148:
140:
41:
248:
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372:
401:. These are commonly used to indicate obstacles or advise caution on roadways at night and are found in roadside emergency kits. Law enforcement also may use these flares (either propped on a biped or laid flat) to signal traffic hazards or that a road is blocked, often as a more visible replacement for traffic cones. Law enforcement in the United States usually use
325:
as early as 1959, where they state "12 handheld rocket-propelled parachute red flare distress signals" are to be used by ocean going ships. The color red was eventually incorporated for use in the United States on 17 December 1979 as part of a "Universal color language". Red distress rockets and/or
682:
US courts have taken action regarding the use of perchlorate in manufacturing pyrotechnic devices such as flares. For example, in 2003, a federal district court in
California found that the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) applied because perchlorate is
1525:
The
Encyclopædia Britannica: The New Volumes, Constituting, in Combination with the Twenty-nine Volumes of the Eleventh Edition, the Twelfth Edition of that Work, and Also Supplying a New, Distinctive, and Independent Library of Reference Dealing with Events and Developments of the Period 1910 to
560:
Several U.S. states, including
California and Massachusetts, have begun regulating levels of potassium perchlorate, which can be unsafe at certain levels in drinking water. Contaminated drinking water can lead to such symptoms as gastric irritation, nausea, vomiting, fever, skin rashes, and even
522:
missiles. These flares are usually discharged individually or in salvos by the pilot or automatically by tail-warning devices, and are accompanied by vigorous evasive maneuvering. Since they are intended to deceive infrared missiles, these flares burn at temperatures of thousands of degrees,
226:
in 1276. These soft-shelled bombs, timed to explode in midair, were used to send messages to a detachment of troops far in the distance. Another mention of the signal bomb appears in a text dating from 1293 requesting their collection from those still stored in
421:. In general: trains that encounter a lit railroad flare are required to stop until it burns out. Fusees made specifically for railroad use can be distinguished from highway fusees by a sharp steel spike at one end, used to embed the fusee upright in a wooden
187:
in civilian and military applications. Flares may be ground pyrotechnics, projectile pyrotechnics, or parachute-suspended to provide maximum illumination time over a large area. Projectile pyrotechnics may be dropped from aircraft, fired from rocket or
416:
applications. Railroad flares can burn for at least 10 minutes, are not fastened to train cars, and are handheld by railroad personnel for protection at night. It was argued during an
Appeals case that railroad flares are much more visible than
310:
of 1894 further stated that these rockets were to be fired one at a time in short intervals of approximately one minute apart. Distress rockets continued to be used in different colors, as was the case with
341:
While rockets and flares are still an option for signaling distress, they have since been surpassed by improved technology. Distress signals can now be sent using automated radio signals from a
318:. At the time shipping companies had "a particular kind of distress rocket (that differed by color)". Each ship was also given a guide of colors to use depending on what signal was to be sent.
457:. This practice dates back to at least the 1940s where they are mentioned as being "useful in night operations". Handheld flares are also counter used by protestors at demonstrations.
663:
in its solid form, dissolves and moves rapidly in groundwater and surface water. Even in low concentrations in drinking water supplies, perchlorate is known to inhibit the uptake of
1609:
675:
for perchlorate, some states have established public health goals or action levels, and some are in the process of establishing state maximum contaminant levels. For example, the
488:
In 1922, a "landing flare" was an aerial candle attached to a parachute and used for landing an airplane in the dark. The flare burned for less than four minutes and the
1467:
1079:
763:
327:
294:
suggested that rockets for distress should have a distinctive color. The request was made to help ease confusion between ships in distress and rockets used by
1994:
1825:
330:(SOLAS) has standards for visual signals, including both handheld and aerial flares. Handheld flares must burn for at least one minute at an average
1651:
679:
has studied the impacts of perchlorate on the environment as well as drinking water. California has also issued guidance regarding perchlorate use.
2422:
1673:
1541:
545:
are used to guard an area against infiltration. The flare begins burning when the tripwire is triggered, providing both alarm and illumination.
749:
2898:
2893:
286:
of that year mentions the use of "rocket stations" for ship related emergencies. White rockets were solely used until 1873, when commander
280:(aka "rocket-propelled parachute flares") have been mentioned in the modern era for civilian maritime emergencies since at least 1856. The
1598:
833:
958:
554:
306:
were only to be used as a sign for a ship in distress. Passenger ships at the time were required to carry 12 of these rockets. The
147:
2913:
251:
A conventional flare pistol. This particular model uses 26.5-millimeter (1.04 in) flares (manufactured by Patel
Ballistics).
1318:
1818:
1797:
850:
255:
In the civilian world, flares are commonly used as signals, and may be ignited on the ground, fired as an aerial signal from a
1475:
1106:
814:
789:
2564:
2853:
973:
684:
1129:
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flares are used underwater to illuminate submerged objects. *Note- Fusees manufactured in the United States no longer use
2532:
1448:
1418:
999:
868:
1751:
1083:
2287:
1382:
1279:
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124:
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105:
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1972:
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77:
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450:
62:
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342:
322:
84:
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1883:
302:(UK) had issued regulations for Captains in regards to night signals. Rockets containing at least 16oz of
2878:
2858:
2614:
2382:
1659:
28:
2016:
214:
The earliest recorded use of gunpowder for signaling purposes was the 'signal bomb' used by the
Chinese
91:
2591:
1677:
2863:
2734:
2295:
2282:
1878:
1404:
1368:
1223:
1187:
1151:
714:
389:, which burns with a bright red light. These come in two main types which are used for roadways and
2888:
2795:
2010:
1984:
483:
338:, while aerial flares must burn for at least 40 seconds with a 30,000-candela average luminosity.
73:
2655:
1939:
672:
578:
51:
1493:
Patently Female: From AZT to TV Dinners: stories of women inventors and their breakthrough ideas
1051:
474:
patented the Coston flare based on early work by her deceased husband
Benjamin Franklin Coston.
2412:
2337:
649:
509:
350:
312:
282:
58:
21:
2908:
2825:
1771:
1523:
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441:. They ignite at 191 °C (376 °F) and burn as hot as 1,600 °C (2,910 °F).
307:
2537:
2040:
1704:
621:
434:
303:
205:
8:
2665:
2524:
1989:
1967:
1708:
1692:
1028:"The Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996"
326:
flares are now internationally recognized symbols that indicate a ship in distress. The
2873:
2815:
2487:
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1728:
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2035:
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1979:
1907:
1853:
1732:
1720:
1502:
1468:"Protesters Storm BlackRock's Paris Office Holding Red Flares and Firing Smoke Bombs"
1342:
1254:"Emergency Flares for Road & Highway Usage » Traffic Safety Resource Center"
1102:
1007:
926:
894:
810:
785:
664:
586:
582:
1693:"Pipeline Flash Reactor Technology Selected for Castaic Lake Water Agency Expansion"
2640:
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2504:
2455:
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2006:
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1712:
660:
98:
2800:
2759:
2717:
2712:
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2367:
2144:
1873:
1848:
1597:
Borowicz, Krzysztof; Dion, Megan; Mehta, Jason; Morgan, Glen (18 December 2014).
708:
656:
562:
519:
438:
184:
1626:
1455:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Military Service Publishing Company. p. 70.
2688:
2579:
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2434:
2407:
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2244:
1863:
1858:
1427:
1335:
Myers, Raymond H.; Montgomery, Douglas C.; Anderson-Cook, Christine M. (2009).
515:
413:
390:
299:
1571:
1056:. International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of 1 November 1974.
263:, or launched from a self-contained tube. Flares are commonly found in marine
2847:
2769:
2499:
2402:
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2319:
2220:
2127:
2105:
1931:
1912:
1868:
1724:
668:
524:
471:
1449:"Chapter 3. Weapons; Section VIII. Chemical Munitions; 76. Parachute flares"
1101:. Sutton: London Borough of Sutton Libraries and Arts Services. p. 55.
2779:
2675:
2670:
2645:
2635:
2596:
2417:
2372:
2249:
2100:
2065:
2001:
1959:
1944:
1900:
1027:
497:
493:
454:
422:
264:
219:
215:
1387:. United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. 1973. p. 2.
1134:. United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. 1951. p. 7.
500:, the U.S. Navy tested underwater flares for use in detecting submarines.
2820:
2774:
2650:
2509:
2237:
2232:
2192:
2164:
2159:
2090:
2085:
2070:
2028:
1949:
750:"Un niño herido por la pirotecnia de los ultras del Sporting de Portugal"
653:
489:
176:
2429:
836:
514:
A special variety of flares is used in military aircraft as a defensive
2764:
2630:
2625:
2514:
2477:
2460:
2392:
2387:
2362:
2057:
711: – Bright light source made from magnesium, which burns underwater
574:
412:, they are commonly used to perform hand signals or used as torches in
331:
295:
291:
449:
Flares are used by law enforcement agencies such as the United States
2810:
2707:
2660:
2225:
2154:
2134:
702:
637:
633:
610:
606:
536:
402:
345:. Other internationally recognized methods include the radio message
260:
209:
193:
189:
183:. Flares are used for distress signaling, illumination, or defensive
180:
40:
2542:
2482:
2179:
2149:
2110:
2075:
2045:
1834:
594:
542:
247:
228:
223:
1426:. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. March 2003. Archived from
2494:
2439:
2139:
2117:
1170:. United States. Small Business Administration. 1964. p. 31.
945:
625:
614:
602:
418:
393:. The first type are fusees used for roadways which are known as
355:
335:
143:
Illumination flares being used during military training exercises
2122:
2080:
1792:
598:
360:
256:
923:
Iconic Events: Media, Politics, and Power in
Retelling History
648:
Many in-service colored signal flares and spectrally balanced
2805:
2169:
617:
1766:(2): 116–119. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009.
1334:
764:"Freimann: England-Fan zündet Bengalo in seinem Hotelzimmer"
239:, written in 1791, depicts a signal gun in an illustration.
1803:
433:
In forestry and firefighting, fusees are sometimes used in
955:
British
Islands Pilot: The west coast of England and Wales
557:, pyrotechnic flares are designated class 1.4 explosives.
371:
346:
1760:
Journal of the South
Pacific Underwater Medicine Society
179:
that produces a bright light or intense heat without an
1596:
857:. Vol. 5. Griffiths & Bates. pp. 125–132.
1280:"Police Roadside Safety: Tools to Increase Visibility"
1097:
Learmonth, Bob; Nash, Joanna; Cluett, Douglas (1977).
893:. Cambridge University Press. 1875. pp. 956–957.
855:
Monthly Nautical Magazine, and Quarterly Review (1856)
328:
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
27:"Signal flare" redirects here. For the character, see
807:
Science and Civilisation in China: The Gunpowder Epic
782:
Science and Civilisation in China: The Gunpowder Epic
151:
Flares being fired from a ship during a fleet review
1096:
1080:"It's MayDay – But That Means Trouble for Aviators"
65:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1490:
643:
1599:"Disposal of Pyrotechnic Visual Distress Signals"
1533:
912:
910:
736:"Fumogeni e bengala allo stadio: Quando è reato?"
581:. The ingredients are varied, but often based on
321:Modern red distress signals are mentioned by the
2845:
972:Schreck, Albert E.; Arundale, Joseph C. (1959).
971:
1053:International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code
907:
1819:
1466:Bairin, Pierre; Ziady, Hanna (6 April 2023).
1242:. Commerce Clearing House. 1961. p. 801.
1000:"Internationally Recognized Distress Signals"
231:. A signal gun appears in Korea by 1600. The
1752:"Can Anybody See Me? (modified reprint from
1515:
1442:
1440:
1308:"Evaluation of Chemical and Electric Flares"
1033:. UK Maritime and Coast Guard Agency. 1996.
620:. Flares may be colored by the inclusion of
428:
405:-based flares that last from 15–30 minutes.
175:in several European countries, is a type of
1627:"Mark Spiegl's Road Flare Composition Page"
1529:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Company Limited.
1465:
993:
991:
809:. Cambridge University Press. p. 331.
784:. Cambridge University Press. p. 169.
683:ignitable and therefore a "characteristic"
565:(a reduction in all types of blood cells).
270:
1826:
1812:
1697:Journal - American Water Works Association
1539:
1488:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
959:United States Government Publishing Office
671:. While there are currently no US federal
1437:
775:
773:
125:Learn how and when to remove this message
1749:
1521:
1338:Constraints on the Component Proportions
1004:Marine Emergencies For Masters and Mates
988:
980:. Information Circular. Vol. 7933.
875:. Waterlow & Sons. 1873. p. 96.
828:
826:
465:
370:
246:
146:
138:
1690:
1489:Vare, Ethlie Ann; Ptacek, Greg (2002).
1115:
848:
804:
779:
573:Flares produce their light through the
2846:
1542:"Secret Weapons, Forgotten Sacrifices"
1206:. State of New York. 2009. p. 37.
770:
1807:
1302:
1300:
1006:. Taylor & Francis. p. 197.
997:
916:
823:
2899:Military history of the Yuan dynasty
2894:Military history of the Song dynasty
1615:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1446:
1324:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1040:from the original on 9 October 2022.
705: – Firearm that launches flares
366:
359:, and the emergency procedure word "
63:adding citations to reliable sources
34:
1540:Kline, Adam; Robyn, Dexter (2016).
1099:The First Croydon Airport 1915–1928
974:"Uses, Properties, and Substitutes"
925:. Lexington Books. pp. 44–45.
919:"Historical Sketches of the Events"
717: – Payload-carrying projectile
13:
1743:
1717:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2010.tb10070.x
1453:Riot Control by the National Guard
1297:
677:US Environmental Protection Agency
632:as an oxidizer and do not contain
408:Fusees used for rail are known as
14:
2925:
1785:
947:United States Hydrographic Office
527:in the visible spectrum as well.
503:
349:, which was used during the 1912
237:Illustrated Military Encyclopedia
1791:
699: – Early pyrotechnic signal
39:
2343:Parabolic aluminized reflector
1684:
1674:"Perchlorate in Drinking Water"
1666:
1644:
1619:
1590:
1564:
1482:
1459:
1420:The New Generation Fire Shelter
1411:
1375:
1328:
1272:
1246:
1230:
1194:
1158:
1090:
1072:
1044:
1020:
965:
939:
869:"To the Editor of the 'Times.'"
697:Blue light (pyrotechnic signal)
644:Perchlorate flare health issues
477:
460:
242:
50:needs additional citations for
2914:Wildfire suppression equipment
2288:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
1258:Traffic Safety Resource Center
887:"Rockets for Distress Signals"
879:
861:
842:
798:
756:
742:
728:
196:or handheld percussive tubes.
1:
1284:National Institute of Justice
982:United States Bureau of Mines
978:Strontium: A Materials Survey
721:
548:
530:
379:Another type of flare is the
363:", which dates to the 1920s.
343:search and rescue transponder
323:United States Bureau of Mines
218:(960–1279) as the Mongol-led
1833:
873:The Loss of the "Northfleet"
593:, mixed with a fuel such as
568:
7:
2854:Association football fandom
2533:Automotive light bulb types
2383:Intelligent street lighting
1691:Jackson, Jim (March 2010).
1497:. New York: Wiley. p.
1167:Highway Flare Signal Device
690:
444:
29:Signal Flare (Transformers)
10:
2930:
2296:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
1756:; 45 (2) February: 72–74)"
1750:Wallbank, Alister (2001).
1447:Wood, Sterling A. (1940).
1315:Office of Justice Programs
1082:. May 2017. Archived from
534:
507:
481:
453:, and police as a form of
203:
159:, also sometimes called a
18:
2788:
2743:
2735:Stage lighting instrument
2684:
2607:
2523:
2448:
2318:
2258:
2206:
2178:
2056:
1958:
1930:
1921:
1841:
1776:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1606:United States Coast Guard
659:. Perchlorate, a type of
429:Forestry and firefighting
375:Three road flares burning
199:
2796:Battlefield illumination
2553:high-intensity discharge
1985:Electrochemiluminescence
917:Leavy, Patricia (2007).
849:Postans, Robert (1856).
805:Needham, Joseph (1986).
780:Needham, Joseph (1986).
673:drinking water standards
484:Battlefield illumination
271:Maritime distress signal
16:Pyrotechnic light source
2904:Missile countermeasures
2869:Emergency communication
2656:Electroluminescent wire
1522:Chisholm, Hugh (1922).
837:/part-156–165 156–165
579:pyrotechnic composition
555:UN hazard number system
437:and in the ignition of
233:Wu I Thu Phu Thung Chih
2338:Multifaceted reflector
1341:. Wiley. p. 603.
851:"Night Signals at Sea"
510:Flare (countermeasure)
376:
283:U.S. Nautical Magazine
252:
152:
144:
22:Flare (disambiguation)
2728:ellipsoidal reflector
2333:Ellipsoidal reflector
2017:Fluorescent induction
1995:field-induced polymer
1798:Flares (pyrotechnics)
1060:. London. 4 June 1996
998:House, David (2014).
891:The Nautical Magazine
630:potassium perchlorate
622:pyrotechnic colorants
591:potassium perchlorate
482:Further information:
466:Maritime signal flare
374:
308:Merchant Shipping Act
250:
222:(1271–1368) besieged
150:
142:
2565:Rear position lights
2538:Daytime running lamp
2466:Mechanically powered
2353:Aviation obstruction
1800:at Wikimedia Commons
1662:on 18 February 2015.
1652:"Water: Unregulated"
541:Flares connected to
435:wildfire suppression
206:History of gunpowder
59:improve this article
20:For other uses, see
1973:Electron-stimulated
1709:2010JAWWA.102c..33J
1572:"History of Flares"
1433:on 16 January 2009.
752:. 24 February 2023.
391:rail transportation
2879:Incendiary weapons
2859:Chinese inventions
2816:Luminous gemstones
1990:Electroluminescent
1968:Cathodoluminescent
1384:Statement of Facts
715:Shell (projectile)
377:
253:
153:
145:
2841:
2840:
2358:Balanced-arm lamp
2314:
2313:
2198:Yablochkov candle
2066:Acetylene/Carbide
2036:Radioluminescence
1908:Luminous efficacy
1854:Color temperature
1796:Media related to
1546:Prologue Magazine
1108:978-0-9503224-3-8
1086:on 24 March 2019.
951:"General Remarks"
816:978-0-521-30358-3
791:978-0-521-30358-3
587:potassium nitrate
583:strontium nitrate
492:was about 40,000
367:Roadside and rail
192:, or deployed by
135:
134:
127:
109:
2921:
2864:Distress signals
2641:Christmas lights
2575:Safety reflector
2570:Reversing lights
2505:Navigation light
2456:Bicycle lighting
2346:
2299:
2291:
2265:
2024:Photoluminescent
2007:Fluorescent lamp
1980:Chemiluminescent
1928:
1927:
1896:Bi-pin lamp base
1891:Lightbulb socket
1828:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1781:
1775:
1767:
1737:
1736:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1680:on 27 June 2010.
1676:. Archived from
1670:
1664:
1663:
1658:. Archived from
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1576:SiriusSignal.com
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1496:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1478:on 6 April 2023.
1474:. Archived from
1463:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1398:
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1388:
1379:
1373:
1372:
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1362:
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1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1317:. 12 June 2008.
1312:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1239:Automobile Cases
1234:
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1217:
1215:
1207:
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1024:
1018:
1017:
995:
986:
985:
969:
963:
962:
943:
937:
936:
914:
905:
904:
883:
877:
876:
865:
859:
858:
846:
840:
839:
830:
821:
820:
802:
796:
795:
777:
768:
767:
760:
754:
753:
746:
740:
739:
738:. 27 March 2018.
732:
613:, or a suitable
439:controlled burns
386:
385:
277:Distress rockets
130:
123:
119:
116:
110:
108:
67:
43:
35:
32:
25:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2889:Maritime safety
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2801:Bioluminescence
2784:
2753:
2739:
2696:
2680:
2619:
2603:
2519:
2444:
2368:Emergency light
2344:
2310:
2297:
2289:
2263:
2261:
2254:
2202:
2174:
2145:Magnesium torch
2052:
1954:
1923:
1917:
1874:Light pollution
1849:Accent lighting
1837:
1832:
1788:
1769:
1768:
1746:
1744:Further reading
1741:
1740:
1689:
1685:
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1635:
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1625:
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1578:. Sirius Signal
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989:
984:. pp. 4–6.
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747:
743:
734:
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729:
724:
709:Magnesium torch
693:
685:hazardous waste
646:
571:
563:aplastic anemia
551:
539:
533:
512:
506:
486:
480:
468:
463:
447:
431:
410:railroad flares
383:
382:
369:
298:. By 1875, the
273:
245:
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185:countermeasures
131:
120:
114:
111:
68:
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44:
33:
26:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2789:Related topics
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2435:Track lighting
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2410:
2408:Recessed light
2405:
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2378:Gooseneck lamp
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2260:High-intensity
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2049:
2048:
2038:
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2029:Laser headlamp
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
1999:
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1859:Electric light
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1831:
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1787:
1786:External links
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1526:1921 Inclusive
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1410:
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766:. 7 June 2022.
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535:Main article:
532:
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516:countermeasure
508:Main article:
505:
504:Countermeasure
502:
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451:National Guard
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395:highway flares
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2770:Infrared lamp
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2401:
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2398:Neon lighting
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2273:Mercury-vapor
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2239:
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2227:
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2222:
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2216:Deuterium arc
2214:
2213:
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2209:
2208:Gas discharge
2205:
2199:
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1913:Task lighting
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1260:. 17 May 2019
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1013:9781317673163
1009:
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983:
979:
975:
968:
961:. p. 47.
960:
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932:9780739115206
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900:9781108056540
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669:thyroid gland
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472:Martha Coston
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118:
115:November 2014
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76: –
75:
71:
70:Find sources:
64:
60:
54:
53:
48:This article
46:
42:
37:
36:
30:
23:
2909:Pyrotechnics
2676:Strobe light
2671:Plasma globe
2646:Crackle tube
2636:Bubble light
2597:trafficators
2592:Turn signals
2418:Street light
2373:Gas lighting
2306:Sodium vapor
2278:Metal-halide
2180:Electric arc
2095:
1932:Incandescent
1901:Edison screw
1772:cite journal
1763:
1759:
1753:
1703:(3): 33–34.
1700:
1696:
1686:
1678:the original
1668:
1660:the original
1655:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1630:
1621:
1605:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1549:
1545:
1535:
1524:
1517:
1492:
1484:
1476:the original
1471:
1461:
1452:
1428:the original
1419:
1413:
1383:
1377:
1337:
1330:
1314:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1257:
1248:
1238:
1232:
1203:Zimmer-Cross
1202:
1196:
1166:
1160:
1130:
1098:
1092:
1084:the original
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1057:
1052:
1046:
1022:
1003:
977:
967:
954:
941:
922:
890:
881:
872:
863:
854:
844:
834:46 CFR
806:
800:
781:
758:
744:
730:
681:
650:decoy flares
647:
572:
559:
552:
540:
525:incandescing
520:heat-seeking
513:
498:World War II
487:
478:Illumination
469:
461:Military use
455:riot control
448:
432:
423:railroad tie
409:
407:
398:
394:
381:
380:
378:
354:
340:
320:
314:
281:
276:
275:
274:
254:
243:Civilian use
236:
232:
220:Yuan Dynasty
216:Song Dynasty
213:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
154:
136:
121:
112:
102:
95:
88:
81:
69:
57:Please help
52:verification
49:
2821:Signal lamp
2775:Stroboscope
2651:DJ lighting
2587:Stop lights
2558:sealed beam
2510:Searchlight
2250:Xenon flash
2193:Klieg light
2041:Solid-state
2002:Fluorescent
1960:Luminescent
1401:|work=
1365:|work=
1220:|work=
1184:|work=
1148:|work=
654:perchlorate
490:candlepower
399:road flares
304:composition
296:pilot ships
177:pyrotechnic
2848:Categories
2765:Grow light
2760:Germicidal
2750:Scientific
2747:Industrial
2703:Floodlight
2689:Theatrical
2631:Blacklight
2626:Aroma lamp
2615:Decorative
2525:Automotive
2515:Solar lamp
2478:Glow stick
2461:Flashlight
2393:Nightlight
2388:Light tube
2363:Chandelier
2320:Stationary
2262:discharge
2188:Carbon arc
2058:Combustion
1924:generation
1922:Methods of
1754:DIVER 2000
1631:Spiegl.org
1508:0471023345
722:References
575:combustion
553:Under the
549:Regulation
531:Tripflares
334:of 15,000
332:luminosity
292:Royal Navy
288:John Yorke
204:See also:
194:flare guns
85:newspapers
2874:Gunpowder
2831:Reflected
2811:Light art
2723:Spotlight
2708:Footlight
2693:Cinematic
2661:Lava lamp
2423:in the US
2328:Reflector
2245:Xenon arc
2226:Neon lamp
2155:Rushlight
2135:Limelight
1884:Hong Kong
1733:116522917
1725:0003-150X
1556:16 August
1403:ignored (
1393:cite book
1367:ignored (
1357:cite book
1222:ignored (
1212:cite book
1186:ignored (
1176:cite book
1150:ignored (
1140:cite book
703:Flare gun
657:oxidizers
638:magnesium
634:aluminium
615:polymeric
611:magnesium
607:aluminium
569:Chemistry
543:tripwires
537:Tripflare
496:. During
470:In 1859,
403:magnesium
261:flare gun
210:Fireworks
190:artillery
181:explosion
2884:Lighting
2543:Headlamp
2483:Headlamp
2471:Tactical
2449:Portable
2430:Torchère
2111:Petromax
2106:Kerosene
2076:Campfire
2046:LED lamp
1842:Concepts
1835:Lighting
1610:Archived
1319:Archived
1035:Archived
949:(1917).
691:See also
652:contain
595:charcoal
518:against
445:Protests
419:lanterns
336:candelas
229:Zhejiang
224:Yangzhou
2826:Sources
2780:Tanning
2666:Marquee
2611:Display
2495:Lantern
2488:outdoor
2440:Troffer
2283:ceramic
2140:Luchina
2118:Lantern
2011:compact
2009: (
1945:Halogen
1940:Regular
1705:Bibcode
1636:6 March
1289:15 June
1264:15 June
1064:6 March
667:by the
626:Calcium
603:sawdust
356:Titanic
353:of the
351:sinking
315:Titanic
290:of the
173:bengalo
169:bengala
99:scholar
74:"Flare"
2548:hidden
2413:Sconce
2238:Sulfur
2233:Plasma
2165:Tilley
2160:Safety
2123:Fanous
2086:Carcel
2081:Candle
2071:Argand
1950:Nernst
1879:Hawaii
1731:
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665:iodine
599:sulfur
561:fatal
494:lumens
361:Mayday
259:-like
257:pistol
200:Origin
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2806:Laser
2718:Scoop
2345:(PAR)
2298:(HQI)
2290:(HMI)
2264:(HID)
2170:Torch
2128:Paper
2096:Flare
1864:Glare
1729:S2CID
1613:(PDF)
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1431:(PDF)
1424:(PDF)
1322:(PDF)
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1131:Fusee
1038:(PDF)
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618:resin
589:, or
577:of a
384:fusee
167:, or
165:fusee
161:fusée
157:flare
106:JSTOR
92:books
2713:Gobo
2221:Neon
2091:Diya
1778:link
1721:ISSN
1638:2022
1584:2015
1558:2024
1503:ISBN
1405:help
1369:help
1343:ISBN
1291:2021
1266:2021
1224:help
1188:help
1152:help
1103:ISBN
1066:2022
1008:ISBN
927:ISBN
895:ISBN
811:ISBN
786:ISBN
661:salt
313:RMS
208:and
78:news
2150:Oil
2101:Gas
1713:doi
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1656:EPA
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