Floridan aquifer - Knowledge

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Georgia and Alabama. A new basal permeable zone is mapped throughout the Florida peninsula, and slightly into southeastern Georgia, that incorporates the previously established Boulder Zone and Fernandina permeable zone; this more extensive unit is called the Oldsmar permeable zone. The Oldsmar permeable zone appears to have higher permeability, far greater than the cavernous areas of the Boulder and Fernandina permeable zones, and contains freshwater in the central peninsula area. This newly delineated areally extensive basal unit containing freshwater may influence the movement of freshwater water through the deepest part of the aquifer system toward the discharge areas. The Oldsmar permeable zone, which is part of the Lower Floridan aquifer, is of interest because it may be an important alternative source of water where it is confined (and isolated) beneath the Upper Floridan aquifer and may be important to the offshore movement of groundwater in areas previously unknown.

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aquifer is unconfined or thinly confined, infiltrating water dissolves the rock and transmissivity tends to be relatively high. Where the aquifer is thickly confined, less dissolution occurs and transmissivity tends to be lower. In the first regional map depicting transmissivity variation across the aquifer, Miller (1986) showed that transmissivity values exceed 250,000 ft/d (23,000 m/d) where the aquifer system is either unconfined or thinly confined. In areas where the aquifer is thickly confined, Miller (1986) indicated lower transmissivity was related primarily to textural changes and secondarily to the thickness of the rocks.

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to refer to regionally extensive litho-stratigraphic units of rock, previously classified as one of eight "Middle Confining Units" by Miller (1986), which have been found to be neither confining nor permeable across their entire extents. Three regionally mapable litho-stratigraphic units are used to consistently divide the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifer in the revised framework: the Bucatunna Clay Confining Unit, the Middle Avon Park Composite Unit, and the Lisbon-Avon Park Composite Unit. The Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers behave as a single hydrogeologic unit in areas where these composite units are leaky.

278:(e.g. Cedar Keys Formation) form the base of the Floridan aquifer system. The Floridan aquifer system ranges in thickness from less than 100 feet (30 m) in updip areas where the rocks pinch out to more than 3,700 feet (1,100 m) in southwestern Florida. Recharge, flow, and natural discharge in the Floridan aquifer system are largely controlled by the degree of confinement provided by upper confining units, the interaction of streams and rivers with the aquifer in its unconfined areas, and the interaction between fresh and saline water along the coastlines. 339:

along a horizon that allows for a stratigraphic grouping of permeable rock into the upper or lower parts of the aquifer system. In southeastern Alabama, northern Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina, the stratigraphic units are grouped into the Lisbon-Avon Park Composite Unit. In peninsular Florida, this horizon is coincident with one or more evaporite-bearing or non-evaporite-bearing units of the Middle Avon Park Composite Unit. In the panhandle of Florida and southwest Alabama, the base is coincident with the top of the Bucatunna Clay Confining Unit.

95: 458: 241: 474: 87: 434: 224: 494: 74:, total withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system in 2000 were ranked 5th highest of all principal aquifers in the nation at 3,640 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) (13.8 million m/d; 11,200 acre⋅ft/d). Of the total, 49% (1,949 Mgal/d; 7.38 million m/d; 5,980 acre⋅ft/d) was used for irrigation, 33% (1,329 Mgal/d; 5.03 million m/d; 4,080 acre⋅ft/d) was used for public 190:

Permitting and regulations enacted during the 1990s curtailed the year-on-year increases in withdrawal; however, withdrawals in 2000 increased to 4,020 Mgal/d (15.2 million m/d; 12,300 acre⋅ft/d) due to extreme drought conditions between 1999 and 2001 that prevailed over much of the Southeastern United States. Much of the increase was due to increased agricultural demand.

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the Upper Floridan is either coincident with the top of the confining units above the Claiborne, Lisbon, or Gordon aquifers, or it lies above any clay bed that marks the boundary between mostly carbonate and mostly clastic units or previously mapped numbered MCUs of Miller (1986). If one or more evaporite units are present, such as middle confining unit MCUIII near

78:, 14% (576 Mgal/d, 2.18 million m/d; 1,770 acre⋅ft/d) was used for industrial purposes, and 4% were domestic self-supplied withdrawals. The Floridan aquifer system is the primary source of drinking water for most cities in central and northern Florida as well as eastern and southern Georgia, including Brunswick, Savannah, and Valdosta. 199: 354:

which grade laterally into the Lower Floridan aquifer and have been previously included in the Southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system, the Floridan aquifer system, or both. A new method for dividing the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers was proposed and a new term, "composite unit", was introduced

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in south-central Georgia (Miller, 1986) or MCUII in southwestern Florida (Miller, 1986), the base of the Upper Floridan aquifer is coincident with the top of the evaporite unit. In regions where no distinct lower permeability unit is known to be present, the base of the Upper Floridan is extrapolated

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is contained under pressure. The upper confining unit is particularly thick in Coastal Georgia and South Florida; downward leakage of water through the upper confining unit in these areas is minimal and the Floridan aquifer system is thickly confined. Low permeability limestone rocks of Paleocene age

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Many springs are known to exist offshore in the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean, however the magnitude of discharge from these springs is largely unknown. Crescent Beach spring, located approximately 2.5 miles (4.0 km) offshore of Crescent Beach, Florida, was estimated to flow at a rate of up

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are common where the rock below the land surface is limestone, carbonate rock, salt beds, or rocks that can naturally be dissolved by groundwater circulating through them. As the rock dissolves, spaces and caverns develop underground. If there is not enough support for the land above the spaces then

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The Lower Floridan aquifer is generally less permeable than the Upper Floridan aquifer and the water produced can be highly mineralized and/or saline; however, the Lower Floridan aquifer is relatively fresh water to the base of the system in central Florida and in updip areas of central and southern

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The base of the Upper Floridan aquifer is marked by two composite units (see below) and one confining unit in the middle part of the Floridan aquifer system: the Lisbon-Avon Park Composite Unit or the Middle Avon Park Composite Unit, and the Bucatunna Clay Confining Unit. In updip areas, the base of

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problems, and in South Florida. The Upper Floridan aquifer includes the uppermost or shallowest permeable zones in the Floridan aquifer system. In the northern half of the study area, this aquifer behaves as a single hydrogeologic unit and is undifferentiated. In the southern half of the study area,

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in the system were 40 feet (12 m) above land surface and no pumps were needed; by 1898, it was estimated that between 200 and 300 wells had been finished in South Georgia, and by 1943, about 3,500 wells had been completed in the six coastal counties of Georgia. By around 1910–1912, development

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carbonate formations in southeast Florida, concluded that they represented a single hydrologic unit, and named that unit the "Floridan aquifer". With additional information collection, more zones of high and low hydraulic conductivity have been identified. As a result, the name Floridan Aquifer has

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Victor Timothy (V.T.) Stringfield first identified the existence of the Floridan Aquifer in peninsular Florida and referred to the carbonate units as the "principal artesian formations." In 1944, M.A. Warren of the Georgia Geological Survey described an extension of this system in south Georgia and

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Sinkholes can be classified on the basis of the processes by which they are formed: dissolution, cover-subsidence, and cover-collapse. Formation of sinkholes can be accelerated by intense withdrawals of groundwater over short periods of time, such as those caused by pumping for frost-protection of

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The Floridan aquifer system spans an area of about 100,000 square miles (260,000 km) in the southeastern United States and underlies all of Florida and parts of southern Alabama, southeastern Georgia, and southern South Carolina. The Upper Floridan aquifer contains freshwater over much of its

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on the west coast. Over time, the number of wells increased, as did the finished depths, as demand increased. Industrial supply for pulp and paper mills became a large proportion of the water withdrawn starting in the late 1930s. In the 1950s, all municipal, domestic, and industrial supply (except

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may develop abruptly (over a period of hours) and cause catastrophic damages. They occur where the covering sediments contain a significant amount of clay. One of the more notable examples of such a sinkhole is the Winter Park sinkhole of 1981 that swallowed a public swimming pool, part of a car

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within the aquifer system has been reported over a range of more than six orders of magnitude, from less than 8 ft/d (0.74 m/d) to greater than 9,000,000 ft/d (840,000 m/d), with the majority of values ranging from 10,000 to 100,000 ft/d (930–9,290 m/d). Where the

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The Floridan aquifer system crops out in central and southern Georgia where the limestone, and its weathered byproducts, are present at land surface. The aquifer system generally dips below the land surface to the south where it becomes buried beneath surficial sand deposits and clay. In areas

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had been converted to groundwater from the Floridan aquifer system. Groundwater withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system increased steadily from 630 Mgal/d (2.4 million m/d; 1,900 acre⋅ft/d) in 1950 to 3,430 Mgal/d (13.0 million m/d; 10,500 acre⋅ft/d) in 1990.

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in west-central Florida to permeable limestones along the east coast of Florida and elsewhere. Where these intervening sediments and rock are permeable, the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers behave as a single unit. Conversely, where the intervening sediments are less permeable, there is less

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areas such as these is much higher owing to the development of large, well-connected conduits within the rock (see image at right). Springs form where the water pressure is great enough for the groundwater to flow out on the land surface. More than 700 springs have been mapped in Florida.

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is one of a number of major outflows of the aquifer with a flow rate of 200–300 million US gallons (0.76–1.14 million cubic metres; 610–920 acre-feet) of water per day. A record peak flow from the spring on April 11, 1973, was measured at 14,324 US gallons (54.22 m) per

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The Upper Floridan aquifer is the main source of water withdrawn from the Floridan aquifer system due to high yields and proximity to land surface. Groundwater in the Upper Floridan is fresh in most areas, though locally may be brackish or saline, particularly in coastal areas with

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Berndt, M.P., Katz, B.G., Kingsbury, J.A., and Crandall, C.A., 2015, The quality of our Nation’s waters: water quality in the Upper Floridan aquifer and overlying surficial aquifers, southeastern United States, 1993-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1355, 84 p.,

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system). In west-central Florida, north Florida, and along the updip margin of the system, the limestone crops out and the aquifer system is unconfined. Where low-permeability clays of the upper confining unit are present and substantial, the system is confined and

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Williams, L.J., Dausman, A.D., and Bellino, J.C., 2011, Relation of Aquifer Confinement and Long-Term Groundwater-Level Decline in the Floridan Aquifer System, in Proceedings of the 2011 Georgia Water Resources Conference – University of Georgia, Athens, Ga.,

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tend to form gradually where the covering sediments are permeable and contain sand. In areas where cover material is thicker or sediments contain more clay, cover-subsidence sinkholes are relatively uncommon, are smaller, and may go undetected for long

746:, which no longer flows during drought conditions; there are also six magnitude 2 and five magnitude 3 springs. The largest of the 17 springs in Alabama are three magnitude 3 springs; there are no springs in South Carolina of magnitude 3 or higher. 330:

including most of central and southern Florida, the Upper Floridan aquifer is thick and can be differentiated into three distinct zones, namely the uppermost permeable zone, the Ocala Lower-Permeability Zone, and the Avon Park Permeable Zone.

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Williams, L.J., and Kuniansky, E.L., 2015, Revised hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1807, 140 p., 23 pls.,

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Kuniansky, E.L., and Bellino, J.C., 2012, Tabulated transmissivity and storage properties of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 669, 37 p.,

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Idealized geologic diagram showing the confining layer that separates the Upper Floridan and surficial aquifers and plays an important role in determining water quality in the Upper Floridan aquifer (from Berndt and others,

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come into contact with a dissolving agent such as water. Dissolution is intensified in areas where flow of water is focused, such as along joints, fractures, and bedding planes within the rock, creating preferential flow

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Where the Floridan aquifer system is at or near land surface (areas shaded brown in image above), clays are thin or absent and dissolution of the limestone is intensified and many springs and sinkholes are apparent.

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Stringfield, V.T., 1953, Artesian water in the Southeastern States, in McCrain, Preston, eds, Proceedings of the southeastern mineral symposium 1950: Kentucky Geological Survey Series 9, Special Publication 1, p.

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depicted in brown in the image at the right, the Floridan aquifer system crops out and is again exposed at land surface. These regions are particularly prone to sinkhole activity due to the proximity of the

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Parker, G.G., Ferguson, G.E., and Love, S.K., 1955, Water resources of southeastern Florida, with special reference to geology and ground water of the Miami area: U.S. G.P.O., Water Supply Paper 1255,

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Johnston, R.H., 1983, The saltwater-freshwater interface in the Tertiary limestone aquifer, southeast Atlantic outer-continental shelf of the U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 61, no. 1–3, p. 239–249.

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Miller, J.A., 1986, Hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1403-B, 91 p.,

307:: the Upper Floridan aquifer and the Lower Floridan aquifer. These aquifers are separated by sediments that range from low-permeability clays in the panhandle (Bucatunna Clay) and low-permeability 1292: 1138:

Scott, T.M., Means, G.H., Meegan, R.P., Means, R.C., Upchurch, S., Copeland, R.E., Jones, J., Roberts, T., and Willet, A., 2004, Springs of Florida: Florida Geological Survey Bulletin 66, 677 p.,

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Stringfield, V.T., and LeGrand, H.E., 1966, Hydrology of Limestone Terranes in the Coastal Plain of the Southeastern United States: Geological Society of America Special Papers, v. 93, p. 1–46.

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Marella, R.L., and Berndt, M.P., 2005, Water withdrawals and trends from the Floridan aquifer system in the southeastern United States, 1950-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1278, 20 p.,

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inventoried across the Floridan aquifer system of which 751 are located in Florida, 17 in Alabama, and 56 in Georgia. Springs are classified according to median value of all available

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The hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system was revised by the U.S. Geological Survey in 2015. The extent of the system was revised to include some of the updip

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winter crops in west-central Florida. Sinkholes that developed beneath gypsum stacks in 1994 and 2016 caused a loss of millions of gallons mineralized water containing

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Fuleihan, Nadim F.; Henry, James F.; Cameron, John E. (December 4, 2020). "The hole story: How a sinkhole in a phosphogypsum pile was explored and remediated".

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Maupin, M.A., and Barber, N.L., 2005, Estimated withdrawals from principal aquifers in the United States, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1279, 46 p.,

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Warren, M.A., 1944, Artesian water in southeastern Georgia, with special reference to the coastal area: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 49, 140 p.,

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a sudden collapse of the land surface can occur. These collapses can be small or they can be huge and can occur where a house or road is on top.

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Galloway, D., Jones, D.R., and Ingebritsen, S.E., 1999, Land Subsidence in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1182, p. 121–140,

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limestone in southern Florida and in the updip outcrop areas was identified as having much lower transmissivity than elsewhere in the system.

1564: 1503: 1225: 132:" to the carbonate units involved. In 1953 and 1966 Stringfield also applied the term "principal artesian aquifer" to these rocks. In 1955, 549:

occasionally drains into a sinkhole in the bottom of the lake bed when water levels in the aquifer drop. Dover Sinkhole, located along the

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limestone aquifer to land surface. Some of the fractures/conduits within the aquifer are large enough for scuba divers to swim through.

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which spans an area of about 100,000 square miles (260,000 km) in the southeastern United States. It underlies the entire state of

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to 1,500 cu ft/s (42 m/s), or 970 million US gal/d (3.7 million m/d; 3,000 acre⋅ft/d).

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second – equal to 1.24 billion US gal (4.68 million m; 3,800 acre⋅ft) per day.

1603: 1598: 1593: 542: 1648: 1127: 915: 1404: 1161: 17: 1643: 696: 71: 723: 393: 377: 283: 1293:"The hydrologic effects of intense groundwater pumpage in east-central Hillsborough County, Florida, U.S.A." 1041:"36-year-old man swallowed up in sinkhole in his Seffner home presumed dead, ABC Action News, March 1, 2013" 557:, was witnessed draining about 10 Mgal/d (38,000 m/d) of water from the Peace River during June 2006. 1633: 1628: 702: 372: 90:

Water under artesian pressure soars from a well tapping the Floridan aquifer system in southern Georgia.

1444:"Mosaic plant sinkhole dumps 215 million gallons of reprocessed water into Floridan Aquifer (w/video)" 244:

Aquifers and composite and confining units of the Floridan aquifer system, southeastern United States.

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evolved into "Floridan aquifer system", which contains the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers.

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Stringfield, V.T., 1936, Artesian water in the Florida peninsula: Water Supply Paper 773-C,

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Florida sinkhole at Mosaic fertilizer site leaks radioactive water, September 17, 2016

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http://www.gwri.gatech.edu/sites/default/files/files/docs/2011/3.1.2_Williams_48.pdf

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https://epd.georgia.gov/sites/epd.georgia.gov/files/related_files/site_page/B-49.pdf

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The carbonate rocks that compose the Floridan aquifer system have highly variable

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Generalized cross section from Marion County, Florida, to Collier County, Florida.

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In Florida, there are 33 magnitude 1 springs, the more notable of which include:

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Comparison of hydrogeologic terminology used for the Floridan aquifer system.

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Withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system began in 1887 when the City of

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The Floridan aquifer system underlies portions of five states. Source: USGS

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and supplies drinking water for nearly 10 million people. According to the

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The carbonate rocks that form the Floridan aquifer system are of late

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USGS Floridan Aquifer System Regional Groundwater Availability Study

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hydraulic connection between the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers.

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The Floridan aquifer system is one of the world's most productive

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Land O'Lakes sinkhole deepens slightly, now stable, July 15, 2017

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extent, though is brackish and saline south of Lake Okeechobee.

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Underwater Archaeology Photos by Wes Skiles: Diepolder Cave

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and south along the east coast of Florida, as well as from

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The engineering geology and hydrology of karst terrains

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of the Floridan aquifer system had already occurred in

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Tihansky, A.B., 1999, Sinkholes, West-Central Florida

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Water's Journey: Hidden Rivers of Florida, Part 1 of 3

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Anthony F. Randazzo, Douglas Sl Jones, (Eds) (1997).

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The Floridan aquifer system is composed of two main

1151: 185:cooling), and about half of agricultural supply in 742:In Georgia, there is only one magnitude 1 spring, 260:age (upper confining unit) and surficial sands of 256:age and are overlain by low-permeability clays of 866: 1580: 1204: 1202: 1200: 818: 816: 814: 812: 810: 1226:"Looking back at Winter Park's famous sinkhole" 626:100 US gal/min to 1 ft³/s (448 US gal/min) 1508:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2009. Archived from 1145: 1197: 807: 1214:https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1182 1176:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1115:https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1355 1003:https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1403B 947:https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wsp1255 904:https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wsp773C 892:https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1279 879:https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1278 1557:List of First-Magnitude Springs in Florida 1193:https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ds669 1290: 358: 319: 1300:Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 492: 371: 239: 231: 222: 218: 197: 93: 85: 1609:Bodies of water of Georgia (U.S. state) 849:"HA 730-G Floridan aquifer system text" 720:Wacissa Spring Group (Jefferson County) 14: 1581: 1489:Lake Jackson Florida natural "drydown" 995: 513:leading to the Upper Floridan aquifer. 1108: 1106: 681:no flow (sites of past/historic flow) 1291:Bengtsson, Terrance O. (July 1989). 843: 841: 533:, by-products of the production of 343:Middle Confining and Composite Units 483:dealership, and a home located in 29:American sequence of carbonate rock 24: 1466:"Lake Jackson's revival continues" 1103: 25: 1665: 1619:Bodies of water of South Carolina 1540: 1391:. Balkema, Rotterdam: CRC Press. 1359:. Tampa Bay Times. Archived from 838: 442:form when soluble rocks, such as 368:General hydraulic characteristics 1248:"Pictures: Winter Park sinkhole" 472: 456: 432: 1639:Geology of Georgia (U.S. state) 1624:Environmental issues in Florida 1527: 1496: 1480: 1458: 1436: 1375: 1349: 1284: 1262: 1240: 1218: 1184: 1140:http://aquaticcommons.org/1284/ 1132: 1119: 1092: 1081: 1070: 1059: 1033: 1007: 582:Flow (ft³/s, gal/min, pint/min) 380:of the Floridan aquifer system. 160:with groundwater. At that time 72:United States Geological Survey 1614:Bodies of water of Mississippi 939: 930: 920: 908: 896: 884: 13: 1: 1589:Aquifers in the United States 990:http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1807/ 800: 693:Spring Creek (Wakulla County) 426:Sinkhole Formation Processes 404: 128:applied the term "principal 7: 1574: 1567:September 27, 2011, at the 753: 193: 10: 1670: 1604:Bodies of water of Alabama 1599:Bodies of water of Florida 1594:Southeastern United States 560: 464:Cover-subsidence sinkholes 408: 81: 1649:Geology of South Carolina 1397:10.1201/9781003078128-47 1272:. U.S. Geological Survey 826:. U.S. Geological Survey 480:Cover-collapse sinkholes 659:2 pint/min to 1 gal/min 34:Floridan aquifer system 1644:Geology of Mississippi 1468:. Tallahassee Democrat 1154:The Geology of Florida 514: 388:properties, including 381: 359:Lower Floridan aquifer 320:Upper Floridan aquifer 245: 237: 229: 203: 99: 91: 1363:on September 20, 2016 1337:on September 20, 2016 1047:on September 20, 2016 1021:on September 19, 2016 790:Water wars in Florida 770:Woodville Karst Plain 697:Three Sisters Springs 496: 440:Dissolution sinkholes 375: 313:gypsiferous anhydrite 243: 235: 226: 219:Hydrology and geology 201: 97: 89: 1562:U.S. Geologic Survey 1515:on November 29, 2016 730:Weeki Wachee Springs 604:10 to 100 ft³/s 497:Image of the entire 144:similarities of the 1552:USGS Aquifer Basics 1424:on October 12, 2016 1312:1989EnGeo..14...43B 724:Ichetucknee Springs 593:> 100 ft³/s 327:saltwater intrusion 1634:Geology of Florida 1629:Geology of Alabama 1320:10.1007/BF01740584 1250:. Orlando Sentinel 1228:. Orlando Sentinel 615:1 to 10 ft³/s 515: 392:and permeability. 382: 286:of the aquifer in 246: 238: 230: 204: 100: 92: 1446:. Tampa Bay Times 795:Fountain of Youth 765:Kissingen Springs 732:(Hernando County) 726:(Columbia County) 687: 686: 637:10 to 100 gal/min 507:Jennings, Florida 419:Green Banana Hole 270:surficial aquifer 154:Savannah, Georgia 16:(Redirected from 1661: 1654:Water in Florida 1534: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1514: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1492:. YouTube. 2002. 1484: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1423: 1417:. Archived from 1390: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1336: 1330:. Archived from 1297: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1222: 1216: 1206: 1195: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1167: 1149: 1143: 1136: 1130: 1123: 1117: 1110: 1101: 1096: 1090: 1085: 1079: 1074: 1068: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1043:. Archived from 1037: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1017:. Archived from 1011: 1005: 999: 993: 977: 950: 943: 937: 934: 928: 924: 918: 912: 906: 900: 894: 888: 882: 875: 864: 863: 861: 859: 845: 836: 835: 833: 831: 820: 760:Biscayne Aquifer 717:(Wakulla County) 640:0.63 to 6.3 L/s 607:280 to 2800 L/s 576: 575: 476: 460: 436: 187:Orlando, Florida 134:Garald G. Parker 130:artesian aquifer 21: 18:Floridan Aquifer 1669: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1569:Wayback Machine 1543: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1471: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1449: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1407: 1388: 1380: 1376: 1366: 1364: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1295: 1289: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1207: 1198: 1189: 1185: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1150: 1146: 1137: 1133: 1124: 1120: 1111: 1104: 1097: 1093: 1086: 1082: 1075: 1071: 1064: 1060: 1050: 1048: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1024: 1022: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1000: 996: 978: 953: 944: 940: 935: 931: 925: 921: 913: 909: 901: 897: 889: 885: 876: 867: 857: 855: 847: 846: 839: 829: 827: 822: 821: 808: 803: 756: 738:(Marion County) 736:Juniper Springs 711:(Marion County) 709:Rainbow Springs 705:(Marion County) 699:(Citrus County) 670:< 1 pint/min 651:63 to 630 mL/s 648:1 to 10 gal/min 563: 547:Tallahassee, FL 531:phosphoric acid 491: 490: 489: 488: 487: 485:Winter Park, FL 477: 469: 468: 461: 453: 452: 437: 428: 427: 421: 407: 370: 361: 345: 322: 293:Wakulla Springs 221: 196: 120: 117: 114: 111: 108: 105: 102: 84: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1667: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1542: 1541:External links 1539: 1536: 1535: 1526: 1505:Dover Sinkhole 1495: 1479: 1457: 1435: 1405: 1374: 1348: 1283: 1261: 1239: 1217: 1196: 1183: 1162: 1144: 1131: 1118: 1102: 1091: 1080: 1069: 1058: 1032: 1006: 994: 986:10.3133/pp1807 951: 938: 929: 919: 907: 895: 883: 865: 837: 805: 804: 802: 799: 798: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 755: 752: 740: 739: 733: 727: 721: 718: 715:Wakulla Spring 712: 706: 703:Silver Springs 700: 694: 685: 684: 682: 679: 675: 674: 671: 668: 664: 663: 660: 657: 653: 652: 649: 646: 642: 641: 638: 635: 631: 630: 629:6.3 to 28 L/s 627: 624: 620: 619: 618:28 to 280 L/s 616: 613: 609: 608: 605: 602: 598: 597: 596:> 2800 L/s 594: 591: 587: 586: 583: 580: 573:measurements. 565:There are 824 562: 559: 539:phosphate rock 478: 471: 470: 462: 455: 454: 438: 431: 430: 429: 425: 424: 423: 422: 415:Amberjack Hole 406: 403: 394:Transmissivity 378:transmissivity 369: 366: 360: 357: 344: 341: 321: 318: 297:Wakulla County 284:Transmissivity 220: 217: 195: 192: 158:Savannah River 83: 80: 61:South Carolina 41:carbonate rock 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1666: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1584: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1530: 1519:September 19, 1511: 1507: 1506: 1499: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1472:September 19, 1467: 1461: 1450:September 19, 1445: 1439: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1406:9781003078128 1402: 1398: 1394: 1387: 1386: 1378: 1367:September 19, 1362: 1358: 1352: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1294: 1287: 1276:September 19, 1271: 1265: 1254:September 19, 1249: 1243: 1232:September 19, 1227: 1221: 1215: 1211: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1194: 1187: 1179: 1173: 1165: 1163:0-8130-1496-4 1159: 1155: 1148: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1122: 1116: 1109: 1107: 1100: 1095: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1073: 1067: 1062: 1051:September 19, 1046: 1042: 1036: 1025:September 19, 1020: 1016: 1010: 1004: 998: 991: 987: 983: 976: 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 964: 962: 960: 958: 956: 948: 942: 933: 923: 917: 911: 905: 899: 893: 887: 880: 874: 872: 870: 858:September 30, 854: 853:capr.usgs.gov 850: 844: 842: 830:September 19, 825: 819: 817: 815: 813: 811: 806: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 757: 751: 747: 745: 744:Radium Spring 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 691: 690: 683: 680: 677: 676: 672: 669: 667:8th magnitude 666: 665: 662:8 to 63 mL/s 661: 658: 656:7th magnitude 655: 654: 650: 647: 645:6th magnitude 644: 643: 639: 636: 634:5th magnitude 633: 632: 628: 625: 623:4th magnitude 622: 621: 617: 614: 612:3rd magnitude 611: 610: 606: 603: 601:2nd magnitude 600: 599: 595: 592: 590:1st magnitude 589: 588: 584: 581: 578: 577: 574: 572: 568: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 527:phosphogypsum 522: 519: 512: 509:going into a 508: 504: 503:Alapaha River 500: 499:surface water 495: 486: 481: 475: 465: 459: 449: 445: 441: 435: 420: 416: 412: 402: 400: 395: 391: 387: 379: 374: 365: 356: 353: 350: 340: 337: 331: 328: 317: 314: 310: 306: 301: 298: 294: 289: 285: 279: 276: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 242: 234: 225: 216: 214: 208: 200: 191: 188: 183: 179: 175: 171: 166: 163: 159: 155: 150: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 121: 118: 115: 112: 109: 106: 103: 96: 88: 79: 77: 73: 69: 64: 62: 58: 54: 50: 47:and parts of 46: 42: 39: 35: 27: 19: 1529: 1517:. 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Retrieved 780:Hydrogeology 748: 741: 688: 673:< 8 mL/s 564: 543:Lake Jackson 523: 516: 501:flow of the 479: 463: 439: 383: 362: 346: 332: 323: 302: 280: 247: 209: 205: 174:Jacksonville 151: 122: 119: 116: 113: 110: 107: 104: 101: 76:water supply 65: 33: 31: 26: 1270:"Sinkholes" 785:Cave diving 775:Gulf Trough 678:0 magnitude 585:Flow (L/s) 551:Peace River 275:groundwater 57:Mississippi 1583:Categories 801:References 555:Bartow, FL 535:fertilizer 409:See also: 376:Estimated 288:karstified 213:karstified 182:Fort Myers 170:Fernandina 142:lithologic 138:hydrologic 136:noted the 1415:204763690 1328:140717912 1172:cite book 579:Magnitude 571:discharge 518:Sinkholes 444:limestone 411:Blue Hole 405:Sinkholes 386:hydraulic 309:dolomites 254:Oligocene 252:to early 250:Paleocene 180:south to 125:geologist 123:In 1936, 38:Paleogene 1575:Aquifers 1565:Archived 754:See also 511:sinkhole 467:periods. 448:dolomite 399:Micritic 390:porosity 336:Valdosta 305:aquifers 266:Holocene 262:Pliocene 194:Location 162:artesian 146:Tertiary 68:aquifers 1308:Bibcode 567:springs 561:Springs 349:clastic 258:Miocene 82:History 53:Georgia 49:Alabama 45:Florida 1413: 1403: 1326: 1160: 927:24-39. 451:paths. 417:, and 352:facies 228:2015). 59:, and 1513:(MP4) 1422:(PDF) 1411:S2CID 1389:(PDF) 1335:(PDF) 1324:S2CID 1296:(PDF) 553:near 545:near 537:from 505:near 268:age ( 178:Tampa 165:heads 1521:2016 1474:2016 1452:2016 1430:2022 1401:ISBN 1369:2016 1343:2022 1278:2016 1256:2016 1234:2016 1178:link 1158:ISBN 1053:2016 1027:2016 860:2016 832:2016 529:and 311:and 264:and 172:and 140:and 32:The 1393:doi 1316:doi 982:doi 446:or 295:in 1585:: 1409:. 1399:. 1322:. 1314:. 1304:14 1302:. 1298:. 1210:in 1199:^ 1174:}} 1170:{{ 1105:^ 954:^ 868:^ 851:. 840:^ 809:^ 413:, 63:. 55:, 51:, 1523:. 1476:. 1454:. 1432:. 1395:: 1371:. 1345:. 1318:: 1310:: 1280:. 1258:. 1236:. 1180:) 1166:. 1142:. 1055:. 1029:. 992:) 988:( 984:: 949:. 881:. 862:. 834:. 20:)

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