240:
314:. This is a particular kind of asymmetric two-sided card; abstractly, such a card has three fields, Q, A, A*, where Q & A are reversed on flipping, but A* is always in the answer – the two "sides" are thus Q/A,A* and A/Q,A*. Concretely, these are most used for learning foreign vocabulary where the foreign pronunciation is not transparent from the foreign writing – in this case the Question is the native word, the Answer is the foreign word (written), and the pronunciation is always part of the answer (Answer*). This is particularly the case for
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185:. Newly introduced and more difficult flashcards are shown more frequently while older and less difficult flashcards are shown less frequently. The use of spaced repetition has been shown to increase rate of learning. Although the principle is useful in many contexts, spaced repetition is commonly applied in contexts in which a learner must acquire a large number of items and retain them indefinitely in memory. It is, therefore, well suited for the problem of
36:
225:(How to learn to learn), the schedule of repetition was governed by the size of the partitions in the learning box. These were 1, 2, 5, 8 and 14 cm. Only when a partition became full was the learner to review some of the cards it contained, moving them forward or back depending on whether they remembered them.
220:
In this method, flashcards are sorted into groups according to how well the learner knows each one in the
Leitner's learning box. The learners try to recall the solution written on a flashcard. If they succeed, they send the card to the next group. If they fail, they send it back to the first group.
339:
The purpose of three-sided cards is to provide the benefits of two-sided cards – ease of authoring (enter data once to create two cards), synchronized updates (changes to one are reflected in the other), and spacing between opposite sides (so opposite sides of the same card are not tested too close
266:
Physical flashcards are two-sided; in some contexts one wishes to correctly produce the opposite side upon being presented with either side, such as in foreign language vocabulary; in other contexts one is content to go in only one direction, such as in producing a poem given its title or
271:(opening). For physical flashcards, one may either use a single card, flipping it according to the direction, or two parallel decks, such as one English-Japanese and one Japanese-English. They have a number of uses and can be simple or elaborate depending on the user.
96:. Cards that the learner knows are promoted to a box for less frequent review (indicated by green arrows); cards for which the learner has forgotten the meaning are demoted to be studied more frequently (indicated by red arrows).
135:
is increased when some of the learning period is devoted to retrieving the information through testing with proper feedback. Study habits affect the rate at which a flashcard-user learns, and proper
343:
One can generalize this principle to an arbitrary number of data fields associated with a single record, with each field representing a different aspect of a fact or bundle of facts.
89:
205:, correctly answered cards are advanced to the next, less frequent box, while incorrectly answered cards return to the first box for more aggressive review and repetition.
155:– how does one use the cards, in particular, how frequently does one review, and how does one react to errors, either complete failures to recall or mistakes? Various
386:
program and algorithm (specifically the SM-2 algorithm, which is the most popular in other programs) was introduced on
December 13, 1987, by Polish researcher
221:
Each succeeding group has a longer period of time before the learner is required to revisit the cards. In
Leitner's original method, published in his book
116:. Each flashcard typically bears a question or definition on one side and an answer or target term on the other. Flashcards are often used to memorize
120:, historical dates, formulae or any subject matter that can be learned via a question-and-answer format. Flashcards can be virtual (part of a
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in the 1970s. It is a simple implementation of the principle of spaced repetition, where cards are reviewed at increasing intervals.
189:
acquisition in the course of second language learning. Spaced repetition software has been developed to aid the learning process.
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technique which incorporates increasing time intervals between each review of a flashcard in order to exploit the psychological
151:: given a prompt, one produces the answer. Beyond the content of cards, which are collected in decks, there is the question of
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to review a mathematical formula. First, only the question is displayed. Then the answer is displayed too, for verification.
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Physical flashcards are necessarily two-sided. A variant, found in electronic flashcards, is what is known as a
409:"Mechanisms behind the testing effect: an empirical investigation of retrieval practice in meaningful learning"
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is a widely used method of efficiently using flashcards that was proposed by the German science journalist
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3. Account of research leading to the SuperMemo method, 3.1. The approximate function of optimal intervals
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3.2. Application of a computer to improve the results obtained in working with the SuperMemo method
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and online services) available for creating and using virtual flashcards as an aid to learning.
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The
Clumsiest People in Europe: Or, Mrs. Mortimer's Bad-Tempered Guide to the Victorian World,
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being credited by some as the first flashcards. Previously, a single-sided
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468:"The right time to learn: mechanisms and optimization of spaced learning"
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for scheduling flashcards was introduced by German scientific journalist
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Paper flashcards have been used since at least the 19th century, with
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For the form of digital memory sometimes called a "flash card", see
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Adding images, sounds, mathematical formulas, and three-sided cards
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332:, but can also be used for other non-phonetic spellings, including
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So lernt man lernen. Der Weg zum Erfolg (How to learn to learn),
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So lernt man lernen. Der Weg zum Erfolg (How to learn to learn),
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Smolen, Paul; Zhang, Yili; Byrne, John H. (25 January 2016).
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532:"Human Memory: Theory and Practice", Alan D. Baddeley, 1997
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Master's Thesis, University of
Technology in Poznan, 1990.
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on both sides, which is intended to be used as an aid in
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together) – without the card needing to be symmetric.
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An
English-speaking student learning the Chinese word
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49:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
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407:Endres, Tino; Renkl, Alexander (2015-07-24).
254:There is a wide range of software (including
367:had been used for early literacy education.
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147:Flashcards exercise the mental process of
562:, foreword by Todd Pruzan, 2006 edition,
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159:have been developed, mostly based around
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
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139:has been proven to accelerate learning.
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243:Example of a virtual flashcard: using
92:A set of flashcards demonstrating the
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127:Flashcards are an application of the
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85:Tool for systematic learning
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235:List of flashcard software
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177:Spaced repetition is an
16:Not to be confused with
413:Frontiers in Psychology
179:evidence-based learning
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546:The Mnemosyne Project
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137:spacing of flashcards
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353:Reading Disentangled
702:Incremental reading
560:Favell Lee Mortimer
502:10.1038/nrn.2015.18
494:2016arXiv160608370S
361:Favell Lee Mortimer
223:So lernt man Lernen
131:− the finding that
856:Hermann Ebbinghaus
825:Hermann Ebbinghaus
599:2019-03-09 at the
316:Chinese characters
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122:flashcard software
108:is a card bearing
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53:You can assist by
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835:Sebastian Leitner
764:eSpindle Learning
667:Spaced repetition
653:Spaced repetition
376:Sebastian Leitner
355:(1834), a set of
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215:Sebastian Leitner
173:Spaced repetition
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478:(2): 77–88.
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63:October 2023
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876:Hal Pashler
849:Researchers
744:Course Hero
256:open source
110:information
25:Memory card
485:1606.08370
394:References
382:while the
187:vocabulary
118:vocabulary
106:flash card
55:editing it
804:SuperMemo
794:OpenCards
789:Mnemosyne
739:Cobocards
687:Flashcard
435:1664-1078
384:SuperMemo
294:Reverse:
290:A: 人, rén
287:Q: person
102:flashcard
891:Category
779:Lingopie
759:Duolingo
754:Cram.com
660:Concepts
597:Archived
520:26806627
453:26257696
419:: 1054.
365:hornbook
327:Japanese
318:, as in
229:Software
799:Quizlet
784:Memrise
774:Kahoot!
511:5126970
490:Bibcode
444:4513285
357:phonics
347:History
320:Chinese
275:Example
269:incipit
201:In the
157:systems
734:Cerego
692:Memory
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431:ISSN
370:The
325:and
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248:Anki
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