677:
before any one member could cross. That meant that if ANC MP in the
National Assembly who wanted to cross the floor would need to rely on 30 colleagues to do the same because the ANC had 293 MPs in the National Assembly. It was far easier for public representatives of small parties to cross the floor since they needed to collude with fewer of their colleagues. If there were fewer than ten members in a caucus, the ten percent clause effectively allowed each member to cross the floor unilaterally.
3140:
85:(UDM) unsuccessfully challenged the constitutionality of floor crossing. A bill to amend the constitution to again prevent politicians from keeping their seats when joining other parties, dubbed "crosstitutes", was tabled in Parliament in 2008 in consequence of the ANC decision at its December 2007 National Congress in Polokwane to reject floor crossing.
685:
The system was the source of much controversy, with many commentators arguing that it disenfranchised voters, by effectively allowing politicians to 'reallocate' votes as they saw fit. Other critics of floor crossing also argued that it lent itself to bribery and corruption. The official opposition,
713:
because it robs the political system of all honour, holding political parties hostage by rendering them unable to discipline their own members. It allows the emergence of careerists, self-serving politicians, which are a very strange breed because they do not honour the sanctity of the vote cast in
676:
Generally speaking, the ruling ANC benefited the most from the system, but other parties also managed to gain seats from it. The ANC and other large parties benefited the most from floor crossing because of a clause in the legislation that required ten percent of a party's caucus to cross the floor
73:
and other legislation passed by
Parliament. The amendments removed clauses requiring members of the National Assembly to give up their seats if they changed parties. According to the void amendments, floor crossing was permitted only twice in an electoral term, during the second and fourth years
61:
in
November 2001 as a means of formalising their unification into the Democratic Alliance. The African National Congress, which held the power in the legislature to change the constitution, then did not favour the measure, as it perceived the DA initiative to be a "congealing of a race and class
693:
and are nominated by political parties on a closed party list before general elections. Voters thus vote for a political party, rather than for an individual MP. However, floor crossing allowed MPs to change parties, with the possible result that the composition of the elected bodies no longer
50:, with voters voting for a political party rather than an individual candidate. Floor crossing allowed politicians elected in that way to change parties, with the possible result that the post-crossing composition of the elected bodies no longer represented the preferences of voters.
686:
the
Democratic Alliance, has pointed out that during the 2002 floor crossing window period in Cape Town, 87% of National Party Councillors that crossed to the ANC were appointed to a position with a better salary.
62:
based political opposition." However, when the NNP leadership announced its desire to leave the DA and to form alliances with the ANC in 2001, the ANC passed the legislation. The chairman of the ANC,
3169:
721:(ACDP) stopped accepting floor-crossers: "Floor-crossing is an absolute mockery of parliamentary democracy and results in deception, suspicion, accusation and 'cheque-book' politics."
1023:
944:
639:
635:
2949:
30:, members of provincial legislatures and local government councillors could change political party (or form a new party) and take their seats with them when they did so.
1097:
643:
812:
1727:
2516:
1974:
1678:
3119:
3053:
3126:
785:
845:
2621:
1894:
1685:
1090:
740:
735:
730:
112:
107:
1392:
1053:
2935:
2914:
2775:
1692:
2537:
1887:
661:
627:
948:
2453:
2369:
1824:
1803:
2907:
1773:
1734:
1031:
3144:
2586:
1942:
1563:
1083:
66:, stated that the party's reasons for the legislation was "for some political realignment... and the break-up of racial power blocks."
2970:
2831:
2754:
2044:
899:
3112:
2900:
2635:
1967:
2893:
2740:
2698:
2446:
2327:
1910:
1445:
1383:
2991:
2956:
2474:
1671:
971:
872:
690:
47:
2865:
2432:
1526:
3081:
2872:
2782:
2404:
816:
3164:
3018:
2963:
2879:
2726:
2390:
1953:
1620:
1590:
2977:
2942:
2886:
2411:
2376:
2065:
1514:
1503:
718:
619:
2761:
2628:
2607:
2565:
2107:
1780:
623:
58:
2691:
2530:
1699:
1613:
1556:
665:
917:
2921:
2684:
2600:
2481:
2467:
2439:
1706:
1650:
698:
657:
75:
54:
1859:
2670:
2579:
2334:
2093:
647:
2824:
2810:
2733:
2614:
2572:
2551:
2425:
1634:
1356:
1866:
3088:
3032:
2858:
2747:
2719:
2656:
2348:
2206:
70:
1873:
3025:
2928:
2803:
2712:
2558:
1917:
789:
2495:
2016:
1924:
1880:
1657:
1535:
1434:
849:
82:
27:
3039:
2677:
2509:
2502:
2460:
2174:
2121:
2009:
1960:
1741:
1399:
1057:
615:
43:
3174:
2851:
2114:
1766:
2488:
2383:
2250:
2100:
1981:
1713:
1496:
1406:
88:
The bill was passed by
Parliament, and floor crossing was subsequently abolished when President
2058:
2023:
1225:
2593:
2523:
2418:
2313:
2167:
1817:
1597:
1510:
1305:
1125:
702:
653:
631:
2341:
2227:
1995:
1931:
1664:
1427:
1420:
1372:
1155:
706:
903:
8:
2796:
2768:
2642:
2160:
2153:
2086:
2051:
2002:
1482:
1289:
1489:
752:
31:
3074:
3060:
2397:
2213:
2037:
1627:
1217:
1147:
689:
Floor crossing was particularly controversial since South
African MPs are elected by
89:
1075:
810:
2998:
2362:
2072:
1852:
1542:
1297:
1265:
1201:
2320:
2234:
2128:
1796:
1720:
1641:
1365:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1209:
997:
757:
3067:
2789:
2663:
2306:
2220:
1903:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1549:
1475:
1321:
1281:
63:
3158:
2984:
2705:
1810:
1789:
1759:
1752:
1461:
897:
2649:
2258:
2079:
2030:
1193:
1107:
762:
23:
2242:
1185:
16:
Legislation under which politicians could change parties in South Africa
2817:
2355:
1468:
1413:
1273:
1257:
921:
811:
Department of
Justice and Constitutional Development (24 August 2002).
2276:
2267:
2198:
1604:
1581:
1570:
3046:
2544:
2189:
1313:
1170:
652:
Five parties were created by floor crossing in 2003, including the
1030:. South African Press Association. 15 January 2006. Archived from
1454:
945:"ePoliticsSA – Edition 06: Local Government Floor Crossing 2004"
2181:
1337:
1116:
918:"State of parties after floor-crossing as at 17 September 2007"
898:
Government
Gazette, Republic of South Africa (9 January 2009).
1329:
92:
assented to the constitutional amendment on 6 January 2009.
3170:
Political parties in South Africa created by floor crossing
69:
Floor crossing was originally enabled by amendments to the
53:
Floor crossing legislation was initially requested by the
710:
724:
1105:
42:
Floor crossing was controversial because since 1994,
813:"General Notice of a Bill Amending the Constitution"
1024:"Buthelezi: 'Floor-crossing is like the HI virus'"
998:"South Africa: ANC Gets R53,5m of R79m to Parties"
26:political system in 2002, under which members of
3156:
920:. Parliamentary Monitoring Group. Archived from
1895:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
1056:. Sapa, SABC. 19 September 2005. Archived from
1054:"ACDP will not accept floor-crossers in future"
900:"Constitution Fourteenth Amendment Act of 2008"
614:Parties that gained floor crossers include the
34:in South Africa was abolished in January 2009.
22:was a system introduced to the post-apartheid
1091:
680:
333:Alliance for Democracy and Prosperity (ADP)
840:
838:
836:
834:
780:
778:
1098:
1084:
213:African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP)
1016:
972:"Nadeco penalised for failing to account"
804:
788:. Idasa. 7 September 2005. Archived from
273:United Christian Democratic Party (UCDP)
1968:Reconstruction and Development Programme
873:"Draft bill to deal with floor-crossing"
831:
775:
697:In a 15 January 2006 interview with the
473:National Democratic Convention (Nadeco)
293:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC)
1564:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
969:
910:
553:Progressive Independent Movement (PIM)
3157:
2045:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
870:
353:Azanian People's Organisation (Azapo)
48:party-list proportional representation
1079:
942:
848:. Idasa. 21 June 2004. Archived from
725:List of Parliamentary floor crossings
694:represented the original vote count.
709:, said, "Floor-crossing is like the
513:United Party of South Africa (UPSA)
1975:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1621:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
313:African Independent Movement (AIM)
13:
943:Faull, Jonathan (31 August 2004).
846:"Floor Crossing at a Glance (pdf)"
786:"Briefing to Floor-Crossing (pdf)"
719:African Christian Democratic Party
573:African People's Convention (APC)
14:
3186:
3127:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
2762:South African Party (Cape Colony)
453:Peace and Justice Congress (PJC)
233:United Democratic Movement (UDM)
3139:
3138:
970:Quintal, Angela (4 April 2008).
666:Progressive Independent Movement
640:Potchefstroom Inwonersvereniging
636:Phumelela Ratepayers Association
133:African National Congress (ANC)
2776:South African Party (1977–1980)
2769:South African Party (1911–1934)
2685:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
2482:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
1046:
699:South African Press Association
493:United Independent Front (UIF)
2094:2019 service delivery protests
2080:#FeesMustFall student protests
1825:1983 constitutional referendum
990:
963:
936:
891:
871:Carter, Chiara (3 July 2008).
864:
671:
662:National Democratic Convention
1:
2552:Johannesburg Reform Committee
1781:Israel–South Africa Agreement
1174:
1159:
1136:
1129:
768:
533:Federation of Democrats (FD)
253:Freedom Front Plus (FF Plus)
2207:Black Consciousness Movement
1961:Government of National Unity
173:Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP)
71:Constitution of South Africa
7:
1918:Saint James Church massacre
1804:Weapons of mass destruction
746:
691:proportional representation
433:Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging
373:Independent Democrats (ID)
10:
3191:
3165:Government of South Africa
1658:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
1536:South West Africa campaign
1435:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
1400:French Huguenot settlement
83:United Democratic Movement
78:, from 1 to 15 September.
37:
3136:
3113:African National Congress
3102:
3008:
2841:
2573:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
2296:
2287:
2145:
1941:
1911:1992 apartheid referendum
1580:
1525:
1444:
1382:
1355:
1348:
1114:
681:Criticism and controversy
616:African National Congress
193:New National Party (NNP)
153:Democratic Alliance (DA)
111:
106:
103:
100:
44:elections in South Africa
2566:Labour Party (1969–1994)
2559:Labour Party (1910–1958)
2115:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
2073:#RhodesMustFall protests
1672:1960 republic referendum
644:Breedevallei Onafhanklik
3011:terrorist organisations
2101:2019 Johannesburg riots
1714:Constructive engagement
1679:International isolation
1497:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
947:. idasa. Archived from
701:, the president of the
593:National Alliance (NA)
2024:Attack on Kennedy Road
1635:Congress of the People
1226:South African Republic
96:Seats gained and lost
2594:Natal Indian Congress
2314:Afrikaner Broederbond
2168:Afrikaner nationalism
1954:1994 general election
1925:Bophuthatswana crisis
1818:Church Street bombing
1598:Apartheid legislation
1591:1948 general election
1511:South Africa Act 1909
1306:Union of South Africa
1126:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1106:Political history of
703:Inkatha Freedom Party
654:Independent Democrats
632:Inkatha Freedom Party
413:National Action (NA)
2228:Greater South Africa
2066:2014 platinum strike
1932:Shell House massacre
1860:Transkei coup d'état
1665:Sharpeville massacre
1428:Battle of Blaauwberg
1421:Battle of Muizenberg
1373:Battle of Salt River
1156:Mthethwa Paramountcy
792:on 27 September 2007
707:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
660:(NLP); in 2005, the
393:Minority Front (MF)
3120:Democratic Alliance
2297:Civic and political
2161:Afrikaner Calvinism
2154:African nationalism
2003:African Renaissance
1693:UNSC Resolution 591
1614:Internal resistance
1515:National Convention
1483:Transvaal Civil War
1407:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
1290:Orange River Colony
1028:Mail & Guardian
852:on 28 February 2007
819:on 14 February 2007
620:Democratic Alliance
97:
1867:Ciskei coup d'état
1686:UN Resolution 1761
1651:Women's March 1956
1504:South African Wars
1490:Mineral Revolution
1060:on 14 January 2006
753:Crossing the floor
624:New National Party
95:
59:New National Party
3152:
3151:
3105:political parties
3098:
3097:
3075:Orde van die Dood
2692:Progressive Party
2398:Congress Alliance
2214:Cape Independence
2146:Political culture
2141:
2140:
2108:COVID-19 pandemic
2038:Marikana massacre
1874:Venda coup d'état
1628:Defiance Campaign
1218:Orange Free State
1148:Dutch Cape Colony
1034:on 1 October 2007
951:on 20 August 2008
924:on 21 August 2008
714:the ballot box."
612:
611:
90:Kgalema Motlanthe
76:general elections
3182:
3142:
3141:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3009:Paramilitary and
3001:
2999:Umkosi Wezintaba
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2844:social movements
2842:Trade unions and
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2363:Boerestaat Party
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2294:
2293:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2246:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2134:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1853:Dakar Conference
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1783:
1776:
1774:Israeli alliance
1769:
1762:
1755:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1728:Sporting boycott
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1700:Academic boycott
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1557:Great Depression
1552:
1545:
1543:Maritz rebellion
1538:
1518:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1393:Dutch settlement
1375:
1368:
1366:Bantu migrations
1353:
1352:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1298:Transvaal Colony
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1266:Nieuwe Republiek
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1202:Natalia Republic
1197:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1171:Ndwandwe Kingdom
1166:
1164:
1161:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
994:
988:
987:
985:
983:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
914:
908:
907:
902:. Archived from
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
868:
862:
861:
859:
857:
842:
829:
828:
826:
824:
815:. Archived from
808:
802:
801:
799:
797:
782:
658:New Labour Party
98:
94:
55:Democratic Party
3190:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3175:Party switching
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2510:HNP (Herstigte)
2508:
2503:HNP (Herenigde)
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2321:Afrikaner Party
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2235:Honorary whites
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2137:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1996:Soweto bombings
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1797:Soweto Uprising
1795:
1788:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1721:Tar Baby Option
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:Freedom Charter
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1521:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1242:Griqualand West
1240:
1234:Griqualand East
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1110:
1104:
1074:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
996:
995:
991:
981:
979:
968:
964:
954:
952:
941:
937:
927:
925:
916:
915:
911:
896:
892:
882:
880:
869:
865:
855:
853:
844:
843:
832:
822:
820:
809:
805:
795:
793:
784:
783:
776:
771:
758:Party switching
749:
727:
683:
674:
648:Universal Party
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3188:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3150:
3149:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3068:Ossewabrandwag
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2811:Unionist Party
2807:
2800:
2793:
2790:Torch Commando
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2664:Orde Boerevolk
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2440:DP (1989–2000)
2436:
2433:DP (1973–1977)
2429:
2426:Dominion Party
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2307:Afrikaner Bond
2302:
2300:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2221:Day of the Vow
2217:
2210:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1989:Floor crossing
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1904:Bisho massacre
1900:
1899:
1898:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1846:Operation Vula
1842:
1839:Rubicon speech
1835:
1832:Langa massacre
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1594:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1550:Rand Rebellion
1546:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1476:Boer Republics
1472:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1322:Bophuthatswana
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1282:Klein Vrystaat
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1167:
1152:
1144:
1121:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1045:
1015:
1004:. 2 April 2008
989:
962:
935:
909:
906:on 1 May 2009.
890:
863:
830:
803:
773:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
760:
755:
748:
745:
744:
743:
738:
733:
726:
723:
682:
679:
673:
670:
610:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
590:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
570:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
530:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
510:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
490:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
470:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
450:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
410:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
390:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
370:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
350:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
330:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
310:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
290:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
116:
115:
110:
105:
102:
64:Mosiuoa Lekota
46:generally use
39:
36:
32:Floor crossing
20:Floor crossing
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3187:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3007:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:Die Spoorbund
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:Workers Party
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2706:Radio Freedom
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:Oranjewerkers
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:organisations
2295:
2292:
2290:organisations
2286:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:Tshwane riots
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:Project Coast
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1790:Mafeje affair
1787:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1760:Durban Moment
1757:
1754:
1753:Rivonia Trial
1750:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:Disinvestment
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:1820 Settlers
1459:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1172:
1168:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1003:
999:
993:
977:
976:Pretoria News
973:
966:
950:
946:
939:
923:
919:
913:
905:
901:
894:
878:
877:Pretoria News
874:
867:
851:
847:
841:
839:
837:
835:
818:
814:
807:
791:
787:
781:
779:
774:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
722:
720:
715:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
692:
687:
678:
669:
667:
664:(Nadeco) and
663:
659:
656:(ID) and the
655:
650:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
591:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
571:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
511:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
491:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
471:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
451:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
431:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
411:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
391:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
371:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
351:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
331:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
291:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
271:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
251:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
109:
99:
93:
91:
86:
84:
79:
77:
72:
67:
65:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
35:
33:
29:
25:
24:South African
21:
3143:
3103:Histories of
2804:United Party
2713:Reform Party
2650:Orangia Unie
2275:
2266:
2259:Swart gevaar
2257:
2241:
2197:
2188:
2129:
2031:Blikkiesdorp
1988:
1357:Pre-colonial
1210:Natal Colony
1194:Zulu Kingdom
1108:South Africa
1062:. Retrieved
1058:the original
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:the original
1027:
1018:
1008:27 September
1006:. Retrieved
1002:Business Day
1001:
992:
982:27 September
980:. Retrieved
975:
965:
953:. Retrieved
949:the original
938:
926:. Retrieved
922:the original
912:
904:the original
893:
883:27 September
881:. Retrieved
876:
866:
854:. Retrieved
850:the original
821:. Retrieved
817:the original
806:
794:. Retrieved
790:the original
763:Waka-jumping
717:In 2005 the
716:
696:
688:
684:
675:
651:
613:
104:2003 result
87:
80:
68:
52:
41:
19:
18:
2243:Rooi gevaar
2122:2021 unrest
2052:Nkandlagate
1881:Third Force
1742:Rugby union
1340:(1981–1994)
1332:(1979–1994)
1324:(1977–1994)
1316:(1976–1994)
1308:(1910–1961)
1300:(1902–1910)
1292:(1902–1910)
1284:(1886–1891)
1276:(1885–1887)
1268:(1884–1888)
1260:(1882–1885)
1252:(1882–1883)
1244:(1870–1873)
1236:(1861–1879)
1228:(1856–1902)
1220:(1854–1902)
1212:(1843–1910)
1204:(1839–1843)
1196:(1816–1897)
1188:(1795–1910)
1186:Cape Colony
1178: 1780
1163: 1780
1150:(1652–1806)
1140: 1220
1133: 1075
1038:12 December
978:. p. 2
879:. p. 2
856:12 December
823:12 December
796:12 December
672:In practice
628:Sport Party
3159:Categories
3054:Greyshirts
2818:Volksparty
2356:Black Sash
2017:Xenophobia
2010:Travelgate
1767:Border War
1571:Bantustans
1469:Great Trek
1414:Xhosa Wars
1274:Upingtonia
1258:Stellaland
769:References
646:, and the
74:after the
28:Parliament
2277:Volkstaat
2268:Uitlander
2199:Boerehaat
2175:Anarchism
1982:Arms Deal
1945:apartheid
1605:Pass laws
1582:Apartheid
1527:1910–1948
1446:1815–1910
1384:1652–1815
1064:9 October
955:9 October
3145:Category
3047:Boeremag
2545:Jeugkrag
2496:Het Volk
2190:Baasskap
2132:incident
1735:Olympics
1314:Transkei
1117:polities
1115:Defunct
928:26 April
747:See also
711:HI virus
57:and the
2950:SAAPAWU
2288:Defunct
2251:Slavery
1455:Mfecane
668:(PIM).
634:(IFP),
626:(NNP),
618:(ANC),
125:gained
119:gained
38:History
2901:FOSATU
2755:SAYRCO
2727:SADECO
2643:Occupy
2182:Azania
2130:Lady R
2059:Racism
1888:CODESA
1349:Events
1338:Ciskei
1250:Goshen
1180:–1819)
1165:–1817)
622:(DA),
101:Party
3082:PAGAD
2978:SATUC
2971:SARHU
2957:SACTU
2936:NURHS
2894:FNETU
2880:CTSWU
2873:CNETU
2866:BLATU
2748:SAYCO
2636:NUSAS
2517:IDASA
2328:AITUP
1943:Post-
1330:Venda
128:lost
122:lost
3089:SANF
3019:APLA
2964:SAIF
2943:PAWE
2929:NEUM
2922:MUSA
2887:FCWU
2832:WOSA
2783:TNIP
2741:SASO
2734:SAIC
2720:SABP
2671:PAVN
2405:COSG
2384:CTEG
2377:CNIP
1066:2008
1040:2006
1010:2008
984:2008
957:2008
930:2009
885:2008
858:2006
825:2006
798:2006
741:2007
736:2005
731:2003
236:−10
139:+14
113:2007
108:2005
81:The
3040:BBB
3033:AWB
3026:ARM
2992:UDF
2915:IWW
2908:ICU
2859:BCM
2852:APF
2797:UFP
2699:PRP
2678:PFP
2629:NRP
2622:NPP
2608:NNP
2601:NLP
2587:NCP
2538:ISL
2489:GNP
2461:ECC
2454:DSM
2447:DPP
2419:DLF
2391:COD
2370:CDA
2349:BPC
2342:AVF
2335:APO
630:,
605:+1
585:+2
568:−1
559:+1
539:+1
528:−1
519:+1
508:−2
499:+2
479:+4
456:+1
436:−1
416:+1
388:−1
382:−2
376:+1
336:+1
316:+1
308:−2
296:−1
242:−3
219:−3
216:+1
199:−7
196:−8
179:−5
176:−3
162:−5
159:+2
156:+8
145:+4
136:+9
3161::
3061:MK
2615:NP
2580:NA
2531:IP
2524:ID
2475:FD
2468:FA
2412:CP
1175:c.
1160:c.
1137:c.
1130:c.
1026:.
1000:.
974:.
875:.
833:^
777:^
705:,
642:,
638:,
608:0
602:—
599:—
596:—
588:0
582:—
579:—
576:—
565:0
562:0
556:—
548:0
545:0
542:0
536:—
525:0
522:0
516:—
505:0
502:0
496:—
488:0
485:0
482:0
476:—
468:—
465:0
462:—
459:0
448:—
445:—
442:—
439:—
428:—
425:—
422:—
419:—
408:0
405:0
402:0
399:0
396:0
385:0
379:0
368:0
365:0
362:0
359:0
356:0
348:—
345:—
342:—
339:—
328:—
325:—
322:—
319:—
305:0
302:0
299:0
288:0
285:0
282:0
279:0
276:0
268:0
265:0
262:0
259:0
256:0
248:0
245:—
239:—
228:0
225:—
222:0
208:—
205:—
202:0
188:0
185:0
182:0
168:0
165:0
148:0
142:0
1517:)
1513:(
1173:(
1158:(
1142:)
1135:–
1128:(
1099:e
1092:t
1085:v
1068:.
1042:.
1012:.
986:.
959:.
932:.
887:.
860:.
827:.
800:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.