20:
103:
may have only 20%. This ratio is believed to have genetic origins, though some assert that it can be adjusted by muscle training. "Speed camps" and "Speed
Training Manuals", which purport to provide fractional increases in maximum footspeed, are popular among budding professional athletes, and some
93:
over another, specifically the ratio of fast-twitch muscles to slow-twitch muscles in a sprinter's physical makeup. Though fast-twitch muscles produce no more energy than slow-twitch muscles when they contract, they do so more rapidly through a process of
98:
metabolism, though at the cost of inferior efficiency over longer periods of firing. The average human has an almost-equal ratio of fast-twitch to slow-twitch fibers, but top sprinters may have as much as 80% fast-twitch fibers, while top
284:
425:
240:"The NFL treats 40-yard dash times as sacred. But if those numbers are true, many players are faster than Olympic gold medalists and their clockings should be eyed with a dash of doubt"
293:
214:
107:
Though good running form is useful in increasing speed, fast and slow runners have been shown to move their legs at nearly the same rate – it is the
151:
speed over the course of this race was 37.578 km/h or 23.35 mph.) Compared to quadrupedal animals, humans are exceptionally capable of
410:
111:
exerted by the leg on the ground that separates fast sprinters from slow. Top short-distance runners exert as much as four times their
178:
In the 2023 Chicago
Marathon, Kelvin Kiptum set a time of 2:00:35. That equates to an average speed above 20 km/h, for two hours.
474:
267:
445:
140:
41:
at which a human can run. It is affected by many factors, varies greatly throughout the population, and is important in
411:"How fast was Kelvin Kiptum's men's marathon world record? Chicago Marathon 2023 race pace breakdown and split times"
211:
315:
19:
100:
326:
239:
160:
286:
International
Association of Athletics Federations Biomechanical Research Project: Berlin 2009
135:
The record is 44.72 km/h (27.78 mph), measured between meter 60 and meter 80 of the
46:
155:, but incapable of great speed. Examples of animals with higher sprinting speeds include
8:
357:
168:
95:
484:
54:
42:
479:
86:
23:
159:
which can attain short bursts of speed well over 100 km/h (62 mph), the
218:
58:
50:
393:
468:
187:
316:
http://www.meathathletics.ie/devathletes/pdf/Biomechanics%20of%20Sprints.pdf
340:
172:
90:
62:
127:, relative to total body weight, is a key factor in maximizing footspeed.
120:
112:
144:
136:
74:
164:
152:
124:
116:
70:
156:
66:
108:
38:
171:
has been measured at 64 km/h (40 mph). Even the
374:
104:
sources estimate that 17–19% of speed can be trained.
26:is a sport that requires development of footspeed.
334:
466:
388:
386:
347:, April 16, 2007, retrieved November 27, 2007.
167:can reach 70 km/h (43 mph), and the
383:
262:
260:
274:, May 14, 2004, retrieved November 26, 2007.
89:is the predominance of one distinct type of
341:"Humans hot, sweaty, natural-born runners"
257:
233:
231:
119:on the running surface. For this reason,
206:
204:
18:
443:
237:
163:has topped 88 km/h (55 mph),
467:
446:"The animal kingdom's top marathoners"
228:
175:may reach 48 km/h (30 mph).
16:The maximum speed that a human can run
423:
378:Iowa Quarter Horse Racing Association
201:
141:2009 World Championships in Athletics
392:American Museum of Natural History.
364:, 1999, retrieved November 27, 2007.
212:"Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers"
85:The key determinant of footspeed in
444:Resnick, Brian (November 5, 2010).
362:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
80:
13:
358:"Fake Flies and Cheating Cheetahs"
130:
14:
496:
403:
268:"What's The Human Speed Limit?"
238:Ziegler, Mark (18 April 2005).
475:Sport of athletics terminology
400:, retrieved November 27, 2007.
380:, retrieved November 27, 2007.
367:
350:
320:
309:
277:
225:, retrieved November 26, 2007.
190:, the normal pace humans walk.
1:
424:Stipp, David (4 June 2012).
7:
181:
10:
501:
45:and many sports, such as
327:How Fast Is Usain Bolt?
194:
244:Union-Tribune San Diego
161:American quarter horse
27:
101:long-distance runners
22:
426:"All men can't jump"
356:Kruszelnicki, Karl.
47:association football
394:"Speed of Animals"
217:2007-11-21 at the
210:Quinn, Elizabeth.
169:Mongolian wild ass
28:
450:Popular Mechanics
373:Rinehart, Janet.
329:Engineering Sport
266:Herper, Matthew.
55:American football
37:, is the maximum
492:
460:
458:
456:
440:
438:
436:
415:
414:
407:
401:
390:
381:
371:
365:
354:
348:
338:
332:
324:
318:
313:
307:
306:
305:
304:
298:
292:, archived from
291:
281:
275:
264:
255:
254:
252:
250:
235:
226:
208:
81:Factors in speed
500:
499:
495:
494:
493:
491:
490:
489:
465:
464:
463:
454:
452:
434:
432:
419:
418:
409:
408:
404:
391:
384:
372:
368:
355:
351:
339:
335:
325:
321:
314:
310:
302:
300:
296:
289:
283:
282:
278:
265:
258:
248:
246:
236:
229:
219:Wayback Machine
209:
202:
197:
184:
133:
131:Limits of speed
83:
59:track and field
17:
12:
11:
5:
498:
488:
487:
482:
477:
462:
461:
441:
420:
417:
416:
402:
398:Infoplease.com
382:
366:
349:
333:
319:
308:
276:
256:
227:
199:
198:
196:
193:
192:
191:
183:
180:
139:sprint at the
132:
129:
82:
79:
51:rugby football
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
497:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
470:
451:
447:
442:
431:
427:
422:
421:
412:
406:
399:
395:
389:
387:
379:
375:
370:
363:
359:
353:
346:
342:
337:
331:
330:
323:
317:
312:
299:on 2014-05-14
295:
288:
287:
280:
273:
269:
263:
261:
245:
241:
234:
232:
224:
220:
216:
213:
207:
205:
200:
189:
188:Walking speed
186:
185:
179:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
102:
97:
92:
88:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
21:
453:. Retrieved
449:
433:. Retrieved
429:
405:
397:
377:
369:
361:
352:
344:
336:
328:
322:
311:
301:, retrieved
294:the original
285:
279:
271:
247:. Retrieved
243:
222:
177:
173:domestic cat
148:
134:
106:
91:muscle fibre
84:
63:field hockey
35:sprint speed
34:
30:
29:
455:7 September
435:7 September
345:Physorg.com
249:26 February
121:muscle mass
113:body weight
469:Categories
303:2017-04-09
272:Forbes.com
165:greyhounds
147:. (Bolt's
145:Usain Bolt
137:100 meters
75:basketball
223:About.com
153:endurance
96:anaerobic
87:sprinting
43:athletics
31:Footspeed
24:Sprinting
485:Velocity
215:Archived
182:See also
157:cheetahs
117:pressure
71:baseball
480:Running
149:average
123:in the
73:, and
67:tennis
430:Slate
297:(PDF)
290:(PDF)
195:Notes
109:force
39:speed
33:, or
457:2012
437:2012
251:2014
125:legs
143:by
115:in
57:,
471::
448:.
428:.
396:,
385:^
376:,
360:,
343:,
270:,
259:^
242:.
230:^
221:,
203:^
77:.
69:,
65:,
61:,
53:,
49:,
459:.
439:.
413:.
253:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
