1380:
1313:
1246:
1090:
1034:
914:
856:
786:
719:
619:
490:
1524:
1079:
602:
281:
24:
1488:
1446:California Institute of Technology
286:Critics have pointed to a lack of
25:
1964:
1917:
1693:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1953:United States National Academies
1794:"2019 NAS Presentation Ceremony"
408:Engineering and applied sciences
162:citizenship of the United States
1878:
1740:
1635:
1610:
1550:
1404:
243:National Academy of Engineering
780:
713:
626:nasonline.org/member-directory
160:Voting members, who must hold
13:
1:
1137:10.1126/science.83.2158.436-a
653:; Fulton, Kenneth R. (2005).
468:
1770:Ruksznis, Elizabeth (1996).
251:National Academy of Sciences
247:National Academy of Medicine
142:National Academy of Sciences
69:National Academy of Sciences
7:
529:(Supplement_2): 9327–9364.
349:are also underrepresented.
10:
1969:
1683:Montell, Gabriela (2007).
1647:The San Francisco Examiner
1557:Spake Zuska, Thus (2007).
231:(1954–2017) was the first
1502:. New York: Basic Books.
1249:"QnAs with Marcia McNutt"
1037:"May 1 2018 NAS Election"
932:10.1038/nature.2013.12530
457:(BMNAS), for example see
235:scientist elected in 2013
170:outside the United States
119:
115:484 international members
109:
99:
89:
74:
64:
56:
40:
35:
1119:Archibald, Raymond Clare
308:University of California
1845:10.1073/pnas.2536811100
1747:Jaschik, Scott (2019).
1341:10.1073/pnas.1512539112
1314:Nair, Prashant (2015).
1274:10.1073/pnas.1703235114
1247:Nair, Prashant (2017).
1226:10.1126/science.aac8806
992:10.1073/pnas.39.12.1295
680:10.1073/pnas.0503457102
585:"Overview: NAS History"
544:10.1073/pnas.1406109111
1706:Hoopes, Laura (2011).
1660:Hoopes, Laura (2010).
1468:Toumey, Chris (2005).
1316:"QnAs with Ben Barres"
884:10.1073/pnas.100999997
814:10.1073/pnas.101188198
747:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4235
622:"NAS Member Directory"
493:"About NAS membership"
463:Alastair G. W. Cameron
432:environmental sciences
375:annual general meeting
324:underrepresented group
1097:nationalacademies.org
517:Olson, Steve (2014).
398:mathematical sciences
196:Notable member firsts
915:Shen, Helen (2013).
428:agricultural science
426:Applied Biological,
418:Behavioural sciences
249:(NAM, 2004) and the
110:Total no. of members
1836:2003PNAS..10013117C
1730:"2019 NAS Election"
1332:2015PNAS..11210074N
1326:(33): 10074–10075.
1265:2017PNAS..114.3272N
983:1953PNAS...39.1295W
875:2000PNAS...97.5037.
805:2001PNAS...98.5387.
738:1997PNAS...94.4235.
671:2005PNAS..102.7405A
535:2014PNAS..111S9327O
413:Biomedical sciences
403:Biological sciences
383:scientific journals
363:preferential voting
265:in-group favoritism
205:Edward C. Pickering
78:Annually since 1863
51:in Washington, D.C.
1753:insidehighered.com
1618:"Women in Science"
1062:"Edward Pickering"
441:Member biographies
1816:Cozzarelli, N. R.
1734:www.nasonline.org
1259:(13): 3272–3274.
1192:"David Blackwell"
1131:(2158): 436–437.
977:(12): 1295–1298.
869:(10): 5037–5038.
799:(10): 5387–5388.
665:(21): 7405–7406.
245:(NAE, 2000), the
211:Florence R. Sabin
135:
134:
129:/member-directory
16:(Redirected from
1960:
1929:
1928:
1926:Official website
1911:
1910:
1908:
1894:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1847:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1757:Inside Higher Ed
1744:
1738:
1737:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1714:. Archived from
1703:
1697:
1696:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1668:. Archived from
1657:
1651:
1650:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1602:. Archived from
1584:
1575:
1574:
1569:. Archived from
1563:Scienceblogs.com
1554:
1548:
1547:
1542:. Archived from
1528:
1522:
1521:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1480:. Archived from
1465:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1343:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1276:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1167:"Florence Sabin"
1163:
1157:
1156:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1103:. Archived from
1093:"Membership FAQ"
1088:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1012:
994:
963:Wilson, Edwin B.
959:
953:
952:
934:
912:
897:
896:
886:
854:
845:
844:
834:
816:
784:
778:
777:
767:
749:
732:(9): 4235–4236.
717:
711:
710:
700:
682:
647:
634:
633:
628:. Archived from
617:
600:
599:
597:
595:
581:
575:
574:
564:
546:
514:
505:
504:
488:
461:'s biography of
394:Physical science
379:curriculum vitae
373:in April at the
347:Persons of color
320:women in science
288:member diversity
282:Member diversity
275:Richard Lewontin
131:
128:
126:
94:Washington, D.C.
85:
83:
45:
33:
32:
21:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1943:Academic awards
1933:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1892:
1883:
1879:
1813:
1809:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1768:
1764:
1745:
1741:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1704:
1700:
1681:
1677:
1658:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1585:
1578:
1555:
1551:
1529:
1525:
1510:
1496:
1489:
1466:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1375:
1312:
1308:
1245:
1241:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1116:
1112:
1089:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1033:
1026:
960:
956:
913:
900:
855:
848:
785:
781:
718:
714:
648:
637:
618:
603:
593:
591:
583:
582:
578:
515:
508:
489:
476:
471:
443:
422:social sciences
355:
284:
257:Richard Feynman
217:David Blackwell
198:
154:
123:
114:
81:
79:
52:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1931:
1930:
1919:
1918:External links
1916:
1913:
1912:
1877:
1807:
1785:
1762:
1739:
1721:
1718:on 2019-03-24.
1698:
1675:
1672:on 2019-03-24.
1652:
1634:
1609:
1606:on 2017-06-29.
1576:
1573:on 2019-04-25.
1549:
1546:on 2019-04-29.
1523:
1508:
1487:
1484:on 2019-03-19.
1457:
1428:
1403:
1373:
1306:
1239:
1208:
1183:
1158:
1110:
1107:on 2018-03-05.
1078:
1053:
1024:
954:
898:
846:
779:
712:
651:Alberts, Bruce
635:
632:on 2019-04-18.
601:
576:
506:
503:on 2019-03-20.
473:
472:
470:
467:
442:
439:
435:
434:
424:
415:
410:
405:
400:
354:
351:
344:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
316:Matthew effect
292:selection bias
283:
280:
279:
278:
254:
239:Frances Arnold
236:
226:
220:
214:
208:
197:
194:
192:for examples.
178:
177:
171:
164:
153:
150:
133:
132:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1965:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1887:
1886:Arnett, David
1881:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:(23): 13117.
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1689:chronicle.com
1686:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1623:
1622:nasonline.org
1619:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:Leiter, Brian
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1478:Virginia Tech
1475:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:Anon (2018).
1432:
1417:
1416:nasonline.org
1413:
1407:
1393:on 2018-10-02
1392:
1388:
1387:transnews.org
1384:
1381:Anon (2013).
1377:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1197:
1196:nasonline.org
1193:
1187:
1172:
1171:nasonline.org
1168:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:Anon (2019).
1087:
1085:
1083:
1067:
1066:nasonline.org
1063:
1057:
1042:
1041:nasonline.org
1038:
1035:Anon (2018).
1031:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
958:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
928:
924:
923:
918:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
894:
890:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:Anon (2000).
853:
851:
842:
838:
833:
828:
824:
820:
815:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
787:Anon (2001).
783:
775:
771:
766:
761:
757:
753:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:Anon (1997).
716:
708:
704:
699:
694:
690:
686:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
646:
644:
642:
640:
631:
627:
623:
620:Anon (2019).
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
590:
589:nasonline.org
586:
580:
572:
568:
563:
558:
554:
550:
545:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
513:
511:
502:
498:
497:Nasonline.org
494:
491:Anon (2019).
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
474:
466:
464:
460:
456:
455:
450:
449:
438:
433:
429:
425:
423:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
395:
392:
391:
390:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
350:
348:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
328:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:because of a
289:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
237:
234:
230:
227:
224:
223:Marcia McNutt
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
201:
193:
191:
187:
183:
175:
172:
169:
165:
163:
159:
158:
157:
149:
147:
146:United States
144:(NAS) of the
143:
139:
130:
122:
118:
113:2,382 members
112:
108:
105:
104:United States
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
44:
39:
34:
19:
1896:
1880:
1827:
1823:
1810:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1776:Aps Observer
1775:
1765:
1752:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1716:the original
1711:
1701:
1688:
1678:
1670:the original
1665:
1655:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1621:
1612:
1604:the original
1596:Buzzfeed.com
1595:
1588:Chivers, Tom
1571:the original
1567:ScienceBlogs
1562:
1552:
1544:the original
1539:
1526:
1499:
1482:the original
1473:
1449:. Retrieved
1441:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:
1412:"Ben Barres"
1406:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:the original
1386:
1376:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1217:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1195:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:
1161:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1105:the original
1096:
1069:. Retrieved
1065:
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1040:
974:
970:
957:
920:
866:
862:
796:
792:
782:
729:
725:
715:
662:
658:
630:the original
625:
592:. Retrieved
588:
579:
526:
522:
501:the original
496:
459:David Arnett
452:
446:
444:
436:
387:
359:academicians
356:
345:
285:
268:
199:
182:Nobel Prizes
179:
155:
137:
136:
65:Sponsored by
1798:youtube.com
1540:typepad.com
1442:caltech.edu
367:peer review
253:(NAS, 2008)
233:transgender
168:citizenship
57:Awarded for
1937:Categories
1906:1708.05429
1712:nature.com
1666:nature.com
1509:0738206369
1451:2018-10-04
1397:2019-04-25
469:References
296:Ivy League
229:Ben Barres
1854:0027-8424
1350:0027-8424
1283:0027-8424
1234:0036-8075
1145:0036-8075
1001:0027-8424
949:180789927
941:1476-4687
893:0027-8424
823:0027-8424
756:0027-8424
689:0027-8424
553:0027-8424
125:nasonline
1888:(2017).
1872:14597709
1627:25 April
1600:BuzzFeed
1590:(2016).
1534:(2018).
1518:57393623
1421:25 April
1368:26240349
1301:28298528
1201:25 April
1176:25 April
1153:17820127
1071:25 April
1046:25 April
1019:16589414
965:(1953).
841:16578859
774:16578853
707:16586925
594:25 April
571:24958885
304:Stanford
174:Emeritus
90:Location
1832:Bibcode
1802:YouTube
1359:4547303
1328:Bibcode
1292:5380059
1261:Bibcode
1218:Science
1124:Science
1010:1063952
979:Bibcode
871:Bibcode
801:Bibcode
734:Bibcode
698:1140467
667:Bibcode
562:4077050
531:Bibcode
322:are an
312:Caltech
261:elitism
120:Website
100:Country
80: (
1870:
1863:263723
1860:
1852:
1516:
1506:
1474:vt.edu
1366:
1356:
1348:
1299:
1289:
1281:
1232:
1151:
1143:
1017:
1007:
999:
947:
939:
922:Nature
891:
839:
829:
821:
772:
762:
754:
705:
695:
687:
569:
559:
551:
371:ballot
306:, the
1901:arXiv
1893:(PDF)
945:S2CID
832:33222
765:33659
30:Award
1868:PMID
1850:ISSN
1782:(3).
1629:2019
1514:OCLC
1504:ISBN
1423:2019
1364:PMID
1346:ISSN
1297:PMID
1279:ISSN
1230:ISSN
1203:2019
1178:2019
1149:PMID
1141:ISSN
1073:2019
1048:2019
1015:PMID
997:ISSN
937:ISSN
889:ISSN
837:PMID
819:ISSN
770:PMID
752:ISSN
703:PMID
685:ISSN
596:2019
567:PMID
549:ISSN
430:and
420:and
396:and
310:and
263:and
188:and
127:.org
82:1863
75:Date
47:The
1858:PMC
1840:doi
1828:100
1354:PMC
1336:doi
1324:112
1287:PMC
1269:doi
1257:114
1222:doi
1133:doi
1005:PMC
987:doi
927:doi
879:doi
827:PMC
809:doi
760:PMC
742:doi
693:PMC
675:doi
663:102
557:PMC
539:doi
527:111
300:MIT
1939::
1899:.
1895:.
1866:.
1856:.
1848:.
1838:.
1826:.
1822:.
1800:.
1796:.
1778:.
1774:.
1755:.
1751:.
1732:.
1710:.
1691:.
1687:.
1664:.
1645:.
1620:.
1598:.
1594:.
1579:^
1565:.
1561:.
1538:.
1512:.
1490:^
1476:.
1472:.
1460:^
1444:.
1440:.
1414:.
1385:.
1362:.
1352:.
1344:.
1334:.
1322:.
1318:.
1295:.
1285:.
1277:.
1267:.
1255:.
1251:.
1228:.
1220:.
1194:.
1169:.
1147:.
1139:.
1129:83
1127:.
1099:.
1095:.
1081:^
1064:.
1039:.
1027:^
1013:.
1003:.
995:.
985:.
975:39
973:.
969:.
943:.
935:.
925:.
919:.
901:^
887:.
877:.
867:97
865:.
861:.
849:^
835:.
825:.
817:.
807:.
797:98
795:.
791:.
768:.
758:.
750:.
740:.
730:94
728:.
724:.
701:.
691:.
683:.
673:.
661:.
657:.
638:^
624:.
604:^
587:.
565:.
555:.
547:.
537:.
525:.
521:.
509:^
495:.
477:^
465:.
302:,
298:,
1909:.
1903::
1874:.
1842::
1834::
1804:.
1780:9
1759:.
1736:.
1695:.
1631:.
1520:.
1454:.
1425:.
1400:.
1370:.
1338::
1330::
1303:.
1271::
1263::
1236:.
1224::
1205:.
1180:.
1155:.
1135::
1075:.
1050:.
1021:.
989::
981::
951:.
929::
895:.
881::
873::
843:.
811::
803::
776:.
744::
736::
709:.
677::
669::
598:.
573:.
541::
533::
84:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
