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Floc formation may benefit the constituent microorganisms in a number of ways, including protection from pH stress, resistance to predation, manipulation of microenvironments, and facilitation of mutualistic relationships in mixed microbial communities.
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and granules, or else considered a specialized type of biofilm. Flocs appear as cloudy suspensions of cells floating in water, rather than attached to and growing on a surface like most biofilms. The floc typically is held together by a matrix of
31:, isolated from an activated sludge wastewater treatment reactor. In the tube on the right, planktonic growth by a floc-impaired mutant results in a turbid appearance.
253:"Both widespread PEP-CTERM proteins and exopolysaccharides are required for floc formation of Zoogloea resiniphila and other activated sludge bacteria"
165:"Factors affecting the performance of on-site aerated fluidized-biofilm carrier reactors treating individual household wastewater"
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proteins must be expressed for flocs to form; in their absence, growth is planktonic, even though exopolysaccharide is produced.
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56:, and other biopolymers. The formation and the properties of flocs may affect the performance of industrial water treatment
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Gao N, Xia M, Dai J, Yu D, An W, Li S, Liu S, He P, Zhang L, Wu Z, Bi X, Chen S, Haft DH, Qiu D (May 2018).
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microbial aggregates hold together are poorly understood. However, work on the activated sludge bacterium
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Su, Haoning; Li, Wenjiao; Okumura, Shinya; Ishiguro, Yasushi; Wei, Yongfen; Li, Fusheng (2023-12-01).
204:"Floc Formation Reduces the pH Stress Experienced by Microorganisms Living in Alkaline Environments"
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Charles CJ, Rout SP, Patel KA, Akbar S, Laws AP, Jackson BR, Boxall SA, Humphreys PN (March 2017).
27:. The tube on the left shows typical floc formations in an otherwise clear culture of a bacterium,
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is a type of microbial aggregate that may be contrasted with
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64:systems where the flocs form a sludge blanket.
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48:(EPS), which may contain variable amounts of
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120:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
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169:Journal of Water Process Engineering
71:In general, the mechanisms by which
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132:10.1128/mmbr.64.4.847-867.2000
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329:. You can help Knowledge by
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257:Environmental Microbiology
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95:Yeast flocculation#Process
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101:References
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89:See also
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