159:
151:
52:
259:
1804:
383:
412:. These are commonly used to indicate obstacles or advise caution on roadways at night and are found in roadside emergency kits. Law enforcement also may use these flares (either propped on a biped or laid flat) to signal traffic hazards or that a road is blocked, often as a more visible replacement for traffic cones. Law enforcement in the United States usually use
336:
as early as 1959, where they state "12 handheld rocket-propelled parachute red flare distress signals" are to be used by ocean going ships. The color red was eventually incorporated for use in the United States on 17 December 1979 as part of a "Universal color language". Red distress rockets and/or
693:
US courts have taken action regarding the use of perchlorate in manufacturing pyrotechnic devices such as flares. For example, in 2003, a federal district court in
California found that the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) applied because perchlorate is
1536:
The
Encyclopædia Britannica: The New Volumes, Constituting, in Combination with the Twenty-nine Volumes of the Eleventh Edition, the Twelfth Edition of that Work, and Also Supplying a New, Distinctive, and Independent Library of Reference Dealing with Events and Developments of the Period 1910 to
571:
Several U.S. states, including
California and Massachusetts, have begun regulating levels of potassium perchlorate, which can be unsafe at certain levels in drinking water. Contaminated drinking water can lead to such symptoms as gastric irritation, nausea, vomiting, fever, skin rashes, and even
533:
missiles. These flares are usually discharged individually or in salvos by the pilot or automatically by tail-warning devices, and are accompanied by vigorous evasive maneuvering. Since they are intended to deceive infrared missiles, these flares burn at temperatures of thousands of degrees,
237:
in 1276. These soft-shelled bombs, timed to explode in midair, were used to send messages to a detachment of troops far in the distance. Another mention of the signal bomb appears in a text dating from 1293 requesting their collection from those still stored in
432:. In general: trains that encounter a lit railroad flare are required to stop until it burns out. Fusees made specifically for railroad use can be distinguished from highway fusees by a sharp steel spike at one end, used to embed the fusee upright in a wooden
198:
in civilian and military applications. Flares may be ground pyrotechnics, projectile pyrotechnics, or parachute-suspended to provide maximum illumination time over a large area. Projectile pyrotechnics may be dropped from aircraft, fired from rocket or
427:
applications. Railroad flares can burn for at least 10 minutes, are not fastened to train cars, and are handheld by railroad personnel for protection at night. It was argued during an
Appeals case that railroad flares are much more visible than
321:
of 1894 further stated that these rockets were to be fired one at a time in short intervals of approximately one minute apart. Distress rockets continued to be used in different colors, as was the case with
352:
While rockets and flares are still an option for signaling distress, they have since been surpassed by improved technology. Distress signals can now be sent using automated radio signals from a
329:. At the time shipping companies had "a particular kind of distress rocket (that differed by color)". Each ship was also given a guide of colors to use depending on what signal was to be sent.
468:. This practice dates back to at least the 1940s where they are mentioned as being "useful in night operations". Handheld flares are also counter used by protestors at demonstrations.
674:
in its solid form, dissolves and moves rapidly in groundwater and surface water. Even in low concentrations in drinking water supplies, perchlorate is known to inhibit the uptake of
1620:
686:
for perchlorate, some states have established public health goals or action levels, and some are in the process of establishing state maximum contaminant levels. For example, the
499:
In 1922, a "landing flare" was an aerial candle attached to a parachute and used for landing an airplane in the dark. The flare burned for less than four minutes and the
1478:
1090:
774:
338:
305:
suggested that rockets for distress should have a distinctive color. The request was made to help ease confusion between ships in distress and rockets used by
2005:
1836:
341:(SOLAS) has standards for visual signals, including both handheld and aerial flares. Handheld flares must burn for at least one minute at an average
1662:
690:
has studied the impacts of perchlorate on the environment as well as drinking water. California has also issued guidance regarding perchlorate use.
2433:
1684:
1552:
556:
are used to guard an area against infiltration. The flare begins burning when the tripwire is triggered, providing both alarm and illumination.
760:
2909:
2904:
297:
of that year mentions the use of "rocket stations" for ship related emergencies. White rockets were solely used until 1873, when commander
291:(aka "rocket-propelled parachute flares") have been mentioned in the modern era for civilian maritime emergencies since at least 1856. The
1609:
844:
969:
565:
317:
were only to be used as a sign for a ship in distress. Passenger ships at the time were required to carry 12 of these rockets. The
158:
2924:
262:
A conventional flare pistol. This particular model uses 26.5-millimeter (1.04 in) flares (manufactured by Patel
Ballistics).
1329:
1829:
1808:
861:
266:
In the civilian world, flares are commonly used as signals, and may be ignited on the ground, fired as an aerial signal from a
1486:
1117:
825:
800:
2575:
2864:
984:
695:
1140:
639:
flares are used underwater to illuminate submerged objects. *Note- Fusees manufactured in the United States no longer use
2543:
1459:
1429:
1010:
879:
17:
1762:
1094:
2298:
1393:
1290:
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957:
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909:
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298:
135:
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961:
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116:
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1983:
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88:
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461:
73:
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992:
353:
333:
95:
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1894:
313:(UK) had issued regulations for Captains in regards to night signals. Rockets containing at least 16oz of
2889:
2869:
2625:
2393:
1670:
39:
2027:
225:
The earliest recorded use of gunpowder for signaling purposes was the 'signal bomb' used by the
Chinese
102:
2602:
1688:
2874:
2745:
2306:
2293:
1889:
1415:
1379:
1234:
1198:
1162:
725:
400:, which burns with a bright red light. These come in two main types which are used for roadways and
2899:
2806:
2021:
1995:
494:
349:, while aerial flares must burn for at least 40 seconds with a 30,000-candela average luminosity.
84:
2666:
1950:
683:
589:
62:
1504:
Patently Female: From AZT to TV Dinners: stories of women inventors and their breakthrough ideas
1062:
485:
patented the Coston flare based on early work by her deceased husband
Benjamin Franklin Coston.
2423:
2348:
660:
520:
361:
323:
293:
69:
32:
2919:
2836:
1782:
1534:
1509:
1502:
640:
601:
452:. They ignite at 191 °C (376 °F) and burn as hot as 1,600 °C (2,910 °F).
318:
2548:
2051:
1715:
632:
445:
314:
216:
8:
2676:
2535:
2000:
1978:
1719:
1703:
1039:"The Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996"
337:
flares are now internationally recognized symbols that indicate a ship in distress. The
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2826:
2498:
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2218:
1739:
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1403:
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2046:
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1990:
1918:
1864:
1743:
1731:
1513:
1479:"Protesters Storm BlackRock's Paris Office Holding Red Flares and Firing Smoke Bombs"
1353:
1265:"Emergency Flares for Road & Highway Usage » Traffic Safety Resource Center"
1113:
1018:
937:
905:
821:
796:
675:
597:
593:
1704:"Pipeline Flash Reactor Technology Selected for Castaic Lake Water Agency Expansion"
2651:
2585:
2515:
2466:
2198:
2017:
1906:
1901:
1723:
671:
109:
2811:
2770:
2728:
2723:
2558:
2378:
2155:
1884:
1859:
1608:
Borowicz, Krzysztof; Dion, Megan; Mehta, Jason; Morgan, Glen (18 December 2014).
719:
667:
573:
530:
449:
195:
1637:
1466:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Military Service Publishing Company. p. 70.
2699:
2590:
2481:
2445:
2418:
2388:
2255:
1874:
1869:
1438:
1346:
Myers, Raymond H.; Montgomery, Douglas C.; Anderson-Cook, Christine M. (2009).
526:
424:
401:
310:
1582:
1067:. International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of 1 November 1974.
274:, or launched from a self-contained tube. Flares are commonly found in marine
2858:
2780:
2510:
2413:
2408:
2330:
2231:
2138:
2116:
1942:
1923:
1879:
1735:
679:
535:
482:
1460:"Chapter 3. Weapons; Section VIII. Chemical Munitions; 76. Parachute flares"
1112:. Sutton: London Borough of Sutton Libraries and Arts Services. p. 55.
2790:
2686:
2681:
2656:
2646:
2607:
2428:
2383:
2260:
2111:
2076:
2012:
1970:
1955:
1911:
1038:
508:
504:
465:
433:
275:
230:
226:
1398:. United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. 1973. p. 2.
1145:. United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. 1951. p. 7.
511:, the U.S. Navy tested underwater flares for use in detecting submarines.
2831:
2785:
2661:
2520:
2248:
2243:
2203:
2175:
2170:
2101:
2096:
2081:
2039:
1960:
761:"Un niño herido por la pirotecnia de los ultras del Sporting de Portugal"
664:
500:
187:
2440:
847:
525:
A special variety of flares is used in military aircraft as a defensive
2775:
2641:
2636:
2525:
2488:
2471:
2403:
2398:
2373:
2068:
722: – Bright light source made from magnesium, which burns underwater
585:
423:, they are commonly used to perform hand signals or used as torches in
342:
306:
302:
460:
Flares are used by law enforcement agencies such as the United States
2821:
2718:
2671:
2236:
2165:
2145:
713:
648:
644:
621:
617:
547:
413:
356:. Other internationally recognized methods include the radio message
271:
220:
204:
200:
194:. Flares are used for distress signaling, illumination, or defensive
191:
51:
2553:
2493:
2190:
2160:
2121:
2086:
2056:
1845:
605:
553:
258:
239:
234:
1437:. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. March 2003. Archived from
2505:
2450:
2150:
2128:
1181:. United States. Small Business Administration. 1964. p. 31.
956:
636:
625:
613:
429:
404:. The first type are fusees used for roadways which are known as
366:
346:
154:
Illumination flares being used during military training exercises
2133:
2091:
1803:
609:
371:
267:
934:
Iconic Events: Media, Politics, and Power in
Retelling History
659:
Many in-service colored signal flares and spectrally balanced
2816:
2180:
628:
1777:(2): 116–119. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009.
1345:
775:"Freimann: England-Fan zündet Bengalo in seinem Hotelzimmer"
250:, written in 1791, depicts a signal gun in an illustration.
1814:
444:
In forestry and firefighting, fusees are sometimes used in
966:
British
Islands Pilot: The west coast of England and Wales
568:, pyrotechnic flares are designated class 1.4 explosives.
382:
357:
1771:
Journal of the South
Pacific Underwater Medicine Society
190:
that produces a bright light or intense heat without an
1607:
868:. Vol. 5. Griffiths & Bates. pp. 125–132.
1291:"Police Roadside Safety: Tools to Increase Visibility"
1108:
Learmonth, Bob; Nash, Joanna; Cluett, Douglas (1977).
904:. Cambridge University Press. 1875. pp. 956–957.
866:
Monthly Nautical Magazine, and Quarterly Review (1856)
339:
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
38:"Signal flare" redirects here. For the character, see
818:
Science and Civilisation in China: The Gunpowder Epic
793:
Science and Civilisation in China: The Gunpowder Epic
162:
Flares being fired from a ship during a fleet review
1107:
1091:"It's MayDay – But That Means Trouble for Aviators"
76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1501:
654:
1610:"Disposal of Pyrotechnic Visual Distress Signals"
1544:
923:
921:
747:"Fumogeni e bengala allo stadio: Quando è reato?"
592:. The ingredients are varied, but often based on
332:Modern red distress signals are mentioned by the
2856:
983:Schreck, Albert E.; Arundale, Joseph C. (1959).
982:
1064:International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code
918:
1830:
1477:Bairin, Pierre; Ziady, Hanna (6 April 2023).
1253:. Commerce Clearing House. 1961. p. 801.
1011:"Internationally Recognized Distress Signals"
242:. A signal gun appears in Korea by 1600. The
1763:"Can Anybody See Me? (modified reprint from
1526:
1453:
1451:
1319:"Evaluation of Chemical and Electric Flares"
1044:. UK Maritime and Coast Guard Agency. 1996.
631:. Flares may be colored by the inclusion of
439:
416:-based flares that last from 15–30 minutes.
186:in several European countries, is a type of
1638:"Mark Spiegl's Road Flare Composition Page"
1540:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Company Limited.
1476:
1004:
1002:
820:. Cambridge University Press. p. 331.
795:. Cambridge University Press. p. 169.
694:ignitable and therefore a "characteristic"
576:(a reduction in all types of blood cells).
281:
1837:
1823:
1708:Journal - American Water Works Association
1550:
1499:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
970:United States Government Publishing Office
682:. While there are currently no US federal
1448:
786:
784:
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
1760:
1532:
1349:Constraints on the Component Proportions
1015:Marine Emergencies For Masters and Mates
999:
991:. Information Circular. Vol. 7933.
886:. Waterlow & Sons. 1873. p. 96.
839:
837:
476:
381:
257:
157:
149:
1701:
1500:Vare, Ethlie Ann; Ptacek, Greg (2002).
1126:
859:
815:
790:
584:Flares produce their light through the
14:
2857:
1553:"Secret Weapons, Forgotten Sacrifices"
1217:. State of New York. 2009. p. 37.
781:
1818:
1313:
1311:
1017:. Taylor & Francis. p. 197.
1008:
927:
834:
2910:Military history of the Yuan dynasty
2905:Military history of the Song dynasty
1626:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1457:
1335:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1051:from the original on 9 October 2022.
716: – Firearm that launches flares
377:
370:, and the emergency procedure word "
74:adding citations to reliable sources
45:
1551:Kline, Adam; Robyn, Dexter (2016).
1110:The First Croydon Airport 1915–1928
985:"Uses, Properties, and Substitutes"
936:. Lexington Books. pp. 44–45.
930:"Historical Sketches of the Events"
728: – Payload-carrying projectile
24:
1754:
1728:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2010.tb10070.x
1464:Riot Control by the National Guard
1308:
688:US Environmental Protection Agency
643:as an oxidizer and do not contain
419:Fusees used for rail are known as
25:
2936:
1796:
958:United States Hydrographic Office
538:in the visible spectrum as well.
514:
360:, which was used during the 1912
248:Illustrated Military Encyclopedia
1802:
710: – Early pyrotechnic signal
50:
2354:Parabolic aluminized reflector
1695:
1685:"Perchlorate in Drinking Water"
1677:
1655:
1630:
1601:
1575:
1493:
1470:
1431:The New Generation Fire Shelter
1422:
1386:
1339:
1283:
1257:
1241:
1205:
1169:
1101:
1083:
1055:
1031:
976:
950:
880:"To the Editor of the 'Times.'"
708:Blue light (pyrotechnic signal)
655:Perchlorate flare health issues
488:
471:
253:
61:needs additional citations for
2925:Wildfire suppression equipment
2299:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
1269:Traffic Safety Resource Center
898:"Rockets for Distress Signals"
890:
872:
853:
809:
767:
753:
739:
207:or handheld percussive tubes.
13:
1:
1295:National Institute of Justice
993:United States Bureau of Mines
989:Strontium: A Materials Survey
732:
559:
541:
390:Another type of flare is the
374:", which dates to the 1920s.
354:search and rescue transponder
334:United States Bureau of Mines
229:(960–1279) as the Mongol-led
1844:
884:The Loss of the "Northfleet"
604:, mixed with a fuel such as
579:
7:
2865:Association football fandom
2544:Automotive light bulb types
2394:Intelligent street lighting
1702:Jackson, Jim (March 2010).
1508:. New York: Wiley. p.
1178:Highway Flare Signal Device
701:
455:
40:Signal Flare (Transformers)
10:
2941:
2307:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
1767:; 45 (2) February: 72–74)"
1761:Wallbank, Alister (2001).
1458:Wood, Sterling A. (1940).
1326:Office of Justice Programs
1093:. May 2017. Archived from
545:
518:
492:
464:, and police as a form of
214:
170:, also sometimes called a
29:
2799:
2754:
2746:Stage lighting instrument
2695:
2618:
2534:
2459:
2329:
2269:
2217:
2189:
2067:
1969:
1941:
1932:
1852:
1787:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1617:United States Coast Guard
670:. Perchlorate, a type of
440:Forestry and firefighting
386:Three road flares burning
210:
2807:Battlefield illumination
2564:high-intensity discharge
1996:Electrochemiluminescence
928:Leavy, Patricia (2007).
860:Postans, Robert (1856).
816:Needham, Joseph (1986).
791:Needham, Joseph (1986).
684:drinking water standards
495:Battlefield illumination
282:Maritime distress signal
27:Pyrotechnic light source
2915:Missile countermeasures
2880:Emergency communication
2667:Electroluminescent wire
1533:Chisholm, Hugh (1922).
848:/part-156–165 156–165
590:pyrotechnic composition
566:UN hazard number system
448:and in the ignition of
244:Wu I Thu Phu Thung Chih
2349:Multifaceted reflector
1352:. Wiley. p. 603.
862:"Night Signals at Sea"
521:Flare (countermeasure)
387:
294:U.S. Nautical Magazine
263:
163:
155:
33:Flare (disambiguation)
2739:ellipsoidal reflector
2344:Ellipsoidal reflector
2028:Fluorescent induction
2006:field-induced polymer
1809:Flares (pyrotechnics)
1071:. London. 4 June 1996
1009:House, David (2014).
902:The Nautical Magazine
641:potassium perchlorate
633:pyrotechnic colorants
602:potassium perchlorate
493:Further information:
477:Maritime signal flare
385:
319:Merchant Shipping Act
261:
233:(1271–1368) besieged
161:
153:
2576:Rear position lights
2549:Daytime running lamp
2477:Mechanically powered
2364:Aviation obstruction
1811:at Wikimedia Commons
1673:on 18 February 2015.
1663:"Water: Unregulated"
552:Flares connected to
446:wildfire suppression
217:History of gunpowder
70:improve this article
31:For other uses, see
1984:Electron-stimulated
1720:2010JAWWA.102c..33J
1583:"History of Flares"
1444:on 16 January 2009.
763:. 24 February 2023.
402:rail transportation
18:Flare (pyrotechnic)
2890:Incendiary weapons
2870:Chinese inventions
2827:Luminous gemstones
2001:Electroluminescent
1979:Cathodoluminescent
1395:Statement of Facts
726:Shell (projectile)
388:
264:
164:
156:
2852:
2851:
2369:Balanced-arm lamp
2325:
2324:
2209:Yablochkov candle
2077:Acetylene/Carbide
2047:Radioluminescence
1919:Luminous efficacy
1865:Color temperature
1807:Media related to
1557:Prologue Magazine
1119:978-0-9503224-3-8
1097:on 24 March 2019.
962:"General Remarks"
827:978-0-521-30358-3
802:978-0-521-30358-3
598:potassium nitrate
594:strontium nitrate
503:was about 40,000
378:Roadside and rail
203:, or deployed by
146:
145:
138:
120:
16:(Redirected from
2932:
2875:Distress signals
2652:Christmas lights
2586:Safety reflector
2581:Reversing lights
2516:Navigation light
2467:Bicycle lighting
2357:
2310:
2302:
2276:
2035:Photoluminescent
2018:Fluorescent lamp
1991:Chemiluminescent
1939:
1938:
1907:Bi-pin lamp base
1902:Lightbulb socket
1839:
1832:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1806:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1748:
1747:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1691:on 27 June 2010.
1687:. Archived from
1681:
1675:
1674:
1669:. Archived from
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1598:
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1587:SiriusSignal.com
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1568:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1507:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1489:on 6 April 2023.
1485:. Archived from
1474:
1468:
1467:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1436:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1413:
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1334:
1328:. 12 June 2008.
1323:
1315:
1306:
1305:
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1301:
1287:
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1250:Automobile Cases
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806:
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779:
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771:
765:
764:
757:
751:
750:
749:. 27 March 2018.
743:
624:, or a suitable
450:controlled burns
397:
396:
288:Distress rockets
141:
134:
130:
127:
121:
119:
78:
54:
46:
43:
36:
21:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2900:Maritime safety
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2812:Bioluminescence
2795:
2764:
2750:
2707:
2691:
2630:
2614:
2530:
2455:
2379:Emergency light
2355:
2321:
2308:
2300:
2274:
2272:
2265:
2213:
2185:
2156:Magnesium torch
2063:
1965:
1934:
1928:
1885:Light pollution
1860:Accent lighting
1848:
1843:
1799:
1780:
1779:
1757:
1755:Further reading
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1589:. Sirius Signal
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995:. pp. 4–6.
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720:Magnesium torch
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696:hazardous waste
657:
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574:aplastic anemia
562:
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479:
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421:railroad flares
394:
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309:. By 1875, the
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1797:External links
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1537:1921 Inclusive
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519:Main article:
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1271:. 17 May 2019
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979:
972:. p. 47.
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943:9780739115206
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483:Martha Coston
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126:November 2014
118:
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97:
94:
90:
87: –
86:
82:
81:Find sources:
75:
71:
65:
64:
59:This article
57:
53:
48:
47:
41:
34:
19:
2920:Pyrotechnics
2687:Strobe light
2682:Plasma globe
2657:Crackle tube
2647:Bubble light
2608:trafficators
2603:Turn signals
2429:Street light
2384:Gas lighting
2317:Sodium vapor
2289:Metal-halide
2191:Electric arc
2106:
1943:Incandescent
1912:Edison screw
1783:cite journal
1774:
1770:
1764:
1714:(3): 33–34.
1711:
1707:
1697:
1689:the original
1679:
1671:the original
1666:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:
1632:
1616:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1586:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1560:
1556:
1546:
1535:
1528:
1503:
1495:
1487:the original
1482:
1472:
1463:
1439:the original
1430:
1424:
1394:
1388:
1348:
1341:
1325:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1268:
1259:
1249:
1243:
1214:Zimmer-Cross
1213:
1207:
1177:
1171:
1141:
1109:
1103:
1095:the original
1085:
1073:. Retrieved
1068:
1063:
1057:
1033:
1014:
988:
978:
965:
952:
933:
901:
892:
883:
874:
865:
855:
845:46 CFR
817:
811:
792:
769:
755:
741:
692:
661:decoy flares
658:
583:
570:
563:
551:
536:incandescing
531:heat-seeking
524:
509:World War II
498:
489:Illumination
480:
472:Military use
466:riot control
459:
443:
434:railroad tie
420:
418:
409:
405:
392:
391:
389:
365:
351:
331:
325:
292:
287:
286:
285:
265:
254:Civilian use
247:
243:
231:Yuan Dynasty
227:Song Dynasty
224:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
165:
147:
132:
123:
113:
106:
99:
92:
80:
68:Please help
63:verification
60:
2832:Signal lamp
2786:Stroboscope
2662:DJ lighting
2598:Stop lights
2569:sealed beam
2521:Searchlight
2261:Xenon flash
2204:Klieg light
2052:Solid-state
2013:Fluorescent
1971:Luminescent
1412:|work=
1376:|work=
1231:|work=
1195:|work=
1159:|work=
665:perchlorate
501:candlepower
410:road flares
315:composition
307:pilot ships
188:pyrotechnic
2859:Categories
2776:Grow light
2771:Germicidal
2761:Scientific
2758:Industrial
2714:Floodlight
2700:Theatrical
2642:Blacklight
2637:Aroma lamp
2626:Decorative
2536:Automotive
2526:Solar lamp
2489:Glow stick
2472:Flashlight
2404:Nightlight
2399:Light tube
2374:Chandelier
2331:Stationary
2273:discharge
2199:Carbon arc
2069:Combustion
1935:generation
1933:Methods of
1765:DIVER 2000
1642:Spiegl.org
1519:0471023345
733:References
586:combustion
564:Under the
560:Regulation
542:Tripflares
345:of 15,000
343:luminosity
303:Royal Navy
299:John Yorke
215:See also:
205:flare guns
96:newspapers
2885:Gunpowder
2842:Reflected
2822:Light art
2734:Spotlight
2719:Footlight
2704:Cinematic
2672:Lava lamp
2434:in the US
2339:Reflector
2256:Xenon arc
2237:Neon lamp
2166:Rushlight
2146:Limelight
1895:Hong Kong
1744:116522917
1736:0003-150X
1567:16 August
1414:ignored (
1404:cite book
1378:ignored (
1368:cite book
1233:ignored (
1223:cite book
1197:ignored (
1187:cite book
1161:ignored (
1151:cite book
714:Flare gun
668:oxidizers
649:magnesium
645:aluminium
626:polymeric
622:magnesium
618:aluminium
580:Chemistry
554:tripwires
548:Tripflare
507:. During
481:In 1859,
414:magnesium
272:flare gun
221:Fireworks
201:artillery
192:explosion
2895:Lighting
2554:Headlamp
2494:Headlamp
2482:Tactical
2460:Portable
2441:Torchère
2122:Petromax
2117:Kerosene
2087:Campfire
2057:LED lamp
1853:Concepts
1846:Lighting
1621:Archived
1330:Archived
1046:Archived
960:(1917).
702:See also
663:contain
606:charcoal
529:against
456:Protests
430:lanterns
347:candelas
240:Zhejiang
235:Yangzhou
2837:Sources
2791:Tanning
2677:Marquee
2622:Display
2506:Lantern
2499:outdoor
2451:Troffer
2294:ceramic
2151:Luchina
2129:Lantern
2022:compact
2020: (
1956:Halogen
1951:Regular
1716:Bibcode
1647:6 March
1300:15 June
1275:15 June
1075:6 March
678:by the
637:Calcium
614:sawdust
367:Titanic
364:of the
362:sinking
326:Titanic
301:of the
184:bengalo
180:bengala
110:scholar
85:"Flare"
2559:hidden
2424:Sconce
2249:Sulfur
2244:Plasma
2176:Tilley
2171:Safety
2134:Fanous
2097:Carcel
2092:Candle
2082:Argand
1961:Nernst
1890:Hawaii
1742:
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1593:8 June
1516:
1356:
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1021:
940:
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824:
799:
676:iodine
610:sulfur
572:fatal
505:lumens
372:Mayday
270:-like
268:pistol
211:Origin
112:
105:
98:
91:
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2817:Laser
2729:Scoop
2356:(PAR)
2309:(HQI)
2301:(HMI)
2275:(HID)
2181:Torch
2139:Paper
2107:Flare
1875:Glare
1740:S2CID
1624:(PDF)
1613:(PDF)
1442:(PDF)
1435:(PDF)
1333:(PDF)
1322:(PDF)
1142:Fusee
1049:(PDF)
1042:(PDF)
629:resin
600:, or
588:of a
395:fusee
178:, or
176:fusee
172:fusée
168:flare
117:JSTOR
103:books
2724:Gobo
2232:Neon
2102:Diya
1789:link
1732:ISSN
1649:2022
1595:2015
1569:2024
1514:ISBN
1416:help
1380:help
1354:ISBN
1302:2021
1277:2021
1235:help
1199:help
1163:help
1114:ISBN
1077:2022
1019:ISBN
938:ISBN
906:ISBN
822:ISBN
797:ISBN
672:salt
324:RMS
219:and
89:news
2161:Oil
2112:Gas
1724:doi
1712:102
1667:EPA
1563:(1)
1483:CNN
647:or
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