First transcontinental railroad

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was only 0.85 feet (26 cm) a day per face, which was very slow, or 1.18 feet (36 cm) daily according to historian George Kraus. J. O. Wilder, a Central Pacific-Southern Pacific employee, commented that "The Chinese were as steady, hard-working a set of men as could be found. With the exception of a few whites at the west end of Tunnel No. 6, the laboring force was entirely composed of Chinamen with white foremen and a "boss/translator". A single foreman (often Irish) with a gang of 30 to 40 Chinese men generally constituted the force at work at each end of a tunnel; of these, 12 to 15 men worked on the heading, and the rest on the bottom, removing blasted material. When a gang was small or the men were needed elsewhere, the bottoms were worked with fewer men or stopped so as to keep the headings going." The laborers usually worked three shifts of 8 hours each per day, while the foremen worked in two shifts of 12 hours each, managing the laborers. Once out of the Sierra, construction was much easier and faster. Under the direction of construction superintendent James Harvey Strobridge, Central Pacific track-laying crews set a record with 10 miles 56 feet (16.111 km) of track laid in one day on April 28, 1869. Horace Hamilton Minkler, track foreman for the Central Pacific, laid the last rail and tie before the Last Spike was driven.

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hills would have to be cut and depressions filled or bridged. Coordinators made sure that construction and other supplies were provided when and where needed, and additional supplies were ordered as the railroad construction consumed the supplies. Specialized bridging, explosive and tunneling teams were assigned to their specialized jobs. Some jobs like explosive work, tunneling, bridging, heavy cuts or fills were known to take longer than others, so the specialized teams were sent out ahead by wagon trains with the supplies and men to get these jobs done by the time the regular track-laying crews arrived. Finance officers made sure the supplies were paid for and men paid for their work. An army of men had to be coordinated and a seemingly never-ending chain of supplies had to be provided. The Central Pacific road crew set a track-laying record by laying 10 mi (16 km) of track in a single day, commemorating the event with a signpost beside the track for passing trains to see.

812: 1249: 2644:, one of the "big four" and a general contractor, that the Chinese were too small in stature and lacking previous experience with railroad work, they decided to try them anyway. After the first few days of trial with a few workers, with noticeably positive results, Crocker decided to hire as many as he could, looking primarily at the California labor force, where the majority of Chinese worked as independent gold miners or in the service industries (e.g.: laundries and kitchens). Most of these Chinese workers were represented by a Chinese "boss" who translated, collected salaries for his crew, kept discipline and relayed orders from an American general supervisor. Most Chinese workers spoke only rudimentary or no English, and the supervisors typically only learned rudimentary Chinese. Many more workers were imported from the 2188:—manufactured near the tunnel. They used nitroglycerin to deepen the summit tunnel to the required 16-foot (4.9 m) height after the four tunnel faces met, and made even faster progress. Nearly all other tunnels were worked on both tunnel faces and met in the middle. Depending on the material the tunnels penetrated, they were left unlined or lined with brick, rock walls or timber and post. Some tunnels were designed to bend in the middle to align with the track bed curvature. Despite this potential complication, nearly all the different tunnel center lines met within 2 inches (5 cm) or so. The detailed survey work that made these tunnel digs as precise as required was nearly all done by the Canadian-born and -trained Lewis Clement, the CPRR's Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track, and his assistants. 1026:

knew they would not turn a profit on the railroad business for many months, possibly years. They determined to make a profit on the construction itself. Both groups of financiers formed independent companies to complete the project, and they controlled management of the new companies along with the railroad ventures. This self-dealing allowed them to build in generous profit margins paid out by the railroad companies. In the west, the four men heading the Central Pacific chose a simple name for their company, the "Contract and Finance Company." In the east, the Union Pacific selected a foreign name, calling their construction firm "Crédit Mobilier of America." The latter company was later implicated in a far-reaching scandal which would greatly effect the railroads purpose, described later.

1776: 3169: 1150: 2790: 378: 2151: 1005:. The railroad companies were given the odd-numbered sections while the federal government retained the even-numbered sections. The exception was in cities, at rivers, or on non-government property. The railroads sold bonds based on the value of the lands, and in areas with good land like the Sacramento Valley and Nebraska sold the land to settlers, contributing to a rapid settlement of the West. The total area of the land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific was larger than the area of the state of Texas: federal government land grants totaled about 130,000,000 acres, and state government land grants totaled about 50,000,000 acres. 2147:

that was identified as taking a long time was started as soon as its projected track location could be ascertained and work crews, supplies and road work equipment found to be sent ahead. Tunnels, trestles and bridges were nearly all built this way. The spread-out nature of the work resulted in the work being split into two divisions, with L. M. Clement taking the upper division from Blue Cañon to Truckee and Cadwalader taking the lower division from Truckee to the Nevada border. Other assistant engineers were assigned to specific tasks such as building a bridge, tunnel or trestle which was done by the workers under experienced supervisors.

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Union Pacific) and water for the steam train locomotives, etc." After a flatcar was unloaded, it would usually be hooked to a small locomotive and pulled back to a siding, so another flatcar with rails etc. could be advanced to the railhead. Since juggling railroad cars took time on flat ground, where wagon transport was easier, the rail cars would be brought to the end of the line by steam locomotive, unloaded, and the flat car returned immediately to a siding for another loaded car of either ballast or rails. Temporary sidings were often installed where it could be easily done to expedite getting needed supplies to the railhead.

2384: 714:, a surveyor, civil engineer and water company owner, met with civil engineer Judah. Marsh, who had already surveyed a potential railroad route between Sacramento and Nevada City, California, a decade earlier, went with Judah into the Sierra Nevada Mountains. There they examined the Henness Pass Turnpike Company's route (Marsh was a founding director of that company). They measured elevations and distances and discussed the possibility of a transcontinental railroad. Both were convinced that it could be done. Judah, Marsh and Strong then met with merchants and businessmen to solicit investors in their proposed railroad. 2652:. Most Chinese workers were planning on returning with their newfound "wealth" when the work was completed. Most of the men received between one and three dollars per day, the same as unskilled white workers; but the workers imported directly from China sometimes received less. A diligent worker could save over $ 20 per month after paying for food and lodging—a "fortune" by Chinese standards. A snapshot of workers in late 1865 showed about 3,000 Chinese and 1,700 white workers employed on the railroad. Nearly all of the white workers were in supervisory or skilled craft positions and made more money than the Chinese. 2674: 1087: 2970: 2202:

blast their way through the hills. The only disadvantage came when a nearby valley needed fill to get across it. The explosive technique often blew most of the potential fill material down the hillside, making it unavailable for fill. Initially, many valleys were bridged by "temporary" trestles that could be rapidly built and were later replaced by much lower maintenance and permanent solid fill. The existing railroad made transporting and putting material in valleys much easier—load it on railway dump cars, haul where needed and dump it over the side of the trestle.

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wagon road and used as a winch driver to help remove loosened rock from the vertical shaft and two working faces. By the winter of 1866–67, work had progressed sufficiently and a camp had been built for workers on the summit tunnel which allowed work to continue. The cross section of a tunnel face was a 16-foot-wide (4.9 m), 16-foot-high (4.9 m) oval with an 11-foot (3.4 m) vertical wall. Progress on the tunnel sped up to over 1.5 feet (0.46 m) per day per face when they started using the newly invented

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set and then ignited from a safe distance. Nitroglycerin, which had been invented less than two decades before the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, was used in relatively large quantities during its construction. This was especially true on the Central Pacific Railroad, which owned its own nitroglycerin plant to ensure it had a steady supply of the volatile explosive. This plant was operated by Chinese laborers as they were willing workers even under the most trying and dangerous of conditions.

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holes with a rock drill and hammer, filling them with black powder and trying to blast the granite loose. One crew worked drilling holes on the faces and another crew collected and removed the loosened rock after each explosion. The workers were pulled off the summit tunnel and the track grading east of Donner Pass in the winter of 1865–1866 as there was no way to supply them, nor quarters they could have lived in. The crews were transferred to work on bridges and track grading on the Truckee River canyon.

1963:, ahead of the railroad construction. The Mormon and Union Pacific rail work was joined in the area of the present-day border between Utah and Wyoming. The longest of four tunnels built in Weber Canyon was 757-foot-long (231 m) Tunnel 2. Work on this tunnel started in October 1868 and was completed six months later. Temporary tracks were laid around it and Tunnels 3 (508 feet or 155 metres), 4 (297 feet or 91 metres) and 5 (579 feet or 176 metres) to continue work on the tracks west of the tunnels. 784: 3470: 2560: 2115: 3737: 2802:

hewn timber and round logs. Snow galleries had one side and a roof that sloped upward until it met the mountainside, thus permitting avalanches to slide over the galleries, some of which extended up the mountainside as much as 200 feet (61 m). Masonry walls such as the "Chinese Walls" at Donner Summit were built across canyons to prevent avalanches from striking the side of the vulnerable wooden construction. A few concrete sheds (mostly at crossovers) are still in use today.

3257: 2069: 6337: 2439:(3.6 m each) of firewood needed for the many steam engines and pumps, cooking stoves, heating stoves etc. in Comstock Lode towns and the tons of ice needed by the miners as they worked ever deeper into the "hot" Comstock Lode ore body. In the mines, temperatures could get above 120 °F (49 °C) at the work face and a miner often used over 100 pounds (45 kg) of ice per shift. This new railroad connected to the Central Pacific near Reno, and went through 409: 1133: 2861:"The devastation of the buffalo population signalled the end of the Indian Wars, and Native Americans were pushed into reservations. In 1869, the Comanche chief Tosawi was reported to have told Sheridan, "Me Tosawi. Me good Indian," and Sheridan allegedly replied, "The only good Indians I ever saw were dead." The phrase was later misquoted, with Sheridan supposedly stating, "The only good Indian is a dead Indian." Sheridan denied he had ever said such a thing." 2890: 748: 2016: 1382: 2274:

summit about one mile (1.6 km) south of Donner Pass through the 10,322-foot-long (3,146 m) Tunnel #41 ("The Big Hole") running under Mt. Judah between Soda Springs and Eder, which was opened in 1925 when the summit section of the grade was double tracked. This routing change was made because the Track 2 and Tunnel 41 Summit crossing is far easier and less expensive to maintain and keep open in the harsh Sierra winters.

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workers and supervisors were hired because they had previous railroad on-the-job training, knew what needed to be done and how to direct workers to get it done. After the key personnel were hired, the semi-skilled jobs could be filled if there was available labor. The engineering team's main job was to tell the workers where to go, what to do, how to do it, and provide the construction material they would need to get it done.

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incentives and bonds would hopefully cover most of the initial capital investment needed to build the railroad. The bonds would be paid back by the sale of government-granted land, as well as prospective passenger and freight income. Most of the engineers and surveyors who figured out how and where to build the railroad on the Union Pacific were engineering college trained. Many of Union Pacific engineers and surveyors were

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freight and passengers needed by the CPRR and to carry other cargo over their toll road to and from the ever-advancing railhead and over the Sierra to the gold and silver mining towns of Nevada. As the railroad advanced, their freight rates with the combined rail and wagon shipments would become much more competitive. The volume of the toll road freight traffic to Nevada was estimated to be about $ 13,000,000 a year as the

3822:"The charter of the last-named Company contemplated a line from Sacramento toward San Francisco, making the circuit of the Bay of that name . Their franchise has recently been assigned to parties in the interest of the Central Pacific Railroad Company; and it is probable that this line will be formally incorporated with the Central Pacific Railroad, and the road extended from Sacramento to San Francisco by the 2905: 2613:, landed contracts with the Union Pacific that offered jobs for around 2,000 members of the church with the hope that the railroad would support commerce in Utah. Church members built most of the road through Utah. Construction superintendent Durant repeatedly failed to pay the wages agreed upon. The Union Pacific train carrying him to the final spike ceremony was held up by a strike by unpaid workers in 3709: 622:. He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California, paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route. Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians, printed maps and pamphlets, and submitted several proposals to Congress, all at his own expense. In June 1845, he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility. 909:(at 6% interest). The railroad companies were paid $ 16,000 per mile (approximately $ 543,000 per mile today) for track laid on a level grade, $ 32,000 per mile (about $ 1,085,000 per mile today) for track laid in foothills, and $ 48,000 per mile (or about $ 1,628,000 per mile today) for track laid in mountains. The two railroad companies sold similar amounts of company-backed bonds and stock. 660: 2094:(elev. 7,000 ft or 2,100 m) had to be accomplished in about 90 miles (140 km) with an average elevation change of 76 feet per mile (14 meters per km), and there were only a few places in the Sierra where this type of "ramp" existed. The discovery and detailed map survey with profiles and elevations of this route over the Sierra Nevada is credited to 2864:"By the end of the 19th century, only 300 buffalo were left in the wild. Congress finally took action, outlawing the killing of any birds or animals in Yellowstone National Park, where the only surviving buffalo herd could be protected. Conservationists established more wildlife preserves, and the species slowly rebounded. Today, there are more than 200,000 bison in North America." 3723: 2773:

and work on several different sections proceeded simultaneously. One advantage of working on tunnels in winter was that tunnel work could often proceed since the work was nearly all "inside". Living quarters would have to be built outside and getting new supplies was difficult. Working and living in winter in the presence of snow slides and avalanches caused some deaths.

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supervisors. Usually the workers lived in camps built near their work site. Supplies were ordered by the engineers and hauled by rail, possibly then to be loaded on wagons if they were needed ahead of the railhead. Camps were moved when the railhead moved a significant distance. Later, as the railroad started moving long distances every few days, some railroad cars had

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Pacific was out of the Sierras and the Carson Range, progress sped up considerably as the railroad bed could be built over nearly flat ground. In those days, the Central Pacific once did a section of 10 miles (16 km) of track in one day as a "demonstration" of what they could do on flat ground like most of the Union Pacific had in Wyoming and Nebraska.

2640:, horse or mule pulled carts, and a few railroad pulled gondolas. The construction work involved an immense amount of manual labor. Initially, Central Pacific had a hard time hiring and keeping unskilled workers on its line, as many would leave for the prospect of far more lucrative gold or silver mining options elsewhere. Despite the concerns expressed by 2855:'s first postwar command (Military Division of the Mississippi) covered the territory west of the Mississippi and east of the Rocky Mountains, and his top priority was to protect the construction of the railroads. In 1867, he wrote to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, "we are not going to let thieving, ragged Indians check and stop the progress" of the railroads. 2589:

operational. Telegraph operators had to be hired to man each station to keep track of where the trains were so that trains could run in each direction on the available single track without interference or accidents. Sidings had to be built to allow trains to pass. Provision had to be made to store and continually pay for coal or wood needed to run the

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The primary incentive had been getting the subsidies, which meant that upgrades of all kinds were routinely required in the following years. The cost of making these upgrades was relatively small once the railroad was operating. Once the railroad was complete supplies could be moved from distant factories directly to the construction site by rail.

3888:(NP) found and built a better route across the northern tier of the western United States from Minnesota to the Pacific Coast. It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly 40 million acres (160,000 km) of land grants, which it used to raise money in Europe. Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the 1095:

surveyors with extensive experience building railroads, but it had a difficult time finding semi-skilled labor. Most Caucasians in California preferred to work in the mines or agriculture. The railroad experimented by hiring local emigrant Chinese as manual laborers, many of whom were escaping the poverty and terrors of the war (especially the

4358:"A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California: Illustrated. Containing a History of This Important Section of the Pacific Coast from the Earliest Period of Its Occupancyand Biographical Mention of Many of Its Most Eminent Pioneers and Also of Prominent Citizens of Today". Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company. (1891) pp. 214–221 1607:. The original westward travelers in their ox and mule pulled wagons tried to stick to river valleys to avoid as much road building as possible—gradients and sharp corners were usually of little or no concern to them. The ox and mule pulled wagons were the original off-road vehicles in their day since nearly all of the 2848:, which were both a physical threat to trains and the primary food source for many of the Plains Indians. The Native Americans then began killing laborers when they realized that the so-called "Iron Horse" threatened their existence. Security measures were further strengthened, and progress on the railroad continued. 1612:

emigrant trails were closed in winter. The North Platte–South Pass route was far less beneficial for a railroad, as it was about 150 miles (240 km) longer and much more expensive to construct up the narrow, steep and rocky canyons of the North Platte. The route along the North Platte was also further from

2916:, Utah Territory. On the Union Pacific side was Union Pacific No 119, a 1868 4-4-0 type. Thrusting westward, the last two rails were laid by Irishmen. On the Central Pacific side was their Central Pacific No 60 Jupiter, another 1868 4-4-0 type. Thrusting eastward, the last two rails were laid by the Chinese. 2752:, then by cutting a railroad bed up the mountains themselves. As they progressed higher in the mountains, winter snowstorms and a shortage of reliable labor compounded the problems. On January 7, 1865, a want ad for 5,000 laborers was placed in the Sacramento Union. Consequently, after a trial crew of 2338:

on a prepared rail bed in one day—a record that still stands today. The Central Pacific and Union Pacific raced to get as much track laid as possible, and the Central Pacific laid about 560 miles (900 km) of track from Reno to Promontory Summit in the one year before the Last Spike was driven on

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at Eder, bypassing and abandoning the tunnel 6–8 complex, the concrete snowsheds just beyond them, and tunnels 9–12 ending at MP 195.7, all of which had been located on Track 1 within two miles of the summit. Since then all east- and westbound traffic has been run over the Track #2 grade crossing the

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The summit tunnel (Number 6), 1,660 feet (510 m), was started in late 1865, well ahead of the railhead. Through solid granite, the summit tunnel progressed at a rate of only about 0.98 feet (0.30 m) per day per face as it was being worked by three eight-hour shifts of workers, hand drilling

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line so that each hammer stroke would be heard as a click at telegraph stations nationwide—the hammer strokes were missed, so the clicks were sent by the telegraph operator. As soon as the ceremonial "Last Spike" had been replaced by an ordinary iron spike, a message was transmitted to both the East

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were used to help remove loose rocks up the vertical shafts. These derricks were later replaced with steam hoists as work progressed. By using vertical shafts, four faces of the tunnel could be worked at the same time, two in the middle and one at each end. The average daily progress in some tunnels

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The track laying was divided up into various parts. In advance of the track layers, surveyors consulting with engineers determined where the track would go. Workers then built and prepared the roadbed, dug or blasted through hills, filled in washes, built trestles, bridges or culverts across streams

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Central Pacific had 1,694 freight cars available by May 1869, with more under construction in their Sacramento yard. Major repairs and maintenance on the Central Pacific rolling stock was done in their Sacramento maintenance yard. Near the end of 1869, Central Pacific had 162 locomotives, of which 2

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and/or horse or mule cart or blast it loose. To blast a V-shaped cut out, they had to drill several holes up to 20 feet (6.1 m) deep in the material, fill them with black powder, and blast the material away. Since the Central Pacific was in a hurry, they were profligate users of black powder to

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Hills or ridges in front of the railroad road bed would have to have a flat-bottomed, V-shaped "cut" made to get the railroad through the ridge or hill. The type of material determined the slope of the V and how much material would have to be removed. Ideally, these cuts would be matched with valley

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was appointed as Central Pacific's new Chief Engineer, with Lewis M. Clement as Assistant Chief Engineer and Charles Cadwalader as second assistant. To build the new railroad, detailed surveys had to be run that showed where the cuts, fills, trestles, bridges and tunnels would have to be built. Work

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and white workers were paid $ 30 per month and given food and lodging. Most Chinese were initially paid $ 31 per month and provided lodging, but they preferred to cook their own meals. In 1867 the CPRR raised their wage to $ 35 (equivalent to $ 760 in 2023) per month after a strike. CPRR came to see

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Durant manipulated market prices on his stocks by spreading rumors about which railroads he had an interest in were being considered for connection with the Union Pacific. First he touted rumors that his fledgling M&M Railroad had a deal in the works, while secretly buying stock in the depressed

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The necessity that now exists for constructing lines of railroad and telegraphic communication between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of this continent is no longer a question for argument; it is conceded by every one. In order to maintain our present position on the Pacific, we must have some more

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Both railroads soon instituted extensive upgrade projects to build better bridges, viaducts and dugways as well as install heavier duty rails, stronger ties, better road beds etc. The original track had often been laid as fast as possible with only secondary attention to maintenance and durability.

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and galleries were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee, covering cuts and other points where there was danger of avalanches. 2,500 men and six material trains were employed in this work, which was completed in 1869. The sheds were built with two sides and a steep peaked roof, mostly of locally cut

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Chinese laborers were also crucial in the construction of 15 tunnels along the railroad's line through the Sierra Nevada mountains. These were about 32 feet (9.8 m) high and 16 feet (4.9 m) wide. When tunnels with vertical shafts were dug to increase construction speed, tunneling began in

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The first step of construction was to survey the route and determine the locations where large excavations, tunnels and bridges would be needed. Crews could then start work in advance of the railroad reaching these locations. Supplies and workers were brought up to the work locations by wagon teams

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Track ballast was put between the ties as they progressed. Where a proper railbed had already been prepared, the work progressed rapidly. Constantly needed supplies included "food, water, ties, rails, spikes, fishplates, nuts and bolts, track ballast, telegraph poles, wire, firewood (or coal on the

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Most of the early work on the Central Pacific consisted of constructing the railroad track bed, cutting and/or blasting through or around hills, filling in washes, building bridges or trestles, digging and blasting tunnels and then laying the rails over the Sierra Nevada mountains. Once the Central

2395:) was completed on September 8, 1869, with the first through freight train carrying freight from the East Coast leaving Sacramento and crossing the bridge to arrive that evening at the Alameda Wharf on San Francisco Bay. As a result, the western part of the route was extended from Sacramento to the 2158:

In total, the Central Pacific had eleven tunnel projects (Nos. 3 through 13) under construction in the Sierra from 1865 to 1868, with seven tunnels located in a 2-mile (3.2 km) stretch on the east side of Donner Summit. The tunnels were usually built by drilling a series of holes in the tunnel

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boomed, and getting even part of this freight traffic would help pay for the railroad construction. When the railroad reached Reno, it had the majority of all Nevada freight shipments, and the price of goods in Nevada dropped significantly as the freight charges to Nevada dropped significantly. The

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was hired as the new Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific. He equipped several railroad cars to serve as portable bunkhouses for the workers and gathered men and supplies to push the railroad rapidly west. Among the bunkhouses, Casement added a galley car to prepare meals, and he even provided for a

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The federal legislation lacked adequate oversight and accountability. The two companies took advantage of these weaknesses in the legislation to manipulate the project and produce extra profit for themselves. Despite the generous subsidies offered by the federal government, the railroad capitalists

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in 1857 when he was an attorney to represent him in a business matter about a bridge over the Missouri. Now Lincoln was responsible for choosing the eastern terminus, and he relied on Durant's counsel. Durant advocated for Omaha, and he was so confident of the choice that he began buying up land in

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Despite the transcontinental success and millions in government subsidies, the Union Pacific faced bankruptcy less than three years after the Last Spike as details surfaced about overcharges that Crédit Mobilier had billed Union Pacific for the formal building of the railroad. The scandal hit epic

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To carve a tunnel, one worker held a rock drill on the granite face while one to two other workers swung eighteen-pound sledgehammers to sequentially hit the drill which slowly advanced into the rock. Once the hole was about 10 inches (25 cm) deep, it would be filled with black powder, a fuse

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Survey teams were put out to produce detailed contour maps of the options on the different routes. The engineering team looked at the available surveys and chose what was the "best" route. Survey teams under the direction of the engineers closely led the work crews and marked where and by how much

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veterans (including two generals) who had learned their railroad trade keeping the trains running and tracks maintained during the U.S. Civil War. After securing the finances and selecting the engineering team, the next step was to hire the key personnel and prospective supervisors. Nearly all key

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pushed by locomotives, as well as manual shovelling. With the advent of more efficient oil fired steam and later diesel electric power to drive plows, flangers, spreaders, and rotary snow plows, most of the wooden snowsheds have long since been removed as obsolete. Tunnels 1–5 and Tunnel 13 of the

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The railroad gained about 3,200 feet (980 m) in the 220 miles (350 km) climb to Cheyenne from North Platte, Nebraska—about 15 feet per mile (2.8 m/km)—a very gentle slope of less than one degree average. This "new" route had never become an emigrant route because it lacked the water

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In 1856, Judah wrote a 13,000-word proposal in support of a Pacific railroad and distributed it to Cabinet secretaries, congressmen and other influential people. In September 1859, Judah was chosen to be the accredited lobbyist for the Pacific Railroad Convention, which indeed approved his plan to

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The legal "date of completion" of the WPRR grade was subsequently designated to be January 22, 1870. The formal consolidation of the Central Pacific Railroad of California with the Western Pacific Railroad Co., San Joaquin Valley Railroad Co., and San Francisco, Oakland & Alameda Railroad Co.

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built in them that moved with the workers—the Union Pacific had used this technique since 1866. Almost all of the roadbed work had to be done manually, using shovels, picks, axes, two-wheeled dump carts, wheelbarrows, ropes, scrapers, etc., with initially only black powder available for blasting.

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had been purchased in the eastern states and shipped to California by sea. Thirty-six additional locomotives were built and coming west, and twenty-eight more were under construction. There was a shortage of passenger cars and more had to be ordered. The first Central Pacific sleeper, the "Silver

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In 1866, they put in a 125-foot (38 m) vertical shaft in the center of the summit tunnel and started work towards the east and west tunnel faces, giving four working faces on the summit tunnel to speed up progress. A steam engine off an old locomotive was brought up with much effort over the

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In June 1864, the Central Pacific railroad entrepreneurs opened Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road (DFDLWR). Costing about $ 300,000 and a years worth of work, this toll road wagon route was opened over much of the route the Central Pacific railroad (CPRR) would use over Donner Summit to carry

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Time was not standardized across the United States and Canada until November 18, 1883. In 1865, each railroad set its own time to minimize scheduling errors. To communicate easily up and down the line, the railroads built telegraph lines alongside the tracks. These lines eventually superseded the

2844:. This changed as the work entered Indian-held lands, because the railroad violated Native American treaties with the United States. War parties began to raid the moving labor camps that followed the progress of the line. Union Pacific responded by increasing security and hiring marksmen to kill 2698:

and leveled to get ready for the rails. Rails, which weighed the most, were often kicked off the flatcars and carried by gangs of men on each side of the rail to where needed. The rails just in front of the rail car would be placed first, measured for the correct gauge with gauge sticks and then

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was too shallow and meandering to provide river transport, but the Platte river valley headed west and sloped up gradually at about 6 feet per mile (1.1 m/km), often allowing to lay a mile (1.6 km) of track a day or more in 1866 as the Union Pacific finally started moving rapidly west.

775:, (1822–1888), Construction Supervisor. All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad. Judah, Marsh, Strong, Stanford, Huntington, Hopkins and Crocker, along with James Bailey and Lucius Anson Booth, became the first board of directors of the Central Pacific Railroad. 2575:

Most of the capital investment needed to build the railroad was generated by selling government-guaranteed bonds (granted per mile of completed track) to interested investors. The Federal donation of right-of-way saved money and time as it did not have to be purchased from others. The financial

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went cross country over rough, unimproved trails. The route over South Pass's main advantage for wagons pulled by oxen or mules was a shorter elevation over an "easy" pass to cross and its "easy" connection to nearby river valleys on both sides of the continental divide for water and grass. The

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The total value of the thirty year 6% US Government subsidy bonds issued to the three companies was $ 55,092,192 and the amount of federal lands specified by Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864 to which the UPRR, CPRR and WPRR were entitled was 21,100,000 acres (8,500,000 hectares) of which

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Visible remains of the historic line are still easily located—hundreds of miles are still in service today, especially through the Sierra Nevada Mountains and canyons in Utah and Wyoming. While the original rail has long since been replaced because of age and wear, and the roadbed upgraded and

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The Union Pacific reached the new railroad town of Cheyenne in December 1867, having laid about 270 miles (430 km) that year. They paused over the winter, preparing to push the track over Evans (Sherman's) Pass. At 8,247 feet (2,514 m), Evans Pass was the highest point reached on the

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It was far from a given that the railroads operating in the thinly-settled west would make enough money to repay their construction and operation. If the railroad companies failed to sell the land granted them within three years, they were required to sell it at prevailing government price for

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Tunnels were blasted through hard rock by drilling holes in the rock face by hand and filling them with black powder. Sometimes cracks were found which could be filled with powder and blasted loose. The loosened rock would be collected and hauled out of the tunnel for use in a fill area or as

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Judah returned to California in 1860. He continued to search for a more practical route through the Sierra suitable for a railroad. In mid-1860, local miner Daniel Strong had surveyed a route over the Sierra for a wagon toll road, which he realized would also suit a railroad. He described his

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Durant had initially come up with the scheme to have Crédit Mobilier subcontract to do the actual track work. Durant gained control of the company after buying out employee Herbert Hoxie for $ 10,000. Under Durant's guidance, Crédit Mobilier was charging Union Pacific often twice or more the

2811: 2664:

bars to each rail. At the same time, another gang would distribute telegraph poles and wire along the grade, while the cooks prepared dinner and the clerks busied themselves with accounts, records, using the telegraph line to relay requests for more materials and supplies or communicate with

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to Denver, construction started east from Denver in March 1870 to meet the railroad coming west from Kansas city. The two crews met at a point called Comanche Crossing, Kansas Territory, on August 15, 1870. Denver was now firmly on track to becoming the largest city and the future capital of

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railroad line in 1870. Elevated 6,070 feet (1,850 m) above sea level, and sitting on the new Union Pacific route with a connection to Denver, Cheyenne was chosen to become a major railroad center and was equipped with extensive railroad yards, maintenance facilities, and a Union Pacific

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After 1864, the Central Pacific Railroad received the same Federal financial incentives as the Union Pacific Railroad, along with some construction bonds granted by the state of California and the city of San Francisco. The Central Pacific hired some Canadian and European civil engineers and

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In addition to the track-laying crews, other crews were busy setting up stations with provisions for loading fuel, water and often also mail, passengers and freight. Personnel had to be hired to run these stations. Maintenance depots had to be built to keep all of the equipment repaired and

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Also, the lack of federal oversight provided both companies with incentives to continue building their railroads past one other, since they were each being paid, and receiving land grants, based on how many miles of track they laid, even though only one track would eventually be used. This

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of mountains east of the Sierras. The route down the rugged Truckee River Canyon, including required bridges, was done ahead of the main summit tunnel completion. To expedite the building of the railroad through the Truckee River canyon, the Central Pacific hauled two small locomotives,

1153:

The U.S. Post Office issued a postage stamp in 1944 commemorating the 75th anniversary of the first transcontinental railroad in America. The engraving depicts the driving of the 'Golden Spike' at Promontory, Utah, where the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads came together in

1997:

at Promontory Summit in Utah territory on May 10, 1869. Some Union Pacific officers declined to pay the Mormons all of the agreed upon construction costs of the work through Weber Canyon, and beyond, claiming Union Pacific poverty despite the millions they had extracted through the

1828:

on the transcontinental railroad, required cutting through granite for nearly a mile on each side. The initial Dale Creek bridge had a train speed limit of 4 miles (6.4 km) per hour across the bridge. Beyond Dale Creek, railroad construction paused at what became the town of

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that would later parallel its route) and in February 1868 resumed construction on it, which had halted in October 1866 because of funding troubles. On September 6, 1869, the first transcontinental rail passengers arrived at the Pacific Railroad's original western terminus on the

2686:

roadbed, or else dumped over the side as waste. A foot or so advance on a tunnel face was a typical day's work. Some tunnels took almost a year to finish and the Summit Tunnel, the longest, took almost two years. In the final days of working in the Sierras, the recently invented

2875:"We took away their country and their means of support, broke up their mode of living, their habits of life, introduced disease and decay among them, and it was for this and against this they made war. Could any one expect less? Then, why wonder at Indian difficulties?" 591:

Council Bluffs had several advantages: It was well north of the Civil War fighting in Missouri; it was the shortest route to South Pass in the Rockies in Wyoming; and it would follow a fertile river that would encourage settlement. Durant had hired the future president

2761:, seemed to be more willing to tolerate the living and working conditions on the railroad construction, and progress on the railroad continued. The increasing necessity for tunneling as they proceeded up the mountains then began to slow progress of the line yet again. 531:

Once the central route was chosen, it was immediately obvious that the western terminus should be Sacramento. But there was considerable difference of opinion about the eastern terminus. Three locations along 250 miles (400 km) of Missouri River were considered:

1217:. Many of these steam engines, railroad cars, and other machinery were shipped dismantled and had to be reassembled. Wooden timbers for railroad ties, trestles, bridges, firewood, and telegraph poles were harvested in California and transported to the project site. 1539:

The small survey parties who scouted ahead to locate the roadbed were sometimes attacked and killed by raiding Native Americans. In response, the U.S. Army instituted active cavalry patrols that grew larger as the Native Americans grew more aggressive. Temporary,

1220:

The Union Pacific Railroad did not start construction for another 18 months until July 1865. They were delayed by difficulties obtaining financial backing and the unavailability of workers and materials due to the Civil War. Their start point in the new city of

1115:. Despite their small stature and lack of experience, the Chinese laborers were responsible for most of the heavy manual labor since only a very limited amount of that work could be done by animals, simple machines, or black powder. The railroad also hired some 1740:

in 1865 when he was in the U.S. Army. The new route surveyed across Wyoming was over 150 miles (240 km) shorter, had a flatter profile, allowing for cheaper and easier railroad construction, and also went closer by Denver and the known coalfields in the

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Supply trains carried all the necessary material for the construction up to the railhead, with mule or horse-drawn wagons carrying it the rest of the ways if required. Ties were typically unloaded from horse-drawn or mule-drawn wagons and then placed on the

2333:

for the early trains with steam locomotives may have been as often as every 10 miles (16 km). On one memorable occasion, not far from Promontory, the Central Pacific crews organized an army of workers and five train loads of construction material, and

934:. Then he circulated rumors that the CR&M had plans to connect to the Union Pacific, at which point he began buying back the M&M stock at depressed prices. It is estimated his scams produced over $ 5 million in profits for him and his cohorts. 2858:"On the ground in the West, Gen. Philip Henry Sheridan, assuming Sherman's command, took to his task much as he had done in the Shenandoah Valley during the Civil War, when he ordered the "scorched earth" tactics that presaged Sherman's March to the Sea." 3318:

published correspondence detailing the scheme between Henry S. McComb and Ames. In the ensuing Congressional investigation, it was recommended that Ames be expelled from Congress, but this was reduced to a censure and Ames died within three months.

424:

were conducted from 1853 through 1855. These included an extensive series of expeditions of the American West seeking possible routes. A report on the explorations described alternative routes and included an immense amount of information about the

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Military Bridges: With Suggestions for New Expedients and Constructions for Crossing Streams and Chasms; Including, Also, Designs for Trestle and Truss Bridges for Military Railroads, Adapted Especially to the Wants of the Service in the United

3812:

linked Sacramento to the cities and their harbor facilities in the San Francisco Bay until late 1869, when the CPRR completed and opened the Western Pacific portion (which the CPRR had acquired control of in 1867–68 to Alameda first and then to

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through central Utah and Nevada. The telegraph lines along the railroad were easier to protect and maintain. Many of the original telegraph lines were abandoned as the telegraph business was consolidated with the railroad telegraph lines.

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merchant, heard Judah's presentation about the railroad at the St. Charles Hotel in November 1860. He invited Judah to his office to hear his proposal in detail. Huntington persuaded Judah to accept financing from himself and four others:

2829:. Durant chose routes that would favor places where he held land, and he announced connections to other lines at times that suited his share dealings. He paid an associate to submit the construction bid to another company he controlled, 1674:) marking its significance and commemorating two of the main backers of the Union Pacific Railroad. From North Platte, Nebraska (elevation 2,834 feet or 864 metres), the railroad proceeded westward and upward along a new path across the 2871:

in 1878, he acknowledged that the Native Americans were scuttled to reservations with no compensation beyond the promise of religious instruction and basic supplies of food and clothing—promises, he wrote, which were never fulfilled."

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workers was hired and found to work successfully, the Central Pacific expanded its efforts to hire more emigrant laborers—mostly Chinese. Emigrants from poverty stricken regions of China, many of which suffered from the strife of the

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had cut off shipments of black powder from the East to the mining and railroad industry of California and Nevada. The Central Pacific was a prolific user of black powder, often using up to 500 kegs of 25 pounds (11 kg) per day.

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captures the fervent nationalism that drove public support for the project. Among the cooks serving the film's cast and crew between shots were some of the Chinese laborers who worked on the Central Pacific section of the railroad.

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When the last spike was driven, the rail network was not yet connected to the Atlantic or Pacific but merely connected Omaha to Sacramento. To get from Sacramento to the Pacific, the Central Pacific purchased in 1867 the struggling

985:. The CPRR Engineering Department was taken over by his successor Samuel S. Montegue, as well as Canadian trained Chief Assistant Engineer (later Acting Chief Engineer) Lewis Metzler Clement who also became Superintendent of Track. 5173: 1337:

profile weighing 56 or 66 pounds per yard (27.8 or 32.7 kg/m). The railroad companies were intent on completing the project as rapidly as possible at a minimum cost. Within a few years, nearly all railroads converted to

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Under the terms of the contract the Mormons were to do all the grading, tunneling, and bridge masonry on the U. P. line for the 150-odd miles from the head of Echo Canyon through Weber Canyon to the shores of the Great Salt

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and Wells in Nevada (with many more fuel and water stops), before connecting with the Union Pacific line at Promontory Summit in the Utah Territory. When the eastern end of the CPRR was extended to Ogden by purchasing the

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ceremonially broke ground in Sacramento, California, to begin construction of the Central Pacific Railroad. After great initial progress along the Sacramento Valley, construction was slowed, first by the foothills of the

2269:) closed and pulled up the 6.7-mile (10.8 km) section of Track #1 over the summit running between the Norden complex (Shed 26, MP 192.1) and the covered crossovers in Shed #47 (MP 198.8) about a mile east of the old 6936: 6906: 6811: 4256:"Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853–4." 2253:

original 1860s tunnels on Track 1 of the Sierra grade remain in use today, while additional new tunnels were later driven when the grade was double tracked over the first quarter of the twentieth century. In 1993, the

2514:

roughly follows the path of the railroad from Sacramento across modern day California, Nevada, Wyoming and Nebraska, with a few exceptions. Most significantly, the two routes are different between Wells, Nevada, and

836: 670:

was a fervent supporter of the central route railroad. He lobbied vigorously in favor of the project and undertook the survey of the route through the rugged Sierra Nevada, one of the chief obstacles of the project.

1861:, and the railroads east of the Missouri River again increased Cheyenne's importance as the junction of two major railroads. Cheyenne later became Wyoming's largest city and the capital of the new state of Wyoming. 1158:

The Central Pacific broke ground on January 8, 1863. Because of insufficient transportation alternatives from the manufacturing centers on the east coast, virtually all of their tools and machinery including rails,

3572:

by Mary Ann Fraser tells the story of the record setting push by the Central Pacific in which they set a record by laying 10 miles (16 km) of track in a single day on April 28, 1869, to settle a $ 10,000 bet.

2446:

After the transcontinental railroads were completed, many other railroads were built to connect up to other population centers in Utah, Wyoming, Kansas, Colorado, Oregon, Washington territories, etc. In 1869, the

1009:

homesteads: $ 1.25 per acre ($ 3.09/ha). If they failed to repay the bonds, all remaining railroad property, including trains and tracks, would revert to the U.S. government. To encourage settlement in the west,

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construction. In the 1860s there was no heavy equipment that could be used to make these cuts or haul it away to make the fills. The options were to dig it out by pick and shovel, haul the hillside material by

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under the name of the Central Pacific Railroad Company became effective on June 22, 1870, with the filing of Articles of Consolidation drawn under the laws of California with the California Secretary of State.

6861: 1819:

was one of their more difficult railroad engineering challenges. Dale Creek Bridge was 650 feet (200 m) long and 125 feet (38 m) above Dale Creek. The bridge components were pre-built of timber in

4528:"An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific Ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes 2670:

Carts pulled by mules, and horses were about the only labor-saving devices available then. Lumber and ties were usually provided by independent contractors who cut, hauled and sawed the timber as required.

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The railroad tracks, spikes, telegraph wire, locomotives, railroad cars, supplies etc. were imported from the east on sailing ships that sailed the nearly 18,000-mile (29,000 km), 200-day trip around

1958:

canyon. To speed up construction as much as possible, Union Pacific contracted several thousand Mormon workers to cut, fill, trestle, bridge, blast and tunnel its way down the rugged Weber River Canyon to

1579:

was appointed Chief Engineer on the Union Pacific, but hard-working General "Jack" Casement continued to work as chief construction "boss" and his brother Daniel Casement continued as a financial officer.

917:

While the federal legislation for the Union Pacific required that no partner was to own more than 10 percent of the stock, the Union Pacific had problems selling its stock. One of the few subscribers was

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required that an official date of completion be determined for the purpose of determining how other provisions of the Acts would be carried out. November 6, 1869, was confirmed as being that date by the

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on the north. As the railroad climbed out of Sacramento up to Donner Summit, there was only one 3-mile (4.8 km) section near "Cape Horn CPRR" where the railroad grade slightly exceeded two percent.

1564:, the railroad bridged the North Platte River over a 2,600-foot-long (790 m) bridge (nicknamed ½ mile bridge). It was built across the shallow but wide North Platte resting on piles driven by steam 4323: 865:. Curtis tried and failed again in 1861. After the southern states seceded from the Union, the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6, 1862, and the Senate on June 20. Lincoln signed the 337:. It brought the western states and territories into alignment with the northern Union states and made transporting passengers and goods coast-to-coast considerably quicker, safer and less expensive. 6569:"Map of the Central Pacific Railroad and its Connections" published in the California Mail Bag San Francisco News Letter and California Advertiser, Vol. 1, No. 4, Oct–Nov. 1871. accessed May 1, 2013. 3583:(part of the "Dear America" series) is written as the fictional diary of Libby West, who chronicles the end of the railroad construction and the excitement that engulfed the country at the time. 1438:

Route of the first American transcontinental railroad from Sacramento, California, to Council Bluffs, Iowa. Other railroads connected at Council Bluffs to cities throughout the East and Midwest.

333:. In the following six months, the last leg from Sacramento to San Francisco Bay was completed. The resulting coast-to-coast railroad connection revolutionized the settlement and economy of the 6901: 6866: 2660:

or valleys, made tunnels if needed, and laid the ties. The actual track-laying gang would then lay rails on the previously laid ties positioned on the roadbed, drive the spikes, and bolt the

352:, about a mile to the north, when its expansion was completed and opened for passengers on November 8, 1869. Service between San Francisco and Oakland Pier continued to be provided by ferry. 3187:

Several years after the end of the Civil War, the competing railroads coming from Missouri finally realized their initial strategic advantage and a building boom ensued. In July 1869, the

973:

Before major construction could begin, Judah traveled back to New York City to raise funds to buy out The Big Four. Shortly after arriving in New York, Judah died on November 2, 1863, of

436:

of potential routes needed to estimate the feasibility, cost and select the best route. However, the survey was detailed enough to determine that the best southern route lay south of the

2380:, extended the Central Pacific tracks about 60 miles (97 km) and made Ogden a major terminus on the transcontinental railroad, as passengers and freight switched railroads there. 6921: 4692:

The Silent Spikes: Chinese Laborers and the Construction of North American Railroads, comp. and ed. Huang Annian, trans. Zhang Juguo (n.p.: China Intercontinental Press, 2006), p. 36.

1772:

on the almost treeless plains across Nebraska and Wyoming. Coal shipments by rail were also looked on as a potentially major source of income—this potential is still being realized.

6916: 1936:

was crossed with a new bridge, and the new "railroad" town of Green River constructed there after the tracks reached the Green River on October 1, 1868—the last big river to cross.

455:

In 1856, the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph of the US House of Representatives published a report recommending support for a proposed Pacific railroad bill:

6265: 6926: 3826:

so soon as the overland connection is completed. In the meantime the travel is abundantly accommodated by first-class steamers." – Central Pacific Railroad Company of California

2551:

allow for grades up to six-percent grades, which allows them to go many places the railroads had to go around, since their goal was to hold their grades to less than two percent.

3923:

Vernon, Edward (Ed) "Travelers' Official Railway Guide of the United States and Canada" Philadelphia: The National General Ticket Agents' Association. June, 1870, Tables 215, 216

1017:

which granted an applicant 160 acres (65 ha) of land with the requirement that the applicant improve the land. This incentive encouraged thousands of settlers to move west.

6806: 6082: 17: 6891: 6886: 6881: 4023:

Executive Order of Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, Fixing the Point of Commencement of the Union Pacific Railroad at Council Bluffs, Iowa, dated March 7, 1864

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over some of the track was instituted to protect it from deep snows and avalanches. These eventually succeeded at keeping the tracks clear for all but a few days of the year.

1043: 6871: 3381:. The engines are fired up periodically by the National Park Service for the public. On May 10, 2006, on the anniversary of the driving of the spike, Utah announced that its 6978: 5966:"Where the Buffalo No Longer Roamed: The Transcontinental Railroad connected East and West – and accelerated the destruction of what had been in the center of North America" 7713: 6841: 6746: 5186: 1981:, on March 8, 1869, although finishing work would continue on the tracks, tunnels and bridges in Weber Canyon for over a year. From Ogden, the railroad went north of the 1639:(also called Sherman's Pass) which was discovered by the Union Pacific employed English surveyor and engineer, James Evans, in about 1864. This pass now is marked by the 717:

From January or February 1861 until July, Judah and Strong led a 10-person expedition to survey the route for the railroad over the Sierra Nevada through Clipper Gap and

6856: 6761: 4101:

Letter from Z.B. Sturgus, Chief, Lands and Railroad Division, Office of the Secretary, US Department of the Interior, to US Rep. William Lawrence (R-OH8), April 28, 1876

429:, covering at least 400,000 sq mi (1,000,000 km). It included the region's natural history and illustrations of reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals. 3157:. At first they tried plowing the road with special snowplows mounted on their steam engines. When this was only partially successful, an extensive process of building 6544:(University of California Press; 2013) 242 pages; studies the production, distribution, and publication of images of the railroad in the 19th and early 20th centuries. 4010:"Report on the Pacific Railroads", US House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, House Ex. Doc. #440, 44th Congress, First Session, April 25, 1876, pp. 3, 6 3301:

Ames then in turn gave stock options to other politicians while at the same time continuing the lucrative overcharges. The scandal was to implicate Vice President

3210:

Kansas City's head start in connecting to a true transcontinental railroad contributed to it rather than Omaha becoming the dominant rail center west of Chicago.

2082:

The Central Pacific laid 690 miles (1,110 km) of track, starting in Sacramento, California, in 1863 and continuing over the rugged 7,000-foot (2,100 m)

1256:

At that time in the United States, there were two primary standards for track gauge, as defined by the distance between the two rails. In Britain, the gauge was

2179:

The vertical central shaft of the CPRR "Summit Tunnel" (Tunnel#6) at Donner Summit which allowed drilling and excavation to be carried out on four faces at once

6501: 523:, California. Surveyors found during an 1848 survey that the best route lay south of the border between the United States and Mexico. This was resolved by the 5992: 2840:

In the East, the progress started in Omaha, Nebraska, by the Union Pacific Railroad which initially proceeded very quickly because of the open terrain of the

7309: 4748: 1240:

ended in 1865, the Union Pacific still competed for railroad supplies with companies who were building or repairing railroads in the south, and prices rose.

1111:

province in China. When they proved themselves as workers, the CPRR from that point forward preferred to hire Chinese, and even set up recruiting efforts in

469:

The U.S. Congress was strongly divided on where the eastern terminus of the railroad should be—in a southern or northern city. Three routes were considered:

5619: 3875:

Carver's 1847 proposal records himself as having written a newspaper article on the subject in 1837. Some sources say that he wrote such an article in 1832.

2703:. The fishplates connecting the ends of the rails would be bolted on and then the car pushed by hand to the end of the rail and rail installation repeated. 1970:

explosive, which expedited work but caused some fatal accidents. While building the railroad along the rugged Weber River Canyon, Mormon workers signed the

1753:

and grass to feed the emigrants' oxen and mules. Steam locomotives did not need grass, and the railroad companies could drill wells for water if necessary.

4989: 1853:

to help clear the tracks of snow or help haul heavy freight over Evans pass. The Union Pacific's junction with the Denver Railroad with its connection to

1205:-inch (1,435 mm) gauge used by the CPRR equipment. The latter route was about twice as expensive per pound. Once the machinery and tools reached the 7620: 7553: 3630:, the title character, a horse named Spirit, is delivered with other horses to pull a steam locomotive at a work site for the transcontinental railroad. 2999:

for transport across the Bay to San Francisco. On November 8, 1869, the Central Pacific finally completed the rail connection to its western terminus at

1619:

Efforts to survey a new, shorter, "better" route had been underway since 1864. By 1867, a new route was found and surveyed that went along part of the

6573: 5044: 3283:. It would not be resolved until the death of the congressman who was supposed to have reined in its excesses but instead wound up profiting from it. 827:

during the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad. In 1865 while fighting against Native-American tribes he would discover a pass in the

7693: 7334: 6141: 3237:

to divest it because of monopoly concerns. The two railroads would once again unite in 1996 when the Southern Pacific was sold to the Union Pacific.

6584:

Williams, Henry T.; published by Adams & Bishop, New York, 1881 ed. Gives insights to travel in the late 1880s on the transcontinental railroad.

1784:

transcontinental railroad. About 4 miles (6.4 km) beyond Evans pass, the railroad had to build an extensive bridge over the Dale Creek canyon (

1690:

and into what would become the state of Wyoming at Lone Pine, Wyoming. Evans Pass was located between what would become the new "railroad" towns of

1468:. The river froze in the winter, and the ferries were replaced by sleighs. A bridge was not built until 1872, when the 2,750-foot-long (840 m) 7461: 7329: 2033: 1943:

that year. By 1871, Evanston became a significant maintenance shop town equipped to carry out extensive repairs on the cars and steam locomotives.

1399: 6174: 3849:

The new terminus opened on November 8, later deemed to be two days after the official "completion date" of the Pacific Railroad. Section 6 of the

1457:

as the location of its Transfer Depot where up to seven railroads could transfer mail and other goods to Union Pacific trains bound for the west.

266:") was a 1,911-mile (3,075 km) continuous railroad line built between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at 3770: 2610: 2159:

face, filling them with black powder and detonating it to break the rock free. The black powder was provided by the California Powder Works near

919: 861:

but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version because of opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the

5903:"CPRR Summit Tunnel (#6), Tunnels #7 & #8, Snowsheds, "Chinese" Walls, Donner Trail, and Dutch Flat Donner – Lake Wagon Road at Donner Pass" 2617:, until he paid them for their work. Representatives of Brigham Young had less success, and failed in court to force him to honor the contract. 1325:

steel-making were in use by 1865, but the advantages of steel rails which lasted much longer than iron rails had not yet been demonstrated. The

7718: 4481: 2912:

Six years after the groundbreaking, laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at

2391:

Subsequent to the railhead's meeting at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory, the San Joaquin River Bridge at Mossdale Crossing (near present-day

729:. They discovered a way across the Sierras that was gradual enough to be made suitable for a railroad, although it still needed a lot of work. 2825:

The major investor in the Union Pacific was Thomas Clark Durant, who had made his stake money by smuggling Confederate cotton with the aid of

7708: 6690: 5403: 5293: 1001:

of government-owned lands—6,400 acres (2,600 ha) per mile (1.6 km)—for 10 miles (16 km) on both sides of the track, forming a

400:

a "Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean", seeking a congressional charter to support his idea.

4340:

Markham, Edwin "The Romance of the 'C.P.' " SUCCESS (magazine). New York: The Success Company, Vol. VI, Number 106, March, 1903. pp. 127–130

4267:

Woodward, C. Vann "Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction". Oxford: Oxford University Press (1991) p. 92

2237:, and worked the winter of 1867–68 on their way down Truckee canyon ahead of the tracks being completed to Truckee. In Truckee canyon, five 6270:

They were painted and lettered by Disney employees and are incredibly accurate replicas of the originals. (numerous photographs of engines)

4556: 1841: 1787: 1705: 1646: 1233:. The Union Pacific was so slow in beginning construction during 1865 that they sold two of the four steam locomotives they had purchased. 4923:

Central Pacific Railroad: Statement Made to the President of the United States, and Secretary of the Interior, of the Progress of the Work

1939:

On December 4, 1868, the Union Pacific reached Evanston, having laid almost 360 miles (580 km) of track over the Green River and the

7748: 7522: 6969: 6619:

Linda Hall Library's Transcontinental Railroad educational site with free, full-text access to 19th century American railroad periodicals

4410:

pp. 9–11, 14–15, Volume 50, No. 2, April 1996, and papers compiled by David Comstock, Searls Historical Library, Nevada City, California.

3989: 3233:

to create the Southern Pacific Company in 1885. The Union Pacific initially took over the Southern Pacific in 1901 but was forced by the

3226:. Only ten years before, the same journey would have taken months over land or weeks on ship, possibly all the way around South America. 2629: 1310:, a time-consuming effort that delayed cargo shipments. For the transcontinental railroad, the builders adopted what is now known as the 6048: 5199: 2719:

which could do the trip in about 120 days. Some passengers and high-priority freight were shipped over the newly completed (as of 1855)

7728: 5454: 2435:, and several different extensions in California and Nevada to reach other cities there. Some of their main cargo was the thousands of 811: 6074: 5532: 5493: 4070:

California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. XXXVI, No. 2, June 1957, pp. 96–106, and Vol. XXXVI, No. 3, September 1957, pp. 263–274.

1888:

as the railroad followed the Platte River across Nebraska territory. The railroad even dipped into what would become the new state of

1248: 359:(MP 881), which became the interchange point between trains of the two roads. The transcontinental line became popularly known as the 7743: 7723: 7527: 7286: 7035: 4092:

Letter from Charles F. Conant, Assistant Secretary, US Department of the Treasury, to US Rep. William Lawrence (R-OH8), March 9, 1876

3423: 6640: 1824:, and then shipped on rail cars to Dale Creek for assembly. The eastern and western approaches to the bridge site, near the highest 877:

in the mid-west, to build the railroad. The legislation called for building and operating a new railroad from the Missouri River at

7683: 7365: 6751: 3501:, which depicts the fictional Central Pacific investor Asa Barrows obstructing attempts of the Union Pacific to reach Ogden, Utah. 3272: 2797:

In order to keep the CPRR's Sierra grade open during the winter months, beginning in 1867, 37 miles (60 km) of massive wooden

554: 283: 3538:

The construction of what presumably is—or is suggested to be—the transcontinental railroad provides the backdrop of the 1968 epic

3203:

connecting to the Union Pacific. In August 1870, the Kansas Pacific drove the last spike connecting to the Denver Pacific line at

2833:, manipulating the finances and government subsidies and making himself another fortune. Durant hired Dodge as chief engineer and 6801: 6645: 3775: 2098:, chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad until his death in 1863. This route is up a ridge between the North fork of the 361: 263: 79: 6266:"Steam locomotives Jupiter and Union Pacific No. 119: Striking symbols of one of the most important periods in American history" 2948:

Coast and West Coast that simply read, "DONE". Travel from coast to coast was reduced from six months or more to just one week.

1071:

during the war. Most of the semi-skilled workers on the Union Pacific were recruited from the many soldiers discharged from the

244:

1863–1869: Union Pacific built west (blue line), Central Pacific built east (red) and Western Pacific built the last leg (green)

7733: 7594: 7517: 7486: 3697:

covers the construction of the transcontinental railroad and features key figures such as Thomas Durant and Collis Huntington.

3031: 1175:

were transported first by train to east coast ports. They were then loaded on ships which either sailed around South America's

858: 832: 675: 1460:

Trains were initially transported across the Missouri River by ferry before they could access the western tracks beginning in

962:, a dry-goods merchant. They initially invested $ 1,500 each and formed a board of directors. These investors became known as 7698: 7558: 7248: 6816: 6711: 6587: 3648: 3414:, uses the first transcontinental railroad from Sacramento to central Nevada. Because this rail line currently operates in a 3370: 1840:

Located 35 miles (56 km) from Evans pass, Union Pacific connected the new "railroad" town of Cheyenne to Denver and its

307: 4862: 3959: 2830: 1999: 7738: 7319: 7220: 6603: 3347:

through California's Truckee Canyon provide a panoramic view of many miles of the original Central Pacific line and of the

2979: 2601:

The majority of the Union Pacific track across the Nebraska and Wyoming territories was built by veterans of the Union and

2103: 1974:

which was a lone tree alongside the track 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from Omaha. A historic marker has been placed there.

1520:

With the end of the Civil War and increased government supervision in the offing, Durant hired his former M&M engineer

460:

speedy and direct means of intercourse than is at present afforded by the route through the possessions of a foreign power.

1616:, and went across difficult terrain, while a railroad connection to that City was already being planned for and surveyed. 7589: 7507: 7481: 7466: 6821: 5989: 5142: 3181: 3067: 2142:

The route over the Sierra had been plotted out by Judah in preliminary surveys before his death in 1863. Judah's deputy,

1702:

that had a narrow "guitar neck" of land that crossed the mountains without serious erosion at the so-called "gangplank" (

1469: 963: 738: 282:. Building was financed by both state and U.S. government subsidy bonds as well as by company-issued mortgage bonds. The 2317:), where for 12 miles (19 km) the line had to be built between the river and basalt cliffs. From Wells, Nevada, to 7753: 6524: 6486: 6370: 6254: 6217: 6127: 5696: 5663: 5236: 4945: 4799: 4774: 4218: 4158: 4148: 4131: 3855: 3234: 3075: 2325:

was provided by wells, springs, or pipelines to nearby water sources. Water was often pumped into the water tanks with

1775: 931: 6623: 5157: 698:

survey, finance and engineer the road. Judah returned to Washington in December 1859. He had a lobbying office in the

6683: 5965: 5185:

Pride and pitfalls along the coast to coast track, by Michael Kenney. Boston Globe. January 10, 2000. A book review:

3153:

Very early on, the Central Pacific learned that it would have trouble maintaining an open track in winter across the

3004: 2988: 2731:

to and from Panama, this shortcut could be traveled in as little as 40 days. Supplies were normally offloaded at the

2628:

The manual labor to build the Central Pacific's roadbed, bridges and tunnels was done primarily by many thousands of

2055: 1421: 580: 6507: 3168: 1209:

area, they were put aboard river paddle steamers which transported them up the final 130 miles (210 km) of the

7537: 7185: 7150: 6196: 3626: 3188: 2936: 2897: 2593:. Water towers had to be built for refilling the water tanks on the engines, and provision made to keep them full. 2419:. Train ferries transferred some railroad cars to and from the Oakland wharves and tracks to wharves and tracks in 1352: 711: 540: 5902: 5629: 5571: 4745: 4192: 7758: 7225: 7130: 7090: 6962: 3982:"CPRR Ephemera and Collectibles – $ 1,000 Pacific Railroad Bond, City and County of San Francisco, June 24, 1864" 3640: 3452: 1632: 1583:

The original emigrant route across Wyoming of the Oregon, Mormon and California Trails, after progressing up the

1285: 417: 386: 3617:, and the film is partially about the efforts of a frontier mayor to have the railroad routed through his town. 3362:

a few miles east of Promontory. The sweeping curve which connected to the east end of the Big Fill now passes a

3222:

arrived in San Francisco via the first transcontinental railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after it had left

7190: 7180: 7175: 7155: 6469: 6442: 6420: 6399: 5104: 4656: 4045: 2037: 1451: 1403: 1229:. Equipment needed to begin work was initially delivered to Omaha and Council Bluffs by paddle steamers on the 1124:

the advantage of good workers employed at low wages: "Chinese labor proved to be Central Pacific's salvation."

997:

corridor, lands for additional facilities like sidings and maintenance yards. They were also granted alternate

970:. Each eventually made millions of dollars from their investments and control of the Central Pacific Railroad. 839:

from 1867 until 1869. During this time he would push for legislation to help the construction of the railroad.

799:

as president of the railroad. While serving as vice president of Union Pacific he would be a key figure in the

5354: 2789: 2632:

under the direction of skilled non-Chinese supervisors. The Chinese were commonly referred to at the time as "

2285:. By then the railroad had already been prebuilt down the Truckee River on the much flatter land from Reno to 1532:

herd of cows to be moved with the railhead and bunk cars to provide fresh meat. Hunters were hired to provide

392:

Among the early proponents of building a railroad line that would connect the coasts of the United States was

340:

The first transcontinental rail passengers arrived at the Pacific Railroad's original western terminus at the

7410: 7279: 7253: 7105: 7020: 6896: 6756: 6716: 4193:"Union Pacific R. Co. v. United States, 99 U.S. 402, 25 L. Ed. 274, 1878 U.S. LEXIS 1556 – CourtListener.com" 4121: 3314: 2602: 2424: 2244:

In order to keep the higher portions of the Sierra grade open in the winter, 37 miles (60 km) of timber

1149: 994: 279: 5837:

Tzu-Kuei, "Chinese Workers and the First Transcontinental Railroad of the United States of America", p. 128.

4986: 2571:(one of the "Big Four" owners of the Central Pacific) and other railway officials to the Last Spike Ceremony 1513:

At the end of 1865, Peter A. Dey, Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific, resigned over a routing dispute with

377: 7688: 7471: 7140: 7135: 7010: 6736: 6676: 6021: 5914: 3756: 3543: 3358:

re-route in Utah, the original road grade is still obvious, as are numerous cuts and fills, especially the

3016: 3012: 2548: 1933: 1572:, in December 1866 after completing about 240 miles (390 km) of track that year. In late 1866, former 1050: 355:

The CPRR eventually purchased 53 miles (85 km) of UPRR-built grade from Promontory Summit (MP 828) to

6662:" – Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project; Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at 6655: 3294:, who was on the railroad committee, to clean things up and get the railroad moving. Ames got his brother 2507:. Feeder railroad lines were soon built to service these two and other cities and states along the route. 2495:

The original transcontinental railroad route did not pass through the two biggest cities in the so-called

1067:

controlled by the end of the war. The Union Pacific also utilized their experience repairing and building

993:

To allow the companies to raise additional capital, Congress granted the railroads a 200-foot (61 m)

655:

Theodore Judah, architect of the transcontinental railroad and first chief engineer of the Central Pacific

348:

for transport across the Bay to San Francisco. The road's rail terminus was moved two months later to the

321:

The railroad opened for through traffic between Sacramento and Omaha on May 10, 1869, when CPRR President

7230: 7195: 7100: 7075: 6876: 6791: 6766: 6492:

Duran, Xavier, "The First U.S. Transcontinental Railroad: Expected Profits and Government Intervention,"

4288:

Zelizer, Julian E. (Ed) "The American Congress: The Building of Democracy". Kerr, K. Austin, Chapter 17:

3527: 3147: 3139: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3023: 2475:

on the river. After completion, this became another major east–west railroad. To speed completion of the

1760:

in his 1843 expedition across Wyoming, and was already being exploited by Utah residents from towns like

1010: 831:, which would serve as a vital passage for the First Transcontinental Railroad. Dodge would serve in the 6947: 4057:"Appleton's Railway and Steam Navigation Guide". New York: D. Appleton & Co., December 1870. p. 236. 3905:

The southern route was constructed in 1880 when the Southern Pacific Railroad crossed Arizona territory.

2376:

line from Promontory for about $ 2.8 million in 1870, it ended the short period of a boom town for

1030:

tacitly-agreed profiteering activity was captured (probably accidentally) by Union Pacific photographer

7703: 7380: 7215: 7165: 7145: 7120: 7110: 7095: 7085: 7070: 7050: 7025: 7015: 7005: 6955: 6776: 6721: 6361: 6185: 5691: 3676: 3143: 3083: 2543:

instead of Salt Lake City. The railroad crosses the Wasatch Mountains via a much gentler grade through

1596: 5069: 4581:

Chapter 7 "Utah's Role in the Pacific Railroad" p. 175, Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Co. (1969).

4231: 3265: 2867:"Sheridan acknowledged the role of the railroad in changing the face of the American West, and in his 2764: 2090:

into the new state of Nevada. The elevation change from Sacramento (elev. 40 ft or 12 m) to

1698:. Connecting to this pass, about 15 miles (24 km) west of Cheyenne, was the one place across the 1284:, and this had been adopted by the majority of northern railways. But much of the south had adopted a 800: 7656: 7644: 7235: 7210: 7115: 7055: 7030: 7000: 6990: 6851: 6781: 4471:

Central Pacific Railroad, Articles of Association, California State Archives, Sacramento, California.

3780: 3674:

The construction of the transcontinental railroad provides the setting for the AMC television series

3506: 3230: 3058:, but the Central Pacific decided to build along the East Bay instead, as going from San Jose up the 2383: 2254: 1096: 795:

was nominally only a vice president of Union Pacific, so he installed a series of respected men like

4489: 7639: 7615: 7272: 7170: 7125: 7065: 7040: 6995: 6796: 6786: 6731: 6726: 5332: 3885: 3614: 3519: 3218: 2983: 2852: 2753: 2335: 2241:

bridges had to be built. This gave them a head start on getting to the "easy" miles across Nevada.

1994: 1475:

After the rail line's initial climb through the Missouri River bluffs west of Omaha and out of the

967: 870: 764: 756: 742: 421: 299: 144: 5864: 5301: 4445:

King, R. Joe. "Nevada Survey Maps," Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum website.

4301: 3531:

has a whole segment devoted to the construction; one of the movie's most famous scenes, filmed in

2636:" and China as the "Celestial Kingdom". Labor-saving devices in those days consisted primarily of 7200: 7080: 7045: 6846: 6771: 6517:

Iron Rails, Iron Men, and the race to link the nation: The story of the transcontinental railroad

6231: 3443: 3369:

In 1957, Congress authorized the Golden Spike National Historic Site, which was redesignated the

3195:

in Kansas City which was the first bridge to cross the Missouri River. This in turn connected to

3059: 2485: 2476: 2364: 2150: 2026: 1392: 951: 768: 683: 303: 52: 6650: 5927: 4591: 4539: 2321:, the Railroad left the Humboldt and proceeded across the Nevada and Utah desert. Water for the 1506:

By December 1865, the Union Pacific had only completed 40 miles (64 km) of track, reaching

1086: 7661: 7651: 7573: 7476: 7446: 7344: 7314: 7205: 7160: 7060: 6741: 6554: 6453:

Ghosts of Gold Mountain: The Epic Story of the Chinese Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad.

6313: 4327: 3407: 3403: 3330:, Gould was able to pick up bargains, among them the control of the Union Pacific Railroad and 3200: 2732: 2489: 2448: 2373: 2282: 2160: 1877: 1873: 1569: 1214: 1191:. The Panama Railroad gauge was 5 feet (1,524 mm), which was incompatible with the 4-foot- 1064: 1002: 882: 824: 687: 584: 397: 295: 148: 6608: 6096: 5129: 4792:

Ghosts of Gold Mountain: The epic story of the Chinese who built the transcontinental railroad

4611: 4514: 3981: 3828:"Railroad Across the Continent, with an account of the Central Pacific Railroad of California" 2648:

Province of China, which at the time, beside great poverty, suffered from the violence of the

7339: 6097:"People & Events: Oakes Ames (1804–1873) – American Experience Transcontinental Railroad" 6052: 5738: 5297: 5203: 4394: 4313:

Whitney, Asa "A project for a railroad to the Pacific". New York: George W. Wood (1849) p. 55

3609: 3461: 3374: 3008: 2927:) that joined the rails of the transcontinental railroad. The spike is now on display at the 2919:

It was at Promontory Summit on May 10, 1869, that the two engines met. Leland Stanford drove

2496: 2464: 2432: 2352: 2119: 1858: 1768:, by the time the Transcontinental railroad was built. Union Pacific needed coal to fuel its 848: 699: 278:. The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive 4718: 4683:

linked to archived version, page not available as of February 2023. Originally accessed 2009

4244:"Dr. Hartwell Carver's Proposal to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean" 2969: 2673: 1544:" towns, made mostly of canvas tents, accompanied the railroad as construction headed west. 7512: 7395: 7390: 6375: 6009: 5651: 3850: 3742: 3621: 3485: 3475: 3378: 3354:

In areas where the original line has been bypassed and abandoned, primarily because of the

3154: 3131: 3055: 3035: 2749: 2504: 2416: 1932:(named after James Evans) were established, as well as much more fuel and water stops. The 1925: 1604: 1443: 1364: 1226: 890: 878: 866: 568: 536: 512: 493: 445: 267: 100: 6284: 3601: 3343:

repaired, the lines generally run on top of the original, handmade grade. Vista points on

2471:, which connected railroads on both sides of the Missouri while still allowing passage of 2423:. Before the CPRR was completed, developers were building other feeder railroads like the 1552:

Building bridges to cross creeks and rivers was the main source of delays. Near where the

481:. This was considered impractical because of the rough terrain and extensive winter snows. 8: 7568: 7563: 7370: 6663: 6580: 5597: 5428: 5390: 5006: 4110:

Speech by Rep. William A. Piper (D-CA1) in the US House of Representatives, April 8, 1876

3635: 3596:, the joining ceremony is the setting of an assassination attempt on then U.S. President 3415: 3204: 3111: 3043: 3000: 2932: 2620: 2468: 2440: 2412: 2400: 2392: 2356: 2258: 2234: 1897: 1854: 1816: 1322: 862: 726: 605: 550: 546: 291: 287: 6340: 5228:

Nothing like it in the world: the men who built the transcontinental railroad, 1863–1869

4965: 4527: 2289:, where they bridged the Truckee for the last time. From there, they struggled across a 2205: 1252:

First Day Cover for the 75th Anniversary of the Driving of the Last Spike (May 10, 1944)

905:

To finance the project, the act authorized the federal government to issue 30-year U.S.

651: 7456: 7295: 6390:

Nothing Like It In The World; The men who built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863–1869

6383: 4854: 4846: 3668: 3427: 2928: 2826: 2814: 2532: 2360: 2298: 2220:

with a series of switchbacks carved into the mountain. The Truckee River, which drains

2164: 2143: 1986: 1971: 1921: 1893: 1881: 1687: 1675: 1620: 1600: 1588: 1576: 1561: 1557: 1521: 1465: 1360: 1237: 1164: 1060: 946: 854: 820: 686:, were depleted, Judah was convinced that a properly financed railroad could pass from 349: 271: 117: 6624:

Newspaper articles and clippings about the Transcontinental Railroad at Newspapers.com

6461:"Riding the Transcontinental Rails: Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865–1881" 4037:"Riding the Transcontinental Rails: Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865–1881" 1757: 682:. Although the railroad later went bankrupt once the easy placer gold deposits around 562: 7415: 7375: 6520: 6482: 6465: 6459: 6438: 6416: 6410: 6395: 6388: 6250: 6213: 6123: 5669: 5659: 5232: 5122: 5100: 4941: 4858: 4795: 4770: 4652: 4214: 4174: 4154: 4127: 4041: 4035: 3951: 3663: 3576: 3539: 3398: 3382: 3248:

effort. This process began with a ceremonial "undriving" at the Last Spike location.

3127: 3107: 3039: 3027: 2961: 2913: 2758: 2724: 2678: 2649: 2614: 2528: 2318: 2309:. One of the most troublesome problems found on this route along the Humboldt was at 2286: 1929: 1905: 1869: 1865: 1821: 1765: 1699: 1691: 1679: 1507: 1206: 1180: 1104: 1031: 982: 942: 886: 828: 679: 441: 334: 330: 275: 124: 41: 6246:

Rebirth of the Jupiter and the 119: Building the Replica Locomotives at Golden Spike

5031: 4888: 4634: 4232:"Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean" 4067: 3298:

named president of the Union Pacific, while he became president of Crédit Mobilier.

3229:

The Central Pacific got a direct route to San Francisco when it was merged with the

2387:

CPRR-issued ticket for passage from Reno to Virginia City, NV on the V&TRR, 1878

2281:, after completing 132 miles (212 km) of railroad up and over the Sierras from 2131:

rail route over the Sierras followed the general route of the Truckee branch of the

381:

Title page of Dr. Hartwell Carver's 1847 Pacific Railroad proposal to Congress from

7599: 7436: 7405: 7385: 4838: 3597: 3554: 3498: 3494: 3442:

The joining of the Union Pacific line with the Central Pacific line in May 1869 at

3276: 3244:

in 1904, the Promontory Summit rails were pulled up in 1942 to be recycled for the

3115: 3103: 3095: 3071: 2992: 2834: 2633: 2590: 2500: 2396: 2377: 2344: 2322: 2175: 2132: 2107: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1885: 1830: 1769: 1695: 1683: 1613: 1528: 1514: 1500: 1318: 1210: 1172: 1076: 792: 576: 558: 524: 478: 449: 341: 113: 6668: 6142:"Golden Spike becomes Utah's first national historic park. Here's what that means" 4823: 4446: 4279:

US House of Representatives, 34th Congress, 1st Session, No. 358. August 16, 1856.

2343:

had two drivers (drive wheels), 110 had four drivers, and 50 had six drivers. The

1434: 239: 7451: 7420: 6629:"Transcontinental Railroad", article by Adam Burns in "Railroads In America" site 6566: 6365: 6305: 6244: 6228:"Central Pacific Jupiter and Union Pacific 119 at Promontory, Utah, June 8, 2009" 5268: 5226: 5161: 4993: 4878:

Reef, Catherine "Working in America", p. 79. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007.

4752: 4578: 4276: 4255: 3302: 3295: 3192: 3180:

The Union Pacific would not connect Omaha to Council Bluffs until completing the

3135: 2744: 2720: 2641: 2568: 2520: 2452: 2310: 2290: 2270: 1982: 1761: 1737: 1628: 1592: 1461: 1454: 1222: 1188: 1160: 1080: 978: 959: 955: 906: 772: 760: 593: 572: 433: 393: 322: 315: 310:(UPRR) built 1,085 miles (1,746 km) from the road's eastern terminus at the 106: 2965:

Display ads for the CPRR and UPRR the week the rails were joined on May 10, 1869

2781:

the middle of the tunnel and at both ends simultaneously. At first hand-powered

2002:. Only partial payment was secured through court actions against Union Pacific. 1132: 1063:

to repair and operate the over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of railroad line the

440:

boundary with Mexico in mostly vacant desert, through the future territories of

7400: 7324: 6628: 6598: 5280: 4371:

Chapter 24, Stories of Fire and Ice, anticipated publication date: Spring 2023.

3809: 3714: 3693: 3680:. Thomas Durant is a regular character in the series and is portrayed by actor 3592: 3306: 3207:, and the first true Atlantic to Pacific United States railroad was completed. 3196: 3119: 2845: 2728: 2690:

explosive was introduced and used on the last tunnels including Summit Tunnel.

2539:

directly across the center of the Great Salt Lake, passing through the city of

2535:. The railroad was originally routed along the north shore, and later with the 2524: 2472: 2460: 2314: 2302: 2099: 2095: 1967: 1947: 1940: 1636: 1608: 1541: 1533: 1476: 1447: 1311: 1299: 1295: 1280: 1230: 1184: 1059:

and surveyors who were hired by the Union Pacific had been employed during the

1056: 1014: 998: 894: 796: 703: 667: 646: 473:

A northern route roughly along the Missouri River through present-day northern

311: 219: 6227: 4243: 3469: 2559: 1950:, the railroad once again diverted from the main emigrant trails to cross the 1442:

The Union Pacific's 1,087 miles (1,749 km) of track started at MP 0.0 in

7677: 7532: 7360: 5996: 5547: 5534: 5508: 5495: 5469: 5456: 3893: 3761: 3728: 3688: 3431: 3344: 3331: 3327: 3223: 3123: 3063: 3047: 2818: 2695: 2687: 2606: 2511: 2428: 2420: 2408: 2306: 2294: 2266: 2185: 2136: 2127: 2114: 2091: 2083: 1990: 1951: 1834: 1802: 1789: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1720: 1707: 1661: 1648: 1640: 1573: 1480: 923: 874: 516: 426: 382: 6435:

The Central Pacific & The Southern Pacific Railroads: Centennial Edition

5656:

Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900

5427:

The Use of Black Powder and Nitroglycerine on the transcontinental railroad

5378: 2192:

fills that could use the dug out material to bring the road bed up to grade—

1136:

Profile of the Pacific Railroad from Council Bluffs/Omaha to San Francisco.

783: 6430: 6119: 5154: 4732: 4559:. New York City, New York: The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 4022: 3751: 3548: 3515: 3355: 3256: 3245: 3241: 3051: 2924: 2884: 2841: 2716: 2544: 2536: 2456: 2404: 2368: 2278: 2225: 2193: 1584: 1553: 1548: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1356: 1339: 1326: 1307: 1168: 1120: 1116: 1068: 974: 747: 718: 634: 501: 485: 326: 325:

ceremonially tapped the gold "Last Spike" (later often referred to as the "

286:

built 132 miles (212 km) of track from the road's western terminus at

48: 6075:"The Transcontinental Railroad's Impact on World War II | Trains Magazine" 3646:

The building of the railway is covered by the 2004 BBC documentary series

3287:

customary cost for track work. The process mired down Union Pacific work.

2793:

CPRR snow galleries allowed construction to continue in heavy snow (1868).

926:, who also supplied crews for building much of the railroad through Utah. 6977: 4324:"PBS American Experience – Transcontinental Railroad – Whitney Biography" 4213:. New York: Chartwell Books (US) / Bassingbourn: Worth Press (UK); 2010. 4080: 3889: 3681: 3643:

documents the railway in the episode titled "Transcontinental Railroad".

3511: 3490: 3447: 2768:

Example of hand-drilled granite from within Tunnel#6, the "Summit Tunnel"

2637: 2540: 2436: 2330: 2262: 2217: 2198: 2087: 2068: 1978: 1960: 1955: 1846: 1565: 722: 691: 619: 520: 408: 356: 191: 6499: 6200: 5585: 4850: 4647:

Walton, Gary M.; Rockoff, Hugh (2005). "Railroads and Economic Change".

4592:"PBS American Experience – Transcontinental Railroad – Durant Biography" 3661:

featured the transcontinental railroad in a 2010 BBC audiobook entitled

6553:

For maps and railroad pictures of this era shortly after the advent of

4925:. Sacramento: H.S. Crocker & Company. October 10, 1865. p. 12. 3657: 3587: 3291: 3280: 2944: 2940: 2798: 2700: 2577: 2516: 2238: 2221: 2040: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1917: 1484: 1406: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1072: 437: 6613: 6285:"Eureka County, Yucca Mountain Existing Transportation Corridor Study" 5847: 5769:

The Great Iron Trail: The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad

4406:

Comstock, David Allan. "Charles Marsh: Our Neglected Pioneer-Genius,"

4277:"Report of the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph" 4153:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 50. 3800:

2,391,009 acres (967,607 hectares) had been patented as of March 1876.

2889: 663:

Lewis M. Clement, Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track

618:

One of the most prominent champions of the central route railroad was

7264: 6592: 6588:"I Hear the Locomotives: The Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad" 5440: 5404:"The Quest to Protect California's Transcontinental Railroad Tunnels" 4842: 4767:

The Chinese and the iron road: Building the transcontinental railroad

3348: 3323: 3199:

trains going from Kansas City to Denver, which in turn had built the

3158: 2973:

UPRR & CPRR "Great American Over-Land Route" Timetable cover 1881

2712: 2666: 2661: 2645: 2245: 1825: 1176: 1112: 1108: 302:(CPRR) constructed 690 miles (1,110 km) east from Sacramento to 6609:

Pacific Railway Act and related resources at the Library of Congress

5915:"Period construction images of snowsheds at Cisco and Donner Summit" 5070:"Transcontinental Railroad – Construction, Competition & Impact" 2908:

Golden spike, one of four ceremonial spikes driven at the completion

2211:(Composite image with the tracks removed in 1993 digitally restored) 2015: 1900:

before turning northwest along Lodgepole Creek into Wyoming. In the

1524:

to build the railroad, and the Union Pacific began a mad dash west.

1381: 6656:

Geography of Chinese Workers Building the Transcontinental Railroad

6651:

Abandoned route of the transcontinental railroad in Utah (with map)

6046: 5658:(New ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 261. 4393:

Gorman, Richard. "An Early Nevada City Odd Fellow," October, 2017.

3830:, pp. 9–10, New York: Brown & Hewitt, Printers. September 1868. 3532: 3385:

design would be a representation of the driving of the Last Spike.

3359: 2481: 2326: 2249: 2248:

were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee in addition to utilizing

1889: 1850: 489: 412:

The official poster announcing the Pacific Railroad's grand opening

27:

First U.S. railroad connecting the Pacific coast and Eastern states

6535:

Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America

6503:

Guidebook of the Western United States, Part B. The Overland Route

5673: 4938:

Railroaded: The transcontinentals and the making of modern America

4258:

12 Volumes. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1855–61

2810: 1329:

used initially in building the railway were nearly all made of an

659: 6235: 5294:"Sun Pictures of Rocky Mountain Scenery, Photographic Collection" 4651:(10th ed.). United States: South-Western. pp. 313–314. 3411: 3363: 2782: 2230: 2216:

The route down the eastern Sierras was done on the south side of

1624: 869:

into law on July 1. It authorized creation of two companies, the

497: 474: 366: 6618: 6116:

Panic on Wall Street: A History of America's Financial Disasters

5620:"PBS – General Article: Workers of the Central Pacific Railroad" 4635:

Lewis Metzler Clement: A Pioneer of the Central Pacific Railroad

4123:

San Francisco in the 1930s: The WPA Guide to the City by the Bay

3483:

The feat is depicted in various movies, including the 1939 film

2904: 2233:, rails and other material on wagons and sleighs to what is now 1623:

in western Nebraska and after entering what is now the state of

416:

Congress agreed to support the idea. Under the direction of the

7441: 6351: 5700:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company. pp. 328–329. 4985:

Smithsonian's NMAH – Anniversary Exhibition Press Release 1999

4083:

San Francisco: Thomas Hill (privately published). January 1881.

3393: 2935:, while a second "Last" Golden Spike is also on display at the 2519:. In this area the freeway passes along the south shore of the 2154:

The CPRR grade at Donner Summit as it appeared in 1869 and 2003

1954:

and went down the rugged Echo Canyon (Summit County, Utah) and

1334: 4908:

Harris, Robert L., "The Pacific Railroad – Unopen".

4824:"Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific" 3766:

present-day New York-to-San Francisco transport link (highway)

2547:. Most of the other deviations are in mountainous areas where 2224:, had already found and scoured out the best route across the 1119:

escaping the aftermath of the American Civil War. Most of the

889:. Another act to supplement the first was passed in 1864. The 4458:

Wheat, Carl I. "A Sketch of the Life of Theodore D. Judah,"

4119: 3213:

The Kansas Pacific became part of the Union Pacific in 1880.

2348:

Palace Sleeping Car", arrived at Sacramento on June 8, 1868.

2297:. From the end of the Humboldt, they continued east over the 1303: 1090:

Pacific Railroad Bond, City and County of San Francisco, 1865

508: 6412:

Empire Express; Building the first Transcontinental Railroad

6346:

Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad

5187:

Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad

4292:(pp. 286–297). New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. (2004). p. 288 3974: 3952:"First Mortgage Bonds of the Central Pacific Railroad, 1867" 3078:

from the south, roughly paralleling what would later become

344:

on September 6, 1869, where they transferred to the steamer

6184:. Brigham City, Utah: National Park Service. Archived from 4175:"Pacific Railroad Officially Completed on November 6, 1869" 3050:

and reached the east side of the San Francisco Bay through

1491:

valley west through Nebraska along the general path of the

1330: 1100: 448:. This in part motivated the United States to complete the 6614:

Chinese-American Contribution to transcontinental railroad

6500:

Lee, Willis T.; Ralph W. Stone & Hoyt S. Gale (1916).

6047:

United States National Park Service (September 28, 2002).

4395:

https://www.nevadacityoddfellows.com/history/charlesmarsh/

3722: 3459:

While not exactly accurate, John Ford's 1924 silent movie

3322:

Durant later left the Union Pacific and a new rail baron,

3015:

completed their transcontinental link to San Francisco by

637:. Congress did not immediately act on Whitney's proposal. 365:

after the name of the principal passenger rail service to

6101: 5624: 4596: 3565:) is a fictionalized account of the line's construction. 2681:(MP 180.1) opened in 1866 and remains in daily use today. 1993:

using Mormon workers, before finally connecting with the

1892:

after crossing the North Platte River as it followed the

5787:

San Francisco's Chinatown; Chapter IV: Railroad Building

5267:

Mormon workers on Union Pacific transcontinental tracks

4704:

This Radical Land: A Natural History of American Dissent

4126:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 32. 3054:. The Western Pacific was originally chartered to go to 4952:

Chinese labor proved to be Central Pacific's salvation.

4150:

The San Francisco Bay Area: A Metropolis in Perspective

2163:. These works had started production in 1864 after the 1864:

The railroad established many townships along the way:

1756:

Coal had been discovered in Wyoming and reported on by

674:

In 1852, Judah was chief engineer for the newly formed

575:, accessed via an extension of Union Pacific financier 6542:

Iron Muse: Photographing the Transcontinental Railroad

5928:"People & Events: Thomas Clark Durant (1820–1885)" 5291: 3446:, was one of the major inspirations for French writer 3326:, became the dominant stockholder. As a result of the 2878: 2624:

Chinese railroad workers greet a train on a snowy day.

1483:

and then crossed over the new 1,500-foot (460 m)

1034:

in his images of the Promontory Trestle construction.

857:

introduced a bill to fund the railroad. It passed the

803:

which ultimately led to his removal from the company.

369:

that operated over the length of the line until 1962.

6249:. Western National Parks Association. pp. 5–46. 6175:"Everlasting Steam: The Story of Jupiter and No. 119" 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4614:

In Memoriam, Theodore D. Judah, Died November 2, 1863

3935: 3926: 633:) was first introduced to Congress by Representative 6562:

Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum

6360: 6028:. Wheeling, West Virginia. March 26, 1872. p. 1 5799:

Ambrose, Nothing Like It in the World, pp. 160, 201.

5690: 4025:(38th Congress, 1st Session SENATE Ex. Doc. No. 27). 3704: 3373:

in 2019. Today the site features replica engines of

1517:, one of the chief financiers of the Union Pacific. 609:

Leland Stanford and the officers of the CPRR in 1870

7714:

History of rail transportation in the United States

6698: 6561: 6382: 6234:from the original on December 11, 2021 – via 5833: 5831: 4646: 3944: 3351:which made winter train travel safe and practical. 3150:across the Carquinez replaced the Benicia ferries. 6660:A virtual reconstruction of the key historic sites 6408: 6387: 5121: 4808: 4758: 4304:U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian. 2135:, going east over Donner Pass and down the rugged 1510:, and a further 10 miles (16 km) of roadbed. 706:, and represented the Convention before Congress. 694:and hook up with rail lines coming from the East. 5045:"The First Transcontinental Railroad • Chapter 8" 4765:Chang, Gordon H; Fishkin, Shelley Fisher (2019). 4234:Washington, D.C., January 18, 1847, Centpacrr.com 3522:which aired in syndication from 1958 until 1959. 2939:in Sacramento. In perhaps the world's first live 1966:The tunnels were all made with the new dangerous 1345: 954:, his business partner; James Bailey, a jeweler; 897:to be used in these federally financed railways. 751:Leland Stanford's official gubernatorial portrait 690:through the Sierra Nevada mountains to reach the 7675: 5828: 5789:. New York: Appleton-Century Co. pp. 71–72. 5569: 5300:Special Collections and Archives. Archived from 5255:, p. 401, New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 4637:The Central Pacific Photographic History Museum. 4436:p. 3, April 29, 1876, San Francisco, California. 4384:November 9, 1860, p. 2, Nevada City, California. 3240:Having been bypassed with the completion of the 3066:itself would have brought it into conflict with 2209:The Summit Tunnel at Donner Summit, West Portal 977:that he had contracted while traveling over the 755:Four northern California businessmen formed the 6481:. New York: Chartwell Books/Worth Press, 2010. 4474: 4447:http://cprr.org/Museum/Maps/Nevada_Survey_Maps/ 3771:List of heritage railroads in the United States 2943:event, the hammers and spike were wired to the 2738: 2611:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1845:presence. Its location made it a good base for 920:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 18:First transcontinental railroad (North America) 6479:"The Classic Western American Railroad Routes" 6287:. Eureka County – Yucca Mountain Project. 2005 6277: 5932:American Experience: Transcontinental Railroad 4987:"North American Standard Time introduced 1883" 3535:, is of a buffalo stampede over the railroad. 2277:On June 18, 1868, the Central Pacific reached 710:discovery in a letter to Judah. Also in 1860, 300:Central Pacific Railroad Company of California 7280: 6963: 6684: 6429: 5771:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 231. 4423:p. 3, March 22, 1860, Marysville, California. 3216:On June 4, 1876, an express train called the 2869:Annual Report of the General of the U.S. Army 2805: 1536:meat from the large herds of American bison. 5892:. New York: Simmons-Boardman, (1950). Ch. 7. 4764: 4211:The Classic Western American Railroad Routes 3757:History of rail transportation in California 3504:The 1939 movie is said to have inspired the 3388: 1842:Denver Pacific Railway and Telegraph Company 1487:bridge as it followed the north side of the 1294:) gauge. Transferring railway cars across a 937: 842: 5990:"See the "Lost" Golden Spike at the Museum" 5812:New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1962. pg. 222 5733: 5731: 5263: 5261: 4769:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 4482:"Thomas Clark Durant – American Experience" 4068:"Driving the Last Spike at Promontory, 1869 4018: 4016: 3034:by heading south out of Sacramento through 2896:by Thomas Hill (1881) is on display at the 2605:armies, as well as many recent immigrants. 1627:, ascended a gradual sloping ridge between 7287: 7273: 6970: 6956: 6691: 6677: 6567:1871 CPRR & UPRR Overland Railroad Map 5825:New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1962. pg.222 5724:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 109–111. 5584:Constructing the Central Pacific Railroad 5099:. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 100–101. 4929: 4408:Nevada County Historical Society Bulletin, 3366:rocket research and development facility. 2118:1864 advertisement for the opening of the 912: 403: 7528:Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District 5780: 5778: 5650: 4557:"Financing the Transcontinental Railroad" 4462:p. 250, Volume IV, No. 3, September 1925. 3941:Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, §5 & §6 3932:Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, §2 & §3 3824:"best, most direct and practicable route" 2056:Learn how and when to remove this message 1568:. Here they built the "railroad" town of 1422:Learn how and when to remove this message 1127: 625:Legislation to begin construction of the 7694:1869 establishments in the United States 6646:Map of Union Pacific Railroad with Dates 6172: 6139: 5852:Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine 5728: 5719: 5258: 5007:"Transcontinental Telegraph Line (U.S.)" 4550: 4548: 4460:California Historical Society Quarterly, 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4013: 3864:Union Pacific Railroad vs. United States 3468: 3290:Lincoln asked Massachusetts Congressman 3273:1872 United States presidential election 3255: 3167: 2995:, where they transferred to the steamer 2968: 2960: 2956: 2903: 2888: 2809: 2788: 2763: 2672: 2619: 2558: 2382: 2293:to the end of the Humboldt river at the 2204: 2174: 2149: 2113: 2067: 2005: 1774: 1433: 1247: 1225:, was not yet connected via railroad to 1148: 1131: 1085: 1020: 810: 782: 746: 658: 650: 604: 555:Leavenworth, Pawnee and Western Railroad 504:. Snow on this route remained a concern. 407: 376: 7554:Omaha and Council Bluffs Street Railway 6514: 5224: 5119: 5011:Engineering and Technology History Wiki 4915: 3776:Overland Route (Union Pacific Railroad) 3305:(who was cleared) and future President 3174:Great Trans-Continental Tourist's Guide 1924:, who camped in the locality in 1867), 678:, the first railroad built west of the 14: 7676: 7518:Union Pacific Harriman Dispatch Center 7487:Burlington and Missouri River Railroad 7294: 6574:Excursion to the 100th Meridian – 1866 6572:Union Pacific Railroad picture Museum 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5775: 5766: 5377:Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road 5279:Construction on Echo and Weber Canyon 4957: 4701: 4640: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4515:"Major General Grenville Mellen Dodge" 4120:Works Progress Administration (2001). 4040:(2005), Polyglot Press, Philadelphia, 3279:and became the biggest scandal of the 3098:was obtained with the purchase of the 2072:Central Pacific Railroad at Cape Horn 1371: 853:In February 1860, Iowa Representative 833:United States House of Representatives 702:, received an audience with President 7719:History of United States expansionism 7559:Omaha and Southern Interurban Railway 7268: 6951: 6672: 6593:Golden Spike National Historical Park 6464:(2005), Polyglot Press, Philadelphia 6263: 6242: 6212:. Golden West Books. pp. 12–43. 5784: 5401: 5325: 5094: 4935: 4889:"Picture of black workers on the CPR" 4868:from the original on October 9, 2022. 4821: 4794:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 4789: 4783: 4746:Workers of the Union Pacific Railroad 4716: 4545: 4502:Thomas Durant was a born manipulator. 4488:. PBS – Official Site. Archived from 4343: 4146: 3992:from the original on January 26, 2019 3962:from the original on January 26, 2019 3851:Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, et seq. 3649:Seven Wonders of the Industrial World 3437: 3371:Golden Spike National Historical Park 1363:and across the very thinly populated 1144: 806: 7709:Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks 6641:Route map at the Library of Congress 6519:. Somerville, MA: Candlewick Press. 6344:interview with David Haward Bain on 6207: 5963: 4579:"The Iron Trail to the Golden Spike" 3671:and written for audio by Oli Smith. 2735:, docks where the railroad started. 2265:line until its 1996 merger with the 2038:adding citations to reliable sources 2009: 1404:adding citations to reliable sources 1375: 966:, and their railroad was called the 900: 432:The report did not include detailed 7590:Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge 7508:Original Union Pacific Headquarters 7482:Omaha, Lincoln and Beatrice Railway 7467:Omaha and Republican Valley Railway 6506:. USGS Bulletin 612. Archived from 6264:Goran, David (September 27, 2016). 6140:Williams, Carter (March 19, 2019). 5946: 5890:The First Transcontinental Railroad 5322:Deseret News March 17, 1869, page 1 5292:F.V. Hayden & Daniel M. Davis. 4622: 3655:The popular sci-fi television show 3510:Western television series starring 3312:The scandal broke in 1872 when the 3182:Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge 2336:laid 10 miles (16 km) of track 1470:Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge 739:Big Four (Central Pacific Railroad) 46:The ceremony for the driving of the 24: 7749:Railway lines in the United States 6455:Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 6371:The Story of the Latter-day Saints 6322: 6085:from the original on May 18, 2021. 5848:"Tunnels of the Pacific Railroad." 5697:The Story of the Latter-day Saints 5560:with former track 1 passing above. 5402:Parks, Shoshi (January 12, 2022). 5192: 5097:Union Pacific: Volume I, 1862–1893 4963: 4706:. The University of Chicago Press. 3337: 3251: 3122:, then followed the shores of the 2000:Crédit Mobilier of America scandal 1037: 932:Cedar Rapids and Missouri Railroad 464: 314:settlements of Council Bluffs and 25: 7770: 7729:Rail transportation in California 6548: 5999:California State Railroad Museum. 5751: 5739:"Alta California (San Francisco)" 5600:. Central Pacific Railroad Museum 5572:"Summit Tunnel & Donner Pass" 5335:. Central Pacific Railroad Museum 4966:"The Days They Changed the Gauge" 4940:. New York: W W Norton & Co. 4554: 3418:setup across most of Nevada, the 3402:, a daily passenger service from 3106:and proceeding southwest through 2403:, and shortly thereafter, to the 1635:to the 8,200-foot (2,500 m) 1603:at the 7,412-foot (2,259 m) 1243: 640: 581:Mississippi and Missouri Railroad 318:, westward to Promontory Summit. 304:Promontory Summit, Utah Territory 7744:Railway lines in Omaha, Nebraska 7724:Rail lines receiving land grants 7538:Burlington Headquarters Building 6812:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6699:Rail transport in North America 6335: 6308:(translation and introduction). 6299: 6160: 6133: 6109: 6089: 6067: 6040: 6026:The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer 6014: 6002: 5983: 5920: 5908: 5895: 5882: 5857: 5840: 5815: 5802: 5793: 5785:Dobie, Charles Caldwell (1936). 5760: 5745: 5713: 5704: 5684: 5644: 5612: 5590: 5578: 5570:Cooper, Bruce C. (August 2003). 5563: 5523: 5484: 3735: 3721: 3707: 3627:Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron 3189:Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad 2937:California State Railroad Museum 2898:California State Railroad Museum 2492:via Denver to Cheyenne in 1870. 2359:in California, Reno, Wadsworth, 2014: 1380: 1353:First Transcontinental Telegraph 1179:, or offloaded the cargo at the 823:served as the chief engineer of 778: 541:Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad 284:Western Pacific Railroad Company 270:, with the Pacific coast at the 238: 40: 7684:First transcontinental railroad 7503:First transcontinental railroad 6979:List of United States railroads 6310:Around the World in Eighty Days 6049:"Promontory After May 10, 1869" 5964:King, Gilbert (July 17, 2012). 5854:, January 5, 1870, pp. 418–423. 5445: 5439:California Newspapers, 1865–66 5433: 5421: 5395: 5383: 5371: 5359: 5347: 5316: 5285: 5273: 5245: 5218: 5179: 5167: 5148: 5136: 5113: 5088: 5062: 5037: 5025: 4999: 4979: 4902: 4881: 4872: 4739: 4710: 4695: 4686: 4681:Map of Land Grants to Railroads 4674: 4671:Ambrose, Stephen, 2000, p. 376. 4665: 4649:History of the American Economy 4604: 4584: 4571: 4533: 4521: 4507: 4465: 4452: 4449:. Retrieved September 13, 2022. 4439: 4426: 4413: 4400: 4397:. Retrieved September 13, 2022. 4387: 4374: 4361: 4334: 4316: 4307: 4295: 4282: 4270: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4224: 4203: 4185: 4167: 4140: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4073: 4060: 4051: 3899: 3878: 3869: 3843: 3833: 3816: 3803: 3547:, directed by Italian director 3453:Around the World in Eighty Days 3275:, which saw the re-election of 2554: 2257:(which operated the CPRR-built 2025:needs additional citations for 1833:, to build a bridge across the 1391:needs additional citations for 1183:, where it was sent across via 767:, (1821–1900), Vice President; 732: 396:, who in 1847 submitted to the 256:first transcontinental railroad 35:First transcontinental railroad 6599:Union Pacific Railroad History 5598:"Central Pacific Railroad Map" 4028: 4004: 3917: 3862:dated January 27, 1879, in re 3793: 2989:east side of San Francisco Bay 2351:The CPRR route passed through 1686:) along the north bank of the 1479:Valley, the route bridged the 1346:Time zones and telegraph usage 988: 613: 484:A central route following the 116:, starting September 6, 1869; 13: 1: 7734:Rail transportation in Nevada 6604:The Transcontinental Railroad 4419:"Henness Pass Turnpike Co.," 4380:"Railroad Route Discovered," 3911: 3613:(2000) is a surveyor for the 2743:On January 8, 1863, Governor 2699:nailed down on the ties with 2443:, the new capital of Nevada. 2425:Virginia and Truckee Railroad 2073: 1446:, on the eastern side of the 1044:Union Pacific civil engineers 600: 186:1,912 mi (3,077 km) 7699:Railway lines opened in 1869 7472:South Omaha Terminal Railway 6937:United States Virgin Islands 6494:Journal of Economic History, 5767:Howard, Robert West (1962). 5124:Nothing Like It In the World 5120:Ambrose, Stephen E. (2000). 4912:September 1869. pp. 244–252. 4209:Cooper, Bruce Clement (Ed), 3544:Once Upon a Time in the West 3082:and later still Interstates 3022:The original route from the 2951: 2739:Central Pacific construction 1896:west into what would become 1213:to the new state capital in 1051:Chinese Labor Strike of 1867 867:Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 815:Maj. Gen. Grenville M. Dodge 587:, also controlled by Durant. 7: 7739:Rail transportation in Utah 6515:Sandler, Martin W. (2015). 6409:Bain, David Haward (1999). 6008:Central Pacific snow sheds 5356:accessed February 26, 2013. 5225:Ambrose, Stephen E (2001). 4530:12 Stat. 489, July 1, 1862. 4369:The Ditches of Nevada City, 4302:Gadsden Purchase, 1853–1854 4221:; BINC: 3099794. pp. 44–45. 3700: 3100:California Pacific Railroad 2630:emigrant workers from China 1904:(Wyoming) the new towns of 1355:which followed much of the 1306:. Alternatively, cargo was 1079:armies along with emigrant 1042:See this list for names of 791:Former ophthalmologist Dr. 329:") with a silver hammer at 120:, starting November 8, 1869 10: 7775: 6011:accessed January 28, 2009. 5888:Galloway, C.E., John Debo 5694:; Glen M. Leonard (1976). 5251:Stewart, George R. (1970) 4367:Lindars, Dom. Manuscript, 3652:in episode 6, "The Line". 3263: 3172:Frontispiece of Crofutt's 2900:in Sacramento, California. 2882: 2806:Union Pacific construction 2715:. Some freight was put on 1048: 1041: 846: 771:, (1813–1878), Treasurer; 763:, (1824–1893), President; 736: 676:Sacramento Valley Railroad 644: 372: 258:(known originally as the " 7754:Southern Pacific Railroad 7629: 7608: 7582: 7546: 7495: 7429: 7353: 7302: 7244: 6986: 6912:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6830: 6704: 6496:73 (March 2013), 177–200. 6451:Chang, Gordon H. (2019). 6334: 6329: 6243:Dowty, Robert R. (1994). 5865:"James Harvey Strobridge" 5720:Griswold, Wesley (1962). 5529:East end of Tunnel 41 at 4831:Utah Historical Quarterly 3858:in Part I of the Court's 3781:Transcontinental railroad 3600:by the film's antagonist 3568:The 1993 children's book 3389:Current passenger service 3231:Southern Pacific Railroad 3118:by means of the enormous 2984:railroad of the same name 2879:The "Last Spike" ceremony 2255:Southern Pacific Railroad 1849:to couple to trains with 938:Central Pacific financing 843:Authorization and funding 793:Thomas Clark "Doc" Durant 226: 190: 182: 177: 159: 154: 140: 135: 93: 85: 75: 67: 62: 39: 34: 7616:McKeen Motor Car Company 6932:Turks and Caicos Islands 6394:. Simon & Schuster. 6374:. Salt Lake City, Utah: 6210:Promontory's Locomotives 5587:accessed March 13, 2013. 5442:accessed March 19, 2013. 5430:accessed March 19, 2013. 5392:accessed March 19, 2013. 5389:California Powder Works 5368:accessed March 10, 2013. 5282:accessed March 15, 2013. 5270:accessed August 2, 2013. 5145:accessed March 14, 2013. 4790:Chang, Gordon H (2019). 4755:accessed March 28, 2013. 4542:accessed March 25, 2013. 4434:San Francisco Chronicle, 4432:"Another Pioneer Gone," 4421:Daily National Democrat, 3886:Northern Pacific Railway 3787: 3615:Central Pacific Railroad 3561:(published in the UK as 3219:Transcontinental Express 3142:which ultimately became 3046:, then climbed over the 2980:Western Pacific Railroad 2853:William Tecumseh Sherman 2596: 1995:Central Pacific Railroad 1803:41.103803°N 105.454797°W 1721:41.099746°N 105.153205°W 1662:41.131281°N 105.398045°W 1171:and passenger cars, and 968:Central Pacific Railroad 893:of 1863 established the 765:Collis Potter Huntington 757:Central Pacific Railroad 743:Central Pacific Railroad 507:A southern route across 500:, following most of the 422:Pacific Railroad Surveys 6576:accessed March 1, 2013. 6208:Best, Gerald M (1980). 6197:"Golden Spike Pictures" 5754:High Road to Promontory 5380:Accessed July 23, 2009. 5189:, by David Haward Bain. 5176:accessed March 5, 2013. 5164:accessed March 8, 2013. 5160:April 14, 2012, at the 5155:Discovery of Evans Pass 5034:accessed March 8, 2013. 4936:White, Richard (2011). 4751:March 23, 2017, at the 4702:Miller, Daegan (2018). 3581:The Great Railroad Race 3444:Promontory Summit, Utah 3266:Crédit Mobilier scandal 3114:, where it crossed the 3070:. The railroad entered 2486:Kansas Pacific Railroad 2477:Kansas Pacific Railroad 1333:flat-bottomed modified 1013:(1861–1863) passed the 913:Union Pacific financing 801:Crédit Mobilier scandal 684:Placerville, California 631:Memorial of Asa Whitney 404:Preliminary exploration 165:; 155 years ago 53:Promontory Summit, Utah 7759:Union Pacific Railroad 7574:Omaha Traction Company 7477:Omaha Southern Railway 7447:Omaha Traction Company 7345:Webster Street Station 6862:British Virgin Islands 6474:Cooper, Bruce Clement 6314:Oxford Worlds Classics 6203:on September 30, 2011. 5869:freepages.rootsweb.com 5353:Promontory Summit-NPS 5231:. Simon and Schuster. 5095:Klein, Maury (2006) . 5032:Union Pacific Timeline 4822:Kraus, George (1969). 4717:Haupt, Herman (1864). 4326:. WGBH. Archived from 3607:The main character in 3480: 3479:, released in May 1939 3473:Postcard for the film 3408:San Francisco Bay Area 3404:Emeryville, California 3261: 3201:Denver Pacific Railway 3177: 2974: 2966: 2909: 2901: 2837:as construction boss. 2822: 2794: 2769: 2733:Sacramento, California 2682: 2625: 2572: 2490:Denver Pacific Railway 2449:Kansas Pacific Railway 2388: 2374:Union Pacific Railroad 2283:Sacramento, California 2213: 2180: 2161:Santa Cruz, California 2155: 2122: 2079: 1808:41.103803; -105.454797 1780: 1726:41.099746; -105.153205 1667:41.131281; -105.398045 1570:North Platte, Nebraska 1450:. Omaha was chosen by 1439: 1308:offloaded and reloaded 1253: 1155: 1141: 1128:Transcontinental route 1091: 1065:U.S. Military Railroad 883:Sacramento, California 816: 788: 752: 664: 656: 610: 585:Union Pacific Railroad 462: 413: 389: 308:Union Pacific Railroad 296:Sacramento, California 7547:Public transportation 7411:Chicago Great Western 7391:Norfolk & Western 6981:by political division 6802:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6316:, 1995, Introduction. 6122:, Beard Books, 1999, 5823:The Great Iron Trail. 5810:The Great Iron Trail. 5652:Arrington, Leonard J. 5298:Utah State University 5049:penelope.uchicago.edu 4910:The Overland Monthly, 4540:Pacific Railroad Acts 4230:Carver, Dr. Hartwell 3896:on September 8, 1883. 3687:The campaign mode of 3472: 3456:, published in 1873. 3375:Union Pacific No. 119 3259: 3171: 2972: 2964: 2957:Railroad developments 2907: 2892: 2813: 2792: 2767: 2676: 2623: 2562: 2497:Great American Desert 2465:Kansas City, Missouri 2451:started building the 2433:Virginia City, Nevada 2386: 2208: 2178: 2153: 2120:Dutch Flat Wagon Road 2117: 2071: 2006:Central Pacific route 1859:Kansas City, Missouri 1778: 1527:Former Union General 1437: 1251: 1152: 1135: 1097:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars 1089: 1021:Railroad self-dealing 849:Pacific Railroad Acts 814: 786: 750: 700:United States Capitol 662: 654: 608: 457: 411: 380: 357:Ogden, Utah Territory 7513:Union Pacific Center 6376:Deseret Book Company 6268:. The Vintage News. 5470:39.3176°N 120.3584°W 5408:Smithsonian Magazine 5253:American Place-Names 5076:. September 11, 2019 4330:on December 6, 2019. 3743:United States portal 3622:DreamWorks Animation 3528:How the West Was Won 3377:and Central Pacific 2505:Salt Lake City, Utah 2417:San Jose, California 2034:improve this article 1587:valley, went up the 1529:John "Jack" Casement 1444:Council Bluffs, Iowa 1400:improve this article 1365:Central Nevada Route 1227:Council Bluffs, Iowa 1003:checkerboard pattern 891:Pacific Railroad Act 879:Council Bluffs, Iowa 873:in the west and the 787:Dr. Thomas C. Durant 569:Council Bluffs, Iowa 537:St. Joseph, Missouri 513:New Mexico Territory 268:Council Bluffs, Iowa 262:" and later as the " 101:Council Bluffs, Iowa 7689:1860s in California 7569:Omaha Horse Railway 7564:Omaha Cable Tramway 7523:Union Pacific Shops 7371:Burlington Northern 7310:34th Street Station 6817:Trinidad and Tobago 6712:Antigua and Barbuda 6664:Stanford University 6581:The Pacific Tourist 6384:Ambrose, Stephen E. 5741:. November 9, 1868. 5548:39.301°N 120.3003°W 5544: / 5509:39.3116°N 120.269°W 5505: / 5490:Shed 47 visible at 5466: / 5333:"Union Pacific Map" 5304:on January 12, 2007 5174:Gankplank discovery 5143:North Platte Bridge 5013:. November 23, 2017 4996:– Retrieved March 4 4382:The Nevada Journal, 4147:Scott, Mel (1985). 3691:'s 2018 video game 3636:American Experience 3602:Dr. Arliss Loveless 3422:will switch to the 3416:directional running 3271:proportions in the 3205:Strasburg, Colorado 3068:competing interests 3001:Oakland, California 2933:Stanford University 2677:CPRR Tunnel#3 near 2549:interstate highways 2523:and passes through 2469:Kansas City, Kansas 2413:Oakland, California 2401:Alameda, California 2393:Lathrop, California 2235:Truckee, California 1977:The tracks reached 1855:Kansas City, Kansas 1817:Dale Creek Crossing 1799: / 1717: / 1658: / 1372:Union Pacific route 1323:open hearth furnace 1165:railroad turntables 837:Iowa's 5th District 553:, accessed via the 551:Leavenworth, Kansas 547:Kansas City, Kansas 539:, accessed via the 394:Dr. Hartwell Carver 7457:Omaha Zoo Railroad 7320:Burlington Station 7296:Railroads in Omaha 6752:Dominican Republic 6540:Willumson, Glenn. 6458:Cooper, Bruce C., 6415:. Viking Penguin. 5995:July 24, 2012, at 5475:39.3176; -120.3584 4992:2011-06-30 at the 4492:on August 27, 2019 4034:Cooper, Bruce C., 3481: 3438:In popular culture 3262: 3235:U.S. Supreme Court 3178: 3120:Solano train ferry 2982:(unrelated to the 2975: 2967: 2929:Cantor Arts Center 2910: 2902: 2827:Grenville M. Dodge 2823: 2815:Grenville M. Dodge 2795: 2770: 2683: 2626: 2573: 2405:Oakland Long Wharf 2389: 2299:Great Basin Desert 2214: 2181: 2165:American Civil War 2156: 2144:Samuel S. Montague 2123: 2080: 1972:Thousand Mile Tree 1922:John Aaron Rawlins 1894:South Platte River 1847:helper locomotives 1781: 1688:South Platte River 1682:(then part of the 1676:Nebraska Territory 1621:South Platte River 1601:Continental Divide 1589:North Platte River 1577:Grenville M. Dodge 1562:South Platte River 1558:North Platte River 1522:Grenville M. Dodge 1466:Nebraska Territory 1440: 1361:North Platte River 1254: 1238:American Civil War 1156: 1145:Construction begun 1142: 1092: 1061:American Civil War 981:'s transit of the 821:Grenville M. Dodge 817: 807:Grenville M. Dodge 789: 753: 665: 657: 611: 414: 390: 350:Oakland Long Wharf 272:Oakland Long Wharf 118:Oakland Long Wharf 7704:American frontier 7671: 7670: 7635:Related templates 7621:Nebraska Rail Car 7595:East Omaha Bridge 7376:Canadian National 7262: 7261: 6945: 6944: 6834:other territories 6477: 6357: 6356: 6191:on April 5, 2015. 6081:. March 5, 2019. 5901:Cooper, Bruce C. 5632:on March 18, 2017 5553:39.301; -120.3003 5514:39.3116; -120.269 5200:"UP construction" 4633:Cooper, Bruce C. 4577:Stewart, John J. 3860:Opinion and Order 3664:The Runaway Train 3577:Kristiana Gregory 3540:Spaghetti Western 3450:'s book entitled 3420:California Zephyr 3399:California Zephyr 3246:World War II 3096:more direct route 3040:San Joaquin River 3038:and crossing the 2914:Promontory Summit 2759:Taiping Rebellion 2725:Isthmus of Panama 2679:Cisco, California 2650:Taiping Rebellion 2615:Piedmont, Wyoming 2591:steam locomotives 2529:Wasatch Mountains 2345:steam locomotives 2329:. Train fuel and 2323:steam locomotives 2319:Promontory Summit 2291:forty mile desert 2287:Wadsworth, Nevada 2108:South Yuba Rivers 2102:on the south and 2066: 2065: 2058: 1952:Wasatch Mountains 1822:Chicago, Illinois 1779:Dale Creek Bridge 1770:steam locomotives 1766:Kemmerer, Wyoming 1700:Laramie Mountains 1680:Wyoming Territory 1508:Fremont, Nebraska 1501:California Trails 1432: 1431: 1424: 1207:San Francisco Bay 1181:Isthmus of Panama 1173:steam locomotives 1161:railroad switches 1105:Pearl River Delta 1101:Sze Yup districts 1032:Andrew J. Russell 983:Isthmus of Panama 943:Collis Huntington 901:Federal financing 887:San Francisco Bay 829:Laramie Mountains 680:Mississippi River 418:Department of War 331:Promontory Summit 276:San Francisco Bay 252: 251: 248: 247: 163:May 10, 1869 125:San Francisco Bay 16:(Redirected from 7766: 7636: 7600:O Street Viaduct 7437:Brandon Railroad 7406:Illinois Central 7386:Missouri Pacific 7289: 7282: 7275: 7266: 7265: 7249:Washington, D.C. 6972: 6965: 6958: 6949: 6948: 6902:Saint Barthélemy 6832:Dependencies and 6705:Sovereign states 6693: 6686: 6679: 6670: 6669: 6533:White, Richard. 6530: 6511: 6489:; BINC: 3099794. 6475: 6448: 6437:. Howell-North. 6426: 6405: 6393: 6379: 6339: 6338: 6327: 6326: 6317: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6281: 6275: 6272: 6260: 6239: 6223: 6204: 6199:. Archived from 6192: 6190: 6179: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6148:. Salt Lake City 6137: 6131: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6055:on June 10, 2007 6051:. Archived from 6044: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5961: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5899: 5893: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5861: 5855: 5846:John R. Gillis, 5844: 5838: 5835: 5826: 5819: 5813: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5782: 5773: 5772: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5735: 5726: 5725: 5722:A Work of Giants 5717: 5711: 5710:Ambrose, p. 148. 5708: 5702: 5701: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5628:. 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Archived from 5196: 5190: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5127: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5003: 4997: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4919: 4913: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4843:10.2307/45058853 4828: 4819: 4806: 4805: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4762: 4756: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4644: 4638: 4631: 4620: 4619: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4588: 4582: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4552: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4497: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4463: 4456: 4450: 4443: 4437: 4430: 4424: 4417: 4411: 4404: 4398: 4391: 4385: 4378: 4372: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4341: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4228: 4222: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4081:"The Last Spike" 4077: 4071: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4049: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4011: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3856:US Supreme Court 3847: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3820: 3814: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3731: 3726: 3725: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3641:2002–2003 season 3598:Ulysses S. Grant 3559:A Man of Destiny 3555:Graham Masterton 3499:Cecil B. DeMille 3497:and directed by 3495:Barbara Stanwyck 3424:Central Corridor 3277:Ulysses S. Grant 3116:Carquinez Strait 3104:Sacramento River 2993:Alameda Terminal 2567:, which carried 2501:Denver, Colorado 2488:linked with the 2397:Alameda Terminal 2133:California Trail 2078: 2075: 2061: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2041: 2018: 2010: 1902:Dakota Territory 1831:Laramie, Wyoming 1814: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1733:) discovered by 1732: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1684:Dakota Territory 1673: 1672: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1614:Denver, Colorado 1597:Sweetwater River 1556:splits into the 1515:Thomas C. Durant 1427: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1384: 1376: 1319:Bessemer process 1293: 1288: 1283: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1211:Sacramento River 1204: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1140:December 7, 1867 958:, a grocer; and 907:government bonds 627:Pacific Railroad 577:Thomas C. Durant 559:Thomas Ewing Jr. 557:, controlled by 525:Gadsden Purchase 519:, connecting to 479:Oregon Territory 450:Gadsden Purchase 434:topographic maps 342:Alameda Terminal 280:U.S. land grants 260:Pacific Railroad 242: 228: 227: 222: 216: 212: 210: 209: 205: 202: 173: 171: 166: 128: 114:Alameda Terminal 110: 71:Pacific Railroad 44: 32: 31: 21: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7666: 7634: 7625: 7604: 7578: 7542: 7491: 7452:Omaha Belt Line 7425: 7349: 7335:Ralston Station 7298: 7293: 7263: 7258: 7240: 6982: 6976: 6946: 6941: 6835: 6833: 6826: 6700: 6697: 6551: 6527: 6510:on May 5, 2012. 6445: 6423: 6402: 6366:Glen M. Leonard 6362:Allen, James B. 6348:, March 5, 2000 6336: 6330:External videos 6325: 6323:Further reading 6320: 6306:William Butcher 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6257: 6226: 6220: 6195: 6188: 6177: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6138: 6134: 6114: 6110: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6045: 6041: 6031: 6029: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5988: 5984: 5974: 5972: 5970:Smithsonian.com 5962: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5900: 5896: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5821:Howard, Robert 5820: 5816: 5808:Howard, Robert 5807: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5783: 5776: 5765: 5761: 5750: 5746: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5692:Allen, James B. 5689: 5685: 5666: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5603: 5601: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5568: 5564: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5365:Cape Horn CPRR 5364: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5307: 5305: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5259: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5162:Wayback Machine 5153: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5093: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4994:Wayback Machine 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4934: 4930: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4826: 4820: 4809: 4802: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4763: 4759: 4753:Wayback Machine 4744: 4740: 4726: 4724: 4715: 4711: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4645: 4641: 4632: 4623: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4495: 4493: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4453: 4444: 4440: 4431: 4427: 4418: 4414: 4405: 4401: 4392: 4388: 4379: 4375: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4290:Railroad Policy 4287: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4229: 4225: 4208: 4204: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4078: 4074: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4014: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3821: 3817: 3810:Paddle steamers 3808: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3440: 3391: 3340: 3338:Visible remains 3303:Schuyler Colfax 3296:Oliver Ames Jr. 3268: 3254: 3252:Crédit Mobilier 3193:Hannibal Bridge 3136:Port of Oakland 3102:, crossing the 2959: 2954: 2887: 2881: 2831:Crédit Mobilier 2808: 2745:Leland Stanford 2741: 2729:paddle steamers 2721:Panama Railroad 2642:Charles Crocker 2609:, President of 2599: 2569:Leland Stanford 2557: 2533:Parley's Summit 2527:, cresting the 2521:Great Salt Lake 2473:paddle steamers 2453:Hannibal Bridge 2365:Battle Mountain 2311:Palisade Canyon 2076: 2062: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2031: 2019: 2008: 1983:Great Salt Lake 1807: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1762:Coalville, Utah 1758:John C. Frémont 1738:Grenville Dodge 1725: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1629:Lodgepole Creek 1609:Emigrant Trails 1593:Casper, Wyoming 1591:valley through 1472:was completed. 1455:Abraham Lincoln 1428: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1397: 1385: 1374: 1348: 1291: 1286: 1279: 1275: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1258:4 ft 1257: 1246: 1223:Omaha, Nebraska 1201: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189:Panama Railroad 1147: 1138:Harper's Weekly 1130: 1057:civil engineers 1053: 1047: 1040: 1038:Labor and wages 1023: 991: 979:Panama Railroad 960:Charles Crocker 956:Leland Stanford 945:, a Sacramento 940: 915: 903: 871:Central Pacific 851: 845: 809: 781: 773:Charles Crocker 761:Leland Stanford 745: 737:Main articles: 735: 725:, and south to 649: 643: 616: 603: 594:Abraham Lincoln 573:Omaha, Nebraska 563:John C. Frémont 492:through to the 467: 465:Possible routes 406: 375: 323:Leland Stanford 316:Omaha, Nebraska 243: 233: 218: 214: 207: 203: 200: 198: 197:4 ft 196: 169: 167: 164: 147: 145:Central Pacific 131: 122: 121: 107:Omaha, Nebraska 104: 103: 80:U.S. government 58: 56: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7772: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7647: 7642: 7640:Transportation 7637: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7433: 7431: 7430:Minor carriers 7427: 7426: 7424: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7401:Milwaukee Road 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7357: 7355: 7354:Major carriers 7351: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7330:Gibson Station 7327: 7325:Florence Depot 7322: 7317: 7315:Amtrak Station 7312: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7292: 7291: 7284: 7277: 7269: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7186:South Carolina 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7151:North Carolina 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6975: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6952: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6922:Sint Eustatius 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6867:Cayman Islands 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6838: 6836: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6590: 6585: 6577: 6570: 6564: 6550: 6549:External links 6547: 6546: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6526:978-0763665272 6525: 6512: 6497: 6490: 6487:978-0785825739 6472: 6456: 6449: 6443: 6427: 6421: 6406: 6400: 6380: 6355: 6354: 6332: 6331: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6298: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6261: 6256:978-1877856433 6255: 6240: 6224: 6219:978-0870950827 6218: 6205: 6193: 6173:Golden Spike. 6170: 6169:Pentrex, 1997. 6159: 6132: 6128:978-1893122468 6108: 6088: 6066: 6039: 6013: 6001: 5982: 5945: 5919: 5907: 5894: 5881: 5856: 5839: 5827: 5814: 5801: 5792: 5774: 5759: 5756:. p. 110. 5744: 5727: 5712: 5703: 5683: 5665:978-0252072833 5664: 5643: 5611: 5589: 5577: 5562: 5522: 5483: 5444: 5432: 5420: 5394: 5382: 5370: 5358: 5346: 5324: 5315: 5284: 5272: 5257: 5244: 5238:978-0743203173 5237: 5217: 5191: 5178: 5166: 5147: 5135: 5112: 5105: 5087: 5061: 5036: 5024: 4998: 4978: 4956: 4947:978-0393061260 4946: 4928: 4914: 4901: 4880: 4871: 4807: 4801:978-1328618573 4800: 4782: 4776:978-1503608290 4775: 4757: 4738: 4709: 4694: 4685: 4673: 4664: 4657: 4639: 4621: 4603: 4583: 4570: 4555:Klein, Maury. 4544: 4532: 4520: 4506: 4473: 4464: 4451: 4438: 4425: 4412: 4399: 4386: 4373: 4360: 4342: 4333: 4315: 4306: 4294: 4281: 4269: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4223: 4219:978-0785825739 4202: 4184: 4166: 4160:978-0520055124 4159: 4139: 4133:978-0520948877 4132: 4112: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4072: 4066:Bowman, J. N. 4059: 4050: 4027: 4012: 4003: 3973: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3898: 3877: 3868: 3866:(99 U.S. 402). 3842: 3832: 3815: 3802: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3759: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3732: 3718: 3715:History portal 3702: 3699: 3694:Railway Empire 3677:Hell on Wheels 3593:Wild Wild West 3557:'s 1981 novel 3525:The 1962 film 3520:Susan Cummings 3462:The Iron Horse 3439: 3436: 3390: 3387: 3339: 3336: 3309:among others. 3307:James Garfield 3264:Main article: 3253: 3250: 3197:Kansas Pacific 3146:). In 1930, a 3024:Central Valley 3003:, also on the 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2921:The Last Spike 2894:The Last Spike 2883:Main article: 2880: 2877: 2846:American Bison 2807: 2804: 2740: 2737: 2598: 2595: 2556: 2553: 2525:Salt Lake City 2461:Missouri River 2339:May 10, 1869. 2315:Carlin, Nevada 2303:Humboldt River 2301:bordering the 2100:American River 2096:Theodore Judah 2064: 2063: 2022: 2020: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1968:nitroglycerine 1948:Utah Territory 1941:Laramie Plains 1747:Laramie Ranges 1542:Hell on wheels 1477:Missouri River 1448:Missouri River 1430: 1429: 1388: 1386: 1379: 1373: 1370: 1347: 1344: 1312:standard gauge 1296:break of gauge 1281:standard gauge 1245: 1244:Rail standards 1242: 1231:Missouri River 1185:paddle steamer 1146: 1143: 1129: 1126: 1039: 1036: 1022: 1019: 1015:Homestead Acts 990: 987: 939: 936: 914: 911: 902: 899: 895:standard gauge 847:Main article: 844: 841: 819:Major General 808: 805: 797:John Adams Dix 780: 777: 734: 731: 704:James Buchanan 668:Theodore Judah 647:Theodore Judah 645:Main article: 642: 641:Theodore Judah 639: 615: 612: 602: 599: 589: 588: 566: 544: 529: 528: 505: 482: 466: 463: 405: 402: 374: 371: 362:Overland Route 312:Missouri River 264:Overland Route 250: 249: 246: 245: 235: 234: 231: 224: 223: 220:standard gauge 194: 188: 187: 184: 180: 179: 175: 174: 161: 157: 156: 152: 151: 142: 138: 137: 133: 132: 130: 129: 111: 97: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 60: 59: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7771: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7633: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609:Manufacturing 7607: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7545: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7533:Kenefick Park 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7381:North Western 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7361:Union Pacific 7359: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7340:Union Station 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7290: 7285: 7283: 7278: 7276: 7271: 7270: 7267: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7226:West Virginia 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7131:New Hampshire 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7091:Massachusetts 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6980: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6961: 6959: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6829: 6823: 6822:United States 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6694: 6689: 6687: 6682: 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5986: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5916: 5911: 5904: 5898: 5891: 5885: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5834: 5832: 5824: 5818: 5811: 5805: 5796: 5788: 5781: 5779: 5770: 5763: 5755: 5748: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5723: 5716: 5707: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5615: 5599: 5593: 5586: 5581: 5573: 5566: 5557: 5526: 5518: 5487: 5479: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5429: 5424: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5386: 5379: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5350: 5334: 5328: 5319: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5262: 5254: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5221: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5188: 5182: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5151: 5144: 5139: 5131: 5126: 5125: 5116: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5033: 5028: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4967: 4964:Daspit, Tom. 4960: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4918: 4911: 4905: 4890: 4884: 4875: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4742: 4734: 4723: 4722: 4713: 4705: 4698: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4668: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4617: 4615: 4607: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4587: 4580: 4574: 4558: 4551: 4549: 4541: 4536: 4529: 4524: 4516: 4510: 4503: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4468: 4461: 4455: 4448: 4442: 4435: 4429: 4422: 4416: 4409: 4403: 4396: 4390: 4383: 4377: 4370: 4364: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4310: 4303: 4298: 4291: 4285: 4278: 4273: 4264: 4257: 4252: 4245: 4240: 4233: 4227: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4198: 4197:CourtListener 4194: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4143: 4135: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4082: 4079:Hill, Thomas 4076: 4069: 4063: 4054: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4031: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4007: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3916: 3902: 3895: 3894:Pacific Ocean 3891: 3887: 3881: 3872: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3846: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3811: 3806: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3762:Interstate 80 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3733: 3730: 3729:Trains portal 3724: 3719: 3716: 3705: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3689:Kalypso Media 3685: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3579:'s 1999 book 3578: 3574: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3507:Union Pacific 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3486:Union Pacific 3478: 3477: 3476:Union Pacific 3471: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3386: 3384: 3383:state quarter 3380: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3345:Interstate 80 3335: 3333: 3332:Western Union 3329: 3328:Panic of 1873 3325: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3224:New York City 3221: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3191:finished the 3190: 3185: 3183: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3144:Interstate 80 3141: 3140:U.S. Route 40 3138:(paralleling 3137: 3133: 3129: 3128:San Francisco 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3080:U.S. Route 50 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064:San Francisco 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3048:Altamont Pass 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2963: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2906: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2835:Jack Casement 2832: 2828: 2820: 2819:major general 2816: 2812: 2803: 2800: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2750:Sierra Nevada 2746: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2717:Clipper ships 2714: 2708: 2704: 2702: 2697: 2696:track ballast 2691: 2689: 2688:nitroglycerin 2680: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607:Brigham Young 2604: 2594: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2512:Interstate 80 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429:Comstock Lode 2426: 2422: 2421:San Francisco 2418: 2414: 2410: 2409:Oakland Point 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307:Wells, Nevada 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295:Humboldt Sink 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2267:Union Pacific 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2189: 2187: 2186:nitroglycerin 2177: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2137:Truckee River 2134: 2129: 2128:Comstock Lode 2121: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2092:Donner Summit 2089: 2086:mountains at 2085: 2084:Sierra Nevada 2070: 2060: 2057: 2049: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2023:This section 2021: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1835:Laramie River 1832: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1812: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1735:Major General 1730: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1642: 1641:Ames Monument 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1599:and over the 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1574:Major General 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1537: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481:Elkhorn River 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1436: 1426: 1423: 1415: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1389:This section 1387: 1383: 1378: 1377: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1343: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292:1,524 mm 1289: 1282: 1276:1,435 mm 1250: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1151: 1139: 1134: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069:truss bridges 1066: 1062: 1058: 1052: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1027: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 986: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 948: 944: 935: 933: 927: 925: 924:Brigham Young 921: 910: 908: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 875:Union Pacific 872: 868: 864: 863:42nd parallel 860: 856: 855:Samuel Curtis 850: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825:Union Pacific 822: 813: 804: 802: 798: 794: 785: 779:Thomas Durant 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 749: 744: 740: 730: 728: 724: 720: 715: 713: 712:Charles Marsh 707: 705: 701: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 672: 669: 661: 653: 648: 638: 636: 632: 628: 623: 621: 607: 598: 595: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 567: 564: 561:and later by 560: 556: 552: 548: 545: 542: 538: 535: 534: 533: 526: 522: 518: 517:Sonora desert 514: 510: 506: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 480: 476: 472: 471: 470: 461: 456: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 428: 427:American West 423: 419: 410: 401: 399: 398:U.S. Congress 395: 388: 384: 383:Lake Michigan 379: 370: 368: 364: 363: 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 338: 336: 335:American West 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 241: 237: 236: 230: 229: 225: 221: 215:1,435 mm 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 176: 162: 158: 153: 150: 149:Union Pacific 146: 143: 139: 134: 126: 119: 115: 112: 108: 102: 99: 98: 96: 92: 89:United States 88: 84: 81: 78: 74: 70: 68:Other name(s) 66: 61: 54: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 7502: 7191:South Dakota 7181:Rhode Island 7176:Pennsylvania 7156:North Dakota 6927:Sint Maarten 6907:Saint Martin 6659: 6579: 6552: 6541: 6534: 6516: 6508:the original 6502: 6493: 6478: 6460: 6452: 6434: 6411: 6389: 6369: 6345: 6341: 6309: 6301: 6289:. Retrieved 6279: 6269: 6245: 6209: 6201:the original 6186:the original 6181: 6162: 6150:. Retrieved 6145: 6135: 6120:Robert Sobel 6115: 6111: 6100: 6091: 6078: 6069: 6057:. Retrieved 6053:the original 6042: 6030:. Retrieved 6025: 6016: 6004: 5985: 5973:. Retrieved 5969: 5936:. Retrieved 5931: 5922: 5910: 5897: 5889: 5884: 5874:February 28, 5872:. Retrieved 5868: 5859: 5851: 5842: 5822: 5817: 5809: 5804: 5795: 5786: 5768: 5762: 5753: 5747: 5721: 5715: 5706: 5695: 5686: 5677: 5655: 5646: 5634:. Retrieved 5630:the original 5623: 5614: 5602:. Retrieved 5592: 5580: 5565: 5525: 5486: 5447: 5435: 5423: 5413:February 12, 5411:. Retrieved 5407: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5349: 5337:. Retrieved 5327: 5318: 5306:. Retrieved 5302:the original 5287: 5275: 5252: 5247: 5227: 5220: 5208:. Retrieved 5204:the original 5194: 5181: 5169: 5150: 5138: 5123: 5115: 5096: 5090: 5078:. Retrieved 5073: 5064: 5052:. Retrieved 5048: 5039: 5027: 5015:. Retrieved 5010: 5001: 4981: 4969:. Retrieved 4959: 4951: 4937: 4931: 4922: 4917: 4909: 4904: 4892:. Retrieved 4883: 4874: 4837:(1): 41–57. 4834: 4830: 4791: 4785: 4766: 4760: 4741: 4733:Google Books 4731:– via 4725:. Retrieved 4719: 4712: 4703: 4697: 4688: 4676: 4667: 4648: 4642: 4613: 4606: 4595: 4586: 4573: 4561:. Retrieved 4535: 4523: 4509: 4501: 4494:. Retrieved 4490:the original 4485: 4476: 4467: 4459: 4454: 4441: 4433: 4428: 4420: 4415: 4407: 4402: 4389: 4381: 4376: 4368: 4363: 4336: 4328:the original 4318: 4309: 4297: 4289: 4284: 4272: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4226: 4210: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4149: 4142: 4122: 4115: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4075: 4062: 4053: 4036: 4030: 4006: 3994:. Retrieved 3986:www.cprr.org 3985: 3976: 3964:. Retrieved 3956:www.cprr.org 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3901: 3880: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3845: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3805: 3795: 3765: 3752:Chin Lin Sou 3692: 3686: 3675: 3673: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3647: 3645: 3634: 3632: 3625: 3620:In the 2002 3619: 3608: 3606: 3591: 3586:In the 1999 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570:Ten Mile Day 3569: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3549:Sergio Leone 3542: 3537: 3526: 3524: 3516:Judson Pratt 3505: 3503: 3484: 3482: 3474: 3460: 3458: 3451: 3441: 3419: 3397: 3392: 3368: 3356:Lucin Cutoff 3353: 3341: 3321: 3315:New York Sun 3313: 3311: 3300: 3289: 3285: 3269: 3242:Lucin Cutoff 3239: 3228: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3163: 3152: 3052:Niles Canyon 3030:skirted the 3021: 2996: 2976: 2925:golden spike 2920: 2918: 2911: 2893: 2885:Golden spike 2874: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2850: 2842:Great Plains 2839: 2824: 2796: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2742: 2709: 2705: 2692: 2684: 2658: 2654: 2638:wheelbarrows 2627: 2600: 2587: 2583: 2574: 2564: 2555:Construction 2545:Weber Canyon 2537:Lucin Cutoff 2509: 2494: 2457:swing bridge 2445: 2431:diggings in 2415:, and on to 2390: 2350: 2341: 2331:water cranes 2279:Reno, Nevada 2276: 2243: 2226:Carson Range 2215: 2210: 2194:cut and fill 2190: 2182: 2170: 2157: 2141: 2124: 2081: 2052: 2043: 2032:Please help 2027:verification 2024: 1987:Brigham City 1976: 1965: 1945: 1938: 1878:North Platte 1874:Grand Island 1863: 1839: 1782: 1764:, and later 1755: 1751: 1618: 1595:, along the 1585:Platte River 1582: 1566:pile drivers 1554:Platte River 1549:Platte River 1546: 1538: 1526: 1519: 1512: 1505: 1489:Platte River 1474: 1459: 1441: 1418: 1409: 1398:Please help 1393:verification 1390: 1357:Mormon Trail 1349: 1316: 1300:changing out 1255: 1235: 1219: 1157: 1137: 1117:black people 1093: 1055:Many of the 1054: 1028: 1024: 1007: 995:right-of-way 992: 975:yellow fever 972: 964:The Big Four 952:Mark Hopkins 941: 928: 916: 904: 885:, and on to 852: 818: 790: 769:Mark Hopkins 754: 733:The Big Four 719:Emigrant Gap 716: 708: 696: 673: 666: 635:Zadock Pratt 630: 629:(called the 626: 624: 617: 590: 583:and the new 579:'s proposed 530: 502:Oregon Trail 486:Platte River 468: 458: 454: 431: 415: 391: 360: 354: 345: 339: 327:Golden Spike 320: 259: 255: 253: 57:May 10, 1869 49:"Last Spike" 29: 7396:Rock Island 7254:Puerto Rico 7106:Mississippi 7021:Connecticut 6897:Puerto Rico 6807:Saint Lucia 6757:El Salvador 6555:photography 6152:January 31, 5934:. PBS. 2003 5604:February 5, 5574:. 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First transcontinental railroad

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