145:
global OBA production for paper, textiles, and detergents is dominated by just a few di- and tetra-sulfonated triazole-stilbenes and a di-sulfonated stilbene-biphenyl derivatives. The stilbene derivatives are subject to fading upon prolonged exposure to UV, due to the formation of optically inactive cis-stilbenes. They are also degraded by oxygen in air, like most dye colorants. All brighteners have extended conjugation and/or aromaticity, allowing for electron movement. Some non-stilbene brighteners are used in more permanent applications such as whitening synthetic fiber.
133:
122:
1268:
31:
1278:
191:. One application is to formulas for washing and conditioning grey or blonde hair, where the brightener can not only increase the luminance and sparkle of the hair, but can also correct dull, yellowish discoloration without darkening the hair. Some advanced face and eye powders contain optical brightener
144:
database, but fewer than 90 are produced commercially, and only a handful are commercially important. The Colour Index
Generic Names and Constitution Numbers can be assigned to a specific substance. However, some are duplicated, since manufacturers apply for the index number when they produce it. The
117:
portion of the spectrum and re-emit it in the blue portion of the visible spectrum. A white surface treated with an optical brightener can emit more visible light than that which shines on it, making it appear brighter. The blue light emitted by the brightener compensates for the diminishing blue of
179:
Brighteners are used in many papers, especially high brightness papers, resulting in their strongly fluorescent appearance under UV illumination. Paper brightness is typically measured at 457 nm, well within the fluorescent activity range of brighteners. Paper used for banknotes does not
339:
M. Amine
Fourati, Thierry Maris, W. G. Skene, C. Géraldine Bazuin, and Robert E. Prud’homme "Photophysical, Electrochemical and Crystallographic Investigations of the Fluorophore 2,5-Bis(5-tert-butyl-benzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene" J. Phys. Chem. B, 2011, volume 115,
160:. These additives increase the visible blue light emissions significantly. Brighteners can also be "quenched". Excess brightener will often cause a greening effect as emissions start to show above the blue region in the visible spectrum.
89:, causing a "whitening" effect; they make intrinsically yellow/orange materials look less so, by compensating the deficit in blue and purple light reflected by the material, with the blue and purple optical emission of the fluorophore.
136:
4,4'-bis(benzoxazolyl)-cis-stilbene and 2,5-bis(benzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene (shown here) are also intensely fluorescent and used as optical brighteners, e.g., in laundry detergents.
307:
269:
125:
102:
267:
Smulders, Eduard; Rybinski, Wolfgang; Sung, Eric; Rähse, Wilfried; Steber, Josef; Wiebel, Frederike; Nordskog, Anette (2002). "Laundry
Detergents".
172:
to make the clothes appear cleaner. Normally cleaned laundry appears yellowish, which consumers do not like. Optical brighteners have replaced
1178:
250:
farmers to enhance the appearance of their white mushrooms. This illegal use was mostly eliminated by the
Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.
17:
423:
1307:
384:
324:
286:
1163:
1158:
1173:
1168:
477:
641:
1092:
415:
Global Safety of Fresh
Produce: A Handbook of Best Practice, Innovative Commercial Solutions and Case Studies
743:
1322:
1039:
960:
418:. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. Elsevier Science. p. 401.
141:
449:
1302:
571:
74:
706:
1153:
1087:
1044:
1281:
1067:
364:. Society of Dyers and Colourists & American Association of Textile Chemists and Colourists
413:
1312:
986:
711:
596:
77:, and re-emit light in the blue region (typically 420-470 nm) through the phenomenon of
1097:
1317:
855:
8:
1190:
1016:
470:
153:
850:
696:
1218:
763:
606:
497:
419:
320:
282:
223:
169:
157:
118:
the treated material and changes the hue away from yellow or brown and toward white.
444:
132:
1243:
1102:
940:
748:
718:
511:
341:
312:
274:
278:
121:
1253:
1137:
1122:
1077:
996:
950:
920:
860:
845:
686:
626:
576:
524:
519:
305:
Smulders, Eduard; Sung, Eric. "Laundry
Detergents, 2. Ingredients and Products".
205:
173:
1271:
1228:
915:
880:
656:
631:
566:
463:
247:
728:
1296:
1117:
1107:
1024:
910:
900:
870:
835:
798:
733:
701:
666:
316:
110:
1233:
1132:
1049:
1006:
905:
815:
788:
783:
778:
723:
691:
671:
646:
213:
106:
98:
78:
1248:
1213:
1208:
1127:
890:
875:
820:
810:
793:
773:
758:
651:
601:
501:
192:
181:
114:
70:
35:
738:
195:
that brighten shadowed or dark areas of the skin, such as "tired eyes".
1185:
1112:
1034:
991:
965:
955:
885:
865:
840:
805:
768:
681:
661:
81:. These additives are often used to enhance the appearance of color of
30:
345:
1223:
981:
945:
925:
895:
830:
825:
676:
230:
188:
1238:
1082:
1072:
1029:
753:
140:
Approximately 400 brightener types are listed in the international
1001:
546:
540:
246:
From around 2002 to 2012, chemical brighteners were used by many
234:
149:
82:
97:
The most common classes of compounds with this property are the
209:
180:
contain optical brighteners, so a common method for detecting
935:
930:
636:
486:
86:
357:
266:
455:
148:
Brighteners can be "boosted" by the addition of certain
382:
229:
Color-correcting or brightening additive in advanced
176:
which was formerly used to produce the same effect.
69:), are chemical compounds that absorb light in the
73:and violet region (usually 340-370 nm) of the
405:
219:Fiber whitening (internal, added to polymer melts)
1294:
27:Chemical compounds that absorb and re-emit light
411:
350:
308:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
270:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
471:
202:Detergent whitener (instead of bluing agents)
187:Optical brighteners have also found use in
533:
478:
464:
198:End uses of optical brighteners include:
126:4,4′-diamino-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid
103:4,4′-diamino-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid
412:Hoorfar, J.; Xing, Z.; Zhao, X. (2014).
304:
131:
120:
29:
14:
1295:
445:Optical brightener (chemical compound)
260:
222:Textile whitening (external, added to
459:
1277:
300:
298:
184:notes is to check for fluorescence.
24:
168:Brighteners are commonly added to
25:
1334:
295:
1276:
1267:
1266:
385:"Understanding Paper Brightness"
152:, such as high molecular weight
128:is a popular optical brightener.
376:
333:
163:
55:fluorescent brightening agents
13:
1:
1093:Environmental impact of paper
358:"Welcome to the Colour Index"
279:10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub2
253:
92:
63:fluorescent whitening agents
7:
1308:Cleaning product components
383:Printer Technical Service.
237:, conditioners, eye makeup)
18:Fluorescent whitening agent
10:
1339:
1040:Surface chemistry of paper
543:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso TzÇ”-yi)
47:optical brightening agents
1262:
1201:
1146:
1058:
1015:
974:
619:
589:
559:
510:
493:
485:
241:
572:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
317:10.1002/14356007.o15_013
105:. Older, non-commercial
75:electromagnetic spectrum
1088:Elemental chlorine free
1045:Units of paper quantity
450:Encyclopædia Britannica
311:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
273:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
113:, which absorbs in the
38:under ultraviolet light
1068:Bleaching of wood pulp
137:
129:
39:
987:Corrugated fiberboard
744:Electrical insulation
597:Thomas Francis Carter
135:
124:
33:
154:polyethylene glycol
43:Optical brighteners
170:laundry detergents
138:
130:
109:compounds include
40:
34:Laundry detergent
1323:Process chemicals
1290:
1289:
615:
614:
607:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
585:
584:
555:
554:
498:Paper engineering
425:978-1-78242-027-9
346:10.1021/jp207136k
206:Paper brightening
158:polyvinyl alcohol
16:(Redirected from
1330:
1303:Fluorescent dyes
1280:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1254:Beverage cartons
1244:Watercolor paper
1103:Hollander beater
587:
586:
557:
556:
531:
530:
480:
473:
466:
457:
456:
437:
436:
434:
432:
409:
403:
402:
400:
398:
389:
380:
374:
373:
371:
369:
354:
348:
337:
331:
330:
302:
293:
292:
264:
21:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1258:
1197:
1142:
1138:Sulfite process
1123:Paper recycling
1078:Conical refiner
1060:
1054:
1011:
997:Paper chemicals
970:
611:
581:
577:Charles Fenerty
551:
529:
525:Missal of Silos
520:Battle of Talas
506:
489:
484:
441:
440:
430:
428:
426:
410:
406:
396:
394:
387:
381:
377:
367:
365:
356:
355:
351:
338:
334:
327:
303:
296:
289:
265:
261:
256:
244:
224:fabric finishes
166:
95:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1263:
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1256:
1251:
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1241:
1236:
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1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1154:Paper industry
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1098:Handmade paper
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1017:Specifications
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
978:
976:
972:
971:
969:
968:
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958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
856:Plastic-coated
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
802:
801:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
715:
714:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
623:
621:
617:
616:
613:
612:
610:
609:
604:
599:
593:
591:
583:
582:
580:
579:
574:
569:
567:Matthias Koops
563:
561:
553:
552:
550:
549:
544:
537:
535:
528:
527:
522:
516:
514:
508:
507:
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491:
490:
483:
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454:
453:
439:
438:
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404:
375:
349:
332:
326:978-3527306732
325:
294:
288:978-3527306732
287:
258:
257:
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243:
240:
239:
238:
227:
220:
217:
203:
165:
162:
94:
91:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1335:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1283:
1275:
1273:
1265:
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1255:
1252:
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1247:
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1242:
1240:
1237:
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1227:
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1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1188:
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1180:
1179:United States
1177:
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1162:
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1157:
1156:
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1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1118:Paper machine
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:Kraft process
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
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1038:
1036:
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1023:
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1018:
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1008:
1005:
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988:
985:
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979:
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973:
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964:
962:
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949:
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939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
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884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
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787:
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777:
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772:
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762:
760:
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747:
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730:
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713:
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703:
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670:
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663:
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658:
655:
653:
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648:
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638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
622:
618:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
592:
588:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
562:
558:
548:
545:
542:
539:
538:
536:
532:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
515:
513:
509:
503:
499:
496:
495:
492:
488:
481:
476:
474:
469:
467:
462:
461:
458:
452:
451:
446:
443:
442:
427:
421:
417:
416:
408:
393:
386:
379:
363:
359:
353:
347:
343:
336:
328:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:
301:
299:
290:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:
263:
259:
251:
249:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
207:
204:
201:
200:
199:
196:
194:
190:
185:
183:
177:
175:
171:
161:
159:
155:
151:
146:
143:
134:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
111:umbelliferone
108:
104:
100:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
1313:Luminescence
1219:Papier-mâché
1214:Paper towels
1133:Soda pulping
1050:Wet strength
851:Photographic
724:Cotton (rag)
697:Construction
448:
429:. Retrieved
414:
407:
395:. Retrieved
391:
378:
366:. Retrieved
362:Colour Index
361:
352:
340:12362–12369.
335:
306:
268:
262:
245:
197:
193:microspheres
186:
178:
167:
147:
142:Colour Index
139:
96:
79:fluorescence
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:
1318:Papermaking
1249:Paper money
1209:Lined paper
1128:Papermaking
1061:and process
1059:Manufacture
1035:Paper sizes
764:Greaseproof
749:GenkĹŤ yĹŤshi
602:Dard Hunter
534:Originators
502:Papermaking
368:3 September
182:counterfeit
164:Common uses
107:fluorescent
71:ultraviolet
36:fluorescing
1297:Categories
1186:Paper mill
1113:Organosolv
992:Fiber crop
982:China clay
941:Waterproof
841:Paperboard
719:Correction
712:Carbonless
560:Developers
397:5 November
254:References
233:formulas (
93:Properties
1239:Notebooks
1224:Cardboard
1007:Wood pulp
975:Materials
951:Wood-free
926:Wallpaper
921:Tree-free
861:Red rosin
846:Parchment
831:Onionskin
826:Newsprint
687:Cartridge
682:Cardstock
677:Cardboard
627:Acid-free
392:sappi/etc
189:cosmetics
99:stilbenes
1272:Category
1229:Clothing
1147:Industry
1083:Deinking
1073:Calender
1030:Grammage
916:Transfer
881:Security
754:Glassine
657:Blotting
632:Air-laid
590:Scholars
235:shampoos
231:cosmetic
212:or in a
210:internal
101:, e.g.,
1282:Commons
1234:Tissues
1025:Density
1002:Papyrus
961:Writing
911:Tracing
901:Thermal
876:Scritta
871:Rolling
836:Origami
799:Butcher
734:Display
702:Contact
667:Bristol
642:Asphalt
547:Damjing
541:Cai Lun
512:History
447:at the
431:Jan 27,
248:Chinese
214:coating
150:polyols
1164:Europe
1159:Canada
906:Tissue
816:Manila
789:Korean
784:Ingres
779:Inkjet
692:Coated
672:Carbon
647:Banana
422:
323:
285:
242:Misuse
174:bluing
83:fabric
61:), or
1174:Japan
1169:India
936:Wasli
931:Washi
891:Stone
821:Mummy
811:Lokta
794:Kraft
774:India
759:Graph
729:CrĂŞpe
652:Bible
637:Amate
620:Types
487:Paper
388:(PDF)
87:paper
1202:Uses
1191:List
966:Xuan
956:Wove
886:Seed
866:Rice
806:Laid
769:Hemp
707:Copy
662:Bond
433:2020
420:ISBN
399:2018
370:2021
321:ISBN
283:ISBN
85:and
67:FWAs
59:FBAs
51:OBAs
946:Wax
896:Tar
342:doi
313:doi
275:doi
156:or
53:),
1299::
739:DĂł
500:/
390:.
360:.
319:.
297:^
281:.
115:UV
45:,
479:e
472:t
465:v
435:.
401:.
372:.
344::
329:.
315::
291:.
277::
226:)
216:)
208:(
65:(
57:(
49:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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