Filipino shamans - Knowledge

2857:(head of the community), the babaylan takes in the role of interim head of the community. Babaylans were powerful ritual specialists who were believed to have influence over the weather and tap various spirits in the natural and spiritual realms. Babaylans were held in such high regard as they were believed to possess powers that can block the dark magic of an evil datu or spirit and heal the sick or wounded. Among other powers of the babaylan were to ensure a safe pregnancy and child birth. As a spiritual medium, babaylans also lead rituals with offerings to the various divinities or deities. As an expert in divine and herb lore, incantations, and concoctions of remedies, antidotes, and a variety of potions from various roots, leaves, and seeds, the babaylans were also regarded as allies of certain datus in subjugating an enemy, hence, the babaylans were also known for their specialization in medical and divine combat. According to William Henry Scott (Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippines Culture and Society) a Katalonan could be of either sex, or male transvestites (bayoguin), but were usually women from prominent families who were wealthy in their own right. According to Luciano P. R. Santiago (To Love and to Suffer) as remuneration for their services they received a good part of the offerings of food, wine, clothing, and gold, the quality and quantity of which depended on the social status of the supplicant. Thus, the catalonas filled a very prestigious as well as lucrative role in society. 2989:

the Spanish chronicler Chirino claimed that the natives had no religious writings, but on the same account narrated that a native possessed an indigenous poetic book. The book was utilized by the natives to express a "deliberate pact" with what the Spanish called with prejudice as "the devil", which contextually was an indigenous god and not a demon. The book was one of many of those burned by order of the colonizers. The scholar Beyer also noted of the time when a Spanish priest boasted about burning indigenous religious writings, specifically "more than three hundred scrolls written in the native character". To further prove the existence of indigenous religious writings, Chinese sources before the Spanish colonial era maintain the existence of such writings from the Philippines. In 1349, the Chinese Wang Ta-yuan recorded that widows of important leaders in Manila spent the rest of their lives poring over indigenous religious texts. Spanish sources note that native writings were written on native reeds and leaves that were turned into a papyrus-like material, while iron points and other locally-manufactured pointed objects were used pens. Bamboo was also utilized for writing. The native population had a high level of literacy even prior to Spanish contact, where every native could write in and read the indigenous writing systems.

2172:"Manila Manuscript" also emphasized the auxiliary role of gender non-conforming male shamans in relation to the female shamans. These evidences, together with the fact that there were no written accounts of female sex/male gender identification amongst the women who exercised authority within the spiritual sphere, prove that spiritual potency was not dependent upon the identification with a neuter "third" sex/gender space, but rather on the identification with the feminine – whether the biological sex was female or male. Femininity was considered the vehicle to the spirit world during the pre-colonial era, and the male shaman's identification with the feminine reinforced the normative situation of female as shaman. While Brewer (1999) agreed that it is naïve to dismiss the existence of a principal male shaman during the precolonial era, she also argued that such cases were unusual rather than the norm, and that the statistical imbalance in favour of principal male shamans occurred as a result of the influence of the male-centered Hispano-Catholic culture, such that in the late nineteenth century and in the early years of the twentieth century, in some areas like Negros, all the 1884: 2313:

put them in competition with one another. Individual success was attributed to the power of the deities with whom they identified, and who took possession of them in their frenzied dancing. The Tagalog word “olak” according to Ferdinand Blumentritt is a term for the trembling of the whole body of the catalona, when she becomes possessed by the devil (anito). As spirit mediums, they conducted séances during which they spoke with the voice of spirits (anito), assisted by an "alagar" ("alagad", meaning personal attendant) to carry on the dialogue with the supernatural, or sent their own kaluluwa (soul) to seek lost souls. In this state of trance, the catalona was called “tarotaro” , for it was believed that the ancestral spirits had entered her body and were speaking from inside her. According to Blumentritt “tarotaro” is a Tagalog term describing the katalonas while possessed by the spirits, in this state, they cried tarotaro. When a catalona held the gift of prophecy, she was named masidhi (the fervent one).

2085: 302: 2864:, among the jobs of the shaman range from being a merchant, warrior, farmer, fisherfolk, blacksmith, crafstfolk, weaver, potter, musician, and even as a barber or chef, depending on the preference of the shaman, skill of the shaman, and the need of the community. Some shamans have more than two occupations at a time, especially if a community lacks people with the needed skills to take upon the role of certain jobs. This tradition of having a second job (or more than two jobs) has been ingrained in certain cultural societies in the Philippines and is still practiced today by certain communities that have not been converted into Christianity. Specific communities that have been converted into Islam have also preserved this tradition through Muslim imams. 3418: 31: 2539: 2684:, shamans are entirely differentiated from sorcerers. Shamans deal with the spirit world and supernatural beings but do not have magical powers of their own; while sorcerers were regarded as human beings with powers gained from magical spells or objects. Illnesses believed to be caused by sorcery are treated differently from illnesses caused by spirits. The former are treated with counter-spells, simple antidotes, and physical healing; while the latter requires the intervention or dialogue with the spirits and thus a shaman ritual. 326: 2305:. Unbound spirits always possess shamans during rituals. Either voluntarily or involuntarily. In contrast, bound spirits, as a rule, do not possess shamans. Instead, they are simply spoken to by the shaman. Bound spirits that inadvertently "stick" to humans are considered dangerous, and are the causes of spiritual illnesses, ranging from confusion, strange food cravings, lust, to unreasoning anger. Sometimes in order to speak to certain bound spirits, the shaman may need the intercession of their 7194: 260: 2480: 2230: 1851:, "forest" or "thicket"). Other scholars believed that the origin of the word catalonan is from its root word “talo” which according to them is a Tagalog word originally means "to converse", thus the word catalonan literally means someone who converse or communicate with the spirits (anito). According to Blumentritt an old Tagalog word “tarotaro” is a term describing the catalonas while possessed by the spirits (anito). In some 462: 1974: 1956:. In cases of people with "shamanic illness", these initiation rites are regarded as the cure, where the initiate regains health or sanity by conceding to the wishes of the spirits and "answering the call". When volunteered rather than volunteering, their relatives are usually required to pay a large fee to the senior shaman for the training. Initiation rites can range from simply inducing a 4338:. They are described as being charismatic, very intelligent, confident, and strong-willed. They have a tendency to dominate others, and can do so without consciously being aware of it. They are natural leaders and are often respected ranking members of the community and thus tend to become sorcerers, shamans, chieftains, master craftsmen, or renowned warrior-heroes (known variously as 3021: 2824:, however, these witches actually include a variety of different kinds of people with differing occupations and cultural connotations which depend on the ethnic group they are associated with. They are completely different from the Western notion of what a witch is. Notable examples of witches in a Philippine concept are the mannamay, witches known to the Ibanag people, 4698:

The maganito went by several different names throughout the islands depending on linguistic groups, such as the babaylan, but the term maganito and similar variations appear to be a more universal of a term in Spanish colonial sources. Because of this universality and its indigenous origins, the term

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The Katalonas performed public ceremonies for community prosperity, fertility, or seasonable weather as well as private services to diagnose and cure ailments. They were respected for these functions but they were also feared sorcerers able to work black magic. Their numbers too were large enough to

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is believed to bring misfortune and evil, and various points in the compass all had different aspects depending on where the mouth was facing. These were consulted when making future plans like travel, trade, or marriage. When building houses, shamans were also often consulted to determine the most

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For the previous statement regarding the Bolinao Manuscript, see paragraph 29. For the previous statement related to the Manila manuscript, see paragraph 31. For Brewer's comment regarding the spiritual potency of the shaman depending on identification with femininity and not on the identification

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The Spanish chroniclers was also guilty of erasing indigenous religious texts, claiming that the natives never had any religious writings such as books. However, scholars agree that such statement reflected a desire by the colonizers to deny the existence of what they did not approve. For example,

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of various animals and plants. They have inhuman and abstract qualities, reflecting their particular dominions. They do not normally appear in human form and are usually gender-less or androgynous. They rarely concern themselves with human affairs. Rituals involving these spirits are almost always

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After the Spanish conquest of the Philippines, the practice of shamanism became clandestine due to persecution by the Catholic clergy. During this period, male shamans (particularly those specialized in the non-religious arts of herbalism and healing) became predominant. Female shamans became less

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After initiation, the apprentices are then trained in the details of their role. This training includes learning about the rituals, the chants and songs, the sacrifices appropriate for each spirit, oral histories, herbs and healing practices, and magic spells, among others. They usually assist the

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named Diego Magsanga, along with his wife (who was said to be a skilled midwife), converted to Christianity. After he was baptized he became a faithful assistant of the friars in expanding Christianity in Silang, Cavite, teaching children and adults the catechism. Chirino also reported that many

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In modern Philippine society, their roles have largely been taken over by folk healers, which are now predominantly male, while some are still being falsely accused as "witches". In areas where the people have not been converted into Muslims or Christians, notably ancestral domains of indigenous

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between 1679 and 1685, animistic paraphernalia were confiscated from 148 people. Of those, 145 were female shamans, and the remaining three were transvestite male shamans, thus highlighting the statistical imbalance between the female-to-male ratio of indigenous shamans. The anonymously-written

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assumed the voice, mannerisms, hairstyle, and dress of females. They were treated as women by the community and were considered as comparable to biological women aside from their incapability to give birth to children. Their social status and recognition also granted them access to professions

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were seen as "shamans" whose souls and spirit guides were apparently more powerful than the native ones. They desecrated religious objects, sacred trees, and sacred areas with impunity, earning the awe of the natives. They could also cure various diseases that the native shamans could not.

2042:. Shamans either had spirit companions from birth, drew their attention during the "shamanic illness", or gained their allegiance during initiation into shamanism. Spirits are believed to be social beings, with individual quirks and personalities (both good and bad). The friendship of 3638:. Like their predecessors, they claimed supernatural powers and used fetishistic amulets, holy oils, and magic spells in battle. They attacked both American troops and local Filipinos cooperating with the American colonial government. The last Pulajanes leader was killed in 1911. 2331:

Healing was the most important role for shamans in their communities. Shamans distinguished between two kinds of illnesses, the natural (or non-spiritual) illnesses, and the spiritual illnesses. Natural illnesses do not require a shaman for healing, while spiritual illnesses do.

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served a threefold purpose. It gave the male shaman status and authority in a sphere that would otherwise have been denied to him. It reinforced the stereotypical boundaries of femininity, but in so doing it also, importantly, reinforced the normative situation of woman as

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are essential in shamanistic rituals as they prevent the shaman's soul from getting lost in the spirit world. They also communicate entreaties on behalf of the shaman to more powerful spirits or deities, as well as fight evil spirits during healing or exorcism rituals.

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was closely tied to healing, as it was primarily used for diagnosing illnesses. It can be done by the shamans or by specialized apprentices with the necessary skill. Various paraphernalia and rituals are used to diagnose illnesses, examples include seashells, ginger,

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Indeed, both female and male shamans, for ritual purposes, dressed in clothing that was identified as belonging to women. In the relative gender symmetry prevalent throughout the archipelago at this time, the temporary or permanent male/feminine inversion of the

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In most Philippine ethnic groups, shamans were predominantly female due to the role of the shaman (especially the medium) being an intrinsically feminine one. Among the minority of males, most belonged to a special class of shamans—the feminized men known as

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can result in the loss of the person's mind and identity—thus insanity. Spiritual illnesses also include delirium, depression, trauma, fainting spells, and other mental illnesses. Evil or undesirable behavior may also be blamed on disharmony between the

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will also mean the death of the body. They can range from wounds, broken bones, poisoning, and snakebites. These can be treated by skilled shamans, but were more often relegated to apprentices or assistants specializing in healing or herbalism.

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by dressing up in women's clothing. He and his followers killed a Spanish priest and burned the town church before escaping to the mountains. Tapar and other leaders of his movement were captured and executed by Spanish and Filipino soldiers.

2206:, however, did not immediately change the originally feminine role of the shamans. Male shamans in the late 17th century still dressed as women during rituals, even though they did not do so in their day-to-day activities. Unlike the ancient 3519:" ("Whirlwind God") and proclaimed himself the savior of the people. He declared that they would stop paying taxes to the Spanish government. He formed a community of around two thousand followers (whom the Spanish authorities called the 2278:

The second type of spirits are the "unbound" spirits that have an independent existence. They appear in animals (usually as birds) or human-like forms, have gender differentiation, and have personal names. They are most similar to the

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who saw the spread of Catholicism as a threat. He rallied around two thousand followers in an effort to "return to the old ways", but his rebellion was crushed by the Spanish authorities with the help of converted native auxiliaries.

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shamans. During the 17th to 18th centuries, Spanish administrators in the Philippines burned people convicted of homosexual relations at the stake and confiscated their possessions, in accordance with a decree by the president of the

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records that their "unnatural crime" was punished by the Muslim peoples in Mindanao with death by burning or drowning, and that their houses and property were also burned as they believed that the behavior was contagious.

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people followed Magsanga and even the Jesuits could not surpass him when it came to devotion to the teachings of the Church and diligence in teaching his brethren. Magsanga was not a priest; his likely role was that of a

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Labastida, Sean Clark Luinor Antallan; Alapay, Johnpolven; Billones, Jenny; Gonzales, Jackquilyn; Macuja, Yra; Manlapig, Ena Eloisa; Montevirgen, Maurice Joy; Pineda, Karla Joyce; Tirol, Fritzie Andrea (April 29, 2016).

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from a past event), and strange visions or dreams. These are regarded as encounters with the spirits, where the soul of the person is said to be journeying to the spirit world. In cases like this, it is said that a

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in 1887. His wife and relatives attempted to continue the movement, but they were eventually captured and exiled by Spanish authorities. The remnants of the group either descended to banditry or joined other later

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selling amulets and magical pieces of paper. Their members were mostly from the illiterate rural poor who had little knowledge of formal Catholic teachings and were living in extreme poverty under colonial rule.

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detaches to travel through the spirit world, resulting in dreams. However, when this separation happens when the person is awake, it results in spiritual illnesses. The causes of the separation can include the

3460:) who claimed they had supernatural powers over diseases in 1865; Benedicta, an old woman and a healer who called herself "La Santa de Leyte" ("The Saint of Leyte") in 1862 and prophesied that the island of 2806:

There are also "true" sorcerers who are said to have hereditary sorcerous powers. Unlike healers, they do not consider the justice of their actions. The latter type of sorcerers are often conflated with the

7160: 5210: 1867:“talo or talotalo” means ‘a prayer or to pray’. Linguist Malcolm Mintz, however, offers a different etymology. He determines that the Tagalog root word is “tulong” which means to help. Some writers such as 2979:, or mentally unstable and were harshly persecuted by the Spanish clergy. The Spanish burned down everything they associated with the native people's indigenous religions (including shrines such as the 1960:

through herbs or alcohol, to inducing personal crises through physical or psychological hardship. Extreme examples of initiation rites include getting buried alive or being immersed in water overnight.

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wore his hair long (which is unusual for Tagalog men) and braided it to signify his priesthood. Before he was baptized, in front of an audience, he cut his hair as a sign that the power of the

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Anito: 16th century Tagalog and Visayan (according to Spanish records): an idol or deity inhabiting the idol, also maganito: a ceremony for such idols, and anitero: (Sp.) witch doctor, shaman.

2985:), even forcefully ordering native children to defecate on their own gods' idols, murdering those who disobeyed. Spanish friars often sought out and persecuted female shamans in particular. 3302:

in 1565 when their expedition first landed on the islands. Like Tamblot, Bankaw and Pagali both wanted a return to the old ways. Bankaw renounced his Catholic faith and built a temple to a

2707:) which was equated with " power". Their alleged powers include conjuring fire or water, flight, shape-shifting, invisibility, invulnerability, and the ability to call down disasters. The 2298:

These categories are not static, however. A bound spirit can become unbound, and vice versa. Some shamans have spirit guides which are originally nature spirits that have become unbound.

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senior shaman during ceremonies until their training is complete, which can take months to years. Each shaman can have one or more such apprentices, at varying ranks or specializations.

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There are various names for sorcerers in Philippine ethnic groups, different from the term for "shaman". Most of these names have negative connotations, and thus is also translated to "

3883:. In general, there was a great degree of sexual freedom in precolonial Filipino societies. Virginity was not valued, adultery was not perceived negatively, and there was wide use of 3130:, shamans, usually male, are now relegated to folk healing and dealing with "indigenous" spirits. All other aspects of the religious life of Muslim Filipinos have been taken over by 2884:

and the introduction of Catholic Christianity resulted in the extinction of most native shamanistic practices. Christianity was initially seen by native Filipinos as another type of

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favoured Mintz suggestion and used the term catolonan (which is actually a Pampangan term) to refer to the priests and priestesses of the Tagalogs instead of catalona or catalonan.

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of a person to prepare them for challenges, problems and obstacles. This ritual also protects the person from possible spiritual attack caused by malevolent spirits and sorcery.

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Names of spirits are generally not spoken aloud outside of a shamanic ritual, as it is believed that it may provoke them. They are instead referred to in euphemistic terms like

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peoples, the shamans and their cultural traits have continued to exist with their respective communities, although these shamans and their practices are being slowly diluted by

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Turner, Robert P.; Lukoff, David; Barnhouse, Ruth Tiffany; Lu, Francis G. (1995). "Religious or spiritual problem. A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV".

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by leading them to a city that would rise from the waves; and many more. These movements were usually suppressed by the Spanish by imprisoning their leaders or exiling them.

4502: 2020:, with more powerful shamans having many. Certain individuals like powerful leaders or warriors (especially those with shaman relatives) are also believed to have their own 3062:) movement of the 20th century. However, their methods of worship remained basically the same. The faith healers were still, in essence, mediums; but instead of channeling 1948:

After being chosen, shamans go through an initiation rite. These rites are meant to gain or transfer the patronage of a spirit. Among Visayans, this ritual is known as the

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named Salindagaw Masingir that can take the aspect of typhoons, floods, and pillars of fire; while King Dalondong a Mimbantas of the kingdom of Gindolongan Marogong has a

2295:) in modern Filipino folklore. Unlike the "bound" spirits, these spirits can be invited into human households, and their rituals can take place both outdoors and indoors. 4053:). (Scott, 1994; Tan, 2008; Mercado, 1991) Most of the terms for the astral soul literally translate to "twin" or "double", from PAN *duSa, "two". (Yu, 2000; Blust, 2010) 2309:, who in turn will possess the shaman. Bound spirits can also be interacted with by non-shamans, like when offering sacrifices to the spirit of the forest before a hunt. 3599: 3243:

Open revolts led by shamans were common during Spanish rule. Aside from the early revolts in the 17th century, most of these were led by religious leaders who practiced

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Castano, José. 1895. “Breve Noticia Acerca del Origen, Religión, Creencias y Supersticiones de los Antiguos Indios del Bícol.” Madrid: Colegio de Misioneros de Almagro.

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after experiencing what has been termed a "shamanistic initiatory crisis" (also "shamanic illness" or "shamanic madness"). This includes serious or chronic illnesses,

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named Tapar in 1663. Tapar syncretized native shamanism with Catholic terminology and declared himself "God Almighty" of a new religion. He also emulated the ancient

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leaders of the Visayan peasant revolts in the late 19th century often claimed to possess these kinds of powers. A more common use of the power to command elements is

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A few followers of the native shamanism resisted Spanish rule and conversion, especially in areas difficult to reach for Spanish missionaries, like the highlands of

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This prevalence of the male in matters spiritual was not replicated in the Philippine case, where it was the female shamans who predominated in the religious realm.

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shamans, he dressed in women's clothing and assumed feminine mannerisms even though he was married to a woman. He claimed supernatural powers much like the ancient

3146:. They follow Islam but also provide traditional healing practices and cultural rituals retained from their shamanistic past. They usually perform minor rites like 2890:. The Spanish missionaries exploited this misconception in their successful conversion and occupation of most of the islands with minimal military support. Spanish 7955: 5225: 5013: 3115:

are now usually male (except midwives). They are sought out by those with minor ailments or illnesses that modern medicine can not diagnose or cure. Like ancient

2270:). They "own" places and concepts like agricultural fields, forests, cliffs, seas, winds, lightning, or realms in the spirit world. Some were also "keepers" or 2718: 5902: 2132:

became shamans by virtue of being themselves. Unlike female shamans, they neither needed to be chosen nor did they undergo initiation rites. However, not all

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who, together with a group of peers he was leading, was convinced by Jesuit priest Francisco Almerique to convert to Christianity. Chirino noted that this

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maganito will be used as a general term to describe all the animist shaman missionaries came into contact with in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

7970: 7965: 6901: 3548: 3293:. Bankaw's rebellion was notable as Bankaw was one of the first converts to Catholicism in the Philippines. As a young man, he had formerly welcomed the 2194:

who were recorded by early Spanish colonists as being married to men. In some ethnic groups, marriage was a prerequisite for gaining full shaman status.

3606:. He surrendered on August 6, 1907, to American authorities and was sentenced to death. This was later commuted to life imprisonment and he died in the 3703: 231: 6143: 7584: 3327: 740: 2860:

Shamans of the many ethnicities in the Philippines always have another role in the community, aside from being spiritualists. Similar to the Shinto

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covertly. Healer-sorcerers who practice this kind of sorcery usually justify it as a form of criminal punishment, as a widespread belief is that

4931: 7182: 3240:. Shamanistic rituals also continued to be performed secretly in some areas, though these were punished by the Spanish clergy when discovered. 5500:

They came to their calling through attacks of illness or insanity which could be cured by accepting the call, and then attached themselves an

8056: 8046: 2575:), and chicken entrails. Diviners have names that indicate their preferred methods. For example, a diviner using alum crystals is known as a 3623: 2155:

Historical accounts suggest that during the precolonial period in the Philippines, female shamans predominated in the religious realm. The

3190:, Pedro Hurtado Desquibel. Several instances of such punishments were recorded by the Spanish priest Juan Francisco de San Antonio in his 8061: 7056: 3827:, though they were not necessarily shamans (Garcia, 2008; Kroeber, 1918). In modern Filipino languages, the most commonly used terms are 2343:(sometimes referred to as "twin souls" or "double souls"). A person is believed to be composed of at least two souls—the breath of life ( 5937: 5719: 2084: 7326: 7259: 4662:

A more general terminology that seems be used throughout the archipelago is based on the signifier for the spirit anito. These include

2881: 2803:. Sorcery of this type is seen as a kind of "justice", especially for people who can not (or failed to) legally prosecute a wrongdoer. 6822: 5038: 7321: 5296: 3567:), disseminated anti-colonial ideas, and launched attacks on towns in Antique and Iloilo. The group was eventually suppressed by the 370: 211: 183: 3879:

Early colonial accounts point out that same-sex sexual relations were common for precolonial Filipinos of both sexes, not only the

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Aside from rituals and herbal medicine, an ubiquitous traditional healing method done by shamans and healers is massage with oils (

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and being described as having European features, along with a propensity for deceiving, seducing, and playing tricks on people.

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rituals. The first are the environmental or nature spirits "bound" to a particular location or natural phenomenon (similar to

6806: 6225:. Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations. Vol. 3. Editrice Pontifica Universita Gregoriana. pp. 148, 149. 5493: 4729: 4655: 775:. However, different ethnic groups had different names for shamans, including shamans with specialized roles. These include: 6875: 5580: 5133: 2202:(shaman or otherwise) were punished harshly and driven to hiding. The change in women's status and the ostracization of the 2180:

during the late Spanish colonial period was probably the influence of the male-led Catholic church that "ousted" the female

7218: 7199: 5275:"Mystical Chants in the Bajau Society: A Preliminary Observation on the Changes in the Mindset Towards the Planting Ritual" 3476:

and isolated herself and her followers from Spanish rule; Francisco Gonzalez (alias "Francisco Sales" or "Fruto Sales") of

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was a result of the natives abandoning their ancestral beliefs. It was suppressed by neighboring Christian townsmen led by

2060:, and blood from a sacrificial animal (usually a chicken or a pig) in order to maintain good relations. This friendship of 281: 236: 224: 6100:"Contrasting Landscapes, Conflicting Ontologies: Assessing Environmental Conservation on Palawan Island (The Philippines)" 8026: 5973:"Intersections: Baylans, Asogs, Transvestism, and Sodomy: Gender, Sexuality and the Sacred in Early Colonial Philippines" 3123:

distinguish between "spiritual diseases" and "natural diseases"; the latter they will usually refer to a medical doctor.

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movement was initially purely religious, only reacting defensively to Spanish persecution. However, by the 1880s, some

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Sorcery was not restricted to shamans, but were also a common claim for leaders and warrior-heroes. In the pre-Islamic

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does not work on people who are innocent. Their targets are usually "wrongdoers" like thieves, adulterous spouses, or

2287:, as they are the most "sociable" and can take interest in human activities. These spirits are usually referred to as 7677: 7022: 6992: 6962: 6779: 6716: 6640: 6613: 6530: 6500: 6470: 6230: 6111: 6082: 6055: 6026: 5882: 5767: 5679: 5371: 5344: 5167: 5086: 4625: 5608:

Mora, Manolete (2005). "Mind, Body, Spirit, and Soul: A Filipino Epistemology of Adeptness in Musical Performance".

3409:-like religious movements, promising prosperity, supernatural powers, or healing to their followers. Most were mere 3595: 2732:. According to local legend, she alleviated a three-year drought by performing a ritual that summoned a rainstorm. 366: 2753:) that grant them superhuman abilities. King Awilawil o Ndaw of the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan for example, has a 2136:

trained to become shamans. Castano (1895) states that the people of Bicol would hold a thanksgiving ritual called

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affected the physical world, from the phases of the moon, to eclipses, the weather, floods, and earthquakes. The

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The People of the Philippines, Their Religious Progress and Preparation for Spiritual Leadership in the Far East

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or disappearing for several days with no memory of the events), bouts of insanity (including those induced by

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Numerous types of shamans use different kinds of items in their work, such as talismans or charms known as

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of a deceased shaman will often "return" to a living relative who might choose to become a shaman as well.

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More general terms used by Spanish sources for native shamans throughout the archipelago were derived from

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To Love and to Suffer: the development of the religious congregations for women in the Spanish Philippines

6835: 8066: 7909: 4898: 3603: 3158:(exorcism). A version of the traditional massage therapy conducted by folk healers also exists, known as 3075: 2246: 1993: 1852: 721: 417: 6735:

Census of the Philippine Islands, Taken Under the Director of the Philippine Commission in the Year 1903

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Songs and Gifts at the Frontier: Person and Exchange in the Agusan Manobo Possession Ritual, Philippines

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who claimed he was Jesus Christ in 1811; Ignacio Dimas, who led the "Tres Cristos" ("Three Christs") of

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that guide them and intercede for them. These spirits are usually referred to in euphemistic terms like

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groups became more violently anti-colonial. The first such group was the one led by Ponciano Elofre, a

2491: 6044:"The passing of rice spirits: cosmology, technology, and gender relations in the colonial Philippines" 3299: 7607: 6924: 6340:

Tradisyunal nga Pamulong: A Rationale on the Persistence of Faith Healing Practices in Miagao, Iloilo

4939: 4356: 4148:. Though the cycles do not correspond exactly, all of them were used as a sort of geomantic calendar. 3673: 3568: 3312: 3131: 30: 5184: 2383:

represents the person's identity, mind, and strength of will. Both are required in a living person.

8021: 7149: 6823:

https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-15-1977/francisco-indian-prespanish-philippines.pdf

6738:. Vol. I: Geography, History, and Population. United States Bureau of the Census. p. 328. 3591: 3127: 2125: 706: 3559:, a sacred pilgrimage site for shamans. Lampinio led a force of around 400 people. They collected 7433: 7084: 6525:. Vol. 1. Marawi: Folklore Division, University Research Center, Mindanao State University. 4685:'She Serves the Lord': Feminine Power and Catholic Appropriation in the Early Spanish Philippines 4382: 3481: 3449: 330: 4851: 3904:

Spirits in human form are believed to be distinguishable from humans because they do not have a

2210:, they did not have sexual relations with other men, and indeed, were usually married to women. 2054:

must regularly offer sacrifices to these spirits, usually consisting of food, alcoholic drinks,

914: 7945: 4447: 3732:

These sacrifices vary depending on the type of spirit being interacted with (Buenconsejo, 2002)

2028:

are also believed to guide, teach, and inspire skilled artists and craftsmen in the community.

1872: 523: 7060: 3417: 2699:). They could purportedly command the elements through magic spells and the strength of their 2538: 7985: 7960: 7935: 7109: 5949: 5759: 3590:

in 1896 against Spanish rule. After the Philippines was ceded to the United States after the

3473: 3197:

Feminized men were also persecuted harshly in the (then recently) Islamized ethnic groups in

2608:), usually depicted as a gigantic serpent or dragon with a looped tail. The movements of the 1918: 488: 6517: 7874: 7203: 5811: 5804:, Transvestism, and Sodomy: Gender, Sexuality and the Sacred in Early Colonial Philippines" 5047: 4683: 3648: 3087: 2398:

Spiritual illnesses, on the other hand, are believed to be caused by the separation of the

2336: 2224: 1937: 1910:, older shamans can choose apprentices from among the eligible young women of the village. 1148: 667: 555: 484: 438: 22: 5305: 4650:. C. Brewer and the Institute of Women's Studies, St. Scholastica's College. p. 156. 8: 7914: 7854: 7844: 5046:. CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. National Library of the Philippines. Archived from 4601:

Dempwolff, Otto (1934–1938). "Vergleichende Lautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes".

4365: 3178: 3079: 2948:) during this period were also syncretized with the friars themselves, becoming known as 2869: 2714: 2160: 1825: 1821: 1118: 3206: 2918:

prayers and verses became part of the shaman's repertoire of magical chants and spells.

7995: 7975: 7950: 7864: 7818: 7275: 7145: 7038: 6743: 6688: 6581: 6547: 6315: 6196: 6188: 5980: 5837: 5633: 5625: 5447: 5111: 5078:

The Man In The Fairy Tale Isle (Colored Version): A true story narrated by Laura Montez

4975: 4879: 4202: 3945: 3552: 3497: 3171: 2621: 1845: 1829: 1448: 1213: 611: 264: 5674:. Current Research in Ethnomusicology: Outstanding Dissertations Volume 4. Routledge. 5460: 5102:

Williams, Mark S. (1997). "Causality, Power, and Cultural Traits of the Maguindanao".

4435: 3618:

Concurrent with Papa Isio's rebellion in Negros Occidental against American rule, the

7889: 7849: 7808: 7579: 7438: 7428: 7397: 7018: 6988: 6958: 6802: 6775: 6636: 6609: 6526: 6496: 6466: 6390: 6338: 6226: 6200: 6107: 6078: 6051: 6022: 5878: 5841: 5763: 5754:

Clash of Spirits: The History of Power and Sugar Planter Hegemony on a Visayan Island

5752: 5675: 5637: 5556: 5552: 5489: 5452: 5388: 5367: 5340: 5274: 5163: 5082: 4725: 4651: 4621: 4579: 4508: 4214: 3683: 3587: 3582:("Pope Isio"). He was a former member of the Dios Buhawi group. He organized his own 3564: 3236:(resettlement) and move deeper into the island interiors at the instigation of their 3154: 2935: 2687:

In contrast, in Visayan societies, the most powerful shamans were sorcerers known as

2427:

being captured, attacked, or seduced by another spirit; or simply the refusal of the

2302: 1926: 1856: 1837: 1833: 1647: 1606: 1397: 942: 931: 755: 601: 6705:

Myths of the Philippines; Gaverza, J.K., 2014, University of the Philippines Diliman

3097:

Other shamans abandoned the animistic aspects of shamanism and became folk healers (

2828:, witches that use materials from nature and the cursee as a form of curse, and the 2390:. While they do not require a shaman, they are still important, as the death of the 8000: 7859: 7336: 7127:

Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Andaman Islands, and Madagascar

7014:

A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War

6715:

Blair, Emma Helen; Robertson, James Alexander; Edward Gaylord Bourne, eds. (1904).

6180: 5617: 5548: 5442: 5434: 4910: 4689: 4361: 3998: 3884: 3693: 3607: 3320: 3309: 3260: 3244: 2996:

was provided by a Spanish priest named Pedro Chirino (1604). He wrote that a blind

2786: 2750: 1623: 1565: 1481: 1459: 1380: 1320: 1166: 1018: 780: 751: 747:

is a suffixed form, and thus believe that Dempwolff's interpretation is incorrect.

697: 6171:

Gaabucayan, Samuel (1971). "The Medicine Men of Agusan in Mindanao, Philippines".

3551:(better known as "Gregorio Dios", and also known as "Hilario Pablo" or "Papa") in 3453: 2971:

were stigmatized by the Catholic clergy as "priests of the devil" and labeled as

7828: 7803: 7528: 7361: 7331: 7012: 6982: 6952: 6796: 6769: 6733: 6630: 6490: 6381: 6354: 6220: 6104:

Ethnographies of Conservation: Environmentalism and the Distribution of Privilege

6099: 6072: 6043: 6014: 6010: 5870: 5669: 5517: 5483: 5361: 5334: 5076: 4719: 4647:

Holy Confrontation: Religion, Gender, and Sexuality in the Philippines, 1521-1685

4645: 4166: 4038: 4030: 3974: 3759:

is the term used for transvestite male shamans in most of the Visayas and in the

3512: 3433: 3372: 3276: 3091: 2960: 2817:-like supernatural beings capable of appearing human (or were originally human). 2176:

were male. Lachica (1996) has also hypothesized that the disappearance of female

1864: 964: 892: 693: 679: 637: 377: 325: 188: 6247: 4538: 7548: 7538: 7305: 7300: 7290: 5903:"The History of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious Nomenclature" 4899:"The Tribal Philosophical Thoughts of the Higaunon of Iligan City, Philippines" 4378: 4226: 4174: 4124: 4022: 4006: 3824: 3187: 3167: 3078:. Late-20th-century and 21st-century faith healers also frequently use western 2841: 2736: 2722: 2641: 1906:

they were apprenticed to, usually a relative. In some cultures, like among the

1841: 1297: 1261: 903: 857: 841: 713: 647: 575: 476: 381: 87: 6731: 4915: 2035: 8015: 7732: 7543: 7523: 7412: 6679:

Millare, Florencio D. (1955). "The Tinguians and Their Old Form of Worship".

5423:"The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics" 4190: 4050: 4014: 3982: 3812: 3630:("those who wear red"), they were led by Faustino Ablen ("Papa Faustino") in 3578:

rebellion in the 19th century was led by Dionisio Magbuelas, better known as

3523:) and would regularly attack Spanish-controlled towns. Emulating the ancient 3457: 3398: 3360: 3280: 3083: 3067: 3033: 2849:

were highly respected members of the community, on par with the pre-colonial

2800: 2649:

propitious placement of the foundations to avoid the ill luck brought by the

2234: 2117:

related to the spiritual realm, such as shamans and religious functionaries.

2064:, once earned, is enduring. They become, in essence, part of the family. The 1978: 1576: 1094: 953: 821: 591: 565: 545: 466: 92: 6902:"PEACETALK: Understanding the typology of Filipino Muslim religious leaders" 6492:

Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World

6284: 2963:

of Philippine animistic cultures, in general, became more subdued under the

2661:

Some shamans were believed to be able to control the physical world through

7904: 7772: 7533: 7518: 6721:. Vol. 38 (1674–1683). The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 114, 218. 5456: 4504:

Looking For The Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in Philippine History

3990: 3867: 3760: 3508: 3295: 2617: 2411: 2340: 2326: 2283:

of European folklore. These are the most common types of spirits to become

2088: 1997: 1907: 1887: 1803: 1196: 1077: 1054: 832: 736: 657: 621: 511: 401: 376:. These shamans specialized in communicating, appeasing, or harnessing the 306: 160: 5621: 5560: 4436:"The Tinguian; Social, Religious, and Economic life of a Philippine tribe" 4398:("herbalist"). These generalist healers were also known by the Spanish as 3634:; and Pablo Bulan ("Papa Pablo"), Antonio Anugar, and Pedro de la Cruz in 3071: 2938:

people. These flourished as they were tolerated by the Spanish clergy as "

7899: 7717: 7692: 7553: 7392: 7346: 7295: 7193: 7156:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

3516: 3477: 2939: 2829: 2825: 2796: 2792: 2774: 2662: 2352: 1930: 404:, by which they could contact and interact with the spirits and deities ( 373: 77: 6692: 6585: 6319: 5115: 4883: 3688: 3480:

who claimed in 1888 that he was a king sent to save people from another

3028:

Shamans who were assimilated by the church syncretized their roles into

2959:

was lost under Spanish colonization. The role of women and the relative

2479: 7884: 7823: 7667: 7657: 7351: 7254: 6548:"Darangen: In Original Maranao Verses, with English Translation, Vo. 5" 6192: 5629: 4693: 3698: 3663: 3232: 3041: 2972: 2964: 2934:-like powers to the idols such as miraculous healing or the ability to 2927: 2907: 2556: 2322: 2267: 2242: 2229: 2168: 2056: 1408: 732: 515: 450: 446: 421: 67: 2414:

literature). This separation happens normally during sleep, where the

674:-derived terms have largely disappeared among lowland Filipinos after 7813: 7777: 7752: 7712: 7647: 7612: 7513: 7402: 7371: 7356: 7341: 5438: 3925:, literally meaning "those unlike us". (Buenconsejo, 2002; Tan, 2008) 3653: 3579: 3421: 3410: 3099: 3045: 3029: 2911: 2407: 2250: 540: 442: 362: 155: 135: 52: 7115:

Shamanism, Catholicism, and Gender Relations in Colonial Philippines

6795:

Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (September 1, 2006).

6306:

Mercado, Leonardo N. (1991). "Soul and Spirit in Filipino Thought".

6184: 3940: 3134:. A direct equivalent of the Christian Filipino "faith healers" and 2898:

By the late 16th century, Christian symbols and paraphernalia (like

2820:

The negative counterparts of the shamans are collectively called as

2263: 428: 7747: 7742: 7727: 7687: 7652: 7622: 7617: 7280: 7249: 6714: 5405: 4254: 4142: 4128: 3905: 3469: 3364: 3223: 3198: 2976: 2903: 2861: 2741: 2674: 2666: 2600: 2591: 2544: 1922: 1472: 110: 3363:

was led by a healer named Lagutao. He claimed that an outbreak of

2761:

named Mabokelod a Romba which took the form of a giant crocodile.

2262:

There are two general types of spirits usually interacted with in

731:, in the meaning of "one who escorts a soul to the other world (a 461: 7787: 7782: 7637: 7632: 7505: 7464: 7407: 7244: 3627: 3586:

group from remnants of Elofre's followers and led an uprising in

3429: 3384: 3268: 3227: 3104: 3050: 2981: 2850: 2821: 2814: 2709: 2568: 2164: 1973: 1860: 1401: 519: 500: 471: 317: 165: 125: 7459: 5907:

Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History

4580:"Baylan : Animist Religion and Philippine Peasant Ideology" 3658: 3444:

leaders in the 19th century. They include Lungao, a healer from

2184:

since the people were looking for parallels to the male clergy.

2148:, assisted him and led the women in singing what was called the 329:

A performer depicting a shaman in a recent Babaylan Festival of

7757: 7722: 7627: 7569: 7376: 7285: 6335: 5808:

Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context

3668: 3532: 3445: 3432:

after his surrender to American authorities in 1907. Note his "

3356: 3331: 3148: 2899: 2809: 2770: 2729: 2670: 2561: 1957: 1816:

According to Jaime Veneracion, Katalonan incorporates the root

140: 130: 62: 47: 4896: 4364:

culture as well as similar "men of prowess" concepts in other

3622:

movement in eastern Visayas turned their attention to the new

3602:. However, he picked up armed resistance again in 1899 in the 2245:. They were intermediaries between the physical world and the 7919: 7879: 7737: 7702: 7697: 7672: 7662: 7602: 7574: 7469: 7454: 6572:

Saber, Mamitua (1961). "Darangen: The Epic of the Maranaws".

6519:

Darangen: In Original Maranao Verse, with English Translation

6144:"Faith Healing in the Philippines: An Historical Perspective" 6074:

A History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos

5504:, apprentices, to some older babaylan, frequently a relative. 4158: 4135: 3949: 3841: 3713: 3635: 3631: 3503: 3461: 3368: 3335: 3304: 3264: 3219: 3094:), with little connection to traditional shamanic religions. 2944: 2915: 2891: 2886: 2681: 2522: 2511: 2368: 2367:

is believed to reside in the pit of the stomach (usually the

2280: 2271: 2255: 2039: 1942: 1421: 759: 412: 406: 385: 311: 246: 120: 57: 6658:"The complementary roles of the Mandirigma and the Babaylan" 4870:

Lambrecht, Godfrey (1960). "Anitu Rites Among the Gaddang".

2579:, while a diviner that prefers to conduct a ritual known as 2451:

Shamans may also perform rituals to heal and strengthen the

682:

where it persisted and acquired the Spanish feminine suffix

7682: 7495: 7097:

Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippines Culture and Society

7059:. The Visayan Daily Star. November 10, 2009. Archived from 3708: 3678: 3406: 3285: 3275:

Tamblot's revolt inspired another rebellion in neighboring

3020: 2875: 2854: 2565: 850: 569: 115: 6798:

The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

5485:

Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society

4754:"Naming the PHILIPPINE SHAMAN: Which Term Should You Use?" 4721:

Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society

2590:

Diviners are also able to foretell the future and perform

6771:

Gender Pluralism: Southeast Asia Since Early Modern Times

5871:"Precolonial Gender-Crossing and the Babaylan Chronicles" 5279:

International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation

4162: 3935: 3315:. Bankaw was beheaded, while Pagali and eighty-one other 3203:

Historia de las Islas de Mindanao, Iolo, y sus adyacentes

2379:

represents the person's body and bodily urges; while the

2339:

cultures, animistic Filipinos believed in the concept of

2237:

shaman performing a sacred wake ritual with a death chair

503:

and spelling variants thereof. They are all derived from

5875:

Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM

5827:"Male Homosexuality in the Philippines: a short history" 2777:, and sacred oil concoctions, among many other objects. 2140:

that was "presided" by an "effeminate" priest called an

2016:("guide"), among other terms. Shamans have at least one 1372: 1366: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 6732:

United States Philippine Commission, 1900-1916 (1905).

6414:"Witches in Philippines' Siquijor province are old hat" 5538: 4440:

Field Museum of Natural History: Anthropological Series

2463:

among Visayan shamans. It strengthens and empowers the

1890:

shamans (the two women in the foreground) conducting a

1616: 1610: 7010: 5668:

Buenconsejo, José S. (2002). Post, Jennifer C. (ed.).

4786:"Walking between heaven and earth: The babaylan today" 3472:, Iloilo in the late 1880s who proclaimed herself the 2435:. While it is not immediately lethal, the loss of the 1452: 7011:

Constantino, Renato; Constantino, Letizia R. (1975).

5304:. National Library of the Philippines. Archived from 4845: 4843: 2548:

in a calendar year, as explained in Mansueto Porras'

6821:

chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/

5014:"Philippine Shamanism and Southeast Asian Parallels" 4859:. The Babaylan Symposium. St. Scholastica's College. 3436:" and the woman's dress worn by the man to his left. 3192:

Chronicas de la Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio

3111:

massage therapy with oils. These modern versions of

2926:) were replaced by Catholic idols and their rituals 1984:

overseeing the ritual sacrifice of a pig during the

1945:

chose the person, rather than the other way around.

1087: 1081: 7006: 7004: 6222:

Inculturation of Filipino-Chinese Culture Mentality

4897:Daug & Ashera Dyan T. Neri, Artchil C. (2013). 4688:(M.A.). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. p. 4. 4350:in various Filipino ethnic groups). The concept of 3213: 2832:, witches that utilize insects as a form of curse. 2190:can freely marry and have children, including male 533: 527: 7045:. Today Printers and Publishers. pp. 110–118. 5751: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5420: 5359: 4840: 3704:Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people 3177:Most strongly affected by this religious shift to 2386:Natural illnesses are the result of damage to the 1253: 1247: 1241: 1235: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1010: 1004: 998: 992: 986: 980: 974: 968: 549: 3226:. In Spanish-controlled areas (especially in the 2677:Island, where healer-sorcerers are still common. 1929:, strange events or behavior (including climbing 1158: 1152: 8013: 7001: 6794: 6606:Cebuano Sorcery: Malign Magic in the Philippines 6102:. In Anderson, David G.; Berglund, Eeva (eds.). 3934:With strong parallels to human-like beings like 3267:in 1621–1622. It was led by a male shaman named 2791:Sorcerers are also believed to have powers that 2745:epic poem, heroes are born with "twin spirits" ( 946: 510:, meaning "shaman" (probably originally female, 6516:Coronel, Maria Delia; Cali, Hadji Lawa (1986). 6166: 6164: 5935: 5644: 5581:"The Sulod: A Mountain People in Central Panay" 5151: 3944:, as well as diminutive human-like beings like 2050:. The shamans do not command them. People with 1188: 1182: 1176: 1170: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1122: 605: 483:The most common native terms for shamans among 6725: 5421:Greenhill, S.J.; Blust, R; Gray, R.D. (2008). 5208: 5185:"IP leaders hold tribal ritual to save Mt Apo" 5070: 5068: 4849: 4600: 3748:, "shaman in ritual transvestite attire"; and 3464:would sink; Clara Tarrosa, an eighty-year-old 3308:. Their rebellion was defeated by the Spanish 3230:), entire villages would defy the policies of 2530:. It is still commonly practiced to this day. 935: 595: 7176: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6021:. Studies in Liturgy. Vol. 77. Peeters. 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5695:Madarang, Rhea Claire E. (January 29, 2013). 5574: 5572: 5570: 5518:"6 Guidelines for Becoming a Filipino Shaman" 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4863: 4817: 3355:A religious uprising in 1785 in Ituy (modern 3040:movement in the 17th and 18th centuries, the 2594:rituals. A key mythological creature used in 2363:, which can travel to the spirit world). The 2124:(1668), the Spanish historian and missionary 1820:which in ancient Tagalog meant "forest" (cf. 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1569: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1384: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1046: 1040: 1034: 1028: 1022: 924: 918: 907: 896: 825: 770: 764: 700: 661: 432: 431:rituals. There were also various subtypes of 395: 389: 355: 341: 282: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6484: 6482: 6331: 6329: 6161: 6046:. In Gin, Ooi Keat; Tuan, Hoang Anh (eds.). 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5095: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 3594:, he was initially made "military chief" of 3531:. He was killed while attacking the town of 2351:, which stays with the living body) and the 2163:investigation of the shamans in the town of 2159:(1685), for example, records that during an 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1110: 1104: 1098: 957: 678:in the Spanish era. Some exceptions include 631: 625: 6916: 6893: 6748:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6656:Mallari, Perry Gil S. (November 16, 2013). 6515: 6370: 6368: 6299: 6064: 5877:. The University of the Philippines Press. 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5667: 5603: 5601: 5509: 5218:Philippine Journal of Public Administration 5157: 5065: 4745: 4609: 4584:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 4086:(Ilocano, Itawis, Zambal, & Pampango); 3054:movement of the late 19th century, and the 2773:or anting-anting, curse deflectors such as 1992:The shaman's power to communicate with the 1807: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1390: 1070: 1064: 1058: 885: 879: 873: 867: 861: 784: 687: 651: 641: 16:Shamans of ethnic groups in the Philippines 7183: 7169: 6954:The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook 6939: 6756: 6281:"Pacete: Exploring the spirit world in us" 6248:"Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: *du" 6170: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5931: 5929: 5896: 5894: 5855: 5818: 5567: 5380: 4990: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4539:"Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: *ba" 3779:. In the rest of Luzon, they are known as 3289:named Bankaw and his son Pagali who was a 743:have noted that there is no evidence that 585: 579: 559: 289: 275: 7085:Babaylan: Folk Healers in the Philippines 6927:. Panitikan: Philippine Literature Portal 6850: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6479: 6326: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6097: 6091: 5734: 5515: 5446: 5414: 5353: 5289: 5249: 4914: 4869: 4823: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4704: 4681: 4454: 3255:The first recorded armed revolt led by a 2455:of a person. These include the ritual of 2122:Historia de las islas e indios de Bisayas 705:, although the meaning has shifted after 615: 7204:including their mythologies and folklore 7121:The Religious System and Culture of Nias 7031: 6976: 6974: 6827: 6767: 6374: 6365: 6343:. University of the Philippines Visayas. 6245: 6015:"Inculturation: An Interpretative Model" 5936:Geremia-Lachica, Maria Milagros (1996). 5776: 5720:"Brief encounter with a Manobo babaylan" 5694: 5688: 5598: 5386: 5328: 5326: 5127: 5125: 5101: 5011: 4930:Manipon, Roel Hoang (February 1, 2021). 4903:Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 4890: 4536: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4507:. New Day Publishers. pp. 124–127. 4491: 4433: 3961:Other names for the astral soul include 3744:is from Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian 3555:from 1888. The uprising was formed near 3416: 3152:(cutting the hair of the firstborn) and 3019: 2876:Persecution, decline, and syncretization 2764: 2537: 2228: 2083: 1972: 1882: 727:("escort", "accompany") with the suffix 460: 324: 300: 7037: 6987:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 99–100. 6899: 6836:"The Filipina as ritualist and warrior" 6834:Mallari, Perry Gil S. (March 8, 2014). 6833: 6678: 6655: 6649: 6635:. University of the Philippines Press. 6438:Tomada, Nathalie M. (October 3, 2010). 6305: 6141: 6120: 6070: 6041: 6035: 6019:Liturgy and Inculturation: Introduction 5996: 5926: 5900: 5891: 5758:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 5749: 5717: 5711: 5488:. Ateneo University Press. p. 83. 5363:Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog 5243: 5202: 5182: 5074: 4954: 4929: 4923: 4806: 4800: 4784:Mayuga, Sylvia L. (November 15, 2012). 4605:(Special Publications nos. 15, 17, 19). 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4434:Cole, Fay-Cooper; Gale, Albert (1922). 3036:and miracle workers. These include the 2882:Spanish colonization of the Philippines 8014: 7129:by Frank M. LeBar and George N. Appell 6922: 6708: 6699: 6603: 6592: 6465:. Lopez Group Foundation. p. 65. 6437: 6431: 6278: 6265: 6207: 6048:Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1350-1800 6009: 5868: 5824: 5793: 5578: 5532: 5516:De Guzman, Daniel (December 4, 2016). 5407:The T'boli: Songs, Stories and Society 5397: 5390:The T'boli: Songs, Stories and Society 5272: 5266: 5134:"Foreign Influences on Muslim Rituals" 5081:. BoD - Books on Demand. p. 404. 5031: 4824:Cojuangco, Tingting (March 23, 2008). 4783: 4772: 4643: 4472:Limos, Mario Alvaro (March 18, 2019). 4429: 4427: 4425: 4377:Examples include the festivals of the 3005:. Chirino also mentioned another male 2470: 2423:getting lost in the spirit world; the 2091:potters, the person on the right is a 1863:it means ‘a malediction or curse’. In 1347:(mediator, keeper of traditions, also 7164: 6971: 6950: 6873: 6571: 6565: 6545: 6539: 6488: 6460: 6454: 6353: 6347: 6283:. SunStar Philippines. Archived from 5938:"Panay's Babaylan: The Male Takeover" 5541:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 5481: 5332: 5323: 5252:"Palaw'an-English-Tagalog Dictionary" 5131: 5122: 4972:"The Healing Arts of the Philippines" 4717: 4615: 4603:Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen 4577: 4521: 4497: 4471: 3389:The 19th century saw the rise of the 1902:inherited their status from an older 1859:“tarotaro” means ‘to pray’, while in 763:("spirit"), these include terms like 8057:Southeast Asian traditional medicine 8047:Indigenous Philippine folk religions 7200:Indigenous Philippine folk religions 7049: 6980: 6925:"Philippine Gay Culture: Conclusion" 6923:Garcia, J. Neil C. (June 23, 2014). 6411: 6405: 6239: 6106:. Berghahn Books. pp. 171–188. 5607: 5336:Introducing Anthropology of Religion 5273:Mahali, Saidatul Nornis Hj. (2015). 5224:(1 & 2): 155–203. Archived from 4974:. Jade Dragon Online. Archived from 4756:. The Aswang Project. Archived from 4556: 2474: 2241:The primary role of shamans were as 309:renewing an offering to the spirit ( 237:Religion in pre-colonial Philippines 6628: 6622: 6412:Haas, Benjamin (October 30, 2011). 6252:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary 5403: 4969: 4620:. New Day Publishers. p. 148. 4594: 4543:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary 4422: 4165:" in English sources. They include 3815:, the highest-ranking shaman was a 3547:uprising was led by a shaman named 3107:, and practitioners of traditional 3032:in the Christian context, becoming 2301:Not all shamanic rituals result in 2259:), both malevolent and benevolent. 2144:. His female counterpart, called a 384:. They were almost always women or 13: 8062:Traditional healthcare occupations 7090: 6608:. University of California Press. 6509: 6218: 5970: 3066:, they instead claimed to channel 2992:An account of the conversion of a 2955:The previously high status of the 2624:every three months; facing north ( 29: 14: 8078: 7078: 6718:The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803 6279:Pacete, Ver F. (March 16, 2017). 6246:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. 6042:Aguilar, Filomeno V. Jr. (2015). 5750:Aguilar, Filomeno V. Jr. (1998). 5718:Morales, Ime (January 22, 2013). 5387:Talavera, Maria Jezia P. (2013). 4853:Babaylan: She Dances in Wholeness 4850:Miclat-Cacayan, Agnes N. (2005). 4751: 4537:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. 4123:Similar beliefs exist throughout 4110:(Maranao & Maguindanao); and 3853:From paragraph 26 (Brewer 1999): 3086:terminology and practices (like " 2218: 2079: 720:may have ultimately derived from 7192: 6900:Morales, Yusuf (July 26, 2017). 6050:. Routledge. pp. 250, 251. 5553:10.1097/00005053-199507000-00003 5366:. Lulu Press, Inc. p. 322. 5250:Macdonald, Charles (July 2011). 5209:Ibañez-Nolasco, Liberty (2004). 5183:Cauayan, Editha (May 24, 2016). 3596:La Castellana, Negros Occidental 3214:Resistance against colonial rule 2835: 2478: 1968: 361:, among many other names), were 258: 6815: 6788: 6672: 6604:Lieban, Richard Warren (1977). 6495:. Verso Books. pp. 96–97. 5964: 5917: 5697:"In the presence of a Babaylan" 5475: 5176: 5160:Songs and Gifts at the Frontier 5012:Demetrio, Francisco R. (1973). 4807:Laubach, Frank Charles (1925). 4388: 4371: 4324: 4151: 4117: 4056: 3955: 3928: 3911: 3898: 3873: 3859: 3847: 3735: 3726: 3613: 3440:There are numerous examples of 3401:" or "false god", from Spanish 3378: 3350: 3250: 3138:are Islamized shamans known as 2616:was central to a sixteen-point 2598:geomancy in the Visayas is the 2024:that give them magical powers. 505:Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian 7870:Da Adventures of Pedro Penduko 6574:Philippine Sociological Review 5339:. Routledge. pp. 68, 69. 5298:Philippine Ethnography: Badjao 5104:Philippine Sociological Review 5040:Philippine Ethnography: Ivatan 4724:. University of Hawaii Press. 4675: 4637: 3763:. Other Visayan terms include 3024:Performers depicting babaylans 2780: 692:. It also survives among some 456: 400:). They were believed to have 1: 8042:Healthcare in the Philippines 7475:Witchcraft in the Philippines 7117:, 1521-1685 by Carolyn Brewer 6768:Peletz =, Michael G. (2009). 6632:Revisiting Usog, Pasma, Kulam 6463:Iloilo: A Rich and Noble Land 5482:Scott, William Henry (1994). 5158:Buenconsejo, Jose S. (2013). 4718:Scott, William Henry (1994). 4682:Fluckiger, Steven J. (2018). 4616:Scott, William Henry (1988). 4416: 3279:in the same time period. The 2967:culture of the Spanish. Most 2533: 2038:, but they are more commonly 1878: 420:. Their primary role were as 7142:The Threshold of the Pacific 6801:. ANU E Press. p. 338. 6219:Yu, Jose Vidamor B. (2000). 6017:. In Lamberts, Jozef (ed.). 3624:American colonial government 3247:rather than true shamanism. 437:specializing in the arts of 7: 7910:Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang 7123:, Indonesia by Peter Suzuki 7057:"Papa Isio marker unveiled" 5869:Garcia, J. Neil C. (2008). 5825:Garcia, J. Neil C. (2004). 5427:Evolutionary Bioinformatics 5360:Jean-Paul G. Potet (2013). 3641: 3205:(1667), the Spanish priest 1853:Malayo-Polynesian languages 735:)". However, the linguists 10: 8083: 8027:Filipino religious leaders 7941:Philippine folk literature 6876:"Dios-Dios in the Visayas" 6389:(9): 37–41. Archived from 5948:(1): 53–60. Archived from 5333:Eller, Jack David (2015). 4970:Apostol, Virgil J. Mayor. 4813:. George H. Doran Company. 4474:"The Fall of the Babaylan" 4354:is comparable to the term 3755:, "sterile" or "asexual". 3382: 2839: 2793:cause harm to other people 2784: 2680:In some cultures like the 2656: 2640:) in a given twelve-month 2509: 2320: 2316: 2249:, due to their ability to 2222: 2095:in female attire (c. 1922) 1359:(healer against sorcery), 1222:(female shaman, midwife), 242:Shrines and sacred grounds 8037:Feminism and spirituality 8032:Austronesian spirituality 7928: 7837: 7796: 7593: 7562: 7504: 7483: 7447: 7421: 7385: 7314: 7268: 7237: 7211: 7152:, and Frederic Henry Drew 7133:The Polynesian Wanderings 7043:Negros Occidental History 6981:Duka, Cecilio D. (2008). 6774:. Routledge. p. 84. 6142:Salazar, Zeus A. (2007). 6098:Novellino, Dario (2003). 6071:Francia, Luis H. (2013). 5942:Review of Women's Studies 5579:Jocano, J. Landa (1958). 5162:. Routledge. p. 91. 5132:Loyre, Ghislaine (1998). 4916:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n9p74 4368:cultures. (Aguilar, 1998) 3870:gender, see paragraph 34. 3819:. They are also known as 3626:. Calling themselves the 3561:contribuciones babaylanes 3428:followers in a prison in 3313:Alonso Fajardo de Entenza 3132:Islamic religious leaders 2375:resides in the head. The 514:, or hermaphroditic) or " 315:) of a warrior's shield ( 7315:Epic and folklore heroes 7150:Sir Grafton Elliot Smith 7017:. Monthly Review Press. 6951:Woods, Damon L. (2006). 6629:Tan, Michael L. (2008). 6461:Feleo, Anita B. (2007). 6375:McClenon, James (1985). 5977:intersections.anu.edu.au 5794:Brewer, Carolyn (1999). 5075:Stummer, Martin (2017). 4826:"Women, North and South" 4644:Brewer, Carolyn (2001). 3750:Proto-Central Philippine 3720: 3181:were the feminized male 2930:, including attributing 2853:. In the absence of the 2739:society depicted in the 2717:. A notable example was 2213: 2152:, in honor of Gugurang. 2126:Francisco Ignacio Alcina 716:has also theorized that 7434:Battle of Dolores River 5901:Kroeber, A. L. (1918). 4932:"When we were babaylan" 3604:Philippine–American War 3300:Miguel López de Legazpi 2620:. It faces a different 1913:A few, however, become 1808: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1617: 1611: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1570: 1453: 1402: 1391: 1385: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1314: 1308: 1302: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1266: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1230: 1224: 1218: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1159: 1153: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1111: 1105: 1099: 1088: 1082: 1071: 1065: 1059: 1047: 1041: 1035: 1029: 1023: 1011: 1005: 999: 993: 987: 981: 975: 969: 958: 947: 936: 925: 919: 908: 897: 886: 880: 874: 868: 862: 826: 785: 771: 765: 701: 688: 662: 652: 642: 632: 626: 616: 606: 596: 586: 580: 560: 550: 534: 528: 433: 390: 342: 331:Bago, Negros Occidental 7956:Kapampangan literature 7946:Philippine epic poetry 6874:Marco, Sophia (2001). 6555:Asian Folklore Studies 6173:Asian Folklore Studies 6077:. The Overlook Press. 5983:on September 9, 2019. 4578:McCoy, Alfred (1982). 3437: 3025: 2553: 2251:influence and interact 2238: 2096: 1996:is derived from their 1989: 1919:near-death experiences 1895: 1873:Luciano P. R. Santiago 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 570: 524:Austronesian languages 522:in other non-Filipino 480: 396: 356: 333: 322: 305:1922: a shaman of the 265:Philippines portal 212:Mythological creatures 34: 8052:Religious occupations 7986:Pangasinan literature 7961:Hiligaynon literature 7936:Philippine literature 7110:Luciano P.R. Santiago 6393:on September 17, 2019 6377:"Island of Sorcerers" 6359:Some Filipino Beliefs 5814:on February 12, 2020. 5622:10.1353/amu.2005.0022 4394:Derived from Spanish 3952:. (Buenconsejo, 2002) 3908:. (Buenconsejo, 2002) 3574:The last significant 3420: 3222:and the interiors of 3023: 2961:gender egalitarianism 2765:Talismans and potions 2541: 2232: 2087: 1976: 1886: 489:Island Southeast Asia 464: 328: 304: 33: 7063:on November 13, 2009 6984:Struggle for Freedom 6546:Miura, Taro (1993). 6489:Davis, Mike (2002). 5952:on February 12, 2020 5851:on December 8, 2019. 5520:. The Aswang Project 5311:on February 15, 2019 5231:on February 10, 2020 5053:on November 23, 2018 4499:Scott, William Henry 4127:. These include the 4090:(northern Ilocano); 3923:"hindi kagaya natin" 3811:. Notably among the 3649:Philippine mythology 3592:Spanish–American War 3515:. He took the name " 2719:Estrella Bangotbanwa 2542:The rotation of the 2275:conducted outdoors. 2225:Philippine mythology 1938:psychological trauma 469:to prepare land for 339:, commonly known as 207:Mythological figures 23:Philippine mythology 7981:Mindanao literature 7915:The Mythology Class 7855:Ang Mahiwagang Baul 7367:Malakas and Maganda 7101:William Henry Scott 7039:Sa-onoy, Modesto P. 6440:"Mystical Siquijor" 6361:. W. Glaisher, Ltd. 6287:on October 18, 2018 5810:(2). Archived from 4330:People with strong 3866:with the neuter or 3600:American government 3330:was an uprising in 3321:burned at the stake 3179:Abrahamic religions 2942:". Nature spirits ( 2870:Abrahamic religions 2644:. The mouth of the 2471:Traditional massage 2104:in the Visayas and 1869:William Henry Scott 378:spirits of the dead 25: 8067:Women and religion 7996:Tagbanwa mythology 7991:Tagalog literature 7976:Ilokano literature 7951:Cebuano literature 7819:Hudhud hi Aliguyon 7595:Mythical creatures 7146:Charles Elliot Fox 6883:Philippine Studies 6838:. The Manila Times 6681:Philippine Studies 6660:. The Manila Times 6308:Philippine Studies 5588:Philippine Studies 5404:Cabalza, Chester. 5141:Philippine Studies 4872:Philippine Studies 4383:Santo Niño de Cebú 3608:old Bilibid Prison 3498:cabeza de barangay 3438: 3172:Maguindanao people 3026: 2622:cardinal direction 2554: 2490:. You can help by 2253:with the spirits ( 2239: 2157:Bolinao Manuscript 2097: 1990: 1896: 722:Proto-Austronesian 481: 374:Philippine islands 334: 323: 35: 21: 8009: 8008: 7971:Ifugao literature 7966:Ibanag literature 7809:Code of Kalantiaw 7580:Code of Kalantiaw 7563:Legendary objects 7484:Spiritual persons 7439:Negros Revolution 7429:Dagohoy Rebellion 7422:Historical events 7398:Francisco Dagohoy 7386:Historical people 7137:William Churchill 6808:978-1-920942-85-4 6442:. PhilStar Global 6418:Los Angeles Times 5971:Brewer, Carolyn. 5913:(Part II): 35–37. 5722:. GMA News Online 5495:978-971-550-135-4 5254:. SIL Philippines 4788:. GMA News Online 4731:978-971-550-135-4 4657:978-971-8605-29-5 3919:"dili ingon nato" 3895:). (Brewer, 1999) 3885:genital piercings 3684:Negros Revolution 3588:Negros Occidental 3565:revolutionary tax 3549:Gregorio Lampinio 3126:Similarly, among 3017:had been broken. 2508: 2507: 2431:to return to the 2406:(referred to as " 2303:spirit possession 2128:records that the 2040:non-human spirits 2012:("guardian"), or 1998:spirit companions 1445:(healer, midwife) 848:(also the female 382:spirits of nature 299: 298: 8074: 8001:Waray literature 7929:Literary sources 7860:Aso ni San Roque 7491:Filipino shamans 7465:Pulajan religion 7337:Daragang Magayon 7224:Creation stories 7197: 7196: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7162: 7161: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7008: 6999: 6998: 6978: 6969: 6968: 6948: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6880: 6871: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6765: 6754: 6753: 6747: 6739: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6712: 6706: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6601: 6590: 6589: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6552: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6524: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6486: 6477: 6476: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6372: 6363: 6362: 6355:Starr, Frederick 6351: 6345: 6344: 6333: 6324: 6323: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6276: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6216: 6205: 6204: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6148: 6139: 6118: 6117: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6011:Brazal, Agnes M. 6007: 5994: 5993: 5979:. Archived from 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5933: 5924: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5898: 5889: 5888: 5866: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5844:. Archived from 5831: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5791: 5774: 5773: 5757: 5747: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5665: 5642: 5641: 5605: 5596: 5595: 5585: 5576: 5565: 5564: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5463:on June 24, 2020 5459:. Archived from 5450: 5439:10.4137/EBO.S893 5418: 5412: 5411: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5330: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5310: 5303: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5230: 5215: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5138: 5129: 5120: 5119: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5072: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5052: 5045: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5018: 5009: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4978:on July 16, 2015 4967: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4942:on June 11, 2021 4938:. Archived from 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4847: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4781: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4715: 4702: 4701: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4575: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4534: 4519: 4518: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4469: 4452: 4451: 4431: 4411: 4392: 4386: 4375: 4369: 4362:Pacific Islander 4328: 4322: 4155: 4149: 4121: 4115: 4060: 4054: 3959: 3953: 3932: 3926: 3915: 3909: 3902: 3896: 3877: 3871: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3694:Tamblot Uprising 3373:Dominican friars 3310:Governor-general 3261:Tamblot uprising 3245:Folk Catholicism 3207:Francisco Combés 3128:Muslim Filipinos 3084:pseudoscientific 2787:Filipino witches 2503: 2500: 2482: 2475: 2036:ancestor spirits 1894:ritual (c. 1922) 1811: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1620: 1614: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1573: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1501: 1495: 1489: 1456: 1405: 1394: 1388: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1328: 1317: 1311: 1305: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1162: 1156: 1144: 1138: 1132: 1126: 1114: 1108: 1102: 1091: 1085: 1074: 1068: 1062: 1050: 1044: 1038: 1032: 1026: 1014: 1008: 1002: 996: 990: 984: 978: 972: 961: 950: 939: 928: 922: 911: 900: 889: 883: 877: 871: 865: 829: 788: 774: 768: 704: 694:Muslim Filipinos 691: 676:Christianization 665: 655: 645: 635: 629: 619: 609: 599: 589: 583: 573: 563: 553: 537: 531: 465:A ritual of the 436: 399: 393: 359: 345: 337:Filipino shamans 291: 284: 277: 263: 262: 261: 105:Mythical animals 26: 20: 8082: 8081: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8022:Asian shamanism 8012: 8011: 8010: 8005: 7924: 7885:Encantadia Saga 7838:Popular culture 7833: 7804:Biag ni Lam-ang 7792: 7589: 7585:Gintong Salakot 7558: 7500: 7479: 7443: 7417: 7381: 7377:Princess Urduja 7332:Bernardo Carpio 7310: 7264: 7238:Supreme deities 7233: 7207: 7191: 7189: 7108:, 1565-1898 by 7093: 7091:Further reading 7081: 7076: 7066: 7064: 7055: 7054: 7050: 7036: 7032: 7025: 7009: 7002: 6995: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6949: 6940: 6930: 6928: 6921: 6917: 6907: 6905: 6898: 6894: 6878: 6872: 6851: 6841: 6839: 6832: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6809: 6793: 6789: 6782: 6766: 6757: 6741: 6740: 6730: 6726: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6677: 6673: 6663: 6661: 6654: 6650: 6643: 6627: 6623: 6616: 6602: 6593: 6570: 6566: 6550: 6544: 6540: 6533: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6503: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6459: 6455: 6445: 6443: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6410: 6406: 6396: 6394: 6373: 6366: 6352: 6348: 6334: 6327: 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6277: 6266: 6256: 6254: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6217: 6208: 6185:10.2307/1177763 6169: 6162: 6146: 6140: 6121: 6114: 6096: 6092: 6085: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6008: 5997: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5934: 5927: 5922: 5918: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5867: 5856: 5848: 5834:IIAS Newsletter 5829: 5823: 5819: 5792: 5777: 5770: 5748: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5716: 5712: 5702: 5700: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5666: 5645: 5606: 5599: 5583: 5577: 5568: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5514: 5510: 5496: 5480: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5419: 5415: 5402: 5398: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5331: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5255: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5156: 5152: 5136: 5130: 5123: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5073: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5016: 5010: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4968: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4928: 4924: 4895: 4891: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4848: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4822: 4818: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4782: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4760:on July 6, 2018 4752:Clark, Jordan. 4750: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4716: 4705: 4680: 4676: 4658: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4618:A Sagada Reader 4614: 4610: 4599: 4595: 4576: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4535: 4522: 4515: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4470: 4455: 4432: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4393: 4389: 4376: 4372: 4329: 4325: 4156: 4152: 4122: 4118: 4061: 4057: 4043:kadengan-dengan 3960: 3956: 3933: 3929: 3916: 3912: 3903: 3899: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3644: 3616: 3513:Negros Oriental 3434:Papal vestments 3387: 3381: 3353: 3328:Tapar rebellion 3277:Carigara, Leyte 3253: 3216: 3092:psychic surgery 2878: 2844: 2838: 2789: 2783: 2767: 2659: 2536: 2514: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2488:needs expansion 2473: 2412:anthropological 2329: 2319: 2227: 2221: 2216: 2082: 2034:spirits can be 1971: 1925:and trembling, 1881: 1814: 1246:( healer, also 1187:(diviner, also 1139:(diviner, also 741:Stephen Trussel 477:swidden farming 459: 365:of the various 295: 259: 257: 252: 251: 232:Tagalog beliefs 227: 217: 216: 202: 194: 193: 189:Bernardo Carpio 179: 178:Mythical heroes 171: 170: 106: 98: 97: 43: 42:Mythical beings 17: 12: 11: 5: 8080: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7895:Juan dela Cruz 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7800: 7798: 7797:Literary works 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7599: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7549:Mount Pinatubo 7546: 7541: 7539:Mount Makiling 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7510: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7449: 7448:Belief systems 7445: 7444: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7272: 7270: 7269:Lesser deities 7266: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7241: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7188: 7187: 7180: 7173: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7139: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7103: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7080: 7079:External links 7077: 7075: 7074: 7048: 7030: 7023: 7000: 6993: 6970: 6963: 6938: 6915: 6892: 6849: 6826: 6814: 6807: 6787: 6780: 6755: 6724: 6707: 6698: 6687:(4): 403–414. 6671: 6648: 6641: 6621: 6614: 6591: 6580:(1/2): 42–46. 6564: 6538: 6531: 6508: 6501: 6478: 6471: 6453: 6430: 6404: 6364: 6346: 6325: 6314:(3): 287–302. 6298: 6264: 6238: 6231: 6206: 6160: 6119: 6112: 6090: 6083: 6063: 6056: 6034: 6027: 5995: 5963: 5925: 5916: 5890: 5883: 5854: 5817: 5775: 5768: 5733: 5710: 5687: 5680: 5643: 5597: 5566: 5547:(7): 435–444. 5531: 5508: 5494: 5474: 5413: 5396: 5379: 5372: 5352: 5345: 5322: 5288: 5265: 5242: 5201: 5175: 5168: 5150: 5121: 5094: 5087: 5064: 5030: 4989: 4953: 4936:Tribune.net.ph 4922: 4889: 4878:(3): 584–602. 4862: 4839: 4816: 4799: 4771: 4744: 4730: 4703: 4674: 4656: 4636: 4626: 4608: 4593: 4555: 4520: 4514:978-9711005245 4513: 4490: 4453: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4387: 4379:Black Nazarene 4370: 4323: 4223:mangngibawanen 4150: 4125:Southeast Asia 4116: 4078:(Pangasinan); 4055: 3954: 3927: 3910: 3897: 3872: 3858: 3846: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3615: 3612: 3557:Mount Balabago 3383:Main article: 3380: 3377: 3352: 3349: 3252: 3249: 3215: 3212: 3188:Real Audiencia 3088:psychic energy 2877: 2874: 2842:Barangay state 2837: 2834: 2785:Main article: 2782: 2779: 2766: 2763: 2728:from southern 2658: 2655: 2583:is known as a 2535: 2532: 2510:Main article: 2506: 2505: 2485: 2483: 2472: 2469: 2335:Like in other 2318: 2315: 2291:(from Spanish 2243:spirit mediums 2223:Main article: 2220: 2219:Spirit mediums 2217: 2215: 2212: 2198:common, while 2112:in Luzon. The 2081: 2080:Sex and gender 2078: 1970: 1967: 1880: 1877: 1813: 1812: 1801: 1645: 1621: 1604: 1574: 1563: 1479: 1470: 1457: 1446: 1406: 1395: 1378: 1318: 1295: 1288:(healer, also 1259: 1255:ebpamangalamat 1211: 1194: 1164: 1146: 1116: 1092: 1075: 1052: 1016: 962: 951: 940: 929: 912: 901: 890: 855: 839: 830: 819: 789: 777: 714:Otto Dempwolff 458: 455: 297: 296: 294: 293: 286: 279: 271: 268: 267: 254: 253: 250: 249: 244: 239: 234: 228: 225:Folk religions 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 209: 203: 200: 199: 196: 195: 192: 191: 186: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 107: 104: 103: 100: 99: 96: 95: 90: 88:Maria Makiling 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 44: 41: 40: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8079: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7733:Nuno sa punso 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7529:Mount Kanlaon 7527: 7525: 7524:Mount Banahaw 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7506:Sacred places 7503: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7413:Nardong Putik 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7229:Soul concepts 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7186: 7181: 7179: 7174: 7172: 7167: 7166: 7163: 7157: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7026: 7024:9780853453949 7020: 7016: 7015: 7007: 7005: 6996: 6994:9789712350450 6990: 6986: 6985: 6977: 6975: 6966: 6964:9781851096756 6960: 6956: 6955: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6926: 6919: 6903: 6896: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6837: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6810: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6791: 6783: 6781:9781135954895 6777: 6773: 6772: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6751: 6745: 6737: 6736: 6728: 6720: 6719: 6711: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6659: 6652: 6644: 6642:9789715425704 6638: 6634: 6633: 6625: 6617: 6615:9780520034204 6611: 6607: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6568: 6561:(2): 319–322. 6560: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6534: 6532:9789711110338 6528: 6521: 6520: 6512: 6504: 6502:9781859843826 6498: 6494: 6493: 6485: 6483: 6474: 6472:9789719390404 6468: 6464: 6457: 6441: 6434: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6371: 6369: 6360: 6356: 6350: 6342: 6341: 6332: 6330: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6302: 6286: 6282: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6253: 6249: 6242: 6234: 6232:9788876528484 6228: 6224: 6223: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6165: 6156: 6152: 6151:Asian Studies 6145: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6115: 6113:9780857456748 6109: 6105: 6101: 6094: 6086: 6084:9781468315455 6080: 6076: 6075: 6067: 6059: 6057:9781317559191 6053: 6049: 6045: 6038: 6030: 6028:9789068318371 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5992: 5989: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5930: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5895: 5886: 5884:9789715425773 5880: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5771: 5769:9780824820824 5765: 5761: 5756: 5755: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5721: 5714: 5698: 5691: 5683: 5681:9780415941242 5677: 5673: 5672: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5602: 5594:(4): 401–436. 5593: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5478: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5409: 5408: 5400: 5392: 5391: 5383: 5375: 5373:9781291457261 5369: 5365: 5364: 5356: 5348: 5346:9781317579144 5342: 5338: 5337: 5329: 5327: 5307: 5300: 5299: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5253: 5246: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5171: 5169:9781136719738 5165: 5161: 5154: 5147:(4): 429–451. 5146: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5126: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5090: 5088:9783744864862 5084: 5080: 5079: 5071: 5069: 5049: 5042: 5041: 5034: 5027:(2): 128–154. 5026: 5022: 5021:Asian Studies 5015: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4855: 4854: 4846: 4844: 4827: 4820: 4812: 4811: 4803: 4787: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4678: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4640: 4633: 4629: 4627:9789711003302 4623: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4597: 4590:(3): 141–194. 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4421: 4410:(Marco, 2001) 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4385:(McCoy, 1982) 4384: 4380: 4374: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4334:are known as 4333: 4327: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3569:Guardia Civil 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3458:Camarines Sur 3455: 3454:Nueva Cáceres 3451: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3399:god pretender 3396: 3392: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3361:Nueva Vizcaya 3358: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3283:was led by a 3282: 3281:Bankaw revolt 3278: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3194:(1738–1744). 3193: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3046:revolutionary 3044:(and usually 3043: 3039: 3035: 3034:faith healers 3031: 3022: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2914:objects, and 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2865: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2836:Social status 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2802: 2801:land grabbers 2798: 2794: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2682:Manobo people 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2636:), and east ( 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2540: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2513: 2502: 2499:December 2018 2493: 2489: 2486:This section 2484: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371:), while the 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2161:Inquisitional 2158: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1975: 1969:Spirit guides 1966: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1782:(herbalist), 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1737:makinaadmanon 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1538:(herbalist), 1536: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1377:(head shaman) 1375: 1369: 1363: 1357: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1333: 1327: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1249:ebpamanggamut 1244: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1179: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1155: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1101: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1084: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1031: 1025: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1007: 1001: 995: 989: 983: 977: 971: 966: 963: 960: 955: 952: 949: 944: 941: 938: 933: 930: 927: 921: 916: 913: 910: 905: 902: 899: 894: 891: 888: 882: 876: 870: 864: 859: 856: 854:of the tribe) 853: 852: 847: 843: 840: 838: 834: 831: 828: 823: 820: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 790: 787: 782: 779: 778: 776: 773: 767: 762: 761: 757: 753: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 723: 719: 715: 712:The linguist 710: 708: 703: 699: 695: 690: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 546:Kadazan-Dusun 543: 542: 536: 530: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 478: 474: 473: 468: 467:Iraya Mangyan 463: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 435: 430: 427: 423: 419: 415: 414: 409: 408: 403: 402:spirit guides 398: 392: 387: 386:feminized men 383: 379: 375: 372: 368: 367:ethnic groups 364: 360: 358: 352: 351: 346: 344: 338: 332: 327: 320: 319: 314: 313: 308: 303: 292: 287: 285: 280: 278: 273: 272: 270: 269: 266: 256: 255: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 226: 221: 220: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 198: 197: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 175: 174: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 102: 101: 94: 93:Nuno sa punso 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 59: 56: 54: 51: 49: 46: 45: 39: 38: 32: 28: 27: 24: 19: 7905:Luna Mystika 7773:Tigmamanukan 7534:Mount Lantoy 7519:Mount Arayat 7490: 7155: 7141: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7105: 7096: 7065:. 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Retrieved 4477: 4443: 4439: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4373: 4366:Austronesian 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4267:dalongdongan 4266: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4211:mangkukusino 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4153: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4026: 4018: 4010: 4002: 3994: 3986: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3939: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3875: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3761:Bicol Region 3756: 3752: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3728: 3619: 3617: 3614:20th century 3583: 3575: 3573: 3560: 3544: 3542: 3537: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3509:Zamboanguita 3502: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3486: 3465: 3441: 3439: 3425: 3402: 3397:(literally " 3394: 3390: 3388: 3379:19th century 3367:in northern 3354: 3351:18th century 3343: 3339: 3325: 3316: 3303: 3296:conquistador 3294: 3290: 3284: 3274: 3256: 3254: 3251:17th century 3242: 3237: 3231: 3217: 3202: 3196: 3191: 3182: 3176: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3037: 3027: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2968: 2956: 2954: 2949: 2943: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2897: 2885: 2879: 2866: 2859: 2846: 2845: 2819: 2808: 2805: 2790: 2768: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2725: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2693:dalongdongan 2692: 2688: 2686: 2679: 2663:incantations 2660: 2650: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618:compass rose 2613: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2527: 2521: 2517: 2515: 2496: 2492:adding to it 2487: 2464: 2460: 2457:batak dungan 2456: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2391: 2387: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2341:soul dualism 2337:Austronesian 2334: 2330: 2327:Soul dualism 2311: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2261: 2254: 2247:spirit world 2240: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2156: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2004:("friend"), 2001: 1994:spirit world 1991: 1985: 1981: 1963: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1931: 1914: 1912: 1908:Isneg people 1903: 1899: 1897: 1891: 1848: 1817: 1815: 1629:tao d'mangaw 1476: 1467: 1463: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1178:mangindaloan 1015:(apprentice) 849: 845: 836: 833:Balanguingui 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 758: 749: 744: 737:Robert Blust 728: 724: 717: 711: 707:Islamization 683: 671: 592:Old Javanese 539: 512:transvestite 507: 496: 492: 485:Austronesian 482: 470: 425: 418:spirit world 411: 405: 371:pre-colonial 354: 349: 348: 340: 336: 335: 316: 310: 307:Itneg people 161:Tigmamanukan 18: 7900:Luna Blanca 7718:Manananggal 7693:Hantu Demon 7554:Mount Pulag 7544:Mount Mayon 7393:Dios Buhawi 7347:Irong-Irong 6904:. MindaNews 6889:(1): 42–77. 6291:October 18, 5610:Asian Music 5433:: 271–283. 5285:(1): 35–43. 5194:December 4, 4694:10125/62485 4404:saludadores 4400:mediquillos 4231:mangkukulam 4207:mangkukusim 4203:Kapampangan 4183:managinulod 4102:(Ilonggo); 4074:(Kalinga); 3969:(Visayan); 3839:. See also 3540:movements. 3517:Dios Buhawi 3482:great flood 3478:Jaro, Leyte 3474:Virgin Mary 3393:"shamans". 3233:reducciónes 3076:Holy Spirit 3056:espiritista 2965:patriarchal 2940:white magic 2928:syncretized 2851:noble class 2830:mambabarang 2826:mangkukulam 2797:black magic 2781:Black magic 2775:buntot pagi 2520:) known as 2353:astral soul 2048:reciprocity 1794:(diviner), 1588:mangungubat 1556:(diviner), 1553:pangatahoan 1541:manggagamot 1454:magbulungay 1441:(diviner), 1225:pendarpa'an 1214:Maguindanao 1149:Kapampangan 1109:(midwife), 1051:(herbalist) 670:). However 518:". Various 457:Terminology 83:Mangkukulam 78:Manananggal 73:Mambabarang 8016:Categories 7824:Juan Tamad 7668:Dalaketnon 7658:Bungisngis 7352:Juan Tamad 7255:Mangindusa 6157:(2): 1–15. 5836:(35): 13. 4828:. PhilStar 4417:References 4408:curanderos 4396:herbolario 4315:mang-aawug 4311:mang-aawog 4303:manughiwit 4279:mamalarang 4275:mamamarang 4259:dalagangan 4243:may-galing 4239:mangagaway 4235:mancocolam 4215:Pangasinan 4179:managtanem 4094:(Ibanag); 4070:(Ivatan); 4066:(Bontoc); 4027:kiyaraluwa 3823:among the 3699:Two-spirit 3664:Hun and po 3598:under the 3584:babaylanes 3529:dalagangan 3521:babaylanes 3426:babaylanes 3411:charlatans 3166:among the 3060:spiritista 2908:holy water 2904:crucifixes 2840:See also: 2715:rainmaking 2689:dalagangan 2642:lunar year 2632:), south ( 2585:mangluluop 2577:magtatawas 2557:Divination 2534:Divination 2323:Mananambal 2321:See also: 2268:genii loci 2169:Pangasinan 2046:depend on 1927:depression 1879:Initiation 1826:Masbatenyo 1822:Hiligaynon 1797:mananabang 1791:manghihila 1785:manghuhula 1776:(healer), 1770:(healer), 1767:mananambal 1638:(healer), 1635:tao mulung 1547:manghuhula 1544:(healer), 1477:banawangon 1468:tanguiling 1409:Sama-Bajau 1392:pamomolong 1344:manhuhusay 1243:pangagamot 1240:(healer), 1234:(medium), 1228:(medium), 1181:(healer), 1133:(healer), 1127:(medium), 1119:Kankana-ey 1103:(medium), 1083:mandadawak 1048:mangngagas 1045:(medium), 970:mandadawak 943:Hiligaynon 887:paradiwata 733:psychopomp 487:groups in 447:divination 416:) and the 68:Juan Tamad 7814:Hinilawod 7778:Tikbalang 7753:Sarimanok 7713:Kumakatok 7648:Berberoka 7643:Berbalang 7613:Amalanhig 7514:Mount Apo 7403:Papa Isio 7372:Sarimanok 7357:Kalantiaw 7342:Datu Daya 7219:Religions 6744:cite book 6201:153002277 5842:141119860 5699:. Rappler 5638:145375061 5258:April 10, 4319:mang-aaug 4307:mamumuyag 4219:manananem 4171:parakaraw 4129:Cambodian 4098:(Isneg); 4011:ikaruruwa 3999:Kankanaey 3868:third sex 3777:babayenon 3654:Bobohizan 3628:Pulajanes 3620:dios-dios 3610:in 1911. 3580:Papa Isio 3576:dios-dios 3571:by 1890. 3545:dios-dios 3538:dios-dios 3493:dios-dios 3489:dios-dios 3442:dios-dios 3424:with two 3422:Papa Isio 3395:Dios-dios 3391:dios-dios 3338:led by a 3136:albolaryo 3119:, modern 3100:arbularyo 3074:, or the 3051:dios-dios 3042:messianic 3030:mysticism 2977:satanists 2910:) became 2710:dios-dios 2667:talismans 2638:sidlangan 2630:katungdan 2628:), west ( 2408:soul loss 2402:from the 1921:, sudden 1846:Agutaynen 1830:Inabaknon 1800:(midwife) 1731:mamumuhat 1665:babailana 1603:(diviner) 1600:pagalamat 1566:Talaandig 1562:(midwife) 1511:manganito 1505:catalonan 1487:katalonan 1449:Sarangani 1417:wali jinn 1356:manukasey 1273:binulusan 1258:(diviner) 1231:pedtompan 1160:catulunan 1154:katulunan 1130:mansib-ok 1124:manbunong 1115:(diviner) 1100:machanitu 1066:dorarakit 1030:mangoodan 1012:manalisig 959:mambunong 926:balyán-an 881:paraanito 818:(diviner) 792:Aeta/Agta 612:Mongondow 541:bobohizan 443:herbalism 426:pag-anito 357:katalonan 156:Tikbalang 136:Sarimanok 53:Berbalang 7875:Dyesebel 7829:Maragtas 7748:Sarangay 7743:Santelmo 7728:Minokawa 7688:Engkanto 7653:Biringan 7623:Anggitay 7618:Amomongo 7408:Pulajans 7327:Aliguyon 7306:Sinukuan 7301:Makiling 7281:Bakunawa 7260:Kabunian 7250:Kan-Laon 7067:July 10, 7041:(1992). 6693:42719181 6586:43498156 6446:July 15, 6423:July 14, 6397:July 14, 6357:(1930). 6320:42633258 6013:(1996). 5726:July 17, 5703:July 17, 5457:19204825 5116:41853689 4946:June 11, 4884:42719586 4737:July 18, 4664:maganito 4501:(1992). 4483:July 12, 4381:and the 4336:dunganon 4299:sigbinan 4295:paktolan 4283:barangan 4271:busalian 4263:dunganon 4251:hukloban 4247:hukluban 4187:mannamay 4039:Bukidnon 4031:Tagbanwa 4019:karaduwa 3995:ab-abiik 3946:brownies 3906:philtrum 3801:bayoquin 3797:bayoguin 3773:binabaye 3689:Santería 3642:See also 3543:Another 3470:Tigbauan 3466:babaylan 3456:(modern 3450:Libmanan 3365:smallpox 3340:babaylan 3317:babaylan 3291:babaylan 3259:was the 3257:babaylan 3238:babaylan 3224:Mindanao 3199:Mindanao 3121:babaylan 3117:babaylan 3113:babaylan 3105:midwives 3080:esoteric 3011:katalona 3007:katalona 2998:katalona 2994:katalona 2969:babaylan 2957:babaylan 2950:engkanto 2922:images ( 2900:rosaries 2862:kannushi 2847:Babaylan 2742:Darangen 2697:busalian 2675:Siquijor 2651:bakunawa 2646:bakunawa 2634:bagatnan 2614:bakunawa 2610:bakunawa 2601:bakunawa 2596:babaylan 2592:geomancy 2569:crystals 2550:Signosan 2545:Bakunawa 2444:and the 2361:kaluluwa 2289:engkanto 2188:Babaylan 2182:babaylan 2178:babaylan 2174:babaylan 1923:seizures 1915:babaylan 1904:babaylan 1900:babaylan 1857:Tahitian 1855:such as 1838:Palawano 1834:Capisano 1779:siruhano 1749:diwatero 1743:diwatera 1725:catooran 1719:katooran 1659:babailán 1653:babaylan 1644:(healer) 1618:babaylan 1612:bawalyan 1607:Tagbanwa 1582:mangubat 1499:catalona 1493:katalona 1473:Suludnon 1398:Palaw'an 1338:baylanon 1332:baylanen 1291:tambalon 1285:tambajon 1209:mabalian 1142:mankutom 1136:mankotom 1072:anitowan 1060:alopogan 1042:mangalag 988:mon-lapu 932:Higaonon 915:Hanunó'o 893:Bukidnon 869:balyán-a 846:babaiyon 827:mabalian 786:tambalan 766:maganito 696:like in 668:Makassar 602:Balinese 556:Ma'anyan 535:bobolian 529:babalian 526:include 520:cognates 501:cognates 434:babaylan 380:and the 343:babaylan 201:Subjects 111:Bakunawa 7788:Wak Wak 7783:Tiyanak 7768:Siyokoy 7698:Higante 7678:Duwende 7638:Batibat 7633:Bal-Bal 7362:Lam-ang 7322:Ama-ron 7245:Bathala 7212:General 6931:July 7, 6908:July 6, 6842:July 6, 6664:July 5, 6257:July 7, 6193:1177763 5991:shaman. 5630:4098517 5561:7623015 5524:July 6, 5467:May 19, 5448:2614200 5189:Rappler 5057:July 6, 4982:July 6, 4832:July 6, 4792:July 6, 4764:July 6, 4668:anitera 4548:July 5, 4478:Esquire 4255:Visayan 4227:Tagalog 4199:manulib 4175:Ilocano 4136:Burmese 4114:(Lumad) 4047:gimokud 4041:), and 4023:Mangyan 4007:Ilocano 4003:karurua 3979:linnawa 3825:Subanen 3805:binabae 3793:bayogin 3553:Antique 3430:Bacolod 3385:Pulahan 3269:Tamblot 3228:Visayas 3168:Maranao 3155:ruqqiya 3140:pandita 3003:hermano 2982:dambana 2973:witches 2936:possess 2822:witches 2815:vampire 2813:, evil 2751:Maranao 2737:Maranao 2726:ma-aram 2723:Karay-a 2671:potions 2657:Sorcery 2626:aminhan 2461:batakan 2446:ginhawa 2433:ginhawa 2404:ginhawa 2392:ginhawa 2388:ginhawa 2377:ginhawa 2365:ginhawa 2349:hininga 2345:ginhawa 2317:Healing 2293:encanto 2281:fairies 2165:Bolinao 2146:baliana 1986:dipdipo 1982:mumbaki 1954:tupadan 1861:Rapanui 1773:himagan 1761:anitero 1755:anitera 1689:baliana 1648:Visayan 1641:m'tonbu 1594:magubat 1529:anitero 1523:anitera 1482:Tagalog 1460:Subanen 1439:kalamat 1427:papagan 1381:Maranao 1315:baliyan 1298:Mandaya 1262:Mamanwa 1190:soli-an 1184:soliran 1172:ma-aram 1167:Karay-a 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