22:
186:
2047:
2057:
68:
270:, and Foulques' negotiated settlement led to further violence, he tried to relinquish his position, claiming that it was impossible to manage the diocese, but his requests to the pope were refused. In October 1217, when Simon was besieging Toulouse once more, he sent a group of sympathisers to Paris to plead for the help of king
148:
in 1205, after two
Cistercian Papal legates had been sent to the region to reform it. Pope Innocent III was particularly concerned by the prevalence of both heresy and episcopal corruption in the Languedoc and used the Cistercians to combat both. The legates had deposed the previous Bishop, Raimon
152:
As Bishop of
Toulouse, Folquet (now traditionally referred to by his proper name, Foulques, Fulk, or Folc, instead of the diminutive Folquet) took a very active role in combatting heresy. Throughout his episcopal career he sought to create and encourage outlets for religious enthusiasm that were
298:
After the Peace of Paris finally ended the crusade in 1229, Foulques returned to
Toulouse and began to construct the institutions that were designed to combat heresy in the region. He helped to create the
337:
Yarza has interpreted it as a symbol of the licentious clergy ...Moralejo has proposed to identify him with a well-known troubadour bishop of the time, Folquet de
Marseille...
291:
Foulques spent much of the following decade outside his diocese, assisting the crusading army and the Church's attempts to bring order to the region. He was at the
Council of
129:
Folquet's life and career abruptly changed around 1195 when he experienced a profound religious conversion and decided to renounce his former life. He joined the strict
216:. Soon afterwards he instructed all clerics to leave the city. He was present at the siege in April–May 1211; he then travelled north to France, where he preached the
328:
165:
to offer women a religious community that would rival (and, where necessary, replace) those of the
Cathars. He participated in the initial preaching mission of
465:
117:), but all evidence suggests that Folquet's early life was considerably more prosaic and in keeping with his status as a wealthy citizen. A contemporary,
114:
228:). He then returned to the south, participating in the Council of Pamiers in November 1212, in the Council of Lavaur in January 1213, in the meeting with
2107:
618:
173:. He continued to support this new form of preaching after Bishop Diego's death by backing Dominic and his followers, eventually allotting the nascent
137:(Var, France), and appears to have placed his wife and two sons in monastic institutions as well. He soon rose in prominence and was elected abbot of
103:. He is known primarily for his love songs, which were lauded by Dante; there are 14 surviving cansos, one tenson, one lament, one invective, three
284:(knights dispossessed by the Crusaders) They returned more flamboyantly, in May 1218, bringing a party of new Crusaders including the dashing
2122:
2102:
113:
with having conducted love affairs with the various noblewomen about whom he sang (allegedly causing
William VIII to divorce his wife,
680:
267:
107:
and possibly one religious song (although its authorship is disputed). Like many other troubadours, he was later credited by the
1218:
288:. When, on 25 June 1218, Simon de Montfort was killed on the battlefield, Foulques was among the clerics who received his body.
121:, later described him as "renowned on account of his spouse, his progeny, and his home," all marks of bourgeois respectability.
2117:
1710:
591:
710:
251:
In July 1215 Foulques issued a diocesan letter instituting
Dominic's brotherhood of preachers (which eventually became the
2092:
483:
118:
1552:
1044:
526:
422:
390:
367:
2112:
573:
555:
536:
496:
412:
1934:
1919:
1892:
705:
466:
His diocesan letter of 1215 approving
Dominic's brotherhood of preachers (French translation of the Latin original)
208:, which was popularly perceived as a war of aggression against the region. Hated by many Toulousains and by Count
80:
1914:
48:; c. 1150 – 25 December 1231) came from a Genoese merchant family who lived in Marseille. He is known as a
1924:
1173:
1230:
838:
720:
256:
141:
which allowed him to help found the sister house of Géménos to house women, quite possibly including his wife.
1039:
303:
and administered the newly created
Episcopal Inquisition. He died in 1231 and was buried, beside the tomb of
2097:
1158:
1073:
673:
507:
478:
348:
278:, as well as Foulques. They began their journey clandestinely, "through the forest", to avoid attacks by
109:
100:
236:
on 12 September 1213, and at the Council of Montpellier in January 1215. There he was instructed by the
2037:
1902:
700:
304:
652:
204:
Bishop Foulques had tumultuous relations with his diocese, primarily on account of his support of the
1897:
1572:
1567:
1213:
21:
2050:
1198:
1128:
666:
522:
417:
385:
362:
185:
149:
de Rabastens, and were probably instrumental in arranging Folquet's nomination for the position.
67:
1909:
2060:
1939:
1745:
1401:
1088:
613:
Patrice Cabau, 'LES ÉVÊQUES DE TOULOUSE (IIIe-XIVe SIÈCLES) ET LES LIEUX DE LEUR SÉPULTURE' in
300:
260:
209:
781:
2082:
2001:
1316:
1168:
1024:
1019:
881:
248:, the Count's residence, at Toulouse; thus he finally returned to the city in February 1215.
221:
92:
88:
1463:
1093:
245:
2087:
1813:
1808:
1715:
1532:
1519:
1468:
1437:
1386:
1277:
1123:
938:
923:
866:
816:
776:
733:
225:
96:
84:
1183:
953:
8:
2016:
2011:
1859:
1642:
1432:
1331:
1262:
1138:
1133:
1078:
994:
821:
811:
766:
728:
566:
The History of the Albigensian Crusade: Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay's Historia Albigensis
353:
275:
271:
205:
1103:
745:
79:
Initially famed as a troubadour, he began composing songs in the 1170s and was known to
1970:
1960:
1929:
1740:
1720:
1562:
1458:
1406:
1366:
1351:
1267:
1118:
1029:
801:
241:
229:
145:
56:
2056:
1842:
1730:
1700:
1660:
1607:
1542:
1453:
1448:
1396:
1356:
1293:
1272:
1178:
1163:
1113:
974:
933:
861:
771:
587:
569:
551:
532:
285:
177:
property and a portion of the tithes of Toulouse to ensure their continued success.
1854:
1602:
1525:
1478:
1442:
1412:
1391:
1083:
1068:
827:
358:
197:
130:
72:
460:
2006:
1830:
1735:
1695:
1631:
1587:
979:
958:
943:
889:
796:
548:
The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and its Aftermath
252:
233:
174:
153:
Catholic in an effort to woo believers away from preachers of heresy (primarily
1965:
1835:
1825:
1705:
1636:
1597:
1577:
1557:
1287:
1257:
1143:
999:
969:
689:
648:
104:
625:
Where Troubadours were Bishops: The Occitania of Folc of Marseille (1150–1231)
2076:
1771:
1670:
1537:
1505:
1361:
1282:
928:
806:
789:
642:
517:
170:
166:
1108:
1996:
1803:
1766:
1725:
1690:
1665:
1650:
1148:
984:
759:
237:
213:
1991:
1986:
1781:
1153:
1098:
1004:
852:
308:
158:
26:
1060:
630:
420:
describes Foulques' meeting with Philippe-Auguste but does not date it (
311:, near Toulouse, where his sons, Ildefonsus and Petrus had been abbots.
1582:
1252:
948:
914:
909:
266:
After the Toulousains revolted in August 1216 against their new ruler,
193:
49:
876:
1793:
1655:
1473:
1208:
329:"The roof of the Cathedral of Teruel, Painted decoration and meaning"
871:
212:
he left Toulouse on 2 April 1211, after the crusaders laid siege to
1955:
1875:
1798:
1761:
1244:
1034:
1014:
989:
162:
138:
134:
1869:
1847:
1818:
1776:
1547:
1203:
751:
738:
658:
584:
The Song of the Cathar Wars: A History of the Albigensian Crusade
217:
1592:
1514:
1009:
357:
286. It was perhaps during this preaching campaign that he met
280:
154:
53:
1864:
1788:
638:
292:
615:
Mémoires de la Société Archéologique du Midi de la France
190:
161:). In 1206 he created what would become the convent of
180:
492:
75:of musician clergy, possibly Folquet de Marseille.
274:. This group included Simon's wife, the countess
2074:
529:: Chronica magistri Guillelmi de Podio Laurentii
436:William of Tudela and an Anonymous Continuator,
403:Jonathan Sumption (1978) The Albigensian Crusade
674:
542:(Reprinted: Toulouse: Le Pérégrinateur, 1996)
16:Trobadour and anti-Cathar bishop of Toulouse
1324:
169:that was led by Dominic's superior, Bishop
2108:13th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
681:
667:
255:). In November 1215 he and Dominic, with
25:"Folquet de Marseilla" in a 13th-century
516:
504:
268:Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester
184:
66:
20:
1315:
1219:List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours
581:
2075:
610:(Kraków, Académie des Sciences: 1910).
505:Boutière, J. and A.-H. Schutz (1964),
477:
457:. Kraków: Académie des Sciences, 1910.
662:
631:Short biography of Folquet de Marselh
563:
545:
471:
461:Texts of Folquet's poems (in Occitan)
2123:Roman Catholic clergy from Marseille
189:Folquet depicted holding a bible in
1045:Other troubadours and trobairitz...
493:Martin-Chabot, Eugène (1931–1961),
13:
688:
608:Le troubadour Folquet de Marseille
455:Le troubadour Folquet de Marseille
447:
29:, depicted in his episcopal robes.
14:
2134:
2103:People of the Albigensian Crusade
497:Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise
413:Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise
181:Figure of the Albigensian Crusade
2055:
2046:
2045:
81:Raymond Geoffrey II of Marseille
564:Sibly, W. A. and M. D. (1998),
546:Sibly, W. A. and M. D. (2003),
627:, (Routledge, New York: 2001).
430:
406:
397:
374:
342:
321:
52:, and then as a fiercely anti-
1:
2118:13th-century writers in Latin
1040:William IX, Duke of Aquitaine
600:
380:Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay,
62:
244:, to take possession of the
133:, entering the monastery of
7:
711:List of musical instruments
508:Biographies des troubadours
500:, Paris: Les Belles Lettres
438:The Song of the Cathar Wars
349:Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay
232:on 14 January 1213, at the
110:Biographies des Troubadours
101:William VIII of Montpellier
10:
2139:
2093:Troubadours from Marseille
305:William VII of Montpellier
2027:
1979:
1948:
1885:
1754:
1683:
1624:
1573:Matheus de Sancto Johanne
1568:Johannes Symonis Hasprois
1503:
1499:
1425:
1379:
1344:
1311:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1214:Galician-Portuguese lyric
1159:Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras
1074:Andrieu Contredit d'Arras
1059:
908:
850:
846:
837:
719:
696:
222:Guy of les Vaux-de-Cernay
124:
2113:12th-century troubadours
1603:Antonio Zacara da Teramo
635:Here of a Sunday Morning
314:
1129:Gillebert de Berneville
706:List of music theorists
653:Encyclopædia Britannica
582:Shirley, Janet (1996),
568:, Woodbridge: Boydell,
550:, Woodbridge: Boydell,
523:Guillaume de Puylaurens
418:Guillaume de Puylaurens
386:Guillaume de Puylaurens
363:Guillaume de Puylaurens
1402:Gherardello da Firenze
1089:Le Chastelain de Couci
882:Philippe le Chancelier
486:De triumphis ecclesiae
301:University of Toulouse
261:Fourth Lateran Council
259:, were in Rome at the
210:Raymond VI of Toulouse
201:
76:
30:
1711:Johannes de Garlandia
1025:Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
649:Folquet de Marseilles
484:Johannis de Garlandia
188:
93:Raimond-Roger of Foix
89:Raymond V of Toulouse
85:Richard Coeur de Lion
70:
24:
2032:Also music theorist*
1716:Johannes de Grocheio
1533:Conradus de Pistoria
1520:Philippus de Caserta
1469:Philippus de Caserta
1438:Antonello da Caserta
1387:Andreas de Florentia
1278:Guillaume de Machaut
939:Bernart de Ventadorn
924:Aimeric de Peguilhan
867:Albertus Parisiensis
817:Adam of Saint Victor
777:Saint Martial school
734:Notker the Stammerer
586:, Farnham: Ashgate,
453:Stanislaw Stronski,
226:Vaux-de-Cernay Abbey
97:Alfonso II of Aragon
42:Foulques de Toulouse
38:Folquet de Marseille
2098:Bishops of Toulouse
1643:Contenance angloise
1433:Bartolino da Padova
1332:Marchetto da Padova
1263:Magister Franciscus
1139:Guillaume le Vinier
1134:Gontier de Soignies
1079:Audefroi le Bastart
965:Folquet de Marselha
822:Wulfstan the Cantor
812:Hildegard of Bingen
782:Adémar de Chabannes
767:Fulbert of Chartres
729:Abbey of Saint Gall
721:Early (before 1150)
606:Stronski, S. (Ed.)
527:Chronique 1145-1275
382:Historia Albigensis
354:Historia Albigensis
276:Alix de Montmorency
206:Albigensian Crusade
34:Folquet de Marselha
1971:Neo-Medieval music
1961:Medieval folk rock
1741:Berno of Reichenau
1721:Iacobus de Ispania
1563:Petrus de Goscalch
1464:Niccolò da Perugia
1459:Grazioso da Padova
1407:Lorenzo da Firenze
1367:Vincenzo da Rimini
1352:Giovanni da Cascia
1184:Other trouvères...
1169:Perrin d'Angicourt
1119:Gautier de Dargies
1094:Chrétien de Troyes
1030:Raimon de Miravalh
1020:Raimbaut d'Aurenga
472:Historical sources
307:, at the abbey of
246:Château Narbonnais
242:Peter of Benevento
230:Peter II of Aragon
224:(the abbot of the
202:
146:Bishop of Toulouse
77:
57:bishop of Toulouse
31:
2070:
2069:
2038:Renaissance music
1746:Aurelian of Réôme
1731:Johannes de Muris
1701:Franco of Cologne
1679:
1678:
1661:Arnold de Lantins
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1543:Johannes Cuvelier
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1454:Giovanni Mazzuoli
1449:Matteo da Perugia
1421:
1420:
1397:Francesco Landini
1375:
1374:
1357:Jacopo da Bologna
1340:
1339:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1294:Philippe de Vitry
1273:Jehan de Lescurel
1194:
1193:
1179:Raoul de Soissons
1124:Gautier d'Espinal
1114:Gautier de Coincy
1055:
1054:
975:Giraut de Bornelh
954:Cerverí de Girona
934:Arnaut de Mareuil
904:
903:
900:
899:
862:Notre-Dame school
772:Heriger of Lobbes
701:List of composers
593:978-0-7546-0388-7
513:pp. 470–484.
488:, London: Nichols
2130:
2059:
2049:
2048:
1855:Liturgical drama
1622:
1621:
1529:
1526:Johannes Ciconia
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1479:Zacara da Teramo
1443:Johannes Ciconia
1423:
1422:
1413:Paolo da Firenze
1392:Donato da Cascia
1377:
1376:
1342:
1341:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1297:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:Late (1300–1400)
1174:Philippe de Rémi
1104:Conon de Béthune
1084:Blondel de Nesle
1069:Adam de la Halle
1057:
1056:
995:Peire d'Alvernha
906:
905:
893:
848:
847:
844:
843:
839:High (1150–1300)
828:Wipo of Burgundy
793:
763:
755:
746:Stephen of Liège
683:
676:
669:
660:
659:
623:N. M. Schulman,
617:vol. 59 (1999).
596:
578:
560:
541:
512:
501:
489:
441:
434:
428:
410:
404:
401:
395:
378:
372:
359:Jacques de Vitry
346:
340:
339:
325:
272:Philippe-Auguste
131:Cistercian Order
119:John of Garlande
73:Teruel Cathedral
46:Fulk of Toulouse
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2042:
2023:
1975:
1944:
1881:
1831:Gregorian chant
1750:
1736:Walter Odington
1696:Guido of Arezzo
1675:
1632:Johannes Alanus
1612:
1588:Jacob Senleches
1524:
1483:
1417:
1371:
1336:
1299:
1292:
1225:
1190:
1051:
980:Guiraut Riquier
959:Comtessa de Dia
944:Bertran de Born
912:
896:
890:Petrus de Cruce
888:
833:
797:Notker Physicus
788:
758:
750:
715:
692:
687:
603:
594:
576:
558:
539:
531:, Paris: CNRS,
474:
450:
448:Folquet's works
445:
444:
435:
431:
411:
407:
402:
398:
379:
375:
347:
343:
327:
326:
322:
317:
286:Amaury de Craon
257:Guy of Montfort
253:Dominican Order
234:Battle of Muret
183:
144:He was elected
127:
115:Eudocia Comnena
105:crusading songs
65:
36:(alternatively
17:
12:
11:
5:
2136:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1966:Medieval metal
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1836:Pope Gregory I
1828:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1706:Johannes Cotto
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1637:John Dunstaple
1634:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:Johannes Susay
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1578:Gacian Reyneau
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1558:Martinus Fabri
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1426:3rd generation
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1380:2nd generation
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1345:1st generation
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1290:
1288:Jehan Vaillant
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1258:Denis Le Grant
1255:
1250:
1248:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:Moniot d'Arras
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1144:Guiot de Dijon
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
1000:Peire Cardenal
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
970:Gaucelm Faidit
967:
962:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
920:
918:
902:
901:
898:
897:
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2002:Architecture
1874:
1826:Geisslerlied
1804:Formes fixes
1726:Notker Labeo
1691:Anonymous IV
1666:Leonel Power
1651:Thomas Fabri
1641:
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1325:Predecessors
1243:
1149:Jehan Bretel
985:Jaufre Rudel
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238:Papal legate
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18:
2088:1231 deaths
1992:Middle Ages
1987:Early music
1949:Derivations
1782:Chansonnier
1154:Jehan Erart
1099:Colin Muset
1005:Peire Vidal
853:Ars antiqua
619:Online text
309:Grandselves
27:chansonnier
2077:Categories
2017:Philosophy
2012:Literature
1980:Background
1886:Traditions
1253:F. Andrieu
1109:Gace Brulé
949:Castelloza
915:Trobairitz
910:Troubadour
802:St. Godric
601:References
440:Laisse 205
220:alongside
175:Dominicans
159:Waldensian
63:Troubadour
50:troubadour
1930:Lithuania
1794:Conductus
1684:Theorists
1656:Roy Henry
1583:Rodericus
1474:Sant Omer
1209:Minnesang
651:from the
641:99.1 FM,
633:from the
295:in 1223.
2051:Category
1956:Bardcore
1935:Portugal
1903:Scotland
1876:Planctus
1860:Madrigal
1799:Estampie
1762:Antiphon
1317:Trecento
1245:Ars nova
1204:Goliards
1061:Trouvère
1035:Sordello
1015:Perdigon
990:Marcabru
643:New York
520:(1976),
481:(1856),
423:Chronica
391:Chronica
368:Chronica
163:Prouille
139:Thoronet
135:Thoronet
1920:Germany
1898:England
1870:Organum
1848:Tydorel
1819:Virelai
1814:Rondeau
1809:Ballade
1777:Chanson
1553:Egidius
1548:Egardus
1268:Grimace
1199:Casella
877:Pérotin
752:Hucbald
739:Tuotilo
281:faidits
218:Crusade
2061:Portal
2007:Poetry
1915:France
1910:Cyprus
1625:Others
1608:Trebor
1593:Solage
1515:Borlet
1010:Peirol
913:&
872:Léonin
590:
572:
554:
535:
361:; cf.
214:Lavaur
155:Cathar
125:Bishop
54:Cathar
1940:Spain
1925:Italy
1865:Motet
1789:Chant
1772:Carol
1767:Canso
384:549;
315:Notes
639:WBAI
588:ISBN
570:ISBN
552:ISBN
533:ISBN
426:32).
293:Sens
198:fol.
196:854
157:and
99:and
1997:Art
1843:Lai
495:La
394:23.
371:28.
200:61.
194:ms.
191:BnF
2079::
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263:.
240:,
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59:.
44:,
40:,
2041:→
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792:*
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682:e
675:t
668:v
655:.
645:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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