5627:
683:
1826:
5657:
1543:
95:
7686:
994:
33:
1706:
5668:
1770:
1619:
2049:
2018:, are extinct fish that share features with both bony and cartilaginous fish, though ultimately more closely related to and ancestral to the latter. Despite being called "spiny sharks", acanthodians predate sharks, though they gave rise to them. They evolved in the sea at the beginning of the Silurian period, some 50 million years before the first sharks appeared. Eventually competition from bony fish proved too much, and the spiny sharks died out in Permian times about 250 Ma. In form they resembled sharks, but their
1587:
2387:
921:
1727:
1395:
5652:
5634:
5662:
860:
4036:
4020:
4439:
5646:
1913:
1404:
7541:
5431:
5413:
1651:
1262:
972:
7551:
1107:
1672:
671:
328:
2312:
1803:
5640:
5443:
2007:
1581:
1929:
1193:
494:
2200:
1027:
3094:
Although I was among the early supporters of vertebrate paraphyly, I am impressed by the evidence provided by
Heimberg et al. and prepared to admit that cyclostomes are, in fact, monophyletic. The consequence is that they may tell us little, if anything, about the dawn of vertebrate evolution, except
2369:
period; today there are fewer than a dozen genera left. The lungfish evolved the first proto-lungs and proto-limbs, developing the ability to live outside a water environment in the Middle
Devonian (397–385 Mya). The first tetrapodomorphs, which included the gigantic rhizodonts, had the same general
2275:
within the
Sarcopterygii, and the tetrapods in turn include all species of four-limbed vertebrates. The fin-limbs of lobe-finned fish such as the coelacanths show a strong similarity to the expected ancestral form of tetrapod limbs. The lobe-finned fish apparently followed two different lines of
1442:
are thought to have become the jaw itself and the hyoid arch, respectively. The hyoid system suspends the jaw from the braincase of the skull, permitting great mobility of the jaws. Already long assumed to be a paraphyletic assemblage leading to more derived gnathostomes, the discovery of
2397:, differ from lobe-finned fish in that their fins consist of webs of skin supported by spines ("rays") made of bone or horn. There are other differences in respiratory and circulatory structures. Ray-finned fish normally have skeletons made from true bone, though this is not true of
1963:
or naked, depending on the species. The armour shield was articulated, with the head armour hinged to the thoracic armour. This allowed placoderms to lift their heads, unlike ostracoderms. Placoderms were the first jawed fish; their jaws likely evolved from the first of their
2510:
3036:
DeLarbre
Christiane; Gallut Cyril; Barriel Veronique; Janvier Philippe; Gachelin Gabriel (2002). "Complete mitochondrial DNA of the hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri: The comparative analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences strongly supports the cyclostome monophyly".
852:. Phylogenetic groups are given definitions based on their relationship to one another, rather than purely on physical traits such as the presence of a backbone. This nesting pattern is often combined with traditional taxonomy, in a practice known as
817:, were more closely related to the gnathostomes than to the surviving agnathans, known as cyclostomes. Cyclostomes apparently split from other agnathans before the evolution of dentine and bone, which are present in many fossil agnathans, including
1958:
epoch before dying out entirely at the close of the
Devonian, 360 mya; they are ultimately ancestral to modern gnathostome vertebrates. Their head and thorax were covered with massive and often ornamented armoured plates. The rest of the body was
1491:) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs in the case of amphibians. Over evolutionary time the more familiar use of jaws (to humans) in feeding was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates. Many
1364:. Later, about 420 million years ago, the jawed fish evolved from one of the ostracoderms. After the appearance of jawed fish, most ostracoderm species underwent a decline, and the last ostracoderms became extinct at the end of the
2408:
Ray-finned fish are a dominant vertebrate group, containing half of all known vertebrate species. They inhabit abyssal depths in the sea, coastal inlets and freshwater rivers and lakes, and are a major source of food for humans.
2184:
of fish in the post-Paleozoic and modern world, with some 30,000 living species. The bony (and cartilaginous) fish groups that emerged after the
Devonian were characterised by steady improvements in foraging and locomotion.
3339:
2256:. The braincase of lobe-finned fish primitively has a hinge line, but this is lost in tetrapods and lungfish. Many early lobe-finned fish have a symmetrical tail. All lobe-finned fish possess teeth covered with true
3610:
Zhu, Min; Xiaobo Yu; Per Erik
Ahlberg; Brian Choo; Jing Lu; Tuo Qiao; Qingming Qu; Wenjin Zhao; Liantao Jia; Henning Blom; You'an Zhu (2013). "A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones".
2240:, and paired, joined to the body by a single bone. The fins of lobe-finned fish differ from those of all other fish in that each is borne on a fleshy, lobelike, scaly stalk extending from the body. The
241:
period a great increase in fish variety occurred, especially among the ostracoderms and placoderms, and also among the lobe-finned fish and early sharks. This has led to the
Devonian being known as the
2374:(four-legged vertebrates). Tetrapods are the only tetrapodomorphs that survived after the Devonian. Lobe-finned fish continued until towards the end of Paleozoic era, suffering heavy losses during the
1302:
The ostracoderm armour consisted of 3–5 mm polygonal plates that shielded the head and gills, and then overlapped further down the body like scales. The eyes were particularly shielded. Earlier
658:
The later radiations, such as those of fish in the
Silurian and Devonian periods, involved fewer taxa, mainly with very similar body plans. The first animals to venture onto dry land were
3095:
that the intuitions of 19th century zoologists were correct in assuming that these odd vertebrates (notably, hagfishes) are strongly degenerate and have lost many characters over time.
270:
first appeared during the early
Devonian, and by the late Devonian the first tetrapods appeared. The diversity of jawed vertebrates may indicate the evolutionary advantage of a jawed
1212:. These "teeth" have been variously interpreted as filter-feeding apparatuses or as a "grasping and crushing array". Conodonts ranged in length from a centimetre to the 40 cm
2370:
anatomy as the lungfish, who were their closest kin, but they appear not to have left their water habitat until the Late Devonian epoch (385–359 Mya), with the appearance of
2633:
1483:
It is thought that the original selective advantages offered by the jaw were not related to feeding, but to increases in respiration efficiency. The jaws were used in the
2176:
strongly suggests that bony fish (and possibly cartilaginous fish, via acanthodians) evolved from early placoderms. A subclass of the Osteichthyes, the ray-finned fish (
836:
of the gnathostomes, the jawed fish that evolved from them. Molecular data, both from rRNA and from mtDNA strongly supports the theory that living agnathans, known as
2959:
7273:
616:, which could grow up to seven meters long, and early air-breathing fish that could remain on land for extended periods. Among this latter group were ancestral
3412:
3082:
2010. "MicroRNAs revive old views about jawless vertebrate divergence and evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 107:19137-19138.
1208:
resembled primitive jawless eels. They appeared 520 Ma ago and were wiped out 200 Ma ago. Initially they were known only from tooth-like microfossils called
3520:
1345:
in the 1830s. He had a hard time classifying them as they did not resemble any living creature. He compared them at first with extant armored fish such as
2248:
are articulated in ways resembling the tetrapod limbs they were the precursors to. The fins evolved into the legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates,
3162:
4292:
3473:
2653:
Shu, D-G.; Luo, H-L.; Conway Morris, S.; Zhang, X-L.; Hu, S-X.; Chen, L.; et al. (4 November 1999). "Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China".
2343:, from 385 to 299 Mya, as they were more common during those periods than in any other period in the Phanerozoic; coelacanths still live today in the
3872:
785:
agnathians were armoured with heavy, bony, and often elaborately sculpted, plates derived from mineralized scales. The first armoured agnathans—the
3691:
289:
led to the extinction of the ostracoderms and placoderms by the end of the Devonian, as well as other fish. The spiny sharks became extinct at the
7587:
3022:
3187:
Gabbott, S.E.; R. J. Aldridge; J. N. Theron (1995). "A giant conodont with preserved muscle tissue from the Upper Ordovician of South Africa".
2323:". The coelacanth body plan evolved roughly 408 million years ago, during the Early Devonian; the two modern species have much the same shape.
6209:
2043:
7022:
6322:
4172:
Near, T.J.; Dornburg, A.; Eytan, R.I.; Keck, B.P.; Smith, W.L.; Kuhn, K.L.; Moore, J.A.; Price, S.A.; Burbrink, F.T.; Friedman, M. (2013).
5481:
5143:
4340:
4265:
2444:
2213:. Lungfish evolved the first proto-lungs and proto-limbs. They developed the ability to live outside a water environment in the Middle
1314:
only. They had up to eight separate pharyngeal gill pouches along the side of the head, which were permanently open with no protective
1218:. Their large eyes had a lateral position, which makes a predatory role unlikely. The preserved musculature hints that some conodonts (
580:, evolved and became common. The Devonian saw the demise of virtually all jawless fish, save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the
503:, a small, translucent, fish-like animal, is the closest living invertebrate relative of the olfactoreans (vertebrates and tunicates).
7943:
4885:
4056:
2872:
2505:
2271:, were the most diverse group of bony fish in the Devonian. Taxonomists who subscribe to the cladistic approach include the grouping
298:
282:
3085:
7526:
6981:
2630:
2701:
274:; but it is unclear if the advantage of a hinged jaw is greater biting force, improved respiration, or a combination of factors.
6332:
848:, the relationships between animals are not typically divided into ranks, but illustrated as a nested "family tree" known as a
294:
1950:
armoured prehistoric fish, which appeared about 430 Ma in the Early to Middle Silurian. They were mostly wiped out during the
7948:
7289:
7049:
3985:
3948:
3918:
3286:
2855:
2564:
290:
2232:, are mostly extinct bony fish, basally characterised by robust and stubby lobe fins containing a robust internal skeleton,
6646:
6214:
5626:
3122:
2153:
1299:, and has no phylogenetic meaning. However, the term is still used informally to group together the armoured jawless fish.
7580:
7372:
6292:
4712:
3954:
545:
These were followed by indisputable fossil vertebrates in the form of heavily armoured fish discovered in rocks from the
3544:"Evolutionary origins of teeth in jawed vertebrates: conflicting data from acanthothoracid dental plates ('Placodermi')"
1222:
at least) were efficient cruisers but incapable of bursts of speed. In 2012 researchers classified the conodonts in the
7034:
6694:
2923:
4304:
4279:
7974:
4742:
4238:
4165:
4148:
4132:
4116:
4072:
3771:
3394:
2522:
2375:
76:
54:
7101:
1326:
motion to move food, ostracoderms used their muscular pharynx to create a suction that pulled small and slow-moving
47:
7106:
6704:
4315:- a permanent exhibition some of the best of the thousands of fossils dating from the Devonian Period found nearby.
218:(or spiny sharks). The jawed fish that are still extant in modern days also appeared during the late Silurian: the
3800:
3409:
7351:
7341:
7265:
6540:
5474:
4396:
4333:
4079:
Cloutier, R. (2010). "The fossil record of fish ontogenies: Insights into developmental patterns and processes".
3496:
4122:
7573:
7479:
7346:
7126:
6870:
6668:
6572:
6461:
2469:
764:. They have been tentatively assigned to Agnatha by Janvier. A third possible agnathan from the same region is
17:
5656:
3150:
7544:
7131:
6875:
6614:
6219:
4228:
4155:
4138:
3429:
2459:
1353:
but later, realizing that they had no movable jaws, classified them in 1844 into a new group "ostracoderms".
7076:
2010:
Spiny sharks (extinct) were the earliest known jawed fish. They resembled sharks and were ancestral to them.
7484:
6986:
6226:
5447:
4481:
3354:
3869:
1480:. The skull of the last common ancestor of today's jawed vertebrates is assumed to have resembled sharks.
7707:
7685:
7554:
7148:
4381:
7799:
7635:
7250:
6424:
5506:
5467:
5133:
4860:
4830:
4717:
4326:
2418:
2223:
has shown that "the closest living fish to the tetrapod ancestor is the lungfish, not the coelacanth".
7979:
7044:
6841:
6651:
6419:
6312:
6194:
5406:
5399:
5366:
5108:
4780:
4461:
3133:
2772:
2454:
7173:
5661:
7467:
7331:
7303:
7278:
7235:
7138:
7071:
6946:
6819:
6787:
6760:
6750:
6204:
5667:
5416:
5175:
3705:
Amemiya, C. T.; Alföldi, J.; Lee, A. P.; Fan, S.; Philippe, H.; MacCallum, I.; et al. (2013).
2434:
1951:
1311:
286:
41:
6951:
7472:
7402:
7311:
7039:
6921:
6689:
6285:
6252:
5394:
5376:
4938:
4687:
4438:
2777:
2485:
2104:). The radiation of elasmobranches in the chart on the right is divided into the following taxa:
538:, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail. All of these early vertebrates lacked
454:
3035:
2908:
2252:. They also possess two dorsal fins with separate bases, as opposed to the single dorsal fin of
682:
333:
Spindle diagram for the evolution of fish and other vertebrate classes. The diagram is based on
7938:
7882:
7877:
7862:
7511:
7160:
7029:
6991:
6892:
6863:
6836:
6831:
6429:
5645:
5356:
5180:
5165:
4988:
4707:
4596:
3386:
2554:
805:
the agnathans had reached the high point of their evolution. Most of the ostracoderms, such as
58:
7017:
5651:
5633:
699:
7953:
7452:
7326:
7245:
7240:
7225:
7210:
7200:
7116:
7091:
6926:
6882:
6846:
6814:
6755:
6733:
6714:
6577:
6530:
6481:
6476:
6434:
5386:
5371:
4880:
4697:
3364:
3151:"The extinction of conodonts-in terms of discrete elements-at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary"
3016:
2785:
2327:
In the Early Devonian (416-397 Mya), the lobe-finned fish split into two main lineages — the
1968:
arches. The chart on the right shows the rise and demise of the separate placoderm lineages:
853:
3600:
Benton, M. J. (2005) Vertebrate Palaeontology, Blackwell, 3rd edition, Fig 7.13 on page 185.
2799:
Baker, Clare V.H. (2008). "The evolution and elaboration of vertebrate neural crest cells".
1542:
530:. Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate
467:), whose larvae resemble early fish in important ways. The first ancestors of fish may have
7892:
7819:
7804:
7426:
7321:
7255:
7056:
6971:
6887:
6799:
6782:
6709:
6699:
6409:
6317:
6301:
6247:
6199:
5886:
5381:
4677:
4185:
3977:
3718:
3622:
3555:
3441:
3303:
3239:
3196:
3109:
Benton, M. J. (2005) Vertebrate Palaeontology, Blackwell, 3rd edition, Fig 3.25 on page 73.
3046:
2935:
2884:
2847:
2662:
2449:
1825:
7061:
6931:
4244:
4053:
2999:
2982:
993:
349:
traits. In turn, these classes are grouped into the vertebrates that have four limbs (the
94:
8:
7887:
7814:
7489:
7447:
7397:
7316:
7164:
7156:
7086:
7066:
7012:
6856:
6609:
6552:
6414:
6397:
6375:
5170:
5113:
4913:
4800:
4589:
3971:
3799:
Johanson Zerina; Long John A.; Talent John A.; Janvier Philippe; Warren James W. (2006).
3798:
3430:"Acanthodes and shark-like conditions in the last common ancestor of modern gnathostomes"
3083:
2429:
2204:
2181:
1705:
510:
The first ancestors of fish, or animals that were probably closely related to fish, were
302:
6767:
4189:
3722:
3626:
3559:
3445:
3243:
3200:
3050:
2939:
2888:
2666:
341:
as a subphylum grouped into eight classes based on traditional interpretations of gross
7902:
7867:
7620:
7462:
7414:
7407:
7004:
6916:
6777:
6738:
6562:
6506:
6496:
6456:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6278:
5935:
5783:
4752:
4208:
4173:
3825:
3739:
3706:
3685:
3646:
3542:
Meredith Smith, Moya; Clark, Brett; Goujet, Daniel; Johanson, Zerina (17 August 2017).
3512:
3465:
3379:
3331:
3319:
3212:
2951:
2900:
2697:
2678:
2608:
2581:
2109:
1954:
event, 378 Ma, though some survived and made a slight recovery in diversity during the
1907:
1361:
1230:
745:
482:
130:
2983:"28S and 18S ribosomal DNA sequences supports the monophyly of lampreys and hagfishes"
1769:
7918:
7897:
7737:
7655:
7550:
7504:
7230:
7178:
6956:
6673:
6636:
6631:
6587:
6582:
6535:
6501:
6109:
6057:
6014:
6008:
5971:
5959:
5929:
5584:
5098:
5003:
4908:
4820:
4815:
4762:
4569:
4366:
4282:
4234:
4213:
4161:
4144:
4128:
4112:
4096:
4068:
3981:
3944:
3914:
3830:
3767:
3744:
3638:
3583:
3457:
3390:
3323:
3282:
3255:
3062:
3004:
2924:"Phylogeny, classification, & character polarity of the Osteostraci (Vertebrata)"
2851:
2816:
2613:
2560:
2518:
2464:
2121:
1793:
1645:
1418:
4174:"Phylogeny and tempo of diversification in the superradiation of spiny-rayed fishes"
3516:
3335:
3230:
Briggs, D. (May 1992). "Conodonts: a major extinct group added to the vertebrates".
2955:
2904:
2766:
2048:
7928:
7702:
7096:
6663:
6641:
6449:
6242:
6153:
6136:
5850:
5765:
4840:
4785:
4747:
4702:
4660:
4584:
4371:
4260:
4203:
4193:
4088:
3820:
3812:
3734:
3726:
3650:
3630:
3613:
3573:
3563:
3504:
3469:
3449:
3315:
3247:
3216:
3204:
3079:
3054:
2994:
2943:
2892:
2808:
2682:
2670:
2603:
2593:
2474:
2357:, migrated into freshwater habitats. They in turn split into two major groups: the
2117:
1315:
1281:
1223:
966:
880:
706:
600:
589:
278:
142:
6941:
7872:
7776:
7759:
7630:
7457:
7081:
6908:
6897:
6851:
6794:
6743:
6523:
6327:
6122:
6085:
5965:
5916:
5737:
5539:
5057:
5037:
4865:
4852:
4835:
4790:
4672:
4611:
4535:
4530:
4466:
4453:
4423:
4308:
4092:
4060:
3876:
3416:
3137:
3126:
3089:
2637:
2598:
2550:
2514:
2281:
2253:
2125:
1981:
1940:
1618:
1496:
1473:
1439:
1365:
603:
resulted in diversification of body plans and sometimes an increase in size. The
523:
267:
5639:
3119:
2217:(397–385 Mya), and have remained virtually the same for over 100 million years.
662:. Some fish had lungs and strong, bony fins and could crawl onto the land also.
7933:
7824:
7747:
7694:
7665:
7625:
7600:
7297:
7169:
7111:
6471:
6466:
6404:
6382:
6097:
6075:
6020:
6002:
5953:
5945:
5922:
5880:
5856:
5601:
5333:
5306:
5198:
5190:
5123:
5093:
5032:
5014:
4968:
4958:
4562:
4515:
3897:
3678:
Field Guide to the Freshwater Fishes of Australia. Eds. Jan Knight/Wendy Bulgin
2394:
2386:
2362:
2237:
2177:
2093:
2065:
2057:
2053:
1969:
1921:
1797:
1726:
1700:
1613:
1575:
1510:
for jawed vertebrates is a continuation of the cladogram in the section above.
1500:
1291:. The term does not often appear in classifications today because the taxon is
868:
760:
737:
573:
518:
384:
377:
334:
227:
219:
4270:
4230:
Your inner fish: A journey into the 3.5-billion-year history of the human body
4039:
4023:
3938:
3508:
2947:
2812:
920:
7968:
7754:
7670:
7660:
7499:
7377:
7336:
7182:
6936:
6604:
6599:
6046:
5893:
5868:
5817:
5730:
5612:
5592:
5435:
5338:
5252:
5072:
5047:
5042:
4998:
4993:
4948:
4943:
4923:
4795:
4574:
4493:
3838:
3587:
2340:
2320:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2209:
2194:
2172:
1985:
1764:
1631:
1521:
1445:
1394:
1338:
1123:
845:
754:
725:
721:
628:
577:
557:
512:
391:
231:
203:
195:
163:
115:
4198:
3251:
1586:
1310:
for both respiration and feeding, whereas ostracoderms used their gills for
859:
7836:
7494:
7442:
7387:
7220:
7215:
6809:
6567:
6158:
6037:
5977:
5862:
5795:
5690:
5328:
5152:
5067:
5027:
4928:
4870:
4810:
4737:
4732:
4722:
4638:
4628:
4557:
4540:
4447:
4408:
4401:
4301:
4217:
4100:
3834:
3816:
3748:
3642:
3461:
3327:
3066:
3058:
2835:
2820:
2617:
2479:
2296:, which became extinct at the end of the Paleozoic. In the Early to Middle
2257:
2241:
2159:
2149:
2133:
2129:
2105:
1600:
1571:
1380:
1357:
1319:
1250:
1246:
1237:. Some researchers see them as vertebrates similar in appearance to modern
1084:
841:
837:
790:
786:
652:
612:
569:
358:
223:
184:
3259:
3008:
2873:"Diversification and faunal shift of Siluro-Devonian vertebrates of China"
1912:
7831:
7781:
7764:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7521:
7392:
7121:
6656:
6486:
6392:
6350:
6145:
6131:
6067:
5996:
5801:
5756:
5703:
5548:
5311:
5299:
5225:
4983:
4978:
4953:
4933:
4875:
4770:
4665:
4643:
4633:
4606:
4476:
4428:
4224:
3707:"The African coelacanth genome provides insights into tetrapod evolution"
3301:
2439:
2332:
2293:
2277:
2085:
1484:
1334:
1273:
1266:
1101:
937:
915:
810:
438:
In addition to these are two classes of extinct jawed fish, the armoured
306:
176:
119:
7565:
6961:
3730:
3657:
3634:
3578:
3453:
1935:(extinct) were armoured jawed fish (compare with the ostracoderms above)
1650:
1506:
Jawed vertebrates and jawed fish evolved from earlier jawless fish. The
7732:
7675:
7645:
7640:
7382:
7283:
7205:
7192:
6826:
6626:
6513:
6491:
6444:
6439:
6387:
6355:
6270:
6163:
6062:
5907:
5844:
5789:
5771:
5570:
5561:
5361:
5160:
5128:
5062:
5052:
4973:
4963:
4648:
4616:
4601:
4547:
4520:
4503:
4312:
4274:
3568:
3543:
2402:
2328:
2316:
2305:
2301:
2285:
2264:
2245:
2113:
2015:
2001:
1989:
1960:
1947:
1943:
1932:
1917:
1903:
1666:
1536:
1488:
1453:
1428:
1414:
1403:
1385:
1261:
1055:
988:
971:
833:
814:
806:
798:
774:
766:
741:
713:
593:
581:
561:
550:
546:
527:
474:
460:
443:
439:
346:
338:
215:
211:
199:
150:
111:
103:
3609:
1106:
542:
in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed.
7809:
7516:
7367:
6976:
6594:
6342:
6117:
5874:
5838:
5829:
5743:
5118:
5103:
5088:
4918:
4579:
4525:
4510:
4488:
4471:
4418:
3274:
3208:
2731:
2398:
2371:
2349:
2272:
2249:
2163:
2019:
1977:
1973:
1955:
1819:
1671:
1507:
1492:
1461:
1449:
suggests that placoderms are directly ancestral to modern bony fish.
1296:
1292:
1288:
1234:
1214:
1197:
876:
849:
829:
794:
733:
659:
640:
617:
608:
535:
531:
471:, as some sea squirts do today, although this path cannot be proven.
407:
251:
5459:
3385:(illustrated ed.). New York: Henry Holt & Company. p.
2896:
226:(or bony fish). The bony fish evolved into two separate groups: the
179:, first appeared. Most jawless fish are now extinct; but the extant
7841:
7742:
7650:
7419:
6621:
6080:
6025:
5982:
5777:
5576:
5554:
5516:
5321:
5262:
5208:
5203:
5022:
4890:
4552:
4498:
4413:
2974:
2366:
2358:
2336:
2297:
2289:
2276:
development and are accordingly separated into two subclasses, the
2268:
2214:
2167:
2137:
2101:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2023:
1435:
1424:
1350:
1342:
1303:
1226:
1205:
1022:
822:
818:
802:
782:
778:
709:
670:
648:
636:
624:
604:
585:
565:
500:
464:
350:
247:
238:
207:
172:
168:
146:
134:
99:
2674:
2311:
2288:(coelacanths). The first lobe-finned fish, found in the uppermost
1802:
1503:, resulting in highly complex jaws with dozens of bones involved.
1333:
The first fossil fish that were discovered were ostracoderms. The
1104:(bony armoured jawless fish with heads covered with a bony shield)
7769:
6804:
6518:
6168:
5708:
5698:
5680:
5294:
5289:
5267:
5240:
5235:
5230:
4775:
4727:
4621:
4391:
4386:
3541:
3186:
2354:
2335:. The former never left the oceans and their heyday was the Late
1346:
1284:
1242:
1238:
901:
864:
702:
693:
675:
644:
632:
468:
414:
370:
342:
327:
255:
188:
180:
158:
2084:, evolving from acanthodians. The class contains the subclasses
2006:
1580:
732:, jawless fish were prominent among the early fish in the early
7727:
5531:
5213:
2843:
2031:
1928:
1721:
1323:
428:
277:
Fish, like many other organisms, have been greatly affected by
259:
191:, and this group may have split early on from other agnathans.
183:
may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish. Lampreys belong to the
3680:. Perth, W.A.: Western Australia Museum, 2002. pp. 54–55.
1192:
6725:
5987:
5316:
5245:
4655:
3909:
Berg, Linda R.; Eldra Pearl Solomon; Diana W. Martin (2004).
3105:
3103:
2980:
2344:
2199:
2097:
2069:
1477:
1356:
Ostracoderms existed in two major groups, the more primitive
749:
729:
459:
Fish may have evolved from an animal similar to a coral-like
271:
138:
3930:
Encyclopædia Britannica: A new survey of universal knowledge
2022:
was covered with tiny rhomboid platelets like the scales of
493:
7923:
7791:
7604:
5501:
5218:
4805:
4358:
4349:
1965:
1457:
1431:
1327:
1307:
1026:
584:, a group of armoured fish that dominated much of the late
478:
421:
354:
263:
250:
evolved, the four-limbed vertebrates, represented today by
154:
3100:
2207:
The lungfish is a lobe-finned fish loosely described as a
7612:
7596:
5257:
4825:
3936:
3801:"Oldest Coelacanth, from the Early Devonian of Australia"
3663:
3281:. Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing. p. 88.
2631:
Lancelet (amphioxus) genome and the origin of vertebrates
2080:, appeared by about 395 million years ago, in the Middle
2027:
744:
musculature, and gills are known from the early Cambrian
568:, often known as the "Age of Fishes". The two groups of
539:
4137:
McKenzie, D.J.; Farrell, A.P.; and Brauner, C.J. (2011)
3940:
The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology
3937:
Helfman, G.; Collette, B.; Facey, D.; Bowen, B. (2009).
2652:
2353:). The Rhipidistians, whose ancestors probably lived in
89:
Origin and diversification of fish through geologic time
4318:
4293:
150 Million Years of Fish Evolution in One Handy Figure
4063:
Pages 269–303 in Donovan, S.K. and Paul, C.R.C. (eds),
3927:
2737:
2170:, about 419 million years ago. The recent discovery of
3302:
Donoghue, P.C.J.; Forey, P.L.; Aldridge, R.J. (2000).
2748:
2746:
1423:
The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in the
607:
period (395 to 345 Mya) brought in such giants as the
4054:"The quality of the fossil record of the vertebrates"
3764:
Gaining Ground: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods
3130:
2556:
The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life
6150:
6105:
6072:
6054:
5904:
5826:
5753:
5720:
5608:
5597:
5588:
5581:
5566:
5544:
5527:
3704:
3427:
3148:
3029:
2304:
dominated the seas, some lobe-finned fish came into
481:, originated about 530 million years ago during the
2870:
2864:
2743:
724:). It excludes all vertebrates with jaws, known as
281:throughout natural history. The earliest ones, the
4124:The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution
3780:
3378:
2765:
2764:
2582:"Functional genomics thickens the biological plot"
210:by two groups of fish: the armoured fish known as
2921:
2798:
2559:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 357.
2319:is another lobe-finned fish, loosely known as a "
2162:, are characterised by bony skeleton rather than
1476:supporting the gills, and usually bears numerous
7966:
4248:University of California Museum of Palaeontology
2528:
1616:(ray-finned fish), dominant class of fish today
1495:fish have substantially modified their jaws for
1472:. The jaw is derived from the most anterior two
1341:received some fossils of bony armored fish from
627:appeared from labyrinthodonts in the subsequent
110:, saw the development of early sharks, armoured
4178:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2365:. The lungfish's greatest diversity was in the
832:, because most extinct agnathans belong to the
337:, 2005. Conventional classification has living
214:, which evolved from the ostracoderms; and the
3182:
3180:
2722:
2545:
2543:
2236:and internal nostrils. Their fins are fleshy,
2228:Lobe-finned fish, fish belonging to the class
7581:
6286:
5475:
4334:
4111:, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
3497:"Ancient fish face shows roots of modern jaw"
3428:Davis, S.; Finarelli, J.; Coates, M. (2012).
2801:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
2044:List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera
797:(including humans)—are known from the Middle
129:began about 530 million years ago during the
4081:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
3792:
3690:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3295:
1087:(armoured jawless fish with large rostrums)
728:. Although a minor element of modern marine
246:. It was from the lobe-finned fish that the
3272:
3177:
3021:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2915:
2689:
2540:
1277:
7588:
7574:
6293:
6279:
5482:
5468:
4341:
4327:
3304:"Conodont affinity and chordate phylogeny"
3266:
3223:
2792:
1229:on the basis of their fins with fin rays,
1200:(extinct) resembled primitive jawless eels
485:, which saw the rise in animal diversity.
202:period. They are first represented in the
175:, and small mostly armoured fish known as
161:, or jawless fish. Early examples include
7944:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
7595:
4886:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
4207:
4197:
3824:
3738:
3577:
3567:
3142:
2998:
2607:
2597:
133:. It was during this time that the early
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
7527:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
6300:
2981:Mallatt, J.; J. Sullivan. 1998. (1998).
2385:
2310:
2198:
2047:
2005:
1927:
1911:
1260:
1191:
879:for jawless fish is based on studies by
858:
681:
669:
93:
40:This article includes a list of general
3865:
3863:
3603:
3494:
3410:Vertebrate jaw design locked down early
3149:De Renzi M, Budorov K, Sudar M (1996).
2833:
2549:
2284:, which include the Tetrapoda) and the
285:, led to the loss of many species. The
234:(which includes the lobe-finned fish).
14:
7967:
3969:
3896:
3786:
3376:
3360:
3229:
2725:The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life
2646:
1058:(jawless fish with bone head shields)
305:, have also affected fish variety and
293:; the conodonts became extinct at the
7569:
7290:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
6274:
5489:
5463:
4322:
3994:
3851:
3761:
3676:Allen, G.R., S.H. Midgley, M. Allen.
3669:
3039:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3000:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025897
2579:
2534:
2037:
1464:and oppose vertically, comprising an
1249:analysis suggests that they are more
720:means 'un-jawed, without jaws' (from
639:amniotas were common during the late
299:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
283:Ordovician–Silurian extinction events
3999:(4 ed.). London: W.B. Saunders.
3908:
3860:
3523:from the original on 31 October 2013
3495:Barford, Eliot (25 September 2013).
2962:from the original on 19 October 2012
2786:participating institution membership
2752:
2723:Haines, Tim; Chambers, Paul (2005).
2695:
2154:List of prehistoric bony fish genera
1269:(extinct) were armoured jawless fish
26:
5442:
4713:Electroreception and electrogenesis
3957:from the original on 26 August 2021
3112:
2928:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2300:(416–385 Mya), while the predatory
2188:
1434:, which further diversified in the
469:kept the larval form into adulthood
198:probably developed during the late
171:, eel-like jawless fish called the
24:
6695:Evolutionary developmental biology
4005:
3870:Introduction to the Actinopterygii
3476:from the original on 25 March 2019
3342:from the original on 13 April 2020
3320:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00045.x
3165:from the original on 6 August 2016
3120:Vertebrata. Animals with backbones
2517:John Wiley, 3rd edition, page 14.
2482:- fish with tetrapod-like features
2381:
740:animal which apparently had fins,
295:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
46:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
7991:
4254:
4140:Fish Physiology: Primitive Fishes
4065:The adequacy of the fossil record
3943:(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
3675:
2704:from the original on 29 June 2011
2376:Permian-Triassic extinction event
2280:(including the lungfish, and the
678:, attached to a modern jawed fish
291:Permian–Triassic extinction event
7684:
7549:
7540:
7539:
5666:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5625:
5441:
5430:
5429:
5412:
5411:
4437:
4127:Johns Hopkins University Press.
4034:
4018:
3928:Encyclopædia Britannica (1954).
3854:History of the Coelacanth Fishes
2292:(c. 418 Mya), closely resembled
1995:
1824:
1801:
1768:
1725:
1704:
1670:
1649:
1617:
1585:
1579:
1541:
1402:
1393:
1256:
1105:
1025:
992:
970:
919:
592:, transitional between fish and
492:
326:
222:(or cartilaginous fish) and the
31:
7352:Extended evolutionary synthesis
6541:Gene-centered view of evolution
4397:Environmental impact of fishing
4245:Introduction to the Vertebrates
3845:
3755:
3698:
3594:
3535:
3488:
3421:
3403:
3370:
3073:
2987:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2827:
2758:
1916:Evolution of the (now extinct)
1487:(observable in modern fish and
1128:
665:
7480:Hologenome theory of evolution
7347:History of molecular evolution
6573:Evolutionarily stable strategy
6462:Last universal common ancestor
4024:Feeding Mechanism of Conodonts
2871:Zhao Wen-Jin; Zhu Min (2007).
2716:
2624:
2573:
2498:
2470:Parodies of the ichthys symbol
1897:
13:
1:
7274:Renaissance and Enlightenment
3856:. London: Chapman & Hall.
3155:Cuadernos de GeologĂa IbĂ©rica
3129:. Version 01 January 1997 in
2838:and Peter R. Crowther (ed.).
2491:
2460:List of years in paleontology
1371:
1253:than either of these groups.
1187:
828:The agnathans as a whole are
120:tetrapod transitional species
7485:Missing heritability problem
7112:Gamete differentiation/sexes
6227:List of transitional fossils
4482:intramembranous ossification
4093:10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.11.004
3766:. Indiana University Press.
3131:The Tree of Life Web Project
2738:Encyclopædia Britannica 1954
2698:"Vertebrates: Fossil Record"
2599:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030219
2445:Convergent evolution in fish
2166:. They appeared in the late
2143:
821:. Agnathans declined in the
588:, and the rise of the first
187:, which includes the extant
7:
3882:, University of California.
3762:Clack, Jennifer A. (2012).
2423:
2412:
1427:period and appeared in the
698:Jawless fish belong to the
674:A modern jawless fish, the
647:became dominant during the
477:, in other words the first
312:
10:
7996:
7800:Flying and gliding animals
7636:Fin and flipper locomotion
7117:Life cycles/nuclear phases
6669:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
5507:Timeline of fish evolution
4861:Fin and flipper locomotion
4831:Sequential hermaphroditism
4718:Jamming avoidance response
4435:
3970:Nelson, Joseph S. (2006).
3889:
2922:Sansom, Robert S. (2009).
2419:Timeline of fish evolution
2416:
2263:Lobe-finned fish, such as
2192:
2147:
2064:Cartilaginous fish, class
2041:
1999:
1920:. The diagram is based on
1901:
1412:
991:(jawless fish with scales)
867:. The diagram is based on
691:
452:
7911:
7850:
7790:
7693:
7682:
7611:
7535:
7435:
7360:
7264:
7191:
7147:
7002:
6906:
6723:
6682:
6615:Parent–offspring conflict
6551:
6420:Earliest known life forms
6341:
6308:
6261:
6235:
6195:Lists of prehistoric fish
6187:
6096:
6045:
6036:
5944:
5903:
5825:
5816:
5752:
5719:
5689:
5679:
5623:
5515:
5497:
5425:
5349:
5282:
5189:
5151:
5142:
5081:
5012:
4899:
4851:
4761:
4686:
4446:
4356:
4280:The Origin of Vertebrates
4107:Janvier, Philippe (1998)
4033:
4017:
4012:
3509:10.1038/nature.2013.13823
3381:Discovering Fossil Fishes
3118:Janvier, Philippe (1997)
2948:10.1017/S1477201908002551
2813:10.1016/j.gde.2008.11.006
2773:Oxford English Dictionary
2455:Lists of prehistoric fish
1816:
1790:
1783:
1761:
1754:
1719:
1697:
1690:
1664:
1642:
1635:
1611:
1604:
1569:
1562:
1533:
1526:
1120:
1098:
1081:
1074:
1052:
1045:
1019:
1012:
985:
963:
956:
934:
913:
906:
564:and became common in the
353:) and those that do not:
230:(or ray-finned fish) and
7975:Evolution of vertebrates
7468:Cultural group selection
7332:The eclipse of Darwinism
7304:On the Origin of Species
7279:Transmutation of species
4348:
3902:Vertebrate Palaeontology
3852:Forey, Peter L. (1998).
3377:Maisey, John G. (1996).
2507:Vertebrate Palaeontology
2435:Evolution of paired fins
1952:Late Devonian extinction
1767:(predatory lobe-finned)
1438:. The two most anterior
885:Tree of Life Web Project
599:The colonisation of new
526:all appeared around 530
361:vertebrate classes are:
287:Late Devonian extinction
7473:Dual inheritance theory
7312:History of paleontology
6253:Vertebrate paleontology
5377:Glossary of ichthyology
4939:Diel vertical migration
4307:17 January 2020 at the
4199:10.1073/pnas.1304661110
3880:Museum of Palaeontology
3277:(2004). "Vertebrates".
3252:10.1126/science.1598571
2834:Purnell, M. A. (2001).
2778:Oxford University Press
2486:Vertebrate paleontology
2393:Ray-finned fish, class
2056:, derived from work by
1946:('plate-skinned'), are
455:Vertebrate paleontology
157:lineages belong to the
145:, leading to the first
61:more precise citations.
7939:Terrestrial locomotion
7883:Evolution of cetaceans
7878:Origin of avian flight
7863:Evolution of tetrapods
7161:Punctuated equilibrium
6482:Non-adaptive radiation
6430:Evolutionary arms race
4743:Surface wave detection
4708:Hydrodynamic reception
4382:Diseases and parasites
4059:25 August 2012 at the
3817:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0470
3059:10.1006/mpev.2001.1045
2390:
2324:
2225:
2061:
2011:
1936:
1925:
1823:(four-legged animals)
1522:Jawed vertebrates
1270:
1202:
872:
689:
679:
301:, and the present day
268:Transitional tetrapods
122:
7954:Undulatory locomotion
7903:Homologous structures
7453:Evolutionary medicine
7327:Mendelian inheritance
7035:Biological complexity
7023:Programmed cell death
6715:Phenotypic plasticity
6435:Evolutionary pressure
6425:Evidence of evolution
6323:Timeline of evolution
4881:Undulatory locomotion
4698:Ampullae of Lorenzini
4271:Overview of evolution
4121:Long, John A. (1996)
3978:John Wiley & Sons
2504:Benton, M. J. (2005)
2389:
2314:
2221:Phylogenomic analysis
2202:
2193:Further information:
2148:Further information:
2051:
2042:Further information:
2009:
1931:
1915:
1902:Further information:
1632:Lobe-finned fish
1578:(cartilaginous fish)
1413:Further information:
1280:'shell-skinned') are
1264:
1195:
862:
854:evolutionary taxonomy
846:phylogenetic taxonomy
825:and never recovered.
685:
673:
560:appeared in the late
453:Further information:
106:), also known as the
97:
7898:Analogous structures
7893:Convergent evolution
7427:Teleology in biology
7322:Blending inheritance
6700:Genetic assimilation
6563:Artificial selection
6302:Evolutionary biology
6248:Transitional fossils
5887:Pseudopetalichthyida
5109:Genetically modified
4302:Age Of Fishes Museum
4154:Maisey, J.G. (1996)
4052:Benton, M.J. (1998)
3995:Romer, A.S. (1970).
3913:. Cengage Learning.
3841:on 19 February 2013.
2848:Blackwell Publishing
2450:List of fossil sites
2014:Spiny sharks, class
1233:-shaped muscles and
889:(†=group is extinct)
789:, precursors to the
376:cartilaginous fish (
7949:Rotating locomotion
7888:Comparative anatomy
7490:Molecular evolution
7448:Ecological genetics
7317:Transitional fossil
7107:Sexual reproduction
6947:endomembrane system
6876:pollinator-mediated
6832:dolphins and whales
6610:Parental investment
4914:Aquatic respiration
4801:Life history theory
4190:2013PNAS..11012738N
4184:(31): 12738–12743.
3997:The Vertebrate Body
3973:Fishes of the World
3731:10.1038/nature12027
3723:2013Natur.496..311A
3664:Helfman et al. 2009
3635:10.1038/nature12617
3627:2013Natur.502..188Z
3560:2017Palgy..60..829M
3454:10.1038/nature11080
3446:2012Natur.486..247D
3279:Fossils at a Glance
3244:1992Sci...256.1285B
3238:(5061): 1285–1286.
3201:1995Natur.374..800G
3051:2002MolPE..22..184D
2940:2009JSPal...7...95S
2889:2007GeolJ..42..351W
2776:(Online ed.).
2667:1999Natur.402...42S
2430:Comparative anatomy
2205:Queensland lungfish
2180:), have become the
1330:into their mouths.
940:(eel-like animals)
883:and others for the
303:Holocene extinction
7868:Evolution of birds
7621:Aquatic locomotion
7463:Cultural evolution
6578:Fisher's principle
6507:Handicap principle
6497:Parallel evolution
6361:Adaptive radiation
5936:Ischnacanthiformes
5784:Cephalaspidomorphi
4753:Weberian apparatus
4296:ScientificAmerican
4040:Chordate evolution
3898:Benton, Michael J.
3875:2013-02-17 at the
3569:10.1111/pala.12318
3415:2012-09-08 at the
3308:Biological Reviews
3136:2011-05-15 at the
3125:2013-03-12 at the
3088:2015-09-24 at the
2911:on 5 January 2013.
2877:Geological Journal
2836:Derek E. G. Briggs
2636:2016-03-04 at the
2580:Gewin, V. (2005).
2513:2020-06-09 at the
2391:
2325:
2226:
2110:Eugeneodontiformes
2062:
2054:cartilaginous fish
2038:Cartilaginous fish
2012:
1937:
1926:
1908:List of placoderms
1271:
1203:
873:
801:, and by the Late
746:Maotianshan shales
690:
680:
651:. In the sea, the
483:Cambrian explosion
390:lobe-finned fish (
320:Vertebrate classes
167:. During the late
131:Cambrian explosion
123:
7962:
7961:
7919:Animal locomotion
7858:Evolution of fish
7738:facultative biped
7563:
7562:
7179:Uniformitarianism
7132:Sex-determination
6637:Sexual dimorphism
6632:Natural selection
6536:Unit of selection
6502:Signalling theory
6268:
6267:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6110:Palaeonisciformes
6058:Onychodontiformes
6015:Petalodontiformes
6009:Iniopterygiformes
5972:Phoebodontiformes
5960:Ctenacanthiformes
5930:Diplacanthiformes
5812:
5811:
5585:Myllokunmingiidae
5491:Evolution of fish
5457:
5456:
5367:Fish common names
5278:
5277:
4909:Aquatic predation
4733:Capacity for pain
4462:Age determination
4298:, 29 August 2013.
4283:Marc W. Kirschner
4109:Early Vertebrates
4049:
4048:
3987:978-0-471-25031-9
3950:978-1-4051-2494-2
3920:978-0-534-49276-2
3717:(7445): 311–316.
3621:(7470): 188–193.
3440:(7402): 247–250.
3288:978-0-632-06047-4
3195:(6525): 800–803.
2993:(12): 1706–1718.
2857:978-0-632-05149-6
2784:(Subscription or
2566:978-0-618-00583-3
2465:Old Red Sandstone
2158:Bony fish, class
2122:Ctenacanthiformes
1891:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1794:Tristichopteridae
1738:
1737:
1646:Onychodontiformes
1539:(armoured fish)
1513:
1474:pharyngeal arches
1440:pharyngeal arches
1419:Evolution of jaws
1210:conodont elements
1184:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1124:Jawed vertebrates
902:Jawless fish
890:
793:and hence to the
655:became dominant.
558:jawed vertebrates
383:ray-finned fish (
279:extinction events
196:jawed vertebrates
127:evolution of fish
87:
86:
79:
16:(Redirected from
7987:
7980:Prehistoric fish
7929:Robot locomotion
7703:Limb development
7688:
7661:Lobe-finned fish
7590:
7583:
7576:
7567:
7566:
7553:
7543:
7542:
7342:Modern synthesis
7102:Multicellularity
7097:Mosaic evolution
6982:auditory ossicle
6664:Social selection
6647:Flowering plants
6642:Sexual selection
6295:
6288:
6281:
6272:
6271:
6243:Prehistoric life
6154:Pycnodontiformes
6152:
6137:Acipenseriformes
6107:
6074:
6056:
6043:
6042:
5906:
5851:Brindabellaspida
5828:
5823:
5822:
5766:Pteraspidomorphi
5755:
5722:
5687:
5686:
5671:
5670:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5648:
5642:
5637:
5636:
5629:
5610:
5599:
5590:
5583:
5568:
5546:
5529:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5461:
5460:
5445:
5444:
5433:
5432:
5415:
5414:
5149:
5148:
4441:
4372:Ethnoichthyology
4343:
4336:
4329:
4320:
4319:
4221:
4211:
4201:
4143:Academic Press.
4104:
4038:
4037:
4022:
4021:
4010:
4009:
4000:
3991:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3933:
3924:
3905:
3883:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3837:. Archived from
3828:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3571:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3425:
3419:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3384:
3374:
3368:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3209:10.1038/374800a0
3184:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3146:
3140:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3098:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3012:
3002:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2907:. Archived from
2883:(3–4): 351–369.
2868:
2862:
2861:
2840:Palaeobiology II
2831:
2825:
2824:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2769:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2727:. Firefly Books.
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2650:
2644:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2551:Dawkins, Richard
2547:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2502:
2475:Prehistoric life
2189:Lobe-finned fish
2118:Xenacanthiformes
2068:, consisting of
1828:
1805:
1786:
1785:
1772:
1765:Rhizodontimorpha
1757:
1756:
1751:
1729:
1708:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1674:
1653:
1638:
1637:
1621:
1607:
1606:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1546:
1545:
1529:
1528:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1456:, fish jaws are
1406:
1397:
1279:
1129:in section below
1109:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1029:
1015:
1014:
1009:
996:
974:
967:Pteraspidomorphi
959:
958:
953:
923:
909:
908:
897:
896:
888:
881:Philippe Janvier
549:period (500–430
496:
330:
143:vertebral column
118:, including the
116:lobe-finned fish
102:period (419–359
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
57:this article by
48:inline citations
35:
34:
27:
21:
7995:
7994:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7965:
7964:
7963:
7958:
7907:
7873:Origin of birds
7846:
7786:
7708:Limb morphology
7689:
7680:
7666:Ray-finned fish
7631:Fish locomotion
7607:
7594:
7564:
7559:
7531:
7458:Group selection
7431:
7356:
7260:
7187:
7149:Tempo and modes
7143:
6998:
6902:
6719:
6678:
6554:
6547:
6524:Species complex
6337:
6328:History of life
6304:
6299:
6269:
6264:
6257:
6231:
6175:
6123:Polypteriformes
6092:
6086:Tetrapodomorpha
6032:
5966:Hybodontiformes
5940:
5917:Acanthodiformes
5899:
5808:
5748:
5738:Paraconodontida
5715:
5683:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5665:
5643:
5631:
5621:
5540:Cephalochordate
5511:
5493:
5488:
5458:
5453:
5421:
5345:
5274:
5185:
5138:
5077:
5008:
4901:
4895:
4847:
4791:Ichthyoplankton
4757:
4689:
4682:
4678:Digital Library
4673:Teleost leptins
4612:Shark cartilage
4536:pharyngeal slit
4531:pharyngeal arch
4467:Anguilliformity
4452:
4450:
4442:
4433:
4352:
4347:
4309:Wayback Machine
4266:Origins of Fish
4257:
4233:Vintage Books.
4171:
4078:
4061:Wayback Machine
4035:
4019:
4013:External videos
4008:
4006:Further reading
4003:
3988:
3960:
3958:
3951:
3932:. Vol. 17.
3921:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3877:Wayback Machine
3868:
3861:
3850:
3846:
3805:Biology Letters
3797:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3760:
3756:
3703:
3699:
3683:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3426:
3422:
3417:Wayback Machine
3408:
3404:
3397:
3375:
3371:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3343:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3273:Milsom, Clare;
3271:
3267:
3228:
3224:
3185:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3147:
3143:
3138:Wayback Machine
3127:Wayback Machine
3117:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3090:Wayback Machine
3078:
3074:
3034:
3030:
3014:
3013:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2920:
2916:
2897:10.1002/gj.1072
2869:
2865:
2858:
2850:. p. 401.
2832:
2828:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2696:Waggoner, Ben.
2694:
2690:
2661:(6757): 42–46.
2651:
2647:
2643:, 19 June 2008.
2638:Wayback Machine
2629:
2625:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2515:Wayback Machine
2503:
2499:
2494:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2384:
2382:Ray-finned fish
2363:tetrapodomorphs
2282:Tetrapodomorpha
2254:ray-finned fish
2224:
2218:
2197:
2191:
2156:
2146:
2126:Hybodontiformes
2046:
2040:
2004:
1998:
1982:Petalichthyidae
1910:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1798:tetrapodomorphs
1752:
1749:
1739:
1688:
1685:
1584:
1560:
1557:
1540:
1497:suction feeding
1421:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1374:
1366:Devonian period
1259:
1201:
1190:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1072:
1069:
1043:
1040:
1010:
1007:
954:
951:
893:
736:. Two types of
696:
688:
668:
590:labyrinthodonts
508:
507:
506:
505:
504:
497:
457:
451:
450:
449:
448:
447:
331:
322:
321:
315:
90:
83:
72:
66:
63:
53:Please help to
52:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7993:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7915:
7913:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7844:
7839:
7837:Pterosaur wing
7834:
7829:
7828:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7807:
7802:
7796:
7794:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7773:
7772:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7751:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7705:
7699:
7697:
7691:
7690:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7626:Cephalopod fin
7623:
7617:
7615:
7609:
7608:
7593:
7592:
7585:
7578:
7570:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7547:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7439:
7437:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7370:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7308:
7307:
7298:Charles Darwin
7295:
7294:
7293:
7281:
7276:
7270:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7236:Non-ecological
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7197:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7176:
7167:
7153:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7009:
7007:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6987:nervous system
6984:
6979:
6974:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6913:
6911:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6854:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6807:
6797:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6753:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6736:
6730:
6728:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6559:
6557:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6533:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6487:Origin of life
6484:
6479:
6474:
6472:Microevolution
6469:
6467:Macroevolution
6464:
6459:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6405:Common descent
6402:
6401:
6400:
6390:
6385:
6383:Baldwin effect
6380:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6347:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6298:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6275:
6266:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6114:
6113:
6102:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6076:Porolepiformes
6065:
6060:
6051:
6049:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6021:Symmoriiformes
6017:
6011:
6005:
6003:Eugeneodontida
5993:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5974:
5968:
5962:
5954:Elasmobranchii
5950:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5923:Climatiiformes
5919:
5912:
5910:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5881:Acanthothoraci
5877:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5857:Petalichthyida
5853:
5847:
5841:
5834:
5832:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5761:
5759:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5740:
5734:
5731:Protoconodonta
5726:
5724:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5701:
5695:
5693:
5684:
5677:
5676:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5606:
5602:Myllokunmingia
5579:
5574:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5521:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5487:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5464:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5439:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5409:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5195:
5193:
5191:Wild fisheries
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5114:Hallucinogenic
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4989:Schooling fish
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4949:Filter feeders
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4924:Bottom feeders
4921:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4570:Leydig's organ
4567:
4566:
4565:
4563:pharyngeal jaw
4560:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4516:branchial arch
4508:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4444:
4443:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4354:
4353:
4346:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4299:
4290:
4277:
4268:
4263:
4256:
4255:External links
4253:
4252:
4251:
4242:
4222:
4169:
4152:
4135:
4119:
4105:
4087:(4): 400–413.
4076:
4047:
4046:
4031:
4030:
4015:
4014:
4007:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3992:
3986:
3967:
3949:
3934:
3925:
3919:
3906:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3859:
3844:
3791:
3779:
3772:
3754:
3697:
3668:
3666:, p. 198.
3656:
3602:
3593:
3554:(6): 829–836.
3534:
3487:
3420:
3402:
3395:
3369:
3353:
3314:(2): 191–251.
3294:
3287:
3265:
3222:
3176:
3141:
3111:
3099:
3072:
3045:(2): 184–192.
3028:
2973:
2914:
2863:
2856:
2826:
2807:(6): 536–543.
2791:
2757:
2755:, p. 599.
2742:
2740:, p. 107.
2730:
2715:
2688:
2645:
2623:
2572:
2565:
2539:
2527:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2417:Main article:
2414:
2411:
2395:Actinopterygii
2383:
2380:
2234:cosmoid scales
2219:
2190:
2187:
2182:dominant group
2178:Actinopterygii
2145:
2142:
2094:Elasmobranchii
2066:Chondrichthyes
2058:Michael Benton
2039:
2036:
2000:Main article:
1997:
1994:
1970:Acanthothoraci
1922:Michael Benton
1899:
1896:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1703:(lobe-finned)
1701:Porolepiformes
1696:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1669:(coelacanths)
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1648:(lobe-finned)
1641:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1614:Actinopterygii
1610:
1605:
1603:
1601:Bony fish
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1576:Chondrichthyes
1568:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1515:
1501:jaw protrusion
1401:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1358:heterostracans
1258:
1255:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
984:
981:
980:
977:
976:
969:(jawless fish)
962:
957:
955:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
912:
907:
905:
895:
869:Michael Benton
761:Myllokunmingia
738:Early Cambrian
692:Main article:
686:
667:
664:
574:Actinopterygii
519:Myllokunmingia
498:
491:
490:
489:
488:
487:
437:
436:
435:
434:
433:
432:
425:
418:
411:
399:
398:
397:
396:
395:
388:
385:Actinopterygii
381:
378:Chondrichthyes
374:
369:jawless fish (
335:Michael Benton
332:
325:
324:
323:
319:
318:
317:
316:
314:
311:
228:Actinopterygii
220:Chondrichthyes
137:developed the
88:
85:
84:
39:
37:
30:
18:Fish evolution
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7992:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7855:
7853:
7849:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7797:
7795:
7793:
7789:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7771:
7768:
7767:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7687:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7671:Pectoral fins
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7591:
7586:
7584:
7579:
7577:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7546:
7538:
7537:
7534:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7500:Phylogenetics
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7434:
7428:
7425:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7403:Structuralism
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7378:Catastrophism
7376:
7375:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7359:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7337:Neo-Darwinism
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7300:
7299:
7296:
7292:
7291:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7251:Reinforcement
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7183:Catastrophism
7180:
7177:
7175:
7174:Macromutation
7171:
7170:Micromutation
7168:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7140:
7137:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7077:Immune system
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7001:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6937:symbiogenesis
6935:
6934:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6905:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6869:
6865:
6862:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6605:Kin selection
6603:
6601:
6600:Genetic drift
6598:
6596:
6593:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6550:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6303:
6296:
6291:
6289:
6284:
6282:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6228:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6210:cartilaginous
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6111:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5946:Cartilaginous
5943:
5937:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5894:Stensioellida
5891:
5888:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5870:
5869:Ptyctodontida
5866:
5864:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5803:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5751:
5745:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5718:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5628:
5615:
5614:
5613:Zhongxiniscus
5607:
5604:
5603:
5595:
5594:
5593:Haikouichthys
5586:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5526:
5525:
5524:Basal member
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5485:
5480:
5478:
5473:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5450:
5449:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5418:
5417:more lists...
5410:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5372:Fish families
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5357:Aquarium life
5355:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5340:
5339:fleshy-finned
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5307:Cartilaginous
5305:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:Electric fish
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4575:Mauthner cell
4573:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4494:Chromatophore
4492:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4332:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4239:9780307277459
4236:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4167:
4166:9780805043662
4163:
4159:
4158:
4157:Fossil Fishes
4153:
4150:
4149:9780080549521
4146:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4133:0-8018-5438-5
4130:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4117:0-19-854047-7
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4073:9780471969884
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4016:
4011:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3968:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3811:(3): 443–46.
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3783:
3775:
3773:9780253356758
3769:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3693:
3687:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3606:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3548:Palaeontology
3545:
3538:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3398:
3396:9780805043662
3392:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3115:
3106:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2934:(1): 95–115.
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2726:
2719:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2675:10.1038/46965
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2523:9781405144490
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2341:Carboniferous
2338:
2334:
2333:rhipidistians
2330:
2322:
2321:living fossil
2318:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:Sarcopterygii
2222:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2210:living fossil
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:Sarcopterygii
2186:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2173:Entelognathus
2169:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2052:Radiation of
2050:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:Ptyctodontida
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1694:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:cartilaginous
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1446:Entelognathus
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:Louis Agassiz
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:invertebrates
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1079:
1078:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1016:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
995:
990:
983:
982:
979:
978:
975:
973:
968:
961:
960:
949:
948:
945:
944:
941:
939:
932:
931:
928:
927:
924:
922:
917:
911:
910:
904:
903:
899:
898:
894:
891:
886:
882:
878:
870:
866:
863:Evolution of
861:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:osteostracans
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
768:
763:
762:
757:
756:
755:Haikouichthys
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:Ancient Greek
719:
715:
711:
708:
704:
701:
695:
687:Lamprey mouth
684:
677:
672:
663:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:Carboniferous
626:
621:
619:
615:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:Sarcopterygii
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:
515:
514:
513:Haikouichthys
502:
495:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
470:
466:
462:
456:
445:
441:
430:
426:
423:
419:
416:
412:
409:
405:
404:
403:
402:
400:
393:
392:Sarcopterygii
389:
386:
382:
379:
375:
372:
368:
367:
366:
365:
363:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:physiological
344:
340:
336:
329:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:age of fishes
240:
235:
233:
232:Sarcopterygii
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:fossil record
201:
197:
194:The earliest
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:
164:Haikouichthys
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:Age of Fishes
105:
101:
96:
92:
81:
78:
70:
67:February 2024
60:
56:
50:
49:
43:
38:
29:
28:
19:
7857:
7512:Polymorphism
7495:Astrobiology
7443:Biogeography
7398:Saltationism
7388:Orthogenesis
7373:Alternatives
7302:
7288:
7221:Cospeciation
7216:Cladogenesis
7165:Saltationism
7122:Mating types
7045:Color vision
7030:Avian flight
6952:mitochondria
6772:
6690:Canalisation
6568:Biodiversity
6313:Introduction
6200:spiny sharks
6159:Halecomorphi
5978:Xenacanthida
5863:Phyllolepida
5796:Pituriaspida
5757:Ostracoderms
5691:Cyclostomata
5681:Jawless fish
5630:
5611:
5600:
5591:
5569:
5547:
5530:
5490:
5446:
5434:
5334:spiny-finned
5283:Major groups
5004:Intelligence
4984:Scale eaters
4929:Cleaner fish
4811:Mouthbrooder
4763:Reproduction
4738:Schreckstoff
4723:Lateral line
4639:Swim bladder
4629:Spiral valve
4558:hyomandibula
4541:pseudobranch
4424:Hypoxia in -
4376:
4295:
4287:iBioSeminars
4286:
4247:
4229:
4225:Shubin, Neil
4181:
4177:
4156:
4139:
4123:
4108:
4084:
4080:
4064:
4043:
4027:
3996:
3972:
3959:. Retrieved
3939:
3929:
3910:
3901:
3879:
3853:
3847:
3839:the original
3808:
3804:
3794:
3782:
3763:
3757:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3677:
3671:
3659:
3618:
3612:
3605:
3596:
3579:10141/622339
3551:
3547:
3537:
3527:26 September
3525:. Retrieved
3500:
3490:
3478:. Retrieved
3437:
3433:
3423:
3405:
3380:
3372:
3356:
3344:. Retrieved
3311:
3307:
3297:
3278:
3268:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3192:
3188:
3167:. Retrieved
3158:
3154:
3144:
3114:
3093:
3075:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3017:cite journal
2990:
2986:
2976:
2964:. Retrieved
2931:
2927:
2917:
2909:the original
2880:
2876:
2866:
2839:
2829:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2771:
2760:
2733:
2724:
2718:
2706:. Retrieved
2691:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2641:Ars Technica
2640:
2626:
2589:
2586:PLOS Biology
2585:
2575:
2555:
2530:
2506:
2500:
2480:Walking fish
2407:
2392:
2348:
2326:
2294:spiny sharks
2262:
2227:
2208:
2171:
2160:Osteichthyes
2157:
2150:Osteichthyes
2134:Squaliformes
2130:Galeomorphii
2106:Cladoselache
2063:
2013:
1996:Spiny sharks
1939:Placoderms,
1938:
1893:
1818:
1817:
1791:
1762:
1720:
1698:
1665:
1643:
1612:
1572:Acanthodians
1570:
1534:
1520:
1505:
1482:
1469:
1465:
1451:
1444:
1422:
1381:Dunkleosteus
1379:
1362:cephalaspids
1355:
1332:
1301:
1297:polyphyletic
1293:paraphyletic
1285:jawless fish
1274:Ostracoderms
1272:
1267:Ostracoderms
1257:Ostracoderms
1247:phylogenetic
1219:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1127:→ continued
1122:
1121:
1099:
1085:Pituriaspida
1082:
1053:
1020:
986:
964:
935:
914:
900:
892:
884:
874:
865:jawless fish
842:monophyletic
830:paraphyletic
827:
787:ostracoderms
772:
765:
759:
753:
726:gnathostomes
717:
712:, subphylum
697:
666:Jawless fish
657:
643:, while the
631:period. The
622:
613:Dunkleosteus
611:
598:
555:
544:
522:. These two
517:
511:
509:
473:
458:
444:spiny sharks
406:amphibians (
276:
243:
236:
224:Osteichthyes
193:
185:Cyclostomata
177:ostracoderms
162:
153:. The first
126:
124:
114:and various
107:
91:
73:
64:
45:
7832:Insect wing
7782:Webbed foot
7723:unguligrade
7718:plantigrade
7713:digitigrade
7522:Systematics
7393:Mutationism
7211:Catagenesis
7139:Snake venom
7072:Eusociality
7050:in primates
7040:Cooperation
6968:In animals
6788:butterflies
6761:Cephalopods
6751:Brachiopods
6683:Development
6657:Mate choice
6410:Convergence
6393:Coevolution
6351:Abiogenesis
6220:lobe-finned
6146:Neopterygii
6132:Chondrostei
6068:Rhipidistia
6047:Lobe-finned
5997:Holocephali
5802:Osteostraci
5704:Hyperoartia
5549:Cathaymyrus
5517:Forerunners
5448:WikiProject
5407:Prehistoric
5391:Threatened
5082:Other types
4979:Sardine run
4954:Forage fish
4934:Corallivory
4786:Development
4771:Bubble nest
4644:physoclisti
4634:Suckermouth
4607:Root effect
4429:Ichthyology
4261:Fossil Fish
3787:Nelson 2006
3361:Benton 2005
3161:: 347–364.
3080:Janvier, P.
2592:(6): e219.
2440:Ichthyolith
2378:(251 Mya).
2329:coelacanths
2278:Rhipidistia
2265:coelacanths
2246:pelvic fins
2086:Holocephali
1724:(lungfish)
1512:(†=extinct)
1485:buccal pump
1454:vertebrates
1452:As in most
1312:respiration
1306:used their
1102:Osteostraci
938:Euconodonta
916:Hyperoartia
838:cyclostomes
475:Vertebrates
401:Tetrapods:
339:vertebrates
307:fish stocks
237:During the
151:vertebrates
59:introducing
7969:Categories
7760:Cephalopod
7676:Pelvic fin
7646:Dorsal fin
7641:Caudal fin
7383:Lamarckism
7361:Philosophy
7284:David Hume
7246:Peripatric
7241:Parapatric
7226:Ecological
7206:Anagenesis
7201:Allopatric
7193:Speciation
7157:Gradualism
7082:Metabolism
6942:chromosome
6932:Eukaryotes
6710:Modularity
6627:Population
6553:Population
6514:Speciation
6492:Panspermia
6445:Extinction
6440:Exaptation
6415:Divergence
6388:Cladistics
6376:Reciprocal
6356:Adaptation
6205:placoderms
6164:Ginglymodi
6098:Ray-finned
6063:Coelacanth
5908:Acanthodii
5845:Arthrodira
5830:Placoderms
5818:Jawed fish
5790:Galeaspida
5772:Thelodonti
5571:Haikouella
5562:Olfactores
5063:Groundfish
5058:Freshwater
5053:Euryhaline
5038:Coral reef
4974:Salmon run
4964:Paedophagy
4866:Amphibious
4853:Locomotion
4661:pharyngeal
4649:physostome
4602:Photophore
4548:Glossohyal
4521:gill raker
4504:dorsal fin
4454:physiology
4313:Canowindra
4275:Carl Sagan
3961:26 January
3363:, p.
3275:Rigby, Sue
3169:20 January
2966:16 January
2788:required.)
2767:"agnathan"
2535:Romer 1970
2492:References
2403:paddlefish
2317:coelacanth
2308:habitats.
2306:freshwater
2302:placoderms
2286:Actinistia
2250:amphibians
2114:Symmoriida
2024:holosteans
2016:Acanthodii
2002:Acanthodii
1990:Arthrodira
1944:Placodermi
1933:Placoderms
1918:placoderms
1904:Placodermi
1898:Placoderms
1667:Actinistia
1537:Placodermi
1489:amphibians
1415:Jawed fish
1372:Jawed fish
1337:anatomist
1056:Galeaspida
989:Thelodonti
918:(lampreys)
834:stem group
815:galeaspids
807:thelodonts
799:Ordovician
775:Ordovician
767:Haikouella
742:vertebrate
714:Vertebrata
700:superclass
660:arthropods
618:amphibians
594:amphibians
582:Placodermi
562:Ordovician
556:The first
547:Ordovician
461:sea squirt
440:placoderms
413:reptiles (
343:anatomical
252:amphibians
216:Acanthodii
212:placoderms
200:Ordovician
112:placoderms
42:references
7851:Evolution
7810:Bird wing
7755:Arthropod
7748:quadruped
7517:Protocell
7368:Darwinism
7256:Sympatric
7005:processes
6893:Tetrapods
6842:Kangaroos
6768:Dinosaurs
6705:Inversion
6674:Variation
6595:Gene flow
6588:Inclusive
6398:Mutualism
6343:Evolution
6263:†extinct
6118:Cladistia
5875:Rhenanida
5839:Antiarchi
5744:Conodonta
5723:Conodonts
5312:chimaeras
5199:Predatory
5176:Salmonids
5134:Whitefish
5124:Poisonous
5099:Diversity
5033:Coldwater
4969:Predatory
4959:Migratory
4919:Bait ball
4902:behaviour
4821:Pregnancy
4816:Polyandry
4590:papillare
4585:Operculum
4580:Meristics
4526:gill slit
4489:Cleithrum
4419:Fish kill
4409:Fear of -
4402:- as food
4392:Fisheries
4377:Evolution
4367:Diversity
4067:. Wiley.
3686:cite book
3588:0031-0239
2753:Berg 2004
2399:sturgeons
2372:tetrapods
2355:estuaries
2350:Latimeria
2273:Tetrapoda
2164:cartilage
2144:Bony fish
2090:chimaeras
2078:chimaeras
2020:epidermis
1978:Antiarchi
1974:Rhenanida
1956:Famennian
1820:Tetrapods
1508:cladogram
1470:lower jaw
1466:upper jaw
1429:Placoderm
1386:Placoderm
1351:sturgeons
1322:that use
1318:. Unlike
1316:operculum
1304:chordates
1289:Paleozoic
1245:, though
1235:notochord
1220:Promissum
1215:Promissum
1206:Conodonts
1198:Conodonts
1188:Conodonts
877:cladogram
850:cladogram
819:conodonts
795:tetrapods
791:bony fish
734:Paleozoic
653:bony fish
641:Paleozoic
609:placoderm
570:bony fish
536:notochord
532:body plan
427:mammals (
351:tetrapods
248:tetrapods
206:from the
173:conodonts
147:craniates
135:chordates
7842:Wingspan
7825:feathers
7820:skeleton
7805:Bat wing
7765:Tetrapod
7651:Fish fin
7545:Category
7420:Vitalism
7415:Theistic
7408:Spandrel
7092:Morality
7087:Monogamy
6962:plastids
6927:Flagella
6883:Reptiles
6864:sea cows
6847:primates
6756:Molluscs
6734:Bacteria
6622:Mutation
6555:genetics
6531:Taxonomy
6477:Mismatch
6457:Homology
6371:Cheating
6366:Altruism
6081:Lungfish
6026:Chimaera
5778:Anaspida
5577:Tunicate
5555:Lancelet
5436:Category
5387:Smallest
5300:lampreys
5263:flatfish
5253:Demersal
5209:mackerel
5204:billfish
5144:Commerce
5073:Tropical
5048:Demersal
5043:Deep-sea
4999:Venomous
4891:RoboTuna
4841:triggers
4836:Spawning
4796:Juvenile
4781:Egg case
4414:FishBase
4305:Archived
4218:23858462
4101:19914384
4057:Archived
3955:Archived
3900:(2005).
3873:Archived
3835:17148426
3749:23598338
3643:24067611
3521:Archived
3517:87470088
3480:25 March
3474:Archived
3462:22699617
3413:Archived
3340:Archived
3336:22803015
3328:10881388
3163:Archived
3134:Archived
3123:Archived
3086:Archived
3067:11820840
2960:Archived
2956:85924210
2905:84943412
2821:19121930
2702:Archived
2700:. UCMP.
2634:Archived
2618:15941356
2553:(2004).
2511:Archived
2424:See also
2413:Timeline
2367:Triassic
2361:and the
2359:lungfish
2337:Devonian
2331:and the
2298:Devonian
2290:Silurian
2269:lungfish
2242:pectoral
2215:Devonian
2168:Silurian
2138:Batoidea
2082:Devonian
1436:Devonian
1425:Silurian
1360:and the
1343:Scotland
1324:ciliated
1282:armoured
1243:lampreys
1227:Chordata
1023:Anaspida
823:Devonian
803:Silurian
783:Devonian
779:Silurian
710:Chordata
649:Mesozoic
645:diapsids
637:synapsid
625:reptiles
605:Devonian
586:Silurian
566:Devonian
501:lancelet
465:tunicate
442:and the
429:Mammalia
415:Reptilia
408:Amphibia
313:Overview
256:reptiles
239:Devonian
208:Silurian
181:lampreys
169:Cambrian
141:and the
100:Devonian
7912:Related
7770:dactyly
7656:Flipper
7436:Related
7266:History
7127:Meiosis
7062:Empathy
7057:Emotion
6957:nucleus
6898:Viruses
6888:Spiders
6800:Mammals
6783:Insects
6583:Fitness
6519:Species
6318:Outline
6236:Related
6169:Teleost
5709:Lamprey
5699:Hagfish
5382:Largest
5295:hagfish
5290:Jawless
5268:pollock
5241:sardine
5236:herring
5231:anchovy
5181:Tilapia
5171:Octopus
5166:Catfish
5153:Farming
5068:Pelagic
5028:Coastal
5015:habitat
4871:Walking
4776:Clasper
4728:Otolith
4690:systems
4688:Sensory
4622:ganoine
4597:Papilla
4448:Anatomy
4387:Fishing
4227:(2009)
4209:3732986
4186:Bibcode
4044:YouTube
4028:YouTube
3911:Biology
3890:Sources
3826:1686207
3740:3633110
3719:Bibcode
3651:4462506
3623:Bibcode
3556:Bibcode
3470:4304310
3442:Bibcode
3346:7 April
3260:1598571
3240:Bibcode
3232:Science
3217:4342260
3197:Bibcode
3047:Bibcode
3009:9866205
2936:Bibcode
2885:Bibcode
2708:15 July
2683:4402854
2663:Bibcode
2609:1149496
2347:(genus
2060:, 2005.
2032:bowfins
1948:extinct
1924:, 2005.
1750:unnamed
1686:unnamed
1558:unnamed
1493:teleost
1347:catfish
1287:of the
1251:derived
1239:hagfish
1231:chevron
1070:unnamed
1041:unnamed
1008:unnamed
952:unnamed
871:, 2005.
718:Agnatha
705:in the
703:Agnatha
694:Agnatha
676:lamprey
633:anapsid
420:birds (
371:Agnatha
260:mammals
189:hagfish
159:Agnatha
55:improve
7934:Samara
7743:triped
7728:uniped
7555:Portal
7231:Hybrid
7067:Ethics
6909:organs
6871:Plants
6857:lemurs
6852:humans
6837:horses
6827:hyenas
6815:wolves
6810:canids
6744:origin
5532:Pikaia
5400:sharks
5317:sharks
5246:sprats
5226:Forage
5214:salmon
5094:Coarse
4876:Flying
4748:Vision
4703:Barbel
4617:Scales
4477:dermal
4357:About
4237:
4216:
4206:
4164:
4160:Holt.
4147:
4131:
4115:
4099:
4071:
3984:
3947:
3917:
3833:
3823:
3770:
3747:
3737:
3711:Nature
3649:
3641:
3614:Nature
3586:
3515:
3501:Nature
3468:
3460:
3434:Nature
3393:
3334:
3326:
3285:
3258:
3215:
3189:Nature
3065:
3007:
2954:
2903:
2854:
2844:Oxford
2819:
2681:
2655:Nature
2616:
2606:
2563:
2521:
2345:oceans
2258:enamel
2098:sharks
2092:) and
2070:sharks
1961:scaled
1722:Dipnoi
1468:and a
1224:phylum
840:, are
707:phylum
601:niches
572:, the
524:genera
364:Fish:
359:extant
357:. The
297:. The
262:, and
44:, but
7792:Wings
7777:Digit
7733:biped
7695:Limbs
7605:wings
7601:limbs
7018:Death
7013:Aging
6992:brain
6778:Fungi
6739:Birds
6652:Fungi
6450:Event
6333:Index
6188:Lists
5988:Shark
5362:Blind
5350:Lists
5129:Rough
4994:Sleep
4900:Other
4666:shark
4656:Teeth
3647:S2CID
3513:S2CID
3466:S2CID
3332:S2CID
3213:S2CID
2952:S2CID
2901:S2CID
2782:
2679:S2CID
2238:lobed
1941:class
1478:teeth
1335:Swiss
1308:gills
844:. In
773:Many
750:China
730:fauna
272:mouth
264:birds
139:skull
7924:Gait
7815:keel
7613:Fins
7603:and
7597:Fins
7505:Tree
6977:hair
6917:Cell
6820:dogs
6805:cats
6795:Life
6773:Fish
6726:taxa
6215:bony
6038:Bony
5502:Fish
5395:rays
5329:Bony
5322:rays
5219:tuna
5161:Carp
5119:Oily
5104:Game
5089:Bait
5023:Cave
4806:Milt
4511:Gill
4499:Fins
4472:Bone
4359:fish
4350:Fish
4235:ISBN
4214:PMID
4162:ISBN
4145:ISBN
4129:ISBN
4113:ISBN
4097:PMID
4069:ISBN
3982:ISBN
3963:2010
3945:ISBN
3915:ISBN
3831:PMID
3768:ISBN
3745:PMID
3692:link
3639:PMID
3584:ISSN
3529:2013
3482:2019
3458:PMID
3391:ISBN
3348:2008
3324:PMID
3283:ISBN
3256:PMID
3171:2013
3063:PMID
3023:link
3005:PMID
2968:2013
2852:ISBN
2817:PMID
2710:2011
2614:PMID
2561:ISBN
2519:ISBN
2401:and
2339:and
2315:The
2267:and
2244:and
2203:The
2152:and
2136:and
2102:rays
2100:and
2076:and
2074:rays
2028:gars
1988:and
1966:gill
1906:and
1574:and
1499:and
1458:bony
1432:fish
1417:and
1384:, a
1349:and
1328:prey
1278:lit.
1241:and
875:The
813:and
781:and
758:and
635:and
623:The
576:and
540:jaws
534:: a
516:and
499:The
479:fish
422:Aves
355:fish
345:and
155:fish
149:and
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98:The
7003:Of
6972:eye
6922:DNA
6907:Of
6724:Of
5983:Ray
5587:? (
5258:cod
5013:By
4826:Roe
4553:Jaw
4451:and
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4194:doi
4182:110
4089:doi
3821:PMC
3813:doi
3735:PMC
3727:doi
3715:496
3631:doi
3619:502
3574:hdl
3564:doi
3505:doi
3450:doi
3438:486
3316:doi
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3236:256
3205:doi
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2995:doi
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