Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

2017: 5553:, or any of the earlier talks, Russia in particular calls for the region's inclusion and does to some degree carry the region's positions into the talks, as documented in Russia's May 2016 draft for a new constitution for Syria. In October 2016, there were reports of a Russian initiative for federalization with a focus on northern Syria, which at its core called to turn the existing institutions of the region into legitimate institutions of Syria; also reported was its rejection for the time being by the Syrian government. The Damascus ruling elite is split over the question whether the new model in the region can work in parallel and converge with the Syrian government, for the benefit of both, or if the agenda should be to centralize again all power at the end of the civil war, necessitating preparation for ultimate confrontation with the region's institutions. 4785: 150: 4386:, who encouraged their immigration, and granted them Syrian citizenship. Consequently, the French official reports show the existence of at most 45 Kurdish villages in Jazira prior to 1927. A new wave of refugees arrived in 1929. The mandatory authorities continued to encourage Kurdish immigration into Syria, and by 1939, the villages numbered between 700 and 800. Another account by Sir John Hope Simpson estimated the number of Kurds in Jazira province at 20,000 out of 100,000 people at the end of 1930. The number of Kurds continued to grow and the French geographers Fevret and Gibert estimated that in 1953 out of the total 146,000 inhabitants of Jazira, agriculturalist Kurds made up 60,000 (41%), nomad Arabs 50,000 (34%), and a quarter of the population were Christians. 4044:, policing is a competence of the regions. The Asayish forces of the regions are composed of 26 official bureaus that aim to provide security and solutions to social problems. The six main units of Asayish are Checkpoints Administration, Anti-Terror Forces Command (HAT), Intelligence Directorate, Organized Crime Directorate, Traffic Directorate and Treasury Directorate. 218 Asayish centers were established and 385 checkpoints with 10 Asayish members in each checkpoint were set up. 105 Asayish offices provide security against ISIL on the frontlines across Northern Syria. Larger cities have general directorates responsible for all aspects of security including road controls. Each region has a HAT command, and each Asayish center organizes itself autonomously. 131: 2127: 5728: 1645: 2562: 4104: 3721: 2710: 4021: 1542:. The government also recruited Kurdish officials, in particular as mayors, to ease ethnic relations. Regardless, northern Syrian ethnic groups remained deliberately underrepresented in the bureaucracy, and many Kurdish majority areas were run by Arab officials from other parts of the country. Security and intelligence agencies worked hard to suppress dissidents, and most Kurdish parties remained underground movements. The government monitored, though generally allowed this "sub-state activity" because the northern minorities including the Kurds rarely caused unrest with the exception of the 3903: 5584: 2650: 4346: 1710: 1472:, non-Arab languages were forbidden at Syrian public schools. This compromised the education of students belonging to minorities like Kurds, Turkmen, and Assyrians. Some groups like Armenians, Circassians, and Assyrians were able to compensate by establishing private schools, but Kurdish private schools were also banned. Northern Syrian hospitals lacked equipment for advanced treatment and instead patients had to be transferred outside the region. Numerous place names were arabized in the 1960s and 1970s. In his report for the 12th session of the UN 2793: 1932: 2872: 4240:. After the report, the YPG publicly accepted the deficiencies and in October 2015 the YPG demobilized 21 minors from the military service in its ranks. Reports have been comprehensively debated and contested by both the YPG and other human rights organizations. In 2018, HRW again accused the YPG of recruiting minors. The YPG responded that if 16- and 17-year-olds are hired, the relatives are notified, but do not have to consent, and the minors are kept away from combat zones. Since September 2015, the YPG have received human rights training from 10978:"Whereas before the greater Afrin region was under Kurdish occupation with both Arab majorities and Kurdish majorities, the situation reversed into a complete Turkish occupation of entirely Kurdish areas as well as the initially disputed Arab majority areas. Meanwhile, Tel Rifaat and Menagh remained under YPG control with semi-official Russian protection. The Kurdish battalions that remained in the Tel Rifaat area and guarded the camps of displaced Kurds from Afrin have lived in a tense environment, well within reach of the Turkish pincers". 2951: 4405:, for its local armed forces. The last significant wave of Kurdish incoming migration from Turkey happened between 1945 and 1961 which strongly contributed to the growth of al-Hasakah Governorate's population from 240,000 to 305,000 between 1954 and 1961. In addition to the demographic changes brought about by the Kurdish immigration from Turkey, the Syrian government initiated Arabization policy. Therefore, 4000 Arab families from areas flooded by the Tabqa Dam in Raqqa and Aleppo were resettled in new village in al-Hasakah Governorate. 5814: 1493: 5834: 5825: 5516: 3443:

classes approved by the Assad regime and originally developed by Syrian Education Ministry in cooperation with Christian clergy in the 1950s. The threatening of the closure of schools not complying with this resulted in protests erupting in Qamishli. A deal was later reached in September 2018 between the region's authorities and the local Syriac Orthodox archbishopric, where the two first grades in these schools would learn the region's Syriac curriculum and grades three to six would continue to learn the Damascus approved curriculum.

896:. The name "Rojava" was thus associated with a Kurdish identity of the administration. As the region expanded and increasingly included areas dominated by non-Kurdish groups, mostly Arabs, "Rojava" was used less and less by the administration in hopes of deethnicising its appearance and making it more acceptable to other ethnicities. Regardless, the polity continued to be called "Rojava" by locals and international observers, with journalist Metin Gurcan noting that "the concept of Rojava a brand gaining global recognition" by 2019. 1901:

liberation of many areas, it requires us to go to a wider and more comprehensive system that can embrace all the developments in the area, that will also give rights to all the groups to represent themselves and to form their own administrations". In July 2016, a draft for the new constitution was presented, based on the principles of the 2014 constitution, mentioning all ethnic groups living in Northern Syria and addressing their cultural, political and linguistic rights. The main political opposition to the constitution have been

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as well. However, as of January 2018, only two million people are estimated to remain in the area under the region's administration with estimates of around half a million people emigrating since the beginning of the civil war, to a large degree because of the economic hardships the region has faced during the war. As result of the civil war, estimates as to the ethnic composition of northern Syria vary widely, ranging from claims about a Kurdish majority and Arab minority to claims about Kurds being a small minority;

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donations. In 2015, the autonomous administration shared information about the region's finances where its 2014 revenue was about LS 3 billion (≈US$ 5.8 million) of which 50% was spent on "self-defense and protection", 18% for the Jazira Canton (now Jazira Region), 8.5% for the Kobani Canton (now Euphrates Region), 8.5% for the Afrin Canton (now Afrin Region), 15% for the "Internal Committee" and any remainder was a reserve for the next year. The AANES has by far the highest average

117: 1810: 5629:(KDP), views itself and its affiliated Kurdish parties in other countries as a more conservative and nationalist alternative and competitor to the KCK political agenda and blueprint in general. The political system of Iraqi Kurdistan stands in stark contrast to the region's system. Like the KCK umbrella organization, the PYD has some anti-nationalist ideological leanings while having Kurdish nationalist factions as well. They have traditionally been opposed by the Iraqi-Kurdish KDP-sponsored 2603:"For a former diplomat like me, I found it confusing: I kept looking for a hierarchy, the singular leader, or signs of a government line, when, in fact, there was none; there were just groups. There was none of that stifling obedience to the party, or the obsequious deference to the "big man"—a form of government all too evident just across the borders, in Turkey to the north, and the Kurdish regional government of Iraq to the south. The confident assertiveness of young people was striking. 3862: 1129: 1834:) was approved. The Syrian opposition and the Kurdish parties belonging to the KNC condemned this move, regarding the canton system as illegal, authoritarian, and supportive of the Syrian government. The PYD countered that the constitution was open to review and amendment, and that the KNC had been consulted on its drafting beforehand. From September 2014 to spring 2015, the YPG forces in Kobanî Canton, supported by some Free Syrian Army militias and leftist international and 4809: 1262: 1246: 3525: 3359: 1688: 21700: 3391: 1114: 2669:, but also includes various "tribal, ethno-sectarian, capitalist and patriarchal structures." The region has a "co-governance" policy in which each position at each level of government in the region includes a "female equivalent of equal authority" to a male. Similarly, there are aspirations for equal political representation of all ethno-religious components – Arabs, Kurds and Assyrians being the most sizeable ones. This has been compared this to the 4116: 3717:

Syria. In May 2016, Ahmed Yousef, head of the Economic Body and chairman of Afrin University, stated that at the time, the economic output of the region (including agriculture, industry and oil) accounted for about 55% of Syria's gross domestic product. In 2014, the Syrian government was still paying some state employees, but fewer than before. However, the administration of the region stated that "none of our projects are financed by the regime".

5920:"In its fight against IS, the Autonomous Administration appears to be trampling all over the rights of civilians who are caught in the middle. We saw extensive displacement and destruction that did not occur as a result of fighting. This report uncovers clear evidence of a deliberate, co-ordinated campaign of collective punishment of civilians in villages previously captured by IS, or where a small minority were suspected of supporting the group." 5928:"Though allegations of ‘ethnic cleansing’ continued to be received during the period under review, the Commission found no evidence to substantiate claims that YPG or SDF forces ever targeted Arab communities on the basis of ethnicity, nor that YPG cantonal authorities systematically sought to change the demographic composition of territories under their control through the commission of violations directed against any particular ethnic group," 4209: 1732: 1721: 4534: 3828:

allow business people or goods to cross its border. The blockade from adjacent territories held by Turkey and ISIL, and partially also the KRG, temporarily caused heavy distortions of relative prices in Jazira Region and Euphrates Region (while separate, Afrin Region borders government-controlled territory since February 2016); for example in Jazira Region and Euphrates Region, through 2016 petrol cost only half as much as bottled water.

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the KCK, as differences emerged between the PKK and PYD leadership. The PYD was determined to maintain the regional autonomy and hoped for a continued alliance with the United States. In contrast, the PKK central command was now willing to restart negotiations with Turkey, distrusted the United States, and emphasized the international success of its leftist ideology over the survival of Rojava as administrative entity.

5542:(YPG) and Syrian government forces has been rare, in the most instances some of the territory still controlled by the Syrian government in Qamishli and al-Hasakah has been lost to the YPG. In some military campaigns, in particular in northern Aleppo governate and in al-Hasakah, YPG and Syrian government forces have tacitly cooperated against Islamist forces, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and others. 1581:, where other Kurdish parties maintained more influence. Many Syrian Kurds developed a long-lasting sympathy for the PKK, and a large number, possibly more than 10,000, joined its insurgency in Turkey. A rapprochement between Syria and Turkey brought an end to this phase in 1998, when Öcalan and the PKK were formally expelled from northern Syria. Regardless, the PKK maintained a clandestine presence in the region. 4256: 1806:. It also eclipsed rival Kurdish militias, and absorbed some government loyalist groups. According to researcher Charles R. Lister, the government's withdrawal and concurrent rise of the PYD "raised many eyebrows", as the relationship between the two entities was "highly contentious" at the time. The PYD was known to oppose certain government policies, but had also strongly criticised the Syrian opposition. 1854: 14223:, p. 116: "To the east of Kurd-Dagh and separated from it by the Afrin valley lies the western and mountainous part of the Syrian district of Azaz which is also inhabited by Kurds, and a Kurdish minority lives in the northern counties of Idlib and Jerablos. There is reason to believe that the establishment of Kurds in these areas, a defensive site commanding the path to Antioch, goes back to the 5891:

Syria to be recognized and to be included in UN-led Constitutional Committee tasked to draft a new constitution for Syria. The official position of the European Union remained the same however, that the Autonomous Administration should be "respected" and included in talks while rejecting "any recognition in the national sense of the word" and that "the territorial integrity of Syria is fundamental".

3307: 3638: 2769:, a new name for the region was adopted, the "Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria", encompassing the Euphrates, Afrin, and Jazira regions as well as the local civil councils in the regions of Raqqa, Manbij, Tabqa, and Deir ez-Zor. During the meeting, a 70-member "General Council for the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria" was formed. 1821:(TEV-DEM), controlled the Kurdish Supreme Committee until the latter was dissolved by the cantonal Democratic Autonomous Administration. On 19 July 2013, the PYD announced that it had written a constitution for an "autonomous Syrian Kurdish region", and planned to hold referendum to approve the constitution in October 2013. Qamishli served as first 12134: 5696:, ISIL's stronghold and capital, and that SDF commanders would plan the operation with advice from American and coalition troops. At various times, the U.S. deployed U.S. troops embedded with the SDF to the border between the region and Turkey, in order to deter Turkish aggressions against the SDF. In February 2018, the 5912:"By deliberately demolishing civilian homes, in some cases razing and burning entire villages, displacing their inhabitants with no justifiable military grounds, the Autonomous Administration is abusing its authority and brazenly flouting international humanitarian law, in attacks that amount to war crimes." 8228: 12188: 2084:

was unacceptable. An unintended consequence of the attack was that it raised the worldwide popularity and legitimacy of the northeastern Syrian administration, and several PYD and YPG representatives became internationally known to an unprecedented degree. However, these events caused tensions within

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Since 2012, when the first YPG pockets appeared, Turkey had been alarmed by the presence of PKK-related forces at its southern border and grew concerned when the YPG entered into an alliance with the US to oppose ISIS forces in the region. The Turkish government refused to allow aid to be sent to the

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held that "Successive Syrian governments continued to adopt a policy of ethnic discrimination and national persecution against Kurds, completely depriving them of their national, democratic and human rights – an integral part of human existence. The government imposed ethnically-based

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occurred across towns and villages in the region, with communes consisting of approximately 20–35 people. According to the region's "Ministry of Economics", approximately three-quarters of all property has been placed under community ownership and a third of production has been transferred to direct

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network had its license to work in the region withdrawn and had its offices confiscated by Rojava authorities. International media and journalists operate with few restrictions in the region, one of the only regions in Syria where they can operate with some degree of freedom. Internet connections in

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For Assyrian private confessional schools there had at first been no changes. However, in August 2018 it was reported that the region's authorities was trying to implement its own Syriac curriculum in private Christian schools that have been continuing to use an Arabic curriculum with limited Syriac

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Article 8 of the 2014 constitution stipulates that "All Cantons in the autonomous regions are founded on the principle of local self-government. Cantons may freely elect their representatives and representative bodies, and may pursue their rights insofar as it does not contravene the articles of the

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demonstrated for two weeks, regarding the new regional leadership as Kurdish-dominated and non-inclusive, citing arrests of suspected ISIL members, looting of oil, lack of infrastructure as well as forced conscription into the SDF as reasons. The protests resulted in deaths and injuries. It has been

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capital of the PYD-led governing body, which was official called the "Interim Transitional Administration". The announcement was widely denounced by both moderate as well as Islamist factions of the Syrian opposition. In January 2014, three areas declared their autonomy as cantons (now Afrin Region,

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became widespread in the country's north, to a large part directed against the Kurdish population. The region received little investment or development from the central government and laws discriminated against Kurds owning property, driving cars, working in certain professions and forming political

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was "Interim Transitional Administration", adopted in 2013. After the three autonomous cantons were proclaimed in 2014, PYD-governed territories were also nicknamed "the Autonomous Regions" or "Democratic Autonomous Administration". On 17 March 2016, northern Syria's administration self-declared the

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Another shift in modern times was the Baath policy of settling additional Arab population in northern Syria, while displacing local Kurds. Most recently, during the Syrian Civil War, many refugees have fled to the north of the country. Some ethnic Arab citizens from Iraq have fled to northern Syria

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During the ongoing Syrian Civil War, organizations such as the Turkish government, Amnesty International and the Middle East Observer have stated that SDF was forcibly displacing inhabitants of captured areas with predominantly Arab population such as Tell Abyad. These displacements were considered

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in May 2016. In addition, the autonomous regions have imposed some limits on press freedom, for example forcing the press to get work permits. These can be cancelled, thereby curtailing the ability of certain press agencies to operate. However, the extent of these restrictions differed greatly from

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In many instances, the Syrian government arbitrarily deprived ethnic Kurdish citizens of their citizenship. The largest such instance was a consequence of a census in 1962, which was conducted for exactly this purpose. 120,000 ethnic Kurdish citizens saw their citizenship arbitrarily taken away and

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and entrepreneurship are protected under the principle of "ownership by use". Dr. Dara Kurdaxi, a regional official, has stated: "The method in Rojava is not so much against private property, but rather has the goal of putting private property in the service of all the peoples who live in Rojava."

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Oil and food production is substantial, so they are important exports. Agricultural products include sheep, grain and cotton. Important imports are consumer goods and auto parts. Trade with Turkey and access to humanitarian and military aid is difficult due to a blockade by Turkey. Turkey does not

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seized control of several regions, while security forces were overstretched. In mid-2012 the government responded to this development by withdrawing its military from three mainly Kurdish areas and leaving control to local militias. This has been described as an attempt by the Assad regime to keep

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In December 2019, an international conference hosted by the International Alliance for the Defence of Rights and Freedoms (AIDL) was held at the European Parliament which condemned the Turkish invasion of northeastern Syria, and called for the self-declared Autonomous Administration of North East

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It has been theorized that the Assad government had deliberately underdeveloped parts of Northern Syria in order to Arabize the region and make secession attempts less likely. During the Syrian Civil War, the infrastructure of the region on average experienced less destruction than other parts of

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an additional language in public schools in Jazira Region, which then started in the 2016/17 academic year. According to the region's Education Committee, in 2016/2017 "three curriculums have replaced the old one, to include teaching in three languages: Kurdish, Arabic and Syriac." In August 2017

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in the international arena, while the U.S. does not. After peace talks between Syrian civil war parties in Astana in January 2017, Russia offered a draft for a future constitution of Syria, which would, among other things, change the "Syrian Arab Republic" into the "Republic of Syria", introduce

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attempted to work within the system, hoping to bring about changes through soft pressure. In general, parties that openly represented certain ethnic and religious minorities were not allowed to participate in elections, but their politicians were occasionally allowed to run as Independents. Some

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On 13 October 2019, the SDF announced that it had reached an agreement with the Syrian Army which allowed the latter to enter the SDF-held cities of Manbij and Kobani in order to dissuade a Turkish attack on those cities as part of the cross-border offensive by Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian

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Regarding the status of different languages in the autonomous region, its "Social Contract" stipulates that "all languages in Northern Syria are equal in all areas of life, including social, educational, cultural, and administrative dealings. Every people shall organize its life and manage its

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Communes and co-operatives have been established to provide essentials. Co-operatives account for a large proportion of agricultural production and are active in construction, factories, energy production, livestock, pistachio and roasted seeds, and public markets. Several hundred instances of

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were granted to Arab families, while tens of thousands of Kurdish inhabitants of the villages concerned were evicted. These and other expropriations was part of the so-called "Arab Belt initiative" which aimed to change the demographic fabric of the resource-rich region. Accordingly, relations

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By the 9th century, northern Syria was inhabited by a mixed population of Arabs, Assyrians, Kurds, Turkic groups, and others. Kurdish tribes in the area often operated as soldiers for hire, and were still placed in specific military settlements in the northern Syrian mountains. There existed a

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According to Dr. Ahmad Yousef, an economic co-minister, three-quarters of traditional private property is being used as commons and one quarter is still being owned by use of individuals...According to the Ministry of Economics, worker councils have only been set up for about one third of the

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An analysis released in June 2017 described the region's "relationship with the regime fraught but functional" and a "semi-cooperative dynamic". In late September 2017, Syria's Foreign Minister said that Damascus would consider granting Kurds more autonomy in the region once ISIL is defeated.

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The main sources of revenue for the autonomous region have been presented as: 1. Public properties such as grain silos and oil and gas in the Jazira Region, 2. Local taxation and customs fees taken at the border crossings, 3. Service delivery, 4. Remittances from Iraq and Turkey, and 5. Local

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in Afrin started teaching, with initial programs in literature, engineering and economics, including institutes for medicine, topographic engineering, music and theater, business administration and the Kurdish language. After the Turkish army invaded Afrin in 2018, several of it students were

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have been made against the YPG since the beginning of the Syrian civil war, such as in the take-over of the border town of Tal Abyad from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and other operations. Some of the accusations have come from Turkey and Turkish-backed Syrian militias and

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In July 2016, Jazira Canton Board of Education started the University of Rojava in Qamishli, with faculties for Medicine, Engineering, Sciences, and Arts and Humanities. Programs taught include health, computer and agricultural engineering; physics, chemistry, history, psychology, geography,

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affairs using its mother tongue." In practice, Arabic and Kurmanji are predominantly used across all areas and for most official documents, with Syriac being mainly used in the Jazira Region with some usage across all areas while Turkish and Circassian are also used in the region of Manbij.

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were elected co-chairpersons for the executive committee to organise a constitution for the region, to replace the 2014 constitution. Yousef said the decision to set up a federal government was in large part driven by the expansion of territories captured from Islamic State: "Now, after the

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in the region were held on 22 September 2017. 12,421 candidates competed for around 3,700 communal positions during the elections, which were organized by the region's High Electoral Commission. Elections for the councils of the Jazira Region, Euphrates Region and Afrin Region were held in

14638:) was beginning to be applied to an amalgamation of Iranian or iranicised tribes. ... The classification of the Kurds among the Iranian nations is based mainly on linguistic and historical data and does not prejudice the fact there is a complexity of ethnical elements incorporated in them. 1390:, between 1914 and 1920, with further attacks on unarmed fleeing civilians conducted by local Arab militias. Many Assyrians fled to Syria during the genocide and settled mainly in the Jazira area. Starting in 1926, the region saw another immigration of Kurds following the failure of the 9352:

A member of YPG's central command … said that the YPG formed in 2004 shortly after the Qamishlo riots, when a number of Kurdish youth realized that they needed to be able to defend themselves more efficiently. They did not officially declare themselves until the revolution started in

3968:, which make group decisions on minor criminal cases and disputes as well as in separate committees resolve issues of specific concern to women's rights like domestic violence and marriage. At the regional level, citizens (who need not be trained jurists) are elected by the regional 5879:

opposition fighters hostile to the autonomous region, with some reports even including ISIL among these. Turkey has on several occasions militarily attacked the region's territory and defence forces. This has resulted in some expressions of international solidarity with the region.

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of land from Kurdish owners and settling of tribal Arabs there in 1973 and 2007. There have been calls to expel the settlers and return the land to its previous owners, which has led the political leadership of the region to press the Syrian government for a comprehensive solution.

15479: 12140: 5887:"to destroy the terror corridor" on the Turkish southern border, as president Erdogan put it, after US President Donald Trump abandoned his support. Subsequent media reports have speculated that the offensive would lead to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people. 2050:

to the SDF. Journalists called the withdrawal "a serious betrayal to the Kurds" and "a catastrophic blow to US credibility as an ally and Washington's standing on the world stage"; one journalist stated that "this was one of the worst US foreign policy disasters since the

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The autonomous region is ruled by a coalition which have been described as pursuing a model of economy that blends co-operative and private enterprise. In 2012, the PYD launched what it called the "Social Economy Plan", later renamed the "People's Economy Plan" (PEP).

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during the 9-day operation before a 120-hour ceasefire was announced. The operation was condemned by the international community, and human rights violations by Turkish forces were reported. Media outlets labelled the attack "no surprise" because Turkish president

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erupted in Syria, prompting hasty government reforms. One of the issues addressed during this time was the status of Syria's stateless Kurds, as President Bashar al-Assad granted about 220,000 Kurds citizenship. In course of the next months, the crisis in Syria

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Amnesty International this month faulted the Kurdish administration for arbitrary detentions and unfair trials.... Ibrahim said ... efforts were underway to improve its human rights record.... The Geneva Call ... promotes good treatment of civilians in war

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The political system of the region is based on its adopted constitution, officially titled "Charter of the Social Contract". The constitution was ratified on 9 January 2014 and provides that all residents of the region shall enjoy fundamental rights such as

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The federal, regional and local administrations in the region put much emphasis on promoting libraries and educational centers, to facilitate learning and social and artistic activities. Examples are the Nahawand Center for Developing Children's Talents in

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education (Kurdish and Arabic) for public schools, with English as a mandatory third language. There are ongoing disagreements and negotiations over curriculums with the Syrian central government, which generally still pays the teachers in public schools.

5688:(YPG) militia as having "proven to be excellent partners of ours on the ground in fighting ISIL. We are grateful for that, and we intend to continue to do that, recognizing the complexities of their regional role." Late October 2016, U.S. Army Lt. Gen. 4298:(HXP) has been called a human rights violation by those who call the region's institutions illegitimate, whilst extra-legal abduction into military service has been reported, such as in 2014 when a 15 year-old-girl was kidnapped and recruited into the 3423:. Local reactions to the changes to the school system and curriculum were mixed. While many praised the new system because it encouraged tolerance and allowed Kurds and other minorities to be taught in their own languages, others have criticised it as 10080: 5875:(PKK). Turkey's policy towards the region is based on an economic blockade, persistent attempts of international isolation, opposition to the cooperation between the American-led anti-ISIL coalition and the Syrian Democratic Forces, and support of 3843:(KRG), but has been open permanently since June 2016, and along with the establishment of a corridor to Syrian government controlled territory in April 2017, economic exchange has increasingly normalized. Further, in May 2017 in northern Iraq, the 3649:

After the establishment of the de facto autonomous region, the Center of Art and Democratic Culture, located in Jazira Region, has become a venue for aspiring artists who showcase their work. Among major cultural events in the region is the annual

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Executive Board member Îlham Ehmed. The SDC appoints an Executive Council which deal with the economy, agriculture, natural resources, and foreign affairs. General elections were planned for 2014 and 2018, but this was postponed due to fighting.

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stated that the new political structures created in the region have been based on top-down structures, which have placed obstacles for the return of refugees, created dissent as well as a lack of trust between the SDF and the local population.

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area to area. By 2016, Kobani Canton was the least restrictive, followed by Jazira Canton which closely monitored and occasionally regulated press activity. Afrin Canton was the most restrictive, and many local reporters operated anonymously.

1105:) also sometimes translated into English as the "Self-Administration of North and East Syria", encompassing the Euphrates, Afrin, and Jazira regions as well as the local civil councils in the regions of Raqqa, Manbij, Tabqa, and Deir ez-Zor. 6504: 4365:

historically been the domain of nomad and sedentary Arabs. Most of the Kurdish population in the area have immigrated from Turkey during the 20th century. One major shift in modern times was in the early part of the 20th century due to the

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While there was no institution of tertiary education on the territory of the region at the onset of the Syrian Civil War, an increasing number of such institutions have been established by the regional administrations in the region since.

1374:. By the 18th century, five Kurdish tribes existed in northeastern Syria. The demographics of this area underwent a huge shift in the early part of the 20th century. Some Circassian, Kurdish and Chechen tribes cooperated with the Ottoman ( 12328: 15487: 16903: 5785:. A broad range of public voices in the U.S. and Europe have called for more formal recognition of the region. International cooperation has been in the field of educational and cultural institutions, like the cooperation agreement of 10226:[Regime forces begin entering the city of Manbij, northeast of Aleppo, in conjunction with the continued withdrawal of the coalition forces from the city] (in Arabic). The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 15 October 2019. 1333:

and successive Arab Islamic caliphates. In course of these regimes, different groups settled in northern Syria, often contributing to population shifts. Arabic tribes have been present in the area for millennia. Under the Hellenistic

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rebutted these reports and the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry find no evidence of YPG or SDF forces committing ethnic cleansing in order to change the demographic composition of territories under their control.

1406:. The number of Turkish Kurds settled in al-Jazira province during the 1920s was estimated at 20,000 people, out of 100,000 inhabitants, with the remainder of the population being Christians (Syriac, Armenian, Assyrian) and Arabs. 3692:

The Jazira Region is a major wheat and cotton producer and has a considerable oil industry. The Euphrates Region suffered most destruction of the three regions and has huge challenges in reconstruction, and has recently seen some

1588:(KCK) to implement Öcalan's ideas in various Middle Eastern countries. A KCK branch was also set up in Syria, led by Sofi Nureddin and known as "KCK-Rojava". In an attempt to outwardly distance the Syrian branch from the PKK, the 4587:, a Semitic language. There are many Assyrians among recent refugees to Northern Syria, fleeing Islamist violence elsewhere in Syria back to their traditional lands. In the secular polyethnic political climate of the region, the 1358:

in the 12th century were part of. Under Saladin's rule, northern Syria experienced a mass immigration of Turkic groups who came into conflict with Kurdish tribes, resulting in clashes that wiped out several Kurdish communities.

1517:, which was owned and cultivated by tens of thousands of Kurdish citizens, and gave it to Arab families brought in from other provinces. In 2007, in the Al-Hasakah Governorate, 600 square kilometres (230 square miles) around 5747:

In the diplomatic field, the de facto autonomous region lacks any formal recognition. While there is comprehensive activity of reception of the region's representatives and appreciation with a broad range of countries, only

17338: 16260: 12780: 10353: 1338:(312–63 BC), different tribal groups and mercenaries were settled in northern Syria as military colonists; these included Arabs and possibly Kurds. Jan Retso argued that Abai, an Arab settlement where the Seleucid king 13719: 10383: 5561:

rebels. The Syrian Army also deployed in the north of Syria together with the SDF along the Syrian-Turkish border and entered into several SDF-held cities such as Ayn Issa and Tell Tamer. Following the creation of the

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Aside of the representation offices the AANES has established in France, Sweden, Germany and Switzerland the region's role in the international arena is comprehensive military cooperation of its militias under the

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In March 2015, the Syrian Information Minister announced that his government considered recognizing the Kurdish autonomy "within the law and constitution". While the region's administration is not invited to the

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Healthcare is organized through the region's "Health and Environment Authority" and through sub-region and canton-level Health Committees. Independent organizations providing healthcare in the region include the

11337: 7996: 6353: 11544: 8206: 15603: 15699: 12216: 11085: 10901: 10944:"The eastern part of Syria's Afrin region is comprised of two districts: Tel Rifaat, currently occupied by the terrorist group , and Azaz, which remains under the control of Syrian opposition forces". 10201: 3403:

Galenos Yousef Issa of the Ourhi Centre announced that the Syriac curriculum would be expanded to grade 6, which earlier had been limited to grade 3, with teachers being assigned to Syriac schools in

1513:(HRW) estimated the number of such "stateless" Kurdish people in Syria at 300,000. In 1973, the Syrian authorities confiscated 750 square kilometres (290 square miles) of fertile agricultural land in 21480: 12394: 6508: 17282: 9895: 2342: 15457: 15573: 12335: 11798: 1865:

After the YPG victory over ISIL in Kobanî in March 2015, an alliance between YPG and the United States was formed, which greatly worried Turkey, because Turkey stated the YPG was a clone of the

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Syrian civil laws are valid in the region if they do not conflict with the Constitution of the autonomous region. One example for amendment is personal status law, which in Syria is based on

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Following a deadly PYD repression of opposition demonstrations in Amuda, the Kurdish National Council withdrew from the Kurdish Supreme Committee. Unopposed, the PYD's political coalition,

10249: 8029: 6564: 13693: 12280: 20382: 17179: 7666: 20590: 19065: 15938: 14141: 12302: 7919: 7109: 17125: 14497: 14173: 13096: 12481: 11759: 10048: 9385: 6667: 6599: 6386: 1569:. Syria and Turkey were hostile toward each other at the time, resulting in the use of the PKK as proxy group. The party began to deeply influence the Syrian Kurdish population in the 14115: 11393: 10110: 9778: 8267: 16803: 14630:

The Kurds, an Iranian people of the Near East, live at the junction of more or less laicised Turkey. ... We thus find that about the period of the Arab conquest a single ethnic term

11846: 10526: 4294:. The political agenda of "trying to break the honor-based religious and tribal rules that confine women" is controversial in conservative quarters of society. Conscription into the 3953:

over retribution. The death penalty was abolished. Prisons house mostly people charged with terrorist activity related to ISIL and other extremist groups. A September 2015 report of

20374: 17862: 14089: 13545: 13373: 11190: 8977: 2360: 2348: 2294: 2117: 1886: 17346: 16268: 15680: 12866: 11020: 10442: 1905:, in particular the KNC, who have different ideological aspirations than the TEV-DEM coalition. On 28 December 2016, after a meeting of the 151-member Syrian Democratic Council in 1754:(KSC). The People's Protection Units (YPG) militia was reestablished to defend Kurdish-inhabited areas in northern Syria. In July 2012, the YPG established control in the towns of 20693: 16436: 14034: 11997: 4508:

indigenous peoples and preexisting Arab groups. Arabs form the majority or plurality in some parts of Northern Syria, in particular in the southern parts of the Jazira Region, in

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The demographics of the region have historically been highly diverse, with several major shifts in regard to which groups form majorities or minorities in the last centuries. The

13809: 12776: 11255: 10578: 7731: 16042: 13938: 13023: 10345: 7602: 2354: 1481: 719:, and displacement. At the same time, the AANES has also been described by partisan and non-partisan sources as the most democratic system in Syria, with direct open elections, 10761: 9948: 4310: 1485:

programs, regulations and exclusionary measures on various aspects of Kurds' lives – political, economic, social and cultural." Kurdish cultural festivals like

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In March 2017 the "United Nations Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Syria" was unable to find evidence to substantiate claims about ethnic cleansing, stating:

3541: 3419:" classes had also been introduced. In general, schools are encouraged to teach the administration's "uptopian doctrine" which promotes diversity, democracy, and the ideas of 1909:, a new constitution was resolved; despite objections by 12 Kurdish parties, the region was renamed the "Democratic Federation of Northern Syria", removing the name "Rojava". 15766: 8295: 7689: 6631: 6204: 21647: 20431: 17228: 16311: 14547: 11622: 10965: 9234: 8090: 3588:. A landscape of local newspapers and radio stations has developed. However, media agencies often face economic pressure, as was demonstrated by the closure of news website 16012: 6421: 6003:

It is difficult to properly define early Kurds, as "Kurdish" was often used as a catch-all word for nomadic tribal groups west of Iran during antiquity and medieval times.

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police force, which is organized in every area with Assyrian population, provides security and solutions to social problems in collaboration with other Asayish units. The

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to the northeast. The region is at latitude approximately 36°30' north and mostly consists of plains and low hills, however there are some mountains in the region such as

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previously under SDF control. The SDF handed over part of the region to the Syrian government to act as a buffer zone against Turkey. Manbij remained under SDF control.

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Bois, T.; Minorsky, V.; MacKenzie, D.N. (2009). "Kurds, Kurdistan". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, T.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.).

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President Recep Tayyip Erdogan on Sunday said he was troubled by the advance of Kurdish forces, saying they could in the future create a structure to threaten Turkey.

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through a series of military operations against the SDF. AANES and its SDF have stated they will defend all regions of autonomous administration from any aggression.

20019: 20003: 19876: 19642: 19423: 19239: 18937: 18743: 18614: 16414: 14584:, "The Dutch court said it considered "legally and convincingly proven that the Kurdish population meets requirement under Genocide Conventions as an ethnic group"." 13960: 11921: 9834: 8804: 2282: 1577:, where it promoted Kurdish identity through music, clothing, popular culture, and social activities. In contrast, the PKK remained much less popular among Kurds in 17: 16149: 15595: 15019: 14879: 13608: 13578: 12455: 6012:

Since at least the early Middle Ages, northern Syria has been settled by a mixed population of Arabs, Turkmen, Kurds, and Christian ethnoreligious groups including

4382:, there was a large influx of Kurds to Syria's northeast, called "Jazira province" at the time. It is estimated that 25,000 Kurds fled at this time to Syria, under 21652: 20099: 19372: 19265: 19081: 18941: 15968: 6954: 2403: 2366: 2016: 16694: 15706: 11046: 9744: 7757: 7318: 5648: 198: 19907: 18882: 13782: 12892: 11363: 6482: 6263: 4098: 2492: 1617: 12208: 11077: 10897: 10632: 7811:, p. 154: "On 19 July the PYD formally announced that it had written a constitution for an autonomous Syrian Kurdish region to be known as West Kurdistan." 7379: 5602:(KCK) organization; however, the other KCK member organisations in the neighbouring states (Turkey, Iran and Iraq) with Kurdish minorities are either outlawed ( 3754:

reported that traders in Syria experience the region as "the one place where they aren't forced to pay bribes." The highest amount of energy is produced by the

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This list includes all cities and towns in the region with more than 10,000 inhabitants. The population figures are given according to the 2004 Syrian census.

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is consistently hostile, which has been attributed to a perceived threat from the region's emergence, in that it would encourage activism for autonomy among

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in Qamishli started classes. More such academies designed under a non-traditional academic philosophy and concept are in the process of founding or planning.

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It has also been criticized for banning journalists, media outlets and political parties that are critical of the YPG narrative in areas under its control.

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Actual numbers are expected to be higher.... A number of pro-Government groups, including Hizbullah, also reportedly recruited children in small numbers.

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language public schools, supplemented by Assyrian private confessional schools. In 2015, the region's administration introduced primary education in the

3023: 15565: 15238: 12836: 11788: 10697:"YPG, backed by al-Khabour Guards Forces, al-Sanadid army and the Syriac Military Council, expels IS out of more than 230 towns, villages and farmlands" 10674: 8176: 7520:

Gerber, Damian; Brincat, Shannon (2018). "When Öcalan met Bookchin: The Kurdish Freedom Movement and the Political Theory of Democratic Confederalism".

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the SDF stated that it was ready to merge with the Syrian Army if or when a political settlement between the Syrian government and the SDF is achieved.

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and selling oil and other natural resources. However, in July 2017, it was reported that the administration in the Jazira Region had started to collect

3572:

languages of the land, as well as in English, and media outlets frequently use more than one language. Among the most prominent media in the region are

19673: 19606: 19459: 19189: 18690: 18323: 15078:, René Dirven, Ning Yu, Susanne Niemeier, Culture, Body, and Language: Conceptualizations of Internal Body Organs across Cultures and Languages, p. 268 13487: 9865: 4287: 16337: 14187: 13875: 13234: 12098: 12028: 10412: 7887: 7566: 7284: 6110: 6079: 20549: 19678: 12720: 11684: 11483: 11164: 10493: 6862: 5490:

left thousands of people in the region without access to basic necessities as the majority of international aid groups withdrew during the violence.

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The PYD-led rule has triggered protests in various areas since they first captured territory. In 2019, residents of tens of villages in the eastern

19942: 19204: 19093: 18380: 18303: 15328: 13513: 13346: 12961: 11820: 10132: 7635: 4229: 3509:, and with mutual agreement the institution continues to be operated under the authority of the Damascus government's Ministry of Higher Education. 16492: 4306: 4283: 3353: 1766:, and the Kurdish Supreme Committee established a joint leadership council to administer the towns. Soon YPG also gained control of the cities of 21570: 21485: 21455: 20069: 19972: 19902: 19823: 19743: 19499: 18850: 18845: 18406: 18093: 15916: 12989: 12120: 11186: 10253: 8973: 6560: 5860: 5487: 3988:

renders decisions on compatibility of acts of government and legal proceedings with the constitution of the region (called the Social Contract).

2032: 2024: 1956: 1926: 1566: 17595: 17183: 13685: 12276: 9540: 8021: 2634:

Besides the parties represented in TEV-DEM and the KNC, several other political groups operate in northern Syria. Several of these, such as the

770:. The autonomous region is ruled by a coalition pursuing a model of economy that blends co-operative and market enterprise, through a system of 20814: 20182: 20084: 19586: 19234: 18375: 18088: 18083: 16873: 15942: 12616: 12306: 10327: 10171: 7658: 5904:

opposition groups in the region, while others have come from numerous human rights organizations, as well as Western and regional journalists.

5684:. In a public statement in March 2016, the day after the declaration of the regions autonomy, U.S. Defense Secretary Ashton Carter praised the 3415:. At the start of the academic year 2018–2019, the curricula in Kurdish and Arabic had been expanded to grades 1–12 and Syriac to grades 1–9. " 2942: 2933: 1666: 578:, the region is neither officially recognized as autonomous by the government of Syria, state or other governments institutions except for the 16440: 15260: 14164: 14137: 12672: 11763: 7927: 7117: 6505:"Delegation from the Democratic administration of Self-participate of self-participate in the first and second conference of the Shaba region" 4279: 21490: 20618: 20440: 19621: 19591: 19534: 18981: 18538: 18313: 18283: 17133: 14711: 14505: 13294: 13092: 12477: 10040: 9774: 9375: 6657: 6589: 6378: 6271: 4379: 2854: 17693:

Sinclair, Christian; Kajjo, Sirwan (2013). "The Evolution of Kurdish Politics in Syria". In David A. McMurray; Amanda Ufheil-Somers (eds.).

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Political extremism in the context of the Syrian Civil War can put media outlets under pressure; for example in April 2016 the premises of

2548: 1661: 17416: 16293: 16175: 16098: 14689: 14085: 13535: 12858: 7342: 7229: 7029: 5610:) or politically marginal with respect to other Kurdish parties (Iraq). Expressions of sympathy for Syrian Kurds have been numerous among 21548: 21465: 20829: 20801: 20635: 20610: 20231: 19387: 19103: 18437: 18427: 18411: 15684: 14977: 14030: 11024: 10439: 10275: 4603:

with a major presence in the area between Afrin Region and Euphrates Region, where they form regional majorities in the countryside from

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armed formation. Asayish was established on 25 July 2013 to fill the gap of security when the Syrian security forces withdrew. Under the

1885:

was declared in the areas they controlled in Northern Syria. The declaration was quickly denounced by both the Syrian government and the

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from the SDF. Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebel forces prevented the linking of Rojava's cantons and captured all settlements in

16050: 15154: 13638: 13260: 13012: 11891: 7591: 6621: 5871:(KCK) network of organisations, which also includes both political and military Kurdish organizations in Turkey itself, including the 3604:

was threatened and burned down by unidentified assailants. In December 2018 the Rojava Information Center was established. During the

2754:. Most of Afrin Region was occupied by Turkish-led forces in early 2018, though the administrative division continued to operate from 20824: 20202: 19571: 19454: 19172: 18707: 16773: 15397: 13663: 12581: 12551: 11657: 11259: 10809: 10776: 9956: 5953: 5642: 3799: 3398:

In August 2016, the Ourhi Centre was founded by the Assyrian community in the city of Qamishli, to educate teachers in order to make

2665:

The politics of the region has been described as having "libertarian transnational aspirations" influenced by the PKK's shift toward

2318: 575: 16224: 15305: 9978: 8327:

Assyria 1995: Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project / Helsinki, 7–11 September 1995.

8154: 21560: 20710: 19927: 19917: 19683: 19362: 15758: 8653: 7374: 4390: 4383: 4068: 3301: 1403: 1289:, with the last surviving Assyrian imperial records, from between 604 BC and 599 BC, were found in and around the Assyrian city of 314: 16315: 14539: 13070: 11216: 10957: 8098: 7488:"The Experiment of the Rojava System in Grassroots Participatory Democracy: Its Theoretical Foundation, Structure, and Strategies" 6196: 1398:. While many of the Kurds in Syria have been there for centuries, waves of Kurds fled their homes in Turkey and settled in Syrian 20809: 20330: 20272: 20218: 20164: 19937: 19297: 19115: 18727: 18457: 16352: 16020: 15207: 13138: 12638: 12162: 9242: 6538: 6411: 5976:-led government, before its usage was dropped in 2016. Since then, the name is still used by locals and international observers. 3482:

mathematics and primary school teaching and Kurdish literature. There is an additional Faculty for Petroleum and Pharmacology in

16366: 13434: 11711: 10224:"قوات النظام تبدأ دخول مدينة منبج شمال شرق حلب بالتزامن مع استمرار انسحاب قوات التحالف من المدينة • المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان" 9517: 21667: 21595: 20698: 20470: 20450: 20246: 19982: 19367: 18779: 18452: 16724: 13845: 13316: 12694: 10923: 9449: 9419: 6757: 4784: 3865:

The autonomous administration is supporting efforts for workers to form cooperatives, such as this sewing cooperative in Derik.

2751: 16847: 15848: 12241: 12067: 10739: 10297: 9072:"Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria, Report for the 12th session of the UN Human Rights Council" 8052: 6166: 2521: 774:

in minority, cultural, and religious representation. Independent organizations providing healthcare in the region include the

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The cantons were later reorganized into regions with subordinate cantons/provinces, areas, districts and communes. The first

2639: 17099: 15509: 14758: 14602: 14475: 14277: 11124: 10017: 8951: 8846: 8716: 8626: 1740:

Map of the changing territory controlled by the region in February 2014, June 2015, October 2016, April 2018, and March 2020

20720: 20460: 20325: 20177: 19808: 19529: 19524: 18442: 18298: 17919: 17026: 16590: 14929: 14571: 12424: 10998: 9042: 8687: 6226: 5535: 4797: 4472:

was conquered by the Medes. Kurds formed 55% of the 2010 population of what now is both Jazira Region and Euphrates Region.

4203: 4041: 3910: 3897: 3893: 3545: 3463: 2482: 2330: 2094: 1922: 1839: 1827: 1635: 1530: 1419: 794: 688: 17844: 17156: 13964: 11929: 9917: 9826: 6832:"Non-territorial autonomy and gender equality: The case of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria - Rojava" 4413:

stated in October 2019 that just 10 percent of the 4.5 million inhabitants of northern and northeastern Syria were Kurds.

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and Manbij Internal Security Forces operate as police forces. Deir ez-Zor also maintain an Internal Security Forces unit.

21677: 20872: 20064: 19581: 19407: 18685: 17934: 17051: 13667: 13600: 13570: 12447: 11570: 10701: 7722:"Syria Crisis: MSF provides healthcare to Syrians crossing into Iraqi Kurdistan | MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES - MIDDLE EAST" 5697: 4323: 3605: 2746: 2288: 2264: 2239: 20735: 17368: 17205: 11050: 8912: 6962: 5538:

are legally incompatible with respect to legislative and executive authority. In the military realm, combat between the

21590: 21580: 21445: 21424: 21404: 21389: 20771: 20445: 20345: 19987: 19040: 18872: 18660: 18498: 18339: 17658: 17222: 16747: 15964: 10874: 10556: 10463: 9752: 9123: 9013: 8945: 8399: 8371: 8346: 7753: 7328: 5693: 5550: 3629:, which as of January 2017 is working on a major extension of the fibre optic cable network in southern Jazira Region. 2635: 2507: 2413: 1539: 520: 178: 13772: 13403: 12888: 11371: 8723: 6490: 6276: 4248:

found that the SDF was continuing to recruit child soldiers, despite signing an action plan on July 1, 2019, with the

2620: 2001:, a subdivision of the region, was occupied and over 100,000 civilians were displaced and relocated to Afrin Region's 1342:

was raised, was located in northern Syria. By the 3rd century, the Arab tribe of the Fahmids lived in northern Syria.

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by abolishing Islamic jurisprudence as a source of legislation. The region opened official representation offices in

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The four main languages spoken in Northern Syria are the following, and are from three different language families:

4295: 4191: 4092: 4072: 4048: 4005: 2643: 2407: 2010: 1952: 1818: 1534: 872: 19474: 15629: 13194: 12917: 11461: 11289: 9082: 7203: 21626: 21495: 21046: 20564: 20401: 20172: 19957: 19449: 18828: 18717: 18598: 18526: 18344: 18278: 16646: 15123: 14320: 13465: 12503: 9711: 9619: 9339: 9175: 7829: 6416: 3706: 2541: 2336: 594: 15093: 15049:

Steven L. Danver, Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues, p. 517

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throughout Syria, with salaries being twice as large as in regime-controlled Syria, following the collapse of the

2126: 21610: 20956: 20554: 20496: 19947: 19813: 19738: 19576: 19397: 19322: 17313: 16198: 15818: 13630: 10610: 5545:

The region does not state to pursue full independence but rather autonomy within a federal and democratic Syria.

5475: 2775: 2704: 1990: 779: 759: 528: 492: 136: 20236: 17390: 16977: 15543: 12806: 12754: 8124: 4274:

The region's civil government has been hailed in international media for human rights advancement in particular

4236:(YPG). The reports from 2014 include reports of arbitrary arrests and torture, other reports include the use of 1064:

has adopted a new name for the region, naming it the "Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria" (NES) (

21754: 21744: 21414: 20862: 20465: 20143: 19788: 19611: 19556: 19504: 19357: 19282: 19219: 19150: 18964: 18218: 15788: 15013: 14828: 14442: 9576:"Peacebuilding in a conflict setting: Peace and reconciliation committees in de facto Rojava Autonomy in Syria" 6693: 5973: 5864: 5595: 5279: 4140: 4076: 4025: 4009: 2300: 2246: 2226: 2104: 2040: 1589: 20039: 17751:

Vanly, Ismet Chériff (1992). "The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon". In Philip G. Kreyenbroek; Stefan Sperl (eds.).

15651: 13171: 11484:"What is reality of educational process in North Syria, new year's curricula? – ANHA | Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar" 10227: 7951:

Aramaic (Assyrian/Syriac) Dictionary & Phrasebook: Swadaya-English, Turoyo-English, English-Swadaya-Turoyo

7779: 4051:(HXP) also serve local-level security. In Jazira Region, the Asayish are further complemented by the Assyrian 21575: 21533: 21189: 20997: 20966: 20761: 20074: 19962: 19778: 19728: 19551: 19327: 19287: 19025: 18821: 18759: 18650: 18635: 17854: 15450:"Al-Hasaka Health Directorate: One person infection to endanger everyone's life – ANHA | HAWARNEWS | English" 15230: 12828: 10664: 5622: 3847:

fighting ISIL cleared a corridor connecting the autonomous region and Iraqi government-controlled territory.

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U.S. Senator John McCain, Chairman of the United States Senate Armed Services Committee (27 October 2016).

16668: 12962:'Rojava – the formation of an economic alternative: Private property in the service of all' 12090: 7555: 7274: 6102: 5736: 5685: 5539: 4233: 4128: 2431: 2216: 1948: 1597: 474: 122: 18173: 12728: 11680: 11160: 7402: 6831: 6069: 5932:

The region has also been criticized extensively by various partisan and non-partisan sides over political

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and enjoyed considerable rights as the French Mandate authority encouraged minority autonomy as part of a

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in France for cooperation, the university opened registration for students in the academic year 2016–2017.

1963:

the YPG's parent organisation, the PYD, provided the PKK with militants, explosives, arms and ammunition.

1644: 21662: 21505: 21419: 21409: 21399: 21384: 21324: 21224: 21071: 20951: 20930: 20895: 20786: 20781: 20662: 20295: 20226: 19773: 19733: 19566: 19484: 19469: 19045: 19010: 18791: 18558: 18385: 17973: 17924: 17283:

EU condemns Turkey again while sticking to its position on the Kurdish administration in north-east Syria

14437:(1. publ. ed.). London : Pluto Press, in association with Kurdish Human Rights Project. p. 25. 12668: 11824: 5872: 5868: 5599: 4841: 4719: 4299: 4164: 4108: 3844: 3498: 2616: 2534: 2475: 2270: 2221: 1866: 1835: 1791: 1585: 1558: 743: 13505: 13342: 7627: 5618:, some ethnic Kurdish citizens of Turkey crossed the border and volunteered in the defense of the town. 3713:

are managed by local committees, which can set the price of basic goods such as food and medical goods.

21749: 21600: 20791: 20123: 19763: 19561: 19003: 18774: 18563: 16955: 11431: 10408: 7487: 5626: 5504: 4152: 3816: 3697:

agriculture construction. The Afrin Region has had a traditional specialization on olive oil including

3609: 2378: 2252: 2198: 2081: 1967: 464: 16261:"Kurdish citizens 'rest easy' after American military patrols parade through cities in northern Syria" 15908: 12981: 5700:

released a budget blueprint for 2019 with respect to the region, which included $ 300 million for the

1813:

Military situation in December 2015, the SDF would be successful in pushing ISIS out of northern Syria

1529:'s Ba'athist government varied greatly. Some parties opted for resistance, whereas others such as the 21703: 21017: 20890: 20685: 20600: 20421: 20187: 20059: 19803: 19758: 19663: 19494: 19160: 19155: 18986: 18959: 18954: 18816: 18695: 18503: 18211: 18158: 17929: 16127: 14457:

McDowall, David. Modern History of the Kurds, I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2004. pp. 473–474.

12511: 12194: 7694: 5692:, the commander of the international Anti-ISIL-coalition, said that the SDF would lead the impending 5665: 4703: 4681: 4667: 4184: 3565: 3319: 3297: 3272: 3208: 3144: 3080: 3008: 2923: 2844: 2762: 2193: 1874: 1751: 1432: 1081: 1061: 1041: 985: 904: 355: 333: 85: 16881: 13935:"What the Syrian Kurds Have Wrought. The radical, unlikely, democratic experiment in northern Syria" 12604: 10331: 10163: 8264:"Final statement of Autonomous Administration of North , East Syria – ANHA | Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar" 3957:

stated that 400 people were incarcerated by the region's authorities and criticized deficiencies in

3600:("the first, and only, independent radio station staffed and broadcast by Syrians inside Syria") in 1557:

internal policies which officially suppressed a Kurdish identity, the Syrian government allowed the

695:

as a whole, rather than outright independence. The region's administration has also been accused by

21007: 20882: 20867: 20335: 20054: 20044: 20029: 19853: 19698: 19519: 19224: 18921: 18862: 18472: 17963: 17946: 17704: 15271: 7240: 5721: 5701: 5677: 5630: 5520: 4833: 4689: 4584: 4410: 4124: 4088: 4063:, though not police units, also have a presence in the area, providing security in towns along the 4015: 3906: 3687: 3323: 2792: 2628: 2425: 1971: 1747: 1285:

kingdom, its centre being the Khabur river valley in modern-day Jazira Region. It was then part of

656: 568: 14719: 13903: 13290: 4456:

living in northeastern and northwestern Syria, culturally and linguistically classified among the

4103: 1600:" (YPG), a paramilitary wing of the PYD, was also founded during this time, but remained dormant. 20961: 20920: 20910: 20705: 20559: 20480: 20285: 20148: 19977: 19967: 19713: 19693: 19479: 19229: 19199: 19182: 19060: 18712: 18003: 17993: 17983: 17601: 15886: 15329:"Only way to keep Syria united by the adoption of a decentralised, democratic and secular system" 15043:

Mordechai Nisan, Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression, p. 180

11737: 11600: 11315: 10832: 8742: 7726: 7270: 7025: 6653: 5758: 5753: 5510: 5483: 4862:

Cities highlighted in light grey are partially under the civil control of the Syrian government.

4671: 4180: 4176: 4148: 3832: 3812: 3750: 3720: 2950: 2871: 2680: 1639: 1613: 1415: 1227: 1189: 1151: 787: 692: 598: 579: 556: 16999: 16558: 15732: 15566:"In Northern Syria, Destruction and Displacement Confront Health Workers – Syrian Arab Republic" 13988:"Civil Resistance to Military Conscription in Kurdish Areas of Northern Syria: the Untold Story" 6990: 4020: 2077: 21538: 20475: 20280: 20241: 19892: 19843: 19798: 19768: 19382: 19342: 19317: 19307: 19165: 19140: 19030: 18993: 18969: 18769: 18053: 17909: 17839: 14844: 14681: 7352: 7017: 5761:

like "association areas", strengthen the parliament at the cost of the presidency, and realize

5740: 4837: 4829: 4685: 4362: 3740:

on people or businesses in the region; instead, the administration raised money mainly through

3326:. The co-leaders selected to lead the SDC at its founding were prominent human rights activist 3018: 2709: 2172: 2160: 1986: 1918: 1803: 1578: 1514: 1181: 1030: 974: 944: 708: 16462: 16415:"Build Kurdistan relationship or risk losing vital Middle East partner – News from Parliament" 14961: 14651: 13810:"SDF continues to recruit child soldiers, despite pledges to stop the practice - Syria Direct" 11623:"Why Did the Kurdish "Self-Management" Close the Syriac Private School in Eastern al-Hasakah?" 10283: 8788: 6694:"Beyond Orientalism: Exploring the Distinctive Feminism of democratic confederalism in Rojava" 5649:

Syrian Democratic Forces § Support by the United States, France and other Western nations

19922: 19402: 18593: 18568: 18467: 17904: 17849: 15003: 14902: 14863: 14781: 13540: 8597: 7323: 5905: 5884: 5531: 4790: 4727: 4697: 4526:, in Euphrates Region and in Jazira Region it mainly denotes ethnic Arab Bedouin populations. 4485: 4374:, when many Assyrians and Armenians fled to Syria from Turkey. In the 1920s after the failed 4336: 4225: 3997: 3954: 2487: 2167: 1452: 1391: 1339: 1177: 1155: 660: 301: 154:

Territory controlled by Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria shown in dark green

16463:"Mark C. Toner, Deputy Spokesperson. Daily Press Briefing. Washington, DC. November 7, 2016" 16392: 13634: 7018:"The Rojava Revolution: Oil, Water, and Liberation – Commodities, Conflict, and Cooperation" 6197:"Amina Omar ,Ryad Derrar elected as co-chairs of MSD - ANHA | HAWARNEWS | English" 6133: 4127:, an alliance of Syrian rebel groups formed in 2015. The SDF is led by the Kurdish majority 2080:

had for months warned that the presence of the YPG on the Turkish-Syrian border despite the

21525: 21164: 20925: 20751: 20725: 20251: 19783: 19596: 19347: 19312: 19145: 19130: 18976: 18665: 18588: 18390: 18288: 18168: 18133: 18063: 17700: 15150: 13268: 11899: 10772: 5790: 5762: 5471: 4711: 3902: 3683: 3625:

the region are often slow due to inadequate infrastructure. Internet lines are operated by

3553: 3475: 2611:

stated that power is heavily centralized in the hands of the Democratic Union Party (PYD).

2561: 1847: 1574: 1473: 940: 775: 684: 17460: 16781: 13716:"Syria: Kurdish Forces Violating Child Soldier Ban Despite Promises, Children Still Fight" 12573: 12541: 11653: 10801: 9801:"Kurds, Arabs and Assyrians talk to Enab Baladi about the 'Federal Constitution' in Syria" 1974:(SDF) from linking Afrin Canton (now Afrin Region) with the rest of Rojava and to capture 8: 21344: 21299: 21264: 20776: 20580: 20359: 20024: 19860: 19214: 19194: 19015: 18998: 18899: 18801: 18578: 16804:"Rojava university seeks to eliminate constraints on education in Syria's Kurdish region" 16536: 15389: 15297: 13317:"Syria: Arbitrary detentions and blatantly unfair trials mar PYD fight against terrorism" 11847:"Rojava university seeks to eliminate constraints on education in Syria's Kurdish region" 10013: 5578: 4814: 4509: 4194:(HXP) is a territorial defense militia and the only conscript armed force in the region. 4144: 3950: 3881: 3613: 3506: 3470: 3394:

High school students in Tev-Cand in a classroom, dancing during a class on Syrian culture

2575: 2502: 2258: 2046:

had ordered United States troops to withdraw from northeastern Syria where they had been

1902: 1543: 1306: 755: 712: 696: 680: 8680:"Ray J. Mouawad, Syria and Iraq – Repression Disappearing Christians of the Middle East" 8093:[Draft of the Social Coalition of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria]. 7110:"PYD leader: SDF operation for Raqqa countryside in progress, Syria can only be secular" 4591:

modernization movement has a growing influence on Assyrian identity in the 21st century.

1546:. The situation improved after the death of Hafez al-Assad and the election of his son, 21284: 20730: 20197: 20128: 20089: 18806: 18784: 18128: 18118: 17729: 16103: 15189: 14712:"Culturally Sensitive Social Work Practice with Arab Clients in Mental Health Settings" 14190:"There's no 'ethnic cleansing' in Til Abyad against the Turkmen and Arabic population." 14007: 13509: 13066: 12921: 11212: 10669: 9611: 9603: 8644: 7993:"The Autonomous Administration in Northern Syria: Questions of Legitimacy and Identity" 7537: 7347: 7156: 6854: 6724: 5786: 5583: 5479: 5383: 4621: 4576: 4430: 4375: 4340: 4221: 4064: 3876: 3856: 3771: 3642: 3487: 3452: 3349: 2624: 2595: 1709: 1510: 1509:. This status was passed to the children of a "stateless" Kurdish father. In 2010, the 1399: 1302: 1235: 1193: 1118: 783: 630: 19352: 19209: 17225:"Statement by SASC Chairman John McCain on Turkish Government Attacks on Syrian Kurds" 16489:"US-led coalition has no intention to create federal Kurdish state in Syria: official" 15203: 13664:

YPG demobilizes 21 children under the age of 18 from the military service in its ranks

13130: 9684: 9034: 8679: 6530: 5615: 4848:. The dominant PYD party and the political administration in the region are decidedly 3420: 2612: 1959:

between the PKK and Turkish forces. According to the Turkish pro-government newspaper

1843: 1562: 1561:(PKK) to set up training camps from 1980. The PKK was a militant Kurdish group led by 21642: 21349: 21304: 20905: 20900: 20676: 20585: 20541: 19897: 19098: 18811: 18370: 17988: 17814: 17787: 17762: 17737: 17708: 17679: 17654: 17633: 17605: 17580: 17258: 16370: 15009: 14967: 14908: 14869: 14824: 14787: 14748: 14657: 14438: 14398: 14365: 14328: 13426: 13400:"Rojava Dispatch Six: Innovations, the Formation of the Hêza Parastina Cewherî (HPC)" 12114: 11793: 11114: 10637: 10605:[The Democratic Conservatives are a new party declaring itself in Qamishlo]. 10582: 9615: 9595: 9132: 9009: 8941: 8838: 8794: 8603: 8536: 8508: 8395: 8367: 8342: 8339:

The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 9: The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC

8150: 8060: 7954: 7541: 7502: 7425: 7193: 7060: 6919: 6858: 6728: 6716: 6626: 6032:. In addition, Cherkessians farmers migrated to northern Syria in the 19th century. 6025: 6017: 5607: 5603: 5527: 5437: 4723: 4693: 4659: 4501: 4371: 4367: 4220:

In the course of the Syrian Civil War, including the years 2014 and 2015, reports by

4168: 3679: 3573: 3557: 3556:. As a result, a diverse media landscape has developed in the region, in each of the 3549: 2649: 2445: 2147: 2140: 2055:". Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebel forces captured 68 settlements, including 2036: 1670: 1649: 1492: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1367: 1294: 1185: 921: 893: 767: 606: 251: 12295: 12242:"Efrîn Economy Minister Yousef: Rojava challenging norms of class, gender and power" 9457: 9427: 8940:(1. publ. in paperback. ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. 61. 4530:

Two ethnic groups have a significant presence in certain regions of Northern Syria:

4389:

Under the French Mandate of Syria, newly arriving Kurds were granted citizenship by

4345: 4047:

Throughout the region, the municipal Civilian Defense Forces (HPC) and the regional

21319: 21309: 21289: 21279: 21184: 21174: 21169: 21107: 21066: 21051: 20756: 20406: 20290: 19616: 19539: 19125: 18949: 18904: 18855: 18838: 18833: 18680: 18645: 18273: 18234: 18153: 18138: 18073: 17126:"Turkey strikes Kurdish city of Afrin northern Syria, civilian casualties reported" 16851: 15185: 15075: 14394: 14387: 14289: 13999: 12249: 12059: 9587: 7529: 7456: 7445:"The Rojava Experience: Possibilities and Challenges of Building a Democratic Life" 7417: 6846: 6810: 6800: 6708: 6259: 5948: 5933: 5689: 5515: 5062: 4891: 4873: 4741: 4733: 4663: 4438: 4319: 4156: 3871: 3725: 3675: 3671: 3569: 3379: 3257: 3193: 3129: 3065: 2993: 2908: 2877: 2859: 2829: 2583: 2457: 2006: 1931: 1795: 1631: 1456: 1424: 1330: 1310: 1274: 1250: 1219: 1213: 1170: 1162: 1098: 1065: 1013: 957: 888: 840: 826: 771: 732: 704: 700: 664: 652: 564: 540: 281: 99: 57: 31: 16537:"Syrian draft constitution recognizes Kurdish language, no mentions of federalism" 16074:"The opening of a Syrian Kurdish 'representation office' in Geneva stirs tensions" 16043:"Kurdish National Council announces plan for setting up 'Syrian Kurdistan Region'" 15069:

The British Survey, By British Society for International Understanding, 1968, p. 3

14003: 12360: 10009: 9591: 7533: 6805: 6788: 6712: 6041:

Concerns over Turkish actions were expressed by US, Russian, and German officials.

4460:. Many Kurds consider themselves descended from the ancient Iranian people of the 2276: 21334: 21239: 21214: 21137: 21127: 21122: 21112: 21061: 21056: 20628: 19723: 19544: 19110: 18877: 18700: 18573: 18477: 17777: 17752: 17723: 17694: 17669: 17648: 17623: 17570: 16834:"L'écrivain Patrice Franceschi veut créer un centre culturel au Kurdistan syrien" 15359: 14742: 14677: 14594: 14575: 14224: 12968: 11998:"Syrian Kurdish administration condemns burning of radio ARTA FM office in Amude" 11108: 10446: 9380: 9334: 9003: 8935: 8831: 8720: 8713: 8630: 8623: 7299: 7279: 6013: 5856: 5709: 5682:

international (US-led) coalition against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

5611: 4885: 4767: 4760: 4715: 4677: 4543: 4457: 4397:

strategy and recruited heavily from the Kurds and other minority groups, such as

4394: 4160: 4037: 3939: 3836: 3808: 3617: 3544:, as well as other internationally recognized human rights conventions, the 2014 3399: 3383: 3242: 3178: 3114: 3050: 2978: 2893: 2814: 2579: 2571: 2497: 1609: 1547: 1465: 1351: 1335: 1326: 1322: 1166: 1073: 1021: 965: 810: 720: 668: 622: 560: 491:

Several symbols have been used to represent the entity in official settings. See

298: 286: 271: 261: 159: 71: 17811:

Statelet of Survivors: The Making of a Semi-Autonomous Region in Northeast Syria

17597:

The Syrian Jihad: Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and the Evolution of an Insurgency

14568: 14498:"Rojava hosts thousands of displaced Iraqi civilians as war on ISIS intensifies" 12416: 10276:"Syrian army enters Kurdish-held city, air base to help counter Turkish assault" 8743:"Abandoned by America: How the Kurds have once again been 'stabbed in the back'" 7628:"The medical care situation in Rojava - Cadus e.V. - Redefine Global Solidarity" 7051:

Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, David, eds. (2017). "Preface".

6234: 6028:

tribal groups both settled in and were deported to areas of northern Syria from

5833: 5824: 5813: 4748:

For these four languages, three different scripts are in use in Northern Syria:

3927: 3804: 3782:, and allow for good wages. The AANES still faces challenges with distribution, 2727: 2691:

capital of the administration, but the area's governing body later relocated to

1464:

parties. Property was routinely confiscated by government loansharks. After the

1370:

tribal groups both settled in and were deported to areas of northern Syria from

1290: 1122: 559:. The region gained its de facto autonomy in 2012 in the context of the ongoing 21565: 21274: 21244: 21194: 21179: 21159: 21147: 21132: 21117: 21041: 20354: 19135: 19020: 18894: 18796: 18640: 18123: 18108: 17504:"Kurdish authorities handed over political prisoner to Syrian regime: Official" 16393:"Syrian Kurdish PYD, Turkey's HDP leaders attend 'Ocalan conference' in Athens" 16338:"Syrie : Emmanuel Macron annonce l'envoi de soldats au secours des Kurdes" 13199: 11394:"Rojava administration launches new curriculum in Kurdish, Arabic and Assyrian" 10346:"India slams Turkey for its 'unilateral military offensive' in northeast Syria" 8387: 8091:"Reşnivîsa Hevpeymana Civakî ya Federaliya Demokratîk a Bakurê Sûriyeyê – ANHA" 7690:"Free Burma Rangers activist and medic killed by Turkish drone strike in Syria" 7556:"NATION-BUILDING IN ROJAVA: PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY AMIDST THE SYRIAN CIVL WAR" 6935: 6918:. Translated by Schiffmann, Thomas. Oakland, CA: PM Press, Kairos. p. 12. 6021: 5653: 4753: 4595: 4493: 4434: 4422: 4249: 4237: 4056: 3935: 3934:

autonomous region proclaims absolute equality of women under the law, allowing

3710: 3701:

made from it, and had drawn much industrial production from the nearby city of

3626: 3519: 3375: 1940: 1799: 1570: 1526: 1436: 1375: 1363: 1231: 1132: 949: 936: 739: 728: 672: 626: 21002: 17884: 15510:"An appeal from Health Body of Al-Jazeera region – ANHA | HAWARNEWS | English" 14321:"Ethnonational Minorities in the Middle East Berbers, Kurds, and Palestinians" 11566: 10579:"High Electoral Commission disclosed Local Administration elections' outcomes" 1809: 320: 21718: 21329: 21294: 21249: 21219: 21199: 21154: 21142: 20989: 20766: 19120: 19035: 18670: 18068: 17998: 17262: 17052:"Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now 'undeniable'" 14364:(3. revised and updated. ed., repr. ed.). London : Tauris. p. 469. 12391:"Efrîn Economy Minister: Rojava Challenging Norms Of Class, Gender And Power" 10734: 10194:"Trump's decision on Syria has already turned into a foreign policy disaster" 9599: 8900: 8730: 8064: 7506: 7460: 7429: 6720: 6594: 5900: 5704:(SDF) and $ 250 million for border security. In April 2018, the President of 5430: 5403: 5351: 5324: 5272: 5142: 5115: 4981: 4954: 4552: 4517: 4513: 4172: 3783: 3494: 3327: 2798: 2735: 2713: 2673: 2608: 2452: 2002: 1893: 1775: 1627: 1506: 1223: 1209: 716: 644:

The supporters of the region's administration state that it is an officially

610: 536: 213: 200: 15819:"Syrian army to deploy along Turkish border in deal with Kurdish-led forces" 14293: 11654:"Rojava authority's efforts to provide Syriac education met with resistance" 11338:"Education in Rojava: Academy and Pluralistic versus University and Monisma" 11143: 11141: 10866: 10459: 9142: 7856: 6103:"Turkish-backed groups launch attack near strategic Syrian town of Ain Issa" 5936:. A KDP-S politician accused the PYD of delivering him to the Assad regime. 3861: 1522:

between the Syrian government and the Syrian Kurdish population were tense.

1128: 21259: 21234: 21209: 21204: 21012: 20650: 20595: 18078: 16013:"Syrian Kurdish leader: We will respect outcome of independence referendum" 15879:"Syrian Kurds accuse Turkey of violations, Russia says peace plan on track" 15596:"Syria: Caring for displaced people and preparing for coronavirus in Idlib" 13814: 13399: 11789:"Afrin University students continuing their studies at Rojava's University" 11760:"Syria's first Kurdish university attracts controversy as well as students" 10548: 10250:"Syrian Army enters strategic city in Al-Raqqa with heavy equipment: video" 6880: 5732: 5657: 5625:

in Iraq is complicated. One context is that the governing party there, the

5358: 5304: 5220: 5122: 4600: 4568: 4548: 4481: 4453: 4245: 3775: 3737: 3621: 3412: 3315: 2956: 2462: 2372: 2064: 2043: 1998: 1994: 1897: 1767: 1763: 1623: 1554: 1518: 1429: 1318: 1266: 1205: 724: 532: 448: 324: 18143: 17835:

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES) official website

17572:

The Kurds of Northern Syria. Volume 2: Governance, Diversity and Conflicts

17529:"Journalism in Rojava (II): Independent media between freedom and control" 17339:"Syrian rebels accuse Kurdish forces of 'ethnic cleansing' of Sunni Arabs" 17074: 8147:"Second day of Northern Syria Constituent Assembly conference takes place" 3581: 1603: 935:

The first name of the local government for the Kurdish-dominated areas in

21657: 21339: 21269: 21254: 21229: 17576: 17546: 16128:"ANALYSIS: Kurds welcome US support, but want more say on Syria's future" 15055:

Richard T. Schaefer, Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, p. 107

13457: 13264: 12212: 11922:"In blow to Kurdish independent media, Syrian Kurdish website shuts down" 11869: 11518: 11506: 11138: 9329: 8784: 8296:"Amina Omar : Autonomous Administration its purpose to serve people" 7972: 7970: 7754:"Kurdish-led SDF says Turkish invasion has revived IS, urges no-fly zone" 7659:"In Northern Syria, Destruction and Displacement Confront Health Workers" 6662: 6074: 5661: 5331: 5200: 4825: 4505: 4443:

Two ethnic groups have a significant presence throughout Northern Syria:

4241: 3958: 3698: 2755: 1779: 1525:

The response of northern Syrian parties and movements to the policies of

1460: 1444: 762:. Prisons house mostly people charged with terrorist activity related to 751: 747: 634: 17671:

The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads

16613:"Rojava's first representation office outside Kurdistan opens in Moscow" 15127: 14963:

Understanding Arabs, Fifth Edition: A Contemporary Guide to Arab Society

14865:

The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives

14011: 13987: 10103:"US betrayal of Kurds destroys the West's credibility for years to come" 9949:"BREAKING: Kurdish-led SDF to handover huge section of territory to SAA" 9607: 9575: 9167: 8221: 8177:"Syrian Kurdish groups, allies say approve blueprint for federal system" 7090: 6850: 6231:

Syrian Civil War Map – Live Middle East Map/ Map of the Syrian Civil War

5660:, co-chairman of the region's leading Democratic Union Party (PYD) with 3358: 2186: 1674:

the Kurdish population out of the initial civil uprising and civil war.

1261: 21022: 17650:

The Crusader States and their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099-1187

17628:. Routledge encyclopedias of Middle Edges. New York City & London: 17619: 13374:"Rojava Asayish: Security institution not above but within the society" 10549:""The Kurdish National Alliance," a new political entity in the column" 9643: 9641: 9512: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9272: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8842: 8581:. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237–77, 293–294. 8316:

Consolidation of administrations – ANHA | Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar

7892: 6436: 5227: 5015: 4934: 4897: 4849: 4808: 4793: 4632: 4580: 4564: 4560: 4264: 4071:

also maintain a police branch. In the areas taken from ISIL during the

3931: 3787: 3745: 3733: 3694: 3616:

was also banned from reporting in the region. On 2 September 2019, the

3502: 3404: 2658: 2654: 2590: 2072: 2060: 2056: 2020: 1783: 1771: 1746:

Existing underground Kurdish political parties, namely the PYD and the

1687: 1278: 1254: 1245: 1136: 645: 591: 587: 548: 341: 14520: 14468:"Syrian Kurds provide safe haven for thousands of Iraqis fleeing ISIS" 13488:"Translation: Law concerning military service in North and East Syria" 13458:"Meet the YPG, the Kurdish Militia That Doesn't Want Help from Anyone" 13013:"Rojava experience of the social economy : reality and prospects" 12829:"Iran-backed Iraqi force says takes Islamic State villages near Syria" 12777:"Business booming in Rojava after outlet opened with Kurdistan Region" 12478:"In Syria's Mangled Economy, Truckers Stitch Together Warring Regions" 10376:"Damning evidence of war crimes by Turkish forces and allies in Syria" 9979:"Terrified children, empty streets in Syria's Afrin as Turkey attacks" 9487: 9330:"Meet the YPG, the Kurdish militia that doesn't want help from anyone" 8123:[Social Democratic Alliance for Northern Syria] (in Kurdish). 7967: 7421: 6815: 6460: 3524: 3322:(SDC) was established to serve as the political representative of the 3314:

In December 2015, during a meeting of the region's representatives in

2627:, Turkey, has become an iconic figure in the region whose ideology of 21314: 17783: 17758: 17733: 17696:

The Arab Revolts. Dispatches on Militant Democracy in the Middle East

17675: 17629: 16243:"Ever-closer ties between US and Kurds stoke Turkish border tensions" 16176:"US general: Syrian Democratic Forces will lead the assault on Raqqa" 15539: 13686:"Amnesty accuses US-backed Syrian Kurdish group of demolishing homes" 11956: 11231: 9888:"Interpol removes top PKK-affiliated figure from its red notice list" 9745:"Syrian Kurds declare Qamishli as capital for the new federal system" 9539:

Khalaf, Rana (2016). "PYD Pragmatism and the Emergence of 'Rojava'".

8120: 7922:[Northern Syria: Why a German risks his life for the Kurds]. 7403:"Communal Democracy: The Social Contract and Confederalism in Rojava" 7236: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 5782: 5770: 5574: 5174: 4612: 4588: 4533: 4354: 4244:

and other international organizations. A September 2020 article from

4208: 3984:, which serves the region as a whole. Separate from this system, the 3779: 3759: 3755: 3486:. Its language of instruction is Kurdish, and with an agreement with 3416: 3390: 2666: 2108: 1979: 1870: 1277:, and includes archaeological sites dating to the Neolithic, such as 1147: 1113: 899:

The territory around Jazira province of northeastern Syria is called

602: 583: 15390:"Kurdish force may leave Raqqa campaign if Turkey continues attacks" 13961:"Assyrian leader accuses PYD of monopolizing power in Syria's north" 13808:

Christou, Will; Ibrahim, Mohammad Abdulssattar (17 September 2020).

13254: 13252: 11944: 10519:"Writings of Obscure American Leftist Drive Kurdish Forces in Syria" 9638: 9269: 9214: 8861: 7920:"Nordsyrien: Warum ein Deutscher sein Leben für die Kurden riskiert" 6789:"Gender Revolution in Rojava: The Voices beyond Tabloid Geopolitics" 5752:

has on occasion openly supported the region's political ambition of

1877:

was created. On 17 March 2016, at a TEV-DEM-organized conference in

1850:

of summer of 2015, the regions of Jazira and Kobanî were connected.

1755: 1731: 1720: 1409: 21032: 20980: 18203: 17129: 16877: 16807: 16720: 16642: 16586: 16046: 16016: 14501: 14471: 13167: 13164:"Syrian Kurds tackle conscription, underage marriages and polygamy" 12001: 11925: 11850: 11397: 11367: 11285: 11021:"Haytham Manna Elected Joint Chairman of Syrian Democratic Council" 10223: 10075: 9748: 8709: 7787: 7113: 7056: 6958: 6029: 5876: 5843: 5794: 5149: 4961: 4627: 4608: 4556: 4520:

the term Arab is mainly used to denote arabized Kurds and arabized

4060: 4029: 3943: 3767: 3577: 3528:

Public performance in the AANES (Rojava) in administration Tev Cand

2766: 2692: 2068: 2052: 1787: 1698: 1653: 1371: 1004:

The updated December 2016 constitution of the polity uses the name

766:

and other extremist groups, and are a large strain on the region's

517: 452: 255: 192: 175: 16717:"Syrian Kurds inaugurate representation office in the Netherlands" 14540:"'We're Arabs just as much as Kurds': Syrian Kurds call for unity" 13773:"Western states train Kurdish force in Syria, force's leader says" 12751:"US welcomes opening of border between Rojava and Iraqi Kurdistan" 12163:"Kurdish art, music flourish as regime fades from northeast Syria" 12139:(in Arabic). syriannewscenter.net. 12 January 2017. Archived from 11708:"Syriacs protest Kurdish authorities over Syria school curriculum" 11256:"Hassakeh: Syriac Language to Be Taught in PYD-controlled Schools" 10133:"Trump's Syria move 'delivers a blow to US credibility worldwide'" 6497: 6483:"Electoral Commission publish video of elections 2nd stage | ANHA" 6313: 5972:

The name "Rojava" ("The West") was initially used by the region's

4147:, but was first active in the Syrian Civil War. There is also the 4115: 3354:

Human rights in North and East Syria § Ethnic minority rights

2738:, canals are used for reliable source of water and travel between 18113: 15419: 14180: 13777: 13249: 13051:(1st ed.). Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness. 4 March 2015. 12383: 11454:"The Syriacs are taught their language for the first time – ANHA" 10600: 6658:"Catalan parliament recognizes administration in northeast Syria" 6412:"The Communist volunteers fighting the Turkish invasion of Syria" 4845: 4522: 4497: 4469: 4465: 4426: 4398: 4260: 3597: 3580:

agencies and websites as well as TV outlets Rojava Kurdistan TV,

3331: 2739: 2670: 1887:

National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces

1347: 1314: 1286: 1282: 814: 805: 676: 638: 16225:"US Troops in Manbij to 'Deter' Skirmishes Between Turks, Kurds" 16099:"Inside Syria: Kurds Roll Back ISIS, but Alliances Are Strained" 15991:"Kurdistan's Politicized Society Confronts a Sultanistic System" 14165:"Syrian Kurds accused of ethnic cleansing and killing opponents" 12950:(1st ed.). Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness. 4 March 2015. 12091:"Statement from Kurdistan 24 Company for Media and Research Ltd" 12060:"Rudaw expresses regret over ban by Kobani authorities in Syria" 12029:"Rojava Information Center, a media bridge to the world outside" 10867:"المفوضية العليا للانتخابات – Komseriya Bilind Ya Hilbijartinan" 9858:"The World Condemns Erdogan's War on Kurds. But Turkey Applauds" 8937:

Blood and belief: the PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence

8579:

Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan

8121:"Hevpeymana Civakî ya Federaliya Demokratîk ji bo Bakurê Sûriyê" 6897: 6895: 4824:

Most ethnic Kurdish and Arab people in Northern Syria adhere to

4643: 4252:

to "end and prevent the recruitment and use of child soldiers."

3949:

A new criminal justice approach was implemented that emphasizes

3641:

Children in (AANES) school curriculum children learning to play

1838:(PKK) volunteers, fought and finally repelled an assault by the 1478:

Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria

18504:

Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria

18268: 18163: 17951: 17625:

Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Volume 1: A - K

14927: 14230: 11424:"Syriacs will study their language in schools this year – ANHA" 11187:"After 52-year ban, Syrian Kurds now taught Kurdish in schools" 10991:"Dêrîk congress decides to establish Democratic Syria Assembly" 9079:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

8974:"After 52-year ban, Syrian Kurds now taught Kurdish in schools" 6227:"War Statistics / Syrian War Statistics – Syrian Civil War Map" 5852: 5798: 5774: 5766: 5749: 5717: 5713: 5705: 5669: 5410: 5042: 4988: 4879: 4707: 4489: 4255: 4052: 4001: 3980:, composed of trained jurists. The court of last resort is the 3923: 3820: 3748:

to provide for public services in the region. In May 2016, The

3741: 3702: 3561: 3505:

city, which included the Hasakah campus of the Arabic-language

3483: 3436: 3371: 2731: 1975: 1906: 1878: 1853: 1497: 1395: 1355: 1143: 648: 552: 17157:"Turkey's Syria Intervention: A Sign of Weakness Not Strength" 16695:"Syrian Kurds open unofficial representative mission in Paris" 16583:"Moscow invites Kurds and Syrian opposition to explain Astana" 15849:"Syrian army moves to confront Turkish forces as US withdraws" 14057:"Turkey accuses Kurdish forces of 'ethnic cleansing' in Syria" 12803:"First aid convoy arrives in Rojava through new land corridor" 12542:"Syrian Kurdish region increases salaries amid currency crash" 12448:"Rojava Administration to Impose Tax System in Northern Syria" 11541:"Kurds establish university in Rojava amid Syrian instability" 10834:

BACK TO WHAT FUTURE? What Remains for Syria's Displaced People

10492:. The Royal Institute of International Affairs. Archived from 10298:"Syrian army moves to confront Turkish forces as US withdraws" 9827:"Syrian Kurds, allies set to approve new government blueprint" 9775:"After approving constitution, what's next for Syria's Kurds?" 8364:

The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume I: To 1500

6561:"Syria Kurds adopt constitution for autonomous federal region" 6379:"Turkey's military operation in Syria: All the latest updates" 3542:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

3306: 1293:. Later it was ruled by different dynasties and empires – the 1092: 1052: 996: 915: 852: 21648:

Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference

18263: 17180:"US backing ensures Arab-Kurd alliance in Syria will survive" 14112:"Syria: Kurdish militias plan a demographic change in Manbij" 12546: 10802:"Anti-Kurdish protests in east Syria could endanger US plans" 10071:"Trump makes way for Turkey operation against Kurds in Syria" 9631: 9257: 8203:"'Rojava' no longer exists, 'Northern Syria' adopted instead" 6892: 6758:"German MP Jelpke: Rojava needs help against Corona pandemic" 6346:"'Rojava' no longer exists, 'Northern Syria' adopted instead" 5802: 5778: 5095: 5069: 4907: 4476: 4461: 4448: 4402: 3601: 3432: 2717: 2118:

Politics of Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

1912: 1759: 864: 618: 614: 544: 524: 233: 182: 17845:

Resources on the Rojava revolution in West Kurdistan (Syria)

16515:"Syria Opposition Rejects Russian Draft of New Constitution" 16367:"YPJ Commander Nesrin Abdullah speaks in Italian Parliament" 15072:

Carl Skutsch, Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities, p. 149

15046:

Carl Skutsch, Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities, p. 149

14783:

Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia

14744:

Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia

13635:

Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict

6955:"Syria Kurds challenging traditions, promote civil marriage" 6167:"Syrian Kurds declare new federation in bid for recognition" 5724:(SDF) militias and in order to defuse tensions with Turkey. 4615:, and a minor presence in Afrin Region and Euphrates Region. 2013:

against the Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebel forces.

1869:(PKK) which Turkey (and the U.S. and the E.U.) designate as 17417:"Syria: US ally's razing of villages amounts to war crimes" 16848:"French delegation seeks to open cultural center in Rojava" 14900: 14086:"Syria: US ally's razing of villages amounts to war crimes" 11106: 10633:"Electoral Commission publish video of elections 2nd stage" 9477: 9475: 8425: 8423: 7949:

Awde, Nicholas; Lamassu, Nineb; Al-Jeloo, Nicholas (2007).

7851:

Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland

7592:"RUPTURES AND RIPPLE EFFECTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND BEYOND" 5530:

are determined by the context of the Syrian civil war. The

4604: 4555:

of the autonomous region, particularly in the urban areas (

4268: 3637: 2646:, and others actively participate in governing the region. 1298: 1158: 930:

Democratic Confederalist Autonomous Areas of Northern Syria

855: 849: 793:

Since 2016, Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebel forces

763: 17100:"Turkey accused of shelling Kurdish-held village in Syria" 16312:"Pentagon budget retains same troop levels in Iraq, Syria" 13842:"Syrian Kurds give women equal rights, snubbing jihadists" 13601:"Under Kurdish Rule – Abuses in PYD-run Enclaves of Syria" 13069:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 13. 12889:"PKK planning to open trade route between Rojava and Iraq" 9665: 9508:"Syrian Kurds recruit regime loyalists to fight jihadists" 9450:"Girke Lege Becomes Sixth Kurdish City Liberated in Syria" 6930:

Afrin was the home to the largest Ezidi minority in Syria.

2676:

system, which is based on that country's major religions.

2009:(SAA) control. The remaining SDF forces later launched an 16639:"Syrian Kurds inaugurate representation office in Sweden" 15700:"Kurdish Self-governance in Syria: Survival and Ambition" 14904:

Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East

14580: 13111: 12277:"Rojava's Sustainability and the PKK's Regional Strategy" 11681:"Syrian Kurds open church in Kobani, once besieged by IS" 9420:"Armed Kurds Surround Syrian Security Forces in Qamishli" 8591: 8589: 8587: 7853:, (2014), by Ofra Bengio, University of Texas Press, p. 2 7822:"Yekîneya Antî Teror a Rojavayê Kurdistanê hate avakirin" 7183:

In der Maur, Renée; Staal, Jonas (2015). "Introduction".

6448: 5588: 4350: 4232:

were committing war crimes, in particular members of the

1936: 1858: 981:

al-Fidirāliyya al-Dīmuqrāṭiyya li-Rūj ʾĀvā – Šamāl Suriyā

21653:

International recognition of the Syrian National Council

17779:

Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring

17435:"UN says no ethnic cleansing by Kurds in northern Syria" 15675: 15673: 15652:"Syrian Kurds point finger at Western-backed opposition" 15360:"The power plays behind Russia's deconfliction in Afrin" 15124:"Social Contract – Democratic Federation of North Syria" 14416: 14414: 14384: 13049:

A Small Key Can Open a Large Door: The Rojava Revolution

12948:

A Small Key Can Open a Large Door: The Rojava Revolution

12193:(in Arabic). ARA News. 12 September 2015. Archived from 11593:"Christians, Kurds at Odds Over Syria School Curriculum" 11213:"Rojava schools to re-open with PYD-approved curriculum" 10730:"Rojava's commitment to Jineolojî: the science of women" 10602:"المحافظين الديمقراطي" حزبٌ جديد يُعلن عن نفسه في قامشلو 9685:"Syria's Kurds declare de-facto federal region in north" 9472: 9311: 9309: 9202: 9105: 9103: 8790:

Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East

8558: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8435: 8420: 8053:"Kurds Declare 'Federal Region' in Syria, Says Official" 8022:"Syria civil war: Kurds declare federal region in north" 7370:"Syria, Report by UN Commission of Inquiry (March 2017)" 6622:"Umar: Catalonian recognition of AANES is the beginning" 4575:), in the northeastern corner and in villages along the 924:, by Syriac-Assyrians. The area has also been nicknamed 691:, society, and politics, stating it to be a model for a 17834: 16997: 16125: 15939:"6 reasons why Turkey's war against the PKK won't last" 15320: 14031:"Syria rejects Russian proposal for Kurdish federation" 13868:"Power to the people: a Syrian experiment in democracy" 13227:"Power to the people: a Syrian experiment in democracy" 12445: 12209:"Syrian Kurds hold theatre festival in Rojava amid war" 11364:"Syriac Christians revive ancient language despite war" 8824: 8822: 8724:

Christian Decline in the Middle East: A Historical View

8486: 8484: 8471: 8469: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7050: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 5899:

Accusations of human rights violations, war crimes and

5633:

in Syria with more clear Kurdish nationalist leanings.

5498: 4844:. There are also adherents to other religions, such as 3728:

system in Syria created by the AANES in southern Afrin.

1604:

Establishment of de facto autonomy and war against ISIL

817:, adopted circa 2012, commonly used by Kurdish Syrians. 15789:"Report: Syrian army to enter SDF-held Kobani, Manbij" 15094:"Glavin: In Iraq and Syria, it's too little, too late" 12329:"Flight of Icarus? The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria" 11047:"Executive Board of Democratic Syria Assembly elected" 11023:. The Syrian Observer. 14 October 2015. Archived from 10164:"Trump's Gut, and the Gutting of American Credibility" 10041:"Turkey launches military operation in northern Syria" 9653: 9131:(1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. pp. X–X. 8584: 8456: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8341:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 603. 7275:"ANALYSIS: 'This is a new Syria, not a new Kurdistan'" 7230:"Rethinking Politics and Democracy in the Middle East" 6254: 6252: 5863:. In this context, in particular the region's leading 3264: 3200: 3136: 3072: 3000: 2915: 2836: 998:

Federaloyotho Demoqraṭoyto l'Gozarto b'Garbyo d'Suriya

77: 20716:

National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change

17568: 17552: 17461:"UN: YPG and SDF have not committed ethnic cleansing" 17391:"Kurds accused of "ethnic cleansing" by Syria rebels" 16930:"Turkish President Erdoğan slams US over YPG support" 16560:رووداو تنشر مسودة الدستور السوري التي أعدها خبراء روس 15965:"Kurdish Militants and Turkey's New Urban Insurgency" 15670: 15420:"أعمال وإنجازات مجلس المنصورة المدني خلال عامه الأول" 14623: 14526: 14411: 14242: 14214: 14138:"Tal Abyad: Achilles Heel of the Syrian Kurdish Belt" 13629: 12639:"Kurds Fight Islamic State to Claim a Piece of Syria" 11962: 11950: 11875: 11524: 11512: 11282:"Kurds introduce own curriculum at schools of Rojava" 11258:. The Syrian Observer. 3 October 2016. Archived from 11237: 11147: 9647: 9400: 9306: 9288: 9220: 9190: 9100: 8872: 8549: 7976: 7888:"Is the PKK worried by the YPG's growing popularity?" 7862: 7824:[Anti-Terror Unit of West Kurdistan formed]. 7305: 7096: 6941: 6886: 6466: 6442: 6332: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 4263:

praying in a Yazidi temple, with a mural of the holy

1253:, Northern Syria has several Neolithic sites such as 873: 843: 582:. The AANES has widespread support for its universal 17206:"Germany warns Turkey from attacking Kurds in Syria" 17154: 15040:

For Assyrians as indigenous to the Middle East, see

14254: 12859:"Iraq paramilitaries reach Iraq's border with Syria" 12695:"Syrian Kurds risk their lives crossing into Turkey" 12504:"Beyond Rojava: North and East Syria's Arab Regions" 11886: 11884: 9294: 8819: 8624:

The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies

8481: 8466: 8290: 8288: 7995:. Omran Center for Strategic Studies. 26 July 2018. 7495:

Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science

7073: 6294: 6134:"Îlham Ehmed: Dê rêxistinên me li Şamê jî ava bibin" 6016:. Arab nomads came to dominate the region after the 4488:

living throughout Northern Syria, mainly defined by

3538:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

1648:

Kurds, Assyrians, and Arabs demonstrate against the

1035: 979: 861: 846: 18355:

Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war

17569:Allsopp, Harriet; van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (2019). 17314:"Turkey accuses Syrian Kurds of 'ethnic cleansing'" 16978:"Syria's Afrin: a plundered settlement one year on" 15759:"Syria to consider granting Kurds greater autonomy" 15683:. Now.MMedia/Al-Akhbar. 24 May 2016. Archived from 15066:For Assyrians speaking a Neo-Aramaic language, see 14275: 13571:"Syria: Kurdish Forces Violating Child Soldier Ban" 11678: 10010:"The significance of the Shahba Canton for the YPG" 9712:"Syrian Kurds in six-month countdown to federalism" 8837:(First ed.). London: Oxford University Press. 8447: 8016: 8014: 7948: 6787:Şimşek, Bahar; Jongerden, Joost (29 October 2018). 6477: 6475: 6249: 1826:Jazira Region and Euphrates Region) and an interim 1550:, under whom the number of Kurdish officials grew. 858: 17296:"Final declaration of the EP Conference on Rojava" 16956:"How Can Turkey Overcome Its Foreign Policy Mess?" 16199:"Iraq: Iranian Subversion and American Engagement" 16150:"Pentagon chief praises Kurdish fighters in Syria" 15681:"Russia finishes draft for new Syria constitution" 15176:D. N. MacKenzie (1961). "The Origins of Kurdish". 14386: 14192:, Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker, 26. Juni 2015" 14163: 13427:"Rojava defense force draws thousands of recruits" 13093:"Islamic Family Law: Syria (Syrian Arab Republic)" 11340:. Kurdishquestion. 12 January 2014. Archived from 11250: 11248: 11246: 9378:[Kurds stuck in a scrape from all sides]. 9029: 9027: 9025: 8830: 8408: 8050: 6687: 6685: 6584: 6582: 6507:. Cantonafrin.com. 4 February 2016. Archived from 6070:"New administration formed for northeastern Syria" 6054: 5908:have gone on fact-finding missions, stating that: 2582:. The region's system of community government has 2039:launched airstrikes on border towns. On 6 October 892:"the West") among Kurds, one of the four parts of 21725:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria 17886:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria 17024: 16904:"From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs" 15424:قوات سوريا الديمقراطية - Syrian Democratic Forces 14845:"Overview of Middle East - Minority Rights Group" 13953: 13742:"Syria: Armed Group Recruiting Children in Camps" 13291:"Syrian Kurds Get Outside Help to Manage Prisons" 13131:"Kurdish 'Angelina Jolie' devalued by media hype" 12918:"Rojava, Syria: A revolution of hope and healing" 12303:"Will Syria's Kurds succeed at self-sufficiency?" 12236: 12234: 11892:"Syria Country report, Freedom of the Press 2015" 11881: 11107:David Commins; David W. Lesch (5 December 2013), 11049:. Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê English. Archived from 9767: 8285: 8229:"ܩܝܡܐ ܟܢܘܫܝܝܐ ܕܦܕܪܐܠܝܘܬ݂ܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܐܛܝܬܐ ܕܓܪܒܝ ܣܘܪܝܐ" 7443:Küçük, Bülent; Özselçuk, Ceren (1 January 2016). 6531:"Turkey's Syria offensive explained in four maps" 6373: 6371: 5757:decentralized authorities as well as elements of 5587:Kurdish-inhabited areas in 1992 according to the 4216:in 2014 and 2015, reportedly leveled by the YPG. 2101:List of political parties in North and East Syria 1939:sniper in defense of Northern Syria from Turkey, 1584:In 2002, the PKK and allied groups organized the 1482:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 1410:Syria's independence and rule of the Ba'ath Party 506:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria 43:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria 21716: 16874:"Kurds plan to set up French institute in Syria" 16005: 15382: 15204:"Could Christianity be driven from Middle East?" 13309: 13219: 11535: 11533: 10487:"Governing Rojava Layers of Legitimacy in Syria" 9369: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9121: 8793:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–232. 8258: 8256: 8254: 8139: 8011: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7182: 7053:Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red 6472: 4464:, using a calendar dating from 612 BC, when the 4309:. One issue of contention is the consequence of 3338: 1947:YPG during the Siege of Kobanî. This led to the 1883:Democratic Federation of Rojava – Northern Syria 1086:ܡܕܰܒܪܳܢܘܬ݂ܳܐ ܝܳܬ݂ܰܝܬܳܐ ܠܓܰܪܒܝܳܐ ܘܡܰܕܢܚܳܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܰܐ 954:Democratic Federation of Rojava – Northern Syria 800: 625:populations, with smaller communities of ethnic 79:ܡܕܰܒܪܳܢܘܬ݂ܳܐ ܝܳܬ݂ܰܝܬܳܐ ܠܓܰܪܒܝܳܐ ܘܡܰܕܢܚܳܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܰܐ 19913:Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict 19824:Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate 18407:International reactions to the Syrian civil war 16774:"The Geneva Peace Talks on Syria and the Kurds" 16439:. Kurdishquestion. 5 April 2015. Archived from 15175: 14959: 14861: 14653:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania 14649: 14278:"La Djezireh syrienne et son réveil économique" 13807: 13771:Perry, Tom; Malla, Naline (10 September 2015). 11736:. New Compass. 17 February 2015. Archived from 11567:"The Assyrians of Syria: History and Prospects" 11314:. New Compass. 17 February 2015. Archived from 11243: 10840:. Carnegie Middle East Center. pp. 13–14. 10830: 10775:. 20 January 2016. pp. 3–4. Archived from 10409:"2014 Charter of the Social Contract of Rojava" 9542:Governing Rojava: Layers of Legitimacy in Syria 9235:"The Assyrians of Syria: History and Prospects" 9022: 8392:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire 8362:Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H. (2015). 8361: 6786: 6682: 6579: 5867:(PYD) and the YPG militia being members of the 4267:, in AANES (Rojava) following the expulsion of 4151:(MFS), an Assyrian militia associated with the 4099:Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present) 3658:in June, both in the city of Qamishli, and the 2105:Abdullah Öcalan § Democratic confederalism 2025:2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria 1927:2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria 1618:Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present) 18324:Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present) 17177: 17000:"The Rise of Jaysh al-Fateh in Northern Syria" 16958:. Lobolog (Graham E. Fuller). 19 February 2016 16745: 16314:. Al-Monitor. 12 February 2018. Archived from 16288: 16286: 15941:. Al-Monitor. 8 September 2015. Archived from 15295: 14682:"IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey" 14435:The Kurds in Syria : the forgotten people 14385:Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan (1992). 14025: 14023: 14021: 12231: 12190:هيئة الثقافة تفتتح معرضاً في سري كانيه بالحسكة 10898:"Syrians vote in Kurdish-led regions of north" 10460:"A Very Different Ideology in the Middle East" 9066: 9064: 9062: 9060: 8997: 8995: 8779: 8777: 8595: 8051:Bradley, Matt; Albayrak, Ayla; Ballout, Dana. 7400: 7269: 6652: 6406: 6404: 6368: 6100: 5680:(SDF) umbrella with the United States and the 5526:Currently, the relations of the region to the 4230:militias associated with the autonomous region 3793: 2758:which is under joint YPG-Syrian Army control. 2631:has shaped the region's society and politics. 1265:Ruins of the "Red House" of the Assyrian site 1094:Mdabronuṯo Yoṯayto l-Garbyo w-Madnḥyo d-Suriya 1070:Rêveberiya Xweser a Bakur û Rojhilatê Sûriyeyê 1037:al-Fidirāliyya al-Dīmuqrāṭiyya li-Šamāl Suriyā 962:Federaliya Demokratîk a Rojava – Bakurê Sûriyê 51:Rêveberiya Xweser a Bakur û Rojhilatê Sûriyeyê 18219: 17870: 17692: 17369:"Have the Syrian Kurds Committed War Crimes?" 17251:"Turkey launches an attack on northern Syria" 15993:. Carnegie Middle East Center. 18 August 2015 15626:"KRG: Elections in Jazira are Not Acceptable" 15231:"A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard" 15222: 14670: 14378: 14325:A Companion to the History of the Middle East 12912: 12910: 11530: 10958:"The Fate of Tel Rifaat Hangs in the Balance" 10665:"A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard" 9918:"TSK: 32 Köy Terörist Unsurlardan Temizlendi" 9358: 9263: 9232: 8366:(8 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 133. 8280:Autonomous Administration of North East Syria 8251: 7519: 7442: 7258: 6272:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 6161: 6159: 6101:van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (23 November 2019). 5456: 5376: 5297: 5245: 5193: 5167: 5088: 5035: 5008: 4927: 4828:, while ethnic Assyrian people generally are 4305:Some persistent issues in the region concern 4133: 4123:The main military force of the region is the 4111:play a significant combat role in the region. 3435:(est. 2015) and the Rodî û Perwîn Library in 3249: 3185: 3121: 3057: 2985: 2900: 2821: 2761:On 6 September 2018, during a meeting of the 2542: 1790:. Doing so, the YPG and its female wing, the 1402:, where they were granted citizenship by the 91: 49: 30:"Rojava" redirects here. For other uses, see 21735:Rebel groups that actively control territory 19066:Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan) 18463:2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria 18350:Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war 17725:Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society 17072: 16771: 14823:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 13985: 13928: 13926: 13924: 13901: 13897: 13895: 13893: 13343:"Highest to Lowest – Prison Population Rate" 13158: 13156: 13010: 12334:. International Crisis Group. Archived from 10762:"SDF plays central role in Syrian civil war" 10689: 9739: 9737: 8646:Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society 7987: 7985: 7926:(in German). 31 October 2019. Archived from 7885: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6258: 4583:area. They traditionally speak varieties of 3234: 3170: 3106: 3042: 2970: 2885: 2806: 2565:Location in the Syrian civil war as of 2024. 1680:Map of the territory of the region over time 1596:Syrian "successor" of the PKK in 2003. The " 687:, and that these values are mirrored in its 567:, in which its official military force, the 372:• Transitional administration declared 63: 21606:Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal 18846:Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013) 18412:Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war 17840:The 2014 Constitution of the Rojava Cantons 16283: 15001: 14018: 13932: 13368: 13366: 13364: 13319:. Amnesty International. 7 September 2015. 12119:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 12026: 11976:"Syria's first Kurdish radio station burnt" 11705: 11113:(in German), Scarecrow Press, p. 239, 10403: 10401: 9946: 9412: 9125:Syria's kurds history, politics and society 9057: 8992: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8783: 8774: 8179:. Reuters. 29 December 2016. Archived from 6913: 6401: 6020:'s decline in the 10th century. During the 5894: 5594:The region's dominant political party, the 4864: 4770:for Syriac, Turoyo and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 4036:Policing in the region is performed by the 3850: 3469:In August 2015, the traditionally-designed 2698: 970:الفدرالية الديمقراطية لروج آفا – شمال سوريا 21740:States and territories established in 2013 21601:First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal 20550:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region 19749:East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) 19510:East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) 18226: 18212: 17941: 17877: 17863: 17155:Christopher Phillips (22 September 2016). 16222: 15730: 15697: 14997: 14995: 14955: 14953: 14928:W. Montgomery Watt; Pierre Cachia (1976). 14821:The Arab world society, culture, and state 14271: 14269: 14140:. Middle East Observer. 21 December 2018. 14088:. Amnesty International. 13 October 2015. 13770: 12907: 11161:"Education in Rojava after the revolution" 10924:"YPG attacks FSA-controlled Azaz province" 10434: 10432: 10430: 9580:Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 9442: 8573: 8571: 7828:(in Kurdish). 7 April 2015. Archived from 6988: 6156: 6067: 5636: 4311:Baathist Syrian government's expropriation 2549: 2535: 1913:Turkish military operations and occupation 1142:The region mainly lies to the west of the 1054:Federaloyotho Demoqraṭoyto d'Garbay Suriya 990:ܦܕܪܐܠܝܘܬ݂ܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܐܛܝܬܐ ܠܓܙܪܬܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ 158: 148: 21481:International demonstrations and protests 19587:September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack 18883:Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013) 17361: 17171: 16491:. Ara news. 30 March 2017. Archived from 16353:"Hollande-PYD meeting challenges Erdogan" 14426: 14353: 14327:. Utrecht: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 475. 13921: 13890: 13153: 12721:"Rojava: The Economic Branches in Detail" 11762:. Al-Monitor. 18 May 2016. Archived from 11072: 11070: 11068: 11039: 10983: 10895: 10754: 10440:Rojava: A libertarian myth under scrutiny 9734: 9160: 7982: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7802: 7687: 7401:Knapp, Michael; Jongerden, Joost (2014). 7227: 7221: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7135: 6977: 6814: 6804: 5954:Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities 5643:Foreign relations of North and East Syria 4171:, and municipal military councils in the 3800:Foreign relations of North and East Syria 2005:which remained under SDF, then joint SDF- 1538:Kurdish politicians won seats during the 1281:. In antiquity, the area was part of the 1180:, the region is formed from parts of the 727:within the region, as well as defense of 609:and organizations. Northeastern Syria is 21627:Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany 20711:Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution 16998:Wladimir van Wilgenburg (12 June 2015). 16350: 16340:(in French). Le Parisien. 29 March 2018. 15691: 15628:. Basnews. 14 March 2015. 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Peace in Kurdistan. 29 January 2014. 8927: 8833:The Refugee Problem: Report of a Survey 8828: 8677: 8568: 8386: 7015: 5598:(PYD), is a member organisation of the 4500:tribes who trace their ancestry to the 3778:the AANES doubled salaries to maintain 3362:Theater center in Rojava in Kobani 2014 1500:in Girê Tertebê, near Qamishlo, in 1997 1269:exposed by excavations (6th century AD) 1006:Democratic Federation of Northern Syria 425:50,000 km (19,000 sq mi) 164:Areas under the region's administration 14: 21717: 20095:Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20) 19373:Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov) 17808: 17646: 17593: 17285:, Brusselstimes.com, 17 December 2019. 16669:"Berlin'de Rojava temsilciliği açıldı" 15909:"What Kobani Means for Turkey's Kurds" 15480:"هيئة الصحة والبيئة – المجلس التنفيذي" 15148: 14901:Anthony Gorman; Andrew Newman (2009). 14605:from the original on 27 September 2008 14432: 14312: 14300:from the original on 24 September 2015 14236: 14059:. 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JINHA. 23 June 2015. Archived from 16294:"How the US stood with Syria's Kurds" 15971:from the original on 21 November 2020 15769:from the original on 28 December 2017 15357: 15308:from the original on 28 February 2021 15157:from the original on 17 November 2011 15022:from the original on 18 February 2024 14800:from the original on 17 November 2023 14779: 14740: 14420: 14318: 14248: 14220: 14176:from the original on 11 January 2022. 14144:from the original on 17 February 2019 14092:from the original on 21 November 2015 13785:from the original on 9 September 2021 13696:from the original on 21 November 2015 13581:from the original on 14 December 2015 13548:from the original on 21 November 2015 13449: 13424: 13267:. biehlonbookchin.com. Archived from 13117: 13099:from the original on 24 February 2021 12982:"How do cooperatives work in Rojava?" 12743: 12697:. Middle East Eye. 29 December 2014. 12649:from the original on 28 November 2014 12603:Cockburn, Patrick (4 February 2021). 12427:from the original on 25 February 2015 12321: 12101:from the original on 2 September 2019 11821:"'University of Rojava' to be opened" 11193:from the original on 11 November 2016 10955: 10727: 10328:"Syrian forces enter key border town" 10230:from the original on 20 December 2019 10204:from the original on 23 November 2022 10161: 10083:from the original on 20 December 2019 10007: 9868:from the original on 30 November 2022 9856:Kingsley, Patrick (16 October 2019). 9709: 9573: 9376:"Koerden zitten van alle kanten klem" 9300: 9178:from the original on 22 November 2017 9045:from the original on 4 September 2015 8980:from the original on 11 November 2016 8690:from the original on 9 September 2012 8642: 8530: 8526: 8524: 8502: 8490: 8475: 8441: 8429: 8336: 7656: 7364: 7362: 7084: 6901: 6602:from the original on 23 February 2018 6590:"Syria's war: Assad on the offensive" 6454: 6356:from the original on 14 November 2019 6131: 6082:from the original on 9 September 2019 5493: 4855: 4625:throughout Northern Syria as well as 4619:There are also smaller minorities of 4069:Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces 3534:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3370:, school education consisted of only 3310:Seal of the Syrian Democratic Council 1018:Federaliya Demokratîk a Bakûrê Sûriyê 887: 821:Parts of northern Syria are known as 795:have occupied parts of northern Syria 18:Federation of Northern Syria – Rojava 20721:Syrian Revolution General Commission 20461:January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria 19240:Second Battle of the Shaer gas field 18443:Turkish occupation of northern Syria 18233: 17618: 16896: 16850:. 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Their presence in Syria is in the 4204:Human rights in North and East Syria 4042:Constitution of North and East Syria 3964:At the local level, citizens create 3898:Human rights in North and East Syria 3894:Constitution of North and East Syria 3546:Constitution of North and East Syria 3464:Mesopotamian Social Sciences Academy 3265: 3201: 3137: 3073: 3001: 2916: 2837: 2483:Relations with the Syrian government 2343:Syrian Kurds' Democratic Peace Party 2331:Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party 2095:Constitution of North and East Syria 1923:Turkish occupation of northern Syria 1840:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 1636:Human rights in North and East Syria 1531:Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party 1420:Human rights in North and East Syria 1085: 1045: 989: 908: 487: 78: 21678:Syrian civil war in popular culture 21571:UN Security Council Resolution 2118 19500:Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun) 19190:Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul) 19173:First Battle of the Shaer gas field 17653:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 17553:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 17178:Fehim Taştekin (9 September 2016). 17027:"Research Paper: ISIS-Turkey Links" 16631: 16071: 15967:. War on the Rocks. 23 March 2016. 15149:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. 14938:from the original on 9 October 2017 14907:. Infobase Publishing. p. 32. 14527:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 13752:from the original on 17 August 2018 13734: 13668:Syrian Observatory for Human Rights 13560: 13406:from the original on 18 August 2017 13402:. Modern Slavery. 31 October 2015. 13029:from the original on 9 October 2017 11963:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 11951:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 11876:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 11778: 11734:"Revolutionary Education in Rojava" 11599:. 13 September 2018. Archived from 11525:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 11513:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 11312:"Revolutionary Education in Rojava" 11238:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 11148:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 10702:Syrian Observatory For Human Rights 10039:McKernan, Bethan (9 October 2019). 9648:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 9555:from the original on 9 October 2017 9506:Glioti, Andrea (13 February 2014). 9289:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 9221:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 8873:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 7977:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 7863:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 7306:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 7097:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 7044: 7009: 6991:"The Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin" 6942:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 6887:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 6567:from the original on 5 October 2018 6467:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 6443:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 6333:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019) 6264:"Sectarianism in Syria's Civil War" 6177:from the original on 16 August 2018 6140:(in Kurdish). Rudaw Media Network. 5698:United States Department of Defense 5621:The region's relationship with the 4324:Syrian Observatory for Human Rights 4212:Satellite images of the village of 4139:, YPG). The YPG was founded by the 3887: 3606:Turkish military operation in Afrin 3446: 3235: 3171: 3107: 3043: 2971: 2886: 2807: 2420:Assembly for Democracy and the Left 2289:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria 2265:Syrian National Democratic Alliance 2035:against the SDF. On 9 October, the 1567:waging an insurgency against Turkey 1169:as well as the western part of the 1103:Kuzey ve Doğu Suriye Özerk Yönetimi 1077: 1069: 1025: 1017: 969: 961: 830: 402:• New administration declared 93:Kuzey ve Doğu Suriye Özerk Yönetimi 64: 27:De facto autonomous region in Syria 24: 21581:2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement 20772:Authenticity and Development Front 20446:2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown 20441:December 2011 Turkish border clash 20232:Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes 19689:Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb) 19602:Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov) 19460:Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar) 18728:December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres 18499:Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria 18453:Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria 18340:Casualties of the Syrian civil war 17802: 17754:The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview 17132:. 19 February 2016. Archived from 16880:. 8 September 2016. Archived from 16723:. 8 September 2016. Archived from 15430:from the original on 27 April 2022 15400:from the original on 27 April 2022 15339:from the original on 16 April 2021 15326: 15190:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1961.tb00987.x 14780:Shoup, John A. (31 October 2011). 14741:Shoup, John A. (31 October 2011). 14650:Barbara A. West (1 January 2009). 14389:The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview 14202:from the original on 24 April 2019 13611:from the original on 20 March 2016 13468:from the original on 13 April 2016 13376:. ANF. 6 June 2016. Archived from 13261:"The New Justice System in Rojava" 13192: 13170:. 15 November 2016. Archived from 12928:from the original on 24 April 2017 12783:from the original on 28 April 2017 12458:from the original on 27 March 2019 12417:"Poor in means but rich in spirit" 12219:from the original on 28 April 2017 11823:. ANF. 4 July 2016. Archived from 11801:from the original on 3 August 2018 10877:from the original on 27 April 2022 10641:. 25 November 2017. 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Archived from 3909:-controlled territory (green) and 2636:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria 2414:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria 1378:) authorities in the massacres of 392:• Cantons declare federation 25: 21766: 20471:Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident 20412:Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut 20365:April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike 19933:Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May) 19918:Southern Damascus offensive (Mar) 19659:Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017) 19525:May Jableh & Tartous bombings 19475:February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings 19440:Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin 19393:East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016) 18780:Idlib Governorate operation (Apr) 18448:Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone 18058: 17850:'Rojava Revolution' Reading Guide 17828: 16772:Kamran Matin (12 December 2016). 16589:. 26 January 2017. Archived from 16467:United States Department of State 16197:Schrupp, Kenneth (24 July 2018). 15885:. 24 October 2019. 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TATORT (Kurdistan Delegation). 12522:from the original on 14 June 2022 12484:from the original on 17 June 2019 12283:from the original on 10 June 2017 12169:from the original on 20 July 2016 12070:from the original on 18 June 2019 12039:from the original on 6 March 2020 11660:from the original on 18 June 2019 11633:from the original on 18 June 2019 11547:from the original on 18 July 2018 10585:. 5 December 2017. Archived from 10252:. 15 October 2019. Archived from 9722:from the original on 8 March 2021 9388:from the original on 19 July 2020 8659:from the original on 5 March 2023 8209:from the original on 25 June 2018 8205:. Kurdistan24. 31 December 2016. 7999:from the original on 1 April 2019 7953:. 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Archived from 6144:from the original on 9 March 2021 5568: 5563:Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone 4119:HXP militiamen on parade in 2016. 4093:Self-Defense Forces (NES regions) 4006:Self-Defense Forces (NES regions) 2687:Qamishli initially served as the 2408:Movement for a Democratic Society 1819:Movement for a Democratic Society 1798:, and Islamist militias like the 1046:ܦܕܪܐܠܝܘܬ݂ܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܐܛܝܬܐ ܕܓܪܒܝ ܣܘܪܝܐ 1026:الفدرالية الديمقراطية لشمال سوريا 1001:; sometimes abbreviated as NSR). 738:The region has implemented a new 605:policies in dialogues with other 21699: 21698: 21415:2017 Northern regional elections 21047:Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria 20658:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 20523: 20173:Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah 20070:Turkish offensive into northeast 20050:Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug) 19938:Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr) 19607:Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov) 19450:January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings 18718:Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush 18599:2010s in Syria political history 18345:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 17521: 17496: 17471: 17453: 17427: 17409: 17383: 17331: 17306: 17288: 17276: 17243: 17216: 17198: 17148: 17118: 17092: 17075:"Turkey's Double Game with ISIS" 17066: 17044: 17018: 16991: 16948: 16922: 16866: 16840: 16826: 16810:. 15 August 2016. Archived from 16796: 16765: 16746:Steven A. Cook (14 March 2016). 16739: 16709: 16687: 16661: 16605: 16575: 16551: 16529: 16507: 16481: 16455: 16429: 16407: 16385: 16359: 16344: 16330: 16304: 16253: 16235: 16216: 16190: 16168: 16142: 16119: 16091: 16065: 16035: 15983: 15957: 15931: 15901: 15871: 15841: 15811: 15781: 15751: 15724: 15644: 15618: 15588: 15558: 15532: 15502: 15472: 15442: 15412: 15351: 15289: 15253: 15210:from the original on 26 May 2019 15196: 15169: 15142: 15116: 15086: 15060: 15034: 14980:from the original on 15 May 2024 14921: 14894: 14882:from the original on 15 May 2024 14855: 14837: 14812: 14773: 14734: 14704: 14692:from the original on 17 May 2019 14676: 14643: 14617: 14587: 14569:Killing of Iraq Kurds 'genocide' 14562: 14550:from the original on 3 July 2020 14532: 14490: 14460: 14451: 14341:from the original on 15 May 2024 14156: 14130: 14118:from the original on 26 May 2019 14104: 14078: 14049: 13979: 13902:Meredith Tax (14 October 2016). 13860: 13834: 13801: 13708: 13678: 13656: 13623: 13593: 13528: 13498: 13480: 13418: 13392: 13335: 13283: 13186: 13085: 13059: 13041: 13004: 12974: 12954: 12940: 12895:from the original on 8 June 2017 12881: 12869:from the original on 8 June 2017 12851: 12821: 12795: 12769: 12713: 12687: 12661: 12631: 12596: 12566: 12554:from the original on 5 July 2022 12534: 12496: 12470: 12439: 12409: 12353: 12201: 12181: 12155: 12127: 12082: 12051: 12020: 11990: 11968: 11914: 11853:. 15 August 2016. Archived from 11839: 11813: 11752: 11726: 11699: 11672: 11645: 11615: 11585: 11573:from the original on 15 May 2024 11559: 11476: 11446: 11434:from the original on 23 May 2024 11416: 11400:. 7 October 2016. Archived from 11386: 11370:. 19 August 2016. Archived from 11356: 11330: 11304: 11288:. 2 October 2015. Archived from 11274: 11219:from the original on 10 May 2016 11205: 11179: 11153: 11127:from the original on 15 May 2024 11100: 11013: 10949: 10916: 10889: 10859: 10824: 10794: 10657: 10625: 10593: 10571: 10541: 10511: 10452: 10368: 10338: 10320: 10290: 10268: 10242: 10216: 10186: 10162:Cohen, Roger (19 October 2019). 10155: 10125: 10095: 10063: 10032: 10008:Iddon, Paul (19 February 2019). 10001: 9971: 9940: 9910: 9880: 9849: 9819: 9793: 9781:from the original on 4 June 2023 9703: 9677: 9567: 9532: 9499: 9321: 9226: 8966: 8954:from the original on 15 May 2024 8849:from the original on 15 May 2024 8807:from the original on 15 May 2024 8765: 8753:from the original on 3 June 2023 8735: 8127:from the original on 29 May 2019 7886:Metin Gurcan (7 November 2019). 7475:– via read.dukeupress.edu. 7382:from the original on 27 May 2019 6768:from the original on 26 May 2022 6563:. TheNewArab. 31 December 2016. 6113:from the original on 5 June 2022 6035: 6006: 5832: 5823: 5812: 4807: 4783: 4416: 4167:, tribal militias like the Arab 2949: 2870: 2791: 2493:Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict 2125: 1993:to capture the Kurdish-majority 1966:In August 2016, Turkey launched 1955:in July 2015 and the renewal of 1730: 1719: 1708: 1697: 1686: 1078:الإدارة الذاتية لشمال وشرق سوريا 839: 679:, and pluralistic tolerance for 527:. It consists of self-governing 382:• Cantons declare autonomy 129: 115: 65:الإدارة الذاتية لشمال وشرق سوريا 21611:Syrian Constitutional Committee 20957:International Freedom Battalion 20555:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 19953:Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun) 19903:Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr) 19849:Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov) 19704:East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr) 19679:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb) 19669:Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17) 19535:Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct) 19515:Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May) 19455:Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb) 19323:Battle of Nasib Border Crossing 19205:Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov) 19051:Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov) 18982:Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug) 18851:Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct) 18686:Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014) 18661:June Jisr ash-Shughur operation 17575:. London; New York City; etc.: 17054:. Businessinsider. 28 July 2015 16645:. 18 April 2016. Archived from 16049:. 4 August 2016. Archived from 16019:. 3 August 2016. Archived from 15705:. Chatham House. Archived from 15606:from the original on 6 May 2020 15370:from the original on 5 May 2022 14033:. Al-Monitor. 24 October 2016. 13933:Si Sheppard (25 October 2016). 13456:Gold, Danny (31 October 2010). 12839:from the original on 2 May 2019 12675:from the original on 8 May 2016 12004:. 27 April 2016. Archived from 11189:. Al-Monitor. 6 November 2015. 10896:Rodi Said (22 September 2017). 9496:, pp. 95–96, 153–154, 175. 9328:Gold, Danny (31 October 2012). 9035:"A murder stirs Kurds in Syria" 8976:. Al-Monitor. 6 November 2015. 8702: 8671: 8636: 8633:. Accessed on 11 November 2014. 8622:Hovannisian, Richard G., 2007. 8616: 8507:. Routledge. pp. 142–144. 8496: 8380: 8355: 8337:Crook, JA; et al. (1985). 8330: 8321: 8195: 8169: 8113: 8083: 8044: 7942: 7912: 7844: 7814: 7772: 7746: 7714: 7681: 7657:Smith, Noah (27 October 2019). 7650: 7620: 7584: 7548: 7513: 7479: 7436: 7394: 7335: 7311: 7176: 7102: 6907: 6823: 6780: 6750: 6646: 6614: 6553: 6523: 6338: 6132:Fetah, Vîviyan (17 July 2018). 5997: 5988: 5979: 5966: 5731:A demonstration in the city of 5551:Geneva III peace talks on Syria 5476:Syrian American Medical Society 4756:for Kurdish, Turkish and Turoyo 4330: 4197: 4159:groups in the alliance such as 3917: 3684:Euphrates Region § Economy 2705:Regions of North and East Syria 2361:Kurdish Democratic Accord Party 2349:Democratic Transformation Party 2295:Syrian Kurdish Democratic Party 1991:Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army 1985:In early 2018, Turkey launched 780:Syrian American Medical Society 493:Symbols of North and East Syria 20466:Assassination of Andrei Karlov 20336:May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents 20035:ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor 19779:Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun) 19582:September Deir ez-Zor air raid 19572:Western al-Bab offensive (Sep) 19530:Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun) 19520:Northern Raqqa offensive (May) 19408:Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown 17561: 14393:. London: Routledge. pp. 12779:. Kurdistan24. 22 April 2017. 11110:Historical Dictionary of Syria 10728:Gupta, Rahila (9 April 2016). 9456:. 24 July 2012. Archived from 9426:. 22 July 2012. Archived from 7016:Colella, Chris (Winter 2017). 6219: 6189: 6125: 6094: 4796:mosque in Raqqa (destroyed by 4077:Raqqa Internal Security Forces 4026:Raqqa Internal Security Forces 4010:Raqqa Internal Security Forces 3966:Peace and Consensus Committees 3654:in March/April as well as the 3291: 2593:observed in September 2015 in 2301:Kurdish Democratic Unity Party 2041:President of the United States 1273:Northern Syria is part of the 243: 13: 1: 21410:2017 Northern local elections 21400:2015 Northern local elections 20762:National Front for Liberation 20699:Local Coordination Committees 20247:Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct) 20085:Israeli missile strikes (Nov) 19729:Khan Shaykhun chemical attack 19026:Khan al-Assal chemical attack 18822:18 July 2012 Damascus bombing 18636:Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb 18421:Specific groups and countries 18246: 17914: 17371:. The Nation. 7 February 2017 15733:"The Signal in Syria's Noise" 15698:Ghadi Sary (September 2016). 15600:Doctors Without Borders – USA 15540:"Search Results for "Health"" 14474:. 3 July 2016. Archived from 14362:A Modern History of the Kurds 14004:10.1080/15423166.2017.1371064 13054:enterprises in Rojava so far. 11928:. 15 May 2016. Archived from 10997:. kurdishinfo. Archived from 10956:Sabri, Baraa (17 July 2019). 10705:. 28 May 2015. Archived from 10609:(in Arabic). 28 August 2017. 10449:, Al-Jazeera (6 August 2016). 9751:. 5 July 2016. Archived from 9592:10.1080/15423166.2017.1285245 9039:The Christian Science Monitor 7534:10.1080/14650045.2018.1508016 7116:. 28 May 2016. Archived from 7055:(2nd ed.). Oakland, CA: 6806:10.1080/14650045.2018.1531283 6713:10.1080/14650045.2018.1554564 6048: 5623:Kurdistan Regional Government 4688:in education and writing), a 4672:Indo-European language family 4668:Northwestern Iranian language 3976:. At the next level are four 3841:Kurdistan Regional Government 3584:, and the bimonthly magazine 3339:Education, media, and culture 2640:Democratic Conservative Party 2355:Kurdistan Liberal Union Party 1440: 1240: 1135:, a volcano near the city of 801:Polity names and translations 21730:2013 establishments in Syria 21673:2015 European migrant crisis 20947:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 19839:Euphrates Crossing offensive 19333:Western al-Hasakah offensive 19293:Eastern al-Hasakah offensive 19161:Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug) 18917:Quneitra Governorate clashes 18656:Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh 18584:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 18525: 18333:Effects and ongoing concerns 18029: 17182:. Al-Monitor. Archived from 17073:Burak Bekdil (Summer 2015). 16517:. Bloomberg. 25 January 2017 16267:. 2 May 2017. Archived from 12305:. 3 May 2016. Archived from 12165:. Al-Monitor. 19 July 2016. 11978:. Kurdistan24. 27 April 2016 11710:. Yahoo News. Archived from 11543:. Kurdistan24. 7 July 2016. 9777:. Al-Monitor. 22 July 2016. 9710:Perry, Tom (12 April 2016). 9548:. Chatham House. p. 9. 8599:The Tragedy of the Assyrians 8097:(in Kurdish). Archived from 7756:. Reuters. 12 October 2019. 7308:, pp. 94, 130–131, 184. 7192:. Utrecht: BAK. p. 19. 6914:Schmidinger, Thomas (2019). 6275:. p. 24. Archived from 4638: 3680:Jazira Region § Economy 1108: 1093: 1060:Since 6 September 2018, the 1053: 997: 916: 699:and non-partisan sources of 613:and home to sizeable ethnic 7: 21561:U.S.–Russia peace proposals 21516:Syrian government reactions 21506:Status of the Golan Heights 21501:Sectarianism and minorities 21425:2020 parliamentary election 21405:2016 parliamentary election 21390:2012 parliamentary election 21367: 21325:Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid 21225:Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni 21072:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan 20931:Northern Democratic Brigade 20787:Muslim Brotherhood in Syria 20782:Revolutionary Commando Army 20663:Popular Mobilization Forces 20451:2012 Turkish border clashes 20040:Dêrik prison escape attempt 19445:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan) 19398:2015–2016 Latakia offensive 19368:Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep) 19363:Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug) 19250:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec) 19235:Second Inter-Rebel Conflict 19011:Bayda and Baniyas massacres 18319:Sectarianism and minorities 18294:Syrian government reactions 17813:. Oxford University Press. 17809:Holmes, Amy Austin (2024). 17594:Lister, Charles R. (2015). 17439:Koerdisch Instituut Brussel 16748:"Between Ankara and Rojava" 16223:Carla Babb (6 March 2017). 15731:Sam Heller (30 June 2017). 14282:Revue de géographie de Lyon 12891:. Iraqi News. 4 June 2017. 12452:Co-operation in Mesopotamia 11078:"Striking out on their own" 9264:Sinclair & Kajjo (2013) 8829:Simpson, John Hope (1939). 7410:Comparative Islamic Studies 5942: 5869:Kurdistan Communities Union 5600:Kurdistan Communities Union 4842:Assyrian Church of the East 4774: 4728:Afroasiatic language family 4720:Northwest Semitic languages 4718:in education and writing), 4698:Afroasiatic language family 4322:. However, the head of the 4288:freedom of Speech and Press 4165:Northern Democratic Brigade 4082: 3845:Popular Mobilization Forces 3794:External economic relations 3676:Afrin Region § Economy 3656:Rojava Short Story Festival 3632: 3427:compulsory indoctrination. 2607:However, a 2016 paper from 2271:Honor and Rights Convention 2088: 1586:Kurdistan Communities Union 1447:policies in northern Syria. 1036: 980: 760:death penalty was abolished 10: 21771: 21556:Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan 21430:2021 presidential election 21395:2014 presidential election 21097: 20641:medical facility targeting 20497:Deir ez-Zor missile strike 20456:2013 Reyhanlı car bombings 20375:Jordanian border incidents 20020:Idlib inter-rebel conflict 19958:As-Suwayda offensive (Jun) 19834:Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec) 19622:Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec) 19592:Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct) 19562:Operation Euphrates Shield 19490:Battle of Maarrat al-Numan 19378:Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) 19303:Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul) 19298:Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr) 19245:Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin 19094:First Inter-rebel conflict 19056:Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) 18965:Raqqa campaign (2012–2013) 18868:Battle of Maarrat al-Numan 14601:. Encyclopedia.com. 2014. 13195:"Regaining hope in Rojava" 12669:"Das Embargo gegen Rojava" 11569:. AINA. 21 December 2015. 8535:. Routledge. p. 129. 8394:. I.B.Tauris. p. 33. 6989:Carl Drott (25 May 2015). 6944:, pp. xviii, 66, 200. 6830:Burç, Rosa (22 May 2020). 6692:Shahvisi, Arianne (2018). 6068:van Wilgenburg, Wladimir. 5646: 5640: 5627:Kurdistan Democratic Party 5572: 5508: 5502: 4647:Town center of Raqqa, 2009 4420: 4391:French Mandate authorities 4384:French Mandate authorities 4334: 4201: 4096: 4086: 4013: 3995: 3911:Turkish-occupied territory 3891: 3854: 3817:Iraqi Kurdistan government 3797: 3669: 3665: 3612:-affiliated Iraqi Kurdish 3517: 3501:of the remaining parts of 3450: 3347: 3295: 2780:Official name (languages) 2702: 2325:Left Party of Syrian Kurds 2313:Democratic Modernity Party 2098: 2092: 2082:Northern Syria Buffer Zone 1968:Operation Euphrates Shield 1916: 1750:(KNC), joined to form the 1667:escalated into a civil war 1621: 1607: 1413: 1404:French Mandate authorities 1217: 1203: 1199: 920:), part of the historical 742:approach which emphasizes 683:, cultural, and political 29: 21694: 21635: 21619: 21524: 21438: 21377: 21373: 21362: 21103: 21092: 21031: 21018:Group of the One and Only 20998:Military activity of ISIL 20988: 20979: 20939: 20891:People's Protection Units 20881: 20873:Smaller political parties 20853: 20844:Autonomous Administration 20842: 20800: 20744: 20684: 20675: 20609: 20601:Palestine Liberation Army 20573: 20540: 20533: 20529: 20518: 20489: 20430: 20391: 20373: 20344: 20315: 20304: 20265: 20211: 20157: 20134:Idlib Governorate clashes 20108: 20060:Hass refugee camp bombing 19996: 19948:Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr) 19869: 19784:Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug) 19759:Maskanah Plains offensive 19754:Desert campaign (May–Jul) 19684:Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun) 19635: 19416: 19258: 19156:Second siege of Wadi Deif 19151:Kafr Zita chemical attack 19116:Daraa offensive (Feb–May) 19074: 18987:Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl 18930: 18736: 18723:Idlib Governorate clashes 18708:Daraa Governorate clashes 18676:Jabal al-Zawiya operation 18607: 18537: 18533: 18520: 18491: 18420: 18399: 18363: 18332: 18256: 18252: 18241: 18188: 18159:North Mesopotamian Arabic 18049: 18042: 18025: 18018: 17969:People's Protection Units 17900: 17893: 17782:. London; New York City: 17757:. New York City, London: 17674:. London; New York City: 17647:Morton, Nicholas (2020). 16836:. Europe1. 27 March 2016. 16697:. Al Arabiya. 24 May 2016 16395:. eKurd. 17 February 2016 14868:. Routledge. p. 49. 13492:Rojava Information Center 12512:Rojava Information Center 11679:Wladimir van Wilgenburg. 11215:. Rudaw. 29 August 2015. 9008:. John Wiley & Sons. 9002:Abboud, Samer N. (2015). 8712:daily Newspaper, Beirut. 7695:The Sydney Morning Herald 7599:Repository.bilkent.edu.tr 5741:Turkish invasion of Afrin 5686:People's Protection Units 5666:Rosa Luxemburg Foundation 5540:People's Protection Units 5464: 4704:Eastern Aramaic languages 4682:North Mesopotamian Arabic 4234:People's Protection Units 4185:Jarablus Military Council 4129:People's Protection Units 3972:to serve on seven-member 3660:Afrin Short Film Festival 3382:or Arabic) and mandatory 3343: 3320:Syrian Democratic Council 3298:Syrian Democratic Council 2774: 2763:Syrian Democratic Council 2644:Assyrian Democratic Party 2432:Syria's Tomorrow Movement 2337:Assyrian Democratic Party 2307:Syrian Democratic Society 2194:Syrian Democratic Council 2031:In 2019, Turkey launched 1875:Syrian Democratic Council 1752:Kurdish Supreme Committee 1598:People's Protection Units 1592:(PYD) was established as 1535:Assyrian Democratic Party 1489:were effectively banned. 1062:Syrian Democratic Council 483: 473: 459: 444: 434: 429: 419: 414: 410: 400: 390: 380: 370: 366: 361: 356:Syrian Democratic Council 351: 347: 330: 311: 307: 294: 239: 229: 188: 171: 145: 111: 41: 21008:Khalid ibn al-Walid Army 20952:Kurdistan Workers' Party 20896:Women's Protection Units 20868:Kurdish National Council 20317:Israel and Golan Heights 20188:Battle of Qamishli (Apr) 20030:Battle of Baghuz Fawqani 19789:Quneitra offensive (Jun) 19744:April Turkish airstrikes 19719:Hama offensive (Mar–Apr) 19552:Southern Aleppo campaign 19495:Battle of Qamishli (Apr) 19388:Homs offensive (Nov-Dec) 19358:Quneitra offensive (Jun) 19288:Southern Syria Offensive 18922:Talbiseh bakery massacre 18873:First siege of Wadi Deif 18863:Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz 18760:January al-Midan bombing 18492:Agreements and dialogues 18473:Syrian Democratic Forces 17974:Women's Protection Units 17964:Syrian Democratic Forces 17705:Indiana University Press 16675:(in Turkish). 7 May 2016 16559: 16539:. Rudaw. 26 January 2017 15654:. Reuters. 23 May 2016. 15153:. Encyclopædia Iranica. 14360:McDowell, David (2005). 14239:, pp. 122–123, 167. 12515:. June 2021. p. 9. 12189: 12135: 10831:Kheder Khaddour (2018). 10601: 8771:Ross Burns (2013), p.138 8719:13 November 2014 at the 8678:Mouawad, Ray J. (2001). 7486:Barkhoda, Dalir (2016). 7461:10.1215/00382876-3425013 7449:South Atlantic Quarterly 7271:van Wilgenburg, Wladimir 6904:, pp. 219, 228–229. 6654:van Wilgenburg, Wladimir 5959: 5895:War crimes and criticism 5885:attack on northern Syria 5873:Kurdistan Workers' Party 5861:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 5722:Syrian Democratic Forces 5702:Syrian Democratic Forces 5678:Syrian Democratic Forces 5631:Kurdish National Council 5521:Syrian Democratic Forces 4690:Central Semitic language 4585:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic 4353:soldier next to a large 4292:hosting inbound refugees 4125:Syrian Democratic Forces 4089:Syrian Democratic Forces 4016:Syrian Democratic Forces 3851:Economy policy framework 3762:river, Syrians largest. 3732:At first, there were no 3688:Democratic confederalism 3513: 3324:Syrian Democratic Forces 2699:Administrative divisions 2629:democratic confederalism 2617:Kurdistan Workers' Party 2426:Kurdish National Council 2227:December 2017 (Regional) 1972:Syrian Democratic Forces 1873:. In December 2015, the 1867:Kurdistan Workers' Party 1836:Kurdistan Workers' Party 1792:Women's Protection Units 1748:Kurdish National Council 1559:Kurdistan Workers' Party 1540:Syrian elections in 1990 1249:Having been part of the 657:democratic confederalism 569:Syrian Democratic Forces 21486:International reactions 21471:Human rights violations 20962:Sinjar Resistance Units 20921:Syriac Military Council 20911:Army of Revolutionaries 20846:of North and East Syria 20706:Syrian National Council 20560:Arab Socialist Movement 20481:Operation Spring Shield 20422:Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017) 20402:Lebanese border clashes 20296:Northern border clashes 20257:Northwest clashes (Dec) 20237:Jabal al-Bishrī clashes 20139:Kafr-Takharim airstrike 19988:Northern border clashes 19709:March Damascus bombings 19674:Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar) 19627:Palmyra offensive (Dec) 19505:Palmyra offensive (Mar) 19338:Palmyra offensive (May) 19183:Battle of Tabqa Airbase 19178:Eastern Syria offensive 19061:Battle of al-Yaarubiyah 18004:Afrin Liberation Forces 17994:Army of Revolutionaries 17984:Syriac Military Council 17776:Zabad, Ibrahim (2017). 17602:Oxford University Press 17479:"A_HRC_34_CRP.3_E.docx" 15396:. Rudaw. 28 July 2017. 14819:Barakat, Halim (1993). 14294:10.3406/geoca.1953.1294 12986:cooperativeeconomy.info 12725:cooperativeeconomy.info 12643:The Wall Street Journal 9168:"HRW World Report 2010" 8708:Abu Fakhr, Saqr, 2013. 8596:R. S. Stafford (2006). 7865:, pp. 89, 151–152. 7727:Doctors Without Borders 7343:"Syria: Events of 2021" 7026:Evergreen State College 5789:with the newly founded 5754:federalization of Syria 5637:International relations 5511:Federalization of Syria 5484:Doctors Without Borders 4817:cathedral in Al-Hasakah 4761:Arabic alphabet (abjad) 4181:Al-Bab Military Council 4177:Manbij Military Council 4149:Syriac Military Council 4135:Yekîneyên Parastina Gel 4107:Female fighters of the 3946:and underage marriage. 3833:Semalka Border Crossing 3707:fighting in Aleppo city 3462:In September 2014, the 2786:Deputy Prime Ministers 2681:Deir ez-Zor Governorate 2578:. It also provides for 2379:Syriac National Council 2283:Arab National Coalition 1970:to prevent the YPG-led 1953:2013–2015 peace process 1951:, the breakdown of the 1640:Federalization of Syria 1470:1963 Syrian coup d'état 1459:and attempts at forced 1416:Modern history of Syria 1346:Kurdish elite of which 1228:Modern history of Syria 943:(Kobanî), and northern 788:Doctors Without Borders 571:(SDF), has taken part. 486: 21663:Syrian detainee report 21549:UN supervision mission 21539:Friends of Syria Group 21461:Damaged heritage sites 20863:Democratic Union Party 20815:Jordanian intervention 20736:Syrian Patriotic Group 20565:Syrian Communist Party 20476:2020 Balyun airstrikes 20331:February 2018 incident 19978:Qamishli clashes (Sep) 19893:Operation Olive Branch 19734:Shayrat missile strike 19567:Aleppo summer campaign 19557:Battle of al-Rai (Aug) 19470:February Homs bombings 19328:Battle of Yarmouk Camp 19318:Second Battle of Idlib 19031:Khan al-Assal massacre 18994:Ghouta chemical attack 18376:Early insurgency phase 18054:Flag of Northern Syria 17006:. Jamestown Foundation 15270:. 2004. Archived from 15206:. BBC. 15 April 2015. 14626:Encyclopaedia Islamica 14433:Yildiz, Kerim (2005). 13425:Rudaw (6 April 2015). 13345:. World Prison Brief. 12609:London Review of Books 12421:Ecology or Catastrophe 11898:. 2015. Archived from 10445:19 August 2016 at the 9081:. 2009. Archived from 8934:Marcus, Aliza (2009). 7826:Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar 7351:. 2022. Archived from 6889:, pp. xviii, 112. 6839:Philosophy and Society 5930: 5922: 5914: 5865:Democratic Union Party 5744: 5672: 5596:Democratic Union Party 5591: 5523: 5505:Rojava–Syria relations 5488:2019 Turkish offensive 5445:الباغوز فوقاني‎ 4742:Turkic language family 4686:Modern Standard Arabic 4648: 4538: 4363:Al-Hasakah Governorate 4358: 4307:ethnic minority rights 4284:ethnic minority rights 4271: 4217: 4134: 4120: 4112: 4033: 3914: 3866: 3824: 3729: 3646: 3529: 3395: 3366:Under the rule of the 3363: 3311: 3250: 3186: 3122: 3058: 2986: 2901: 2822: 2742: 2720: 2716:regional building, in 2662: 2605: 2566: 2446:Administrative regions 2404:Democratic Nation List 2367:Syrian Reform Movement 2247:Democratic Union Party 2222:September 2017 (Local) 2033:Operation Peace Spring 2028: 1987:Operation Olive Branch 1943: 1919:Operation Olive Branch 1881:the establishment the 1862: 1861:fighter, November 2014 1814: 1804:Jabhat Ghuraba al-Sham 1657: 1590:Democratic Union Party 1579:al-Hasakah Governorate 1515:Al-Hasakah Governorate 1501: 1448: 1270: 1258: 1173:in the Jazira Region. 1139: 1125: 1102: 945:al-Hasakah Governorate 926:Federal Northern Syria 818: 576:some foreign relations 277:In the Manbij Region: 267:In the Jazira Region: 92: 50: 21755:Anarchist communities 21745:Subdivisions of Syria 21668:Syrian media coverage 21544:Kofi Annan peace plan 20967:Êzîdxan Women's Units 20916:SDF military councils 20646:military intervention 20619:Hezbollah involvement 20574:Military and militias 20417:North Lebanon clashes 20178:Missile strikes (Jan) 20065:Missile strikes (Aug) 19983:Missile strikes (Sep) 19928:Missile strikes (Apr) 19923:Douma chemical attack 19774:Daraa offensive (Jun) 19465:Al-Shaddadi offensive 19403:Tishrin Dam offensive 19283:Daraa Offensive (Jan) 19278:Air Force An-26 crash 19220:Daraa offensive (Oct) 19104:Deir ez-Zor offensive 18970:Battle of Raqqa (Mar) 18770:First Battle of Idlib 18594:Human rights in Syria 18468:Kurdish Area in Syria 18284:Background and causes 17979:SDF military councils 17905:Libertarian socialism 17722:Tejel, Jordi (2009). 17079:Middle East Quarterly 16203:The California Review 15735:. warontherocks.com. 15008:. BRILL. p. 30. 14849:Minority Rights Group 13637:(Report). para. 191. 13631:U.N. Security Council 13541:Amnesty International 13137:. 12 September 2016. 12967:16 April 2021 at the 12197:on 13 September 2015. 10930:. 18 September 2019. 10380:Amnesty International 9689:Associated Press News 9574:Duman, Yasin (2017). 8686:. Middle East Forum. 8684:Middle East Quarterly 8643:Tejel, Jordi (2008). 7331:on 10 September 2021. 7324:Amnesty International 5926: 5918: 5910: 5906:Amnesty International 5730: 5712:dispatched troops to 5656: 5586: 5532:Constitution of Syria 5518: 4646: 4536: 4486:ethnolinguistic group 4421:Further information: 4348: 4337:Demographics of Syria 4258: 4226:Amnesty International 4211: 4145:2004 Qamishli clashes 4118: 4106: 4023: 3998:Asayish (NES regions) 3992:Policing and security 3955:Amnesty International 3913:(red) in October 2019 3905: 3864: 3819:and the AANES on the 3807: 3723: 3640: 3527: 3393: 3361: 3309: 2730: 2712: 2652: 2601: 2564: 2168:Libertarian socialism 2093:Further information: 2019: 1934: 1856: 1812: 1647: 1575:Ayn al-Arab Districts 1495: 1427: 1392:Sheikh Said rebellion 1350:, the founder of the 1340:Antiochus VI Dionysus 1264: 1248: 1178:governorates of Syria 1171:Sinjar Mountain Range 1146:, to the east of the 1131: 1116: 952:of government as the 808: 709:forced disappearances 661:libertarian socialism 302:semi-direct democracy 214:36.38528°N 38.85944°E 21576:Geneva II conference 21534:Arab League monitors 21511:Spillover in Lebanon 21420:2018 local elections 21385:2011 local elections 21165:Fahd Jassem al-Freij 20926:Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa 20752:Syrian National Army 20726:Syrian Support Group 20252:Operation Claw-Sword 20227:Battle of al-Hasakah 19973:As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov) 19814:Hama offensive (Sep) 19664:January Azaz bombing 19577:5 September bombings 19348:Tell Abyad offensive 19146:Battle of Al-Malihah 19046:Battle of Tell Abyad 19041:Battle of Ras al-Ayn 18792:May Battle of Rastan 18589:Damascus Declaration 18433:Russian intervention 18391:Syrian peace process 18381:2012–2013 escalation 18364:Phases and processes 18304:Inter-rebel conflict 18289:Syrian peace process 18169:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 17761:. pp. 112–134. 17707:. pp. 177–187. 17701:Bloomington, Indiana 15298:"Announce elections" 15296:Rojava authorities. 15261:"2004 Syrian Census" 15100:. 14 November 2014. 15002:John Joseph (2000). 14934:. Carnegie Council. 14722:on 13 September 2017 14686:Encyclopædia Iranica 14574:28 July 2011 at the 14319:Storm, Lise (2005). 13822:on 17 September 2020 13674:on 21 November 2015. 13380:on 24 September 2016 12988:. 19 November 2016. 12393:. 22 December 2014. 11464:on 24 September 2016 11163:. ANF. 16 May 2016. 11001:on 19 September 2016 10962:Washington Institute 10808:. 5 September 2019. 10742:on 22 September 2018 10673:. 29 November 2015. 10555:. 15 February 2016. 9833:. 28 December 2016. 8901:"The Silenced Kurds" 8729:13 November 2014 at 8531:Burns, Ross (2013). 8503:Burns, Ross (2013). 6598:. 13 February 2016. 6457:, pp. 219, 228. 6282:on 22 September 2018 5797:, or planning for a 5791:University of Rojava 5472:Kurdish Red Crescent 4840:or adherents of the 4712:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 3986:Constitutional Court 3554:freedom of the press 3476:University of Rojava 2864:Hussein Taza Al Azam 2589:The Former diplomat 2385:Patriotic Initiative 2078:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 2023:shelling during the 1903:Kurdish nationalists 1848:Tell Abyad offensive 1474:Human Rights Council 1468:seized power in the 1453:Syria's independence 941:Ayn al-Arab District 776:Kurdish Red Crescent 436:• 2018 estimate 21466:Foreign involvement 21345:Abdurrahman Mustafa 21300:Yassin al-Haj Saleh 21265:Abdul Halim Khaddam 20777:Army of Free Tribes 20745:Opposition militias 20636:Russian involvement 20624:Iranian involvement 20581:Syrian Armed Forces 20360:Operation al-Shabah 20326:March 2017 incident 20045:Tell Rifaat clashes 19861:Beit Jinn offensive 19854:Abu Kamal offensive 19794:Idlib clashes (Jul) 19764:East Hama offensive 19485:Battle of Tel Abyad 19225:Al-Safira offensive 19215:Homs school bombing 19004:Battle of al-Qusayr 18999:Al-Qusayr offensive 18802:Battle of al-Haffah 18775:Battle of al-Qusayr 18651:May Talkalakh siege 18559:Corrective Movement 18438:Turkish involvement 18428:Russian involvement 17959:Self-Defense Forces 17668:Retso, Jan (2003). 17555:, pp. 99, 114. 17186:on 9 September 2016 16934:Hurryiet Daily News 16784:on 20 December 2016 16443:on 13 December 2016 16373:on 6 September 2018 16318:on 13 February 2018 16154:Hurriyet Daily News 15915:. 8 November 2014. 15855:. 14 October 2019. 15825:. 14 October 2019. 15795:. 14 October 2019. 15572:. 28 October 2019. 15542:. 8 February 2020. 14851:. 26 February 2015. 13874:. 23 October 2015. 13848:on 13 November 2016 13692:. 13 October 2015. 13544:. 13 October 2015. 13233:. 23 October 2015. 13174:on 16 November 2016 13120:, pp. 156–163. 12361:"| زمان الوصل" 12341:on 20 February 2016 11878:, pp. 99, 113. 11527:, pp. 111–112. 11515:, pp. 110–111. 11150:, pp. 109–110. 11053:on 20 December 2015 10589:on 8 December 2017. 10525:. 16 January 2017. 10382:. 18 October 2019. 10334:on 17 October 2019. 10286:on 14 October 2019. 10200:. 14 October 2019. 10014:Rudaw Media Network 9985:. 20 January 2018. 9674:, pp. 357–358. 9460:on 29 November 2012 8911:(4). October 1996. 8749:. 13 October 2019. 8629:15 May 2024 at the 8444:, pp. 116–117. 8432:, pp. 315–317. 8057:Wall Street Journal 7790:on 5 September 2021 7355:on 13 January 2022. 7186:Stateless Democracy 7099:, pp. 156–163. 6965:on 22 February 2016 6851:10.2298/FID2003319B 6656:(21 October 2021). 6630:. 26 October 2021. 6537:. 14 October 2019. 6493:on 1 December 2017. 6420:. 31 October 2019. 6385:. 14 October 2019. 6024:(1516–1922), large 5801:cultural centre in 5720:in a bid to assist 5579:Kurdish nationalism 5528:Damascus government 4866: 4740:dialect), from the 4510:Tell Abyad District 4296:Self-Defence Forces 4276:in the legal system 4192:Self-Defence Forces 4049:Self-Defense Forces 3751:Wall Street Journal 3709:from 2012 to 2016. 3652:Festival of Theater 3614:Rudaw Media Network 3507:Al-Furat University 3474:transferred to the 3471:University of Afrin 3228:Deir ez-Zor Region 3028:Ebdil Hemid Mistefa 2661:cooperative farming 2576:freedom of religion 2503:Kurdish nationalism 2259:Wheat Wave Movement 1846:, and in the YPG's 1614:NES–Syria relations 1544:2004 Qamishli riots 1433:government of Syria 1396:Turkish authorities 1366:(1516–1922), large 1307:Alexander the Great 1303:Hellenistic empires 948:establishment of a 831:Rojavayê Kurdistanê 655:ambitions based on 574:While entertaining 210: / 21285:Ali Mahmoud Othman 20731:Adopt a Revolution 20694:National Coalition 20686:Interim government 20286:Damascus airstrike 20193:US airstrike (Jun) 20183:US airstrike (Feb) 20149:Deir ez-Zor ambush 20090:Qah missile strike 19968:As-Suwayda attacks 19963:Southern offensive 19804:Qalamoun (Jul–Aug) 19714:Al-Jinah airstrike 19480:Khanasir offensive 19200:Quneitra offensive 18960:Damascus offensive 18955:Battle of Shadadeh 18817:Battle of Damascus 18807:Al-Qubeir massacre 18785:Battle of Taftanaz 18696:Battle of Zabadani 17730:Abingdon-on-Thames 17423:. 13 October 2015. 17231:on 28 October 2016 17136:on 3 November 2016 16910:on 5 December 2016 16884:on 19 October 2017 16727:on 19 October 2017 16619:. 11 February 2016 16593:on 26 January 2017 16563:(in Arabic). Rudaw 16104:The New York Times 16053:on 6 December 2017 16023:on 19 October 2017 15889:on 24 October 2019 15235:The New York Times 15130:on 9 December 2018 14680:, Richard Nelson. 14508:on 21 October 2016 14478:on 19 October 2017 14014:– via JSTOR. 13967:on 6 November 2016 13904:"The Rojava Model" 13746:Human Rights Watch 13690:The Jerusalem Post 13510:Human Rights Watch 13271:on 15 October 2014 13011:Dr. Ahmad Yousef. 12922:Vancouver Observer 12252:on 18 January 2015 12143:on 15 January 2017 12008:on 21 October 2016 11932:on 21 October 2016 11629:. 11 August 2018. 11027:on 23 October 2017 10670:The New York Times 10645:on 1 December 2017 10350:The Times of India 10256:on 16 October 2019 10168:The New York Times 10079:. 7 October 2019. 9959:on 3 February 2019 9953:The New York Times 9924:. 31 August 2016. 9862:The New York Times 9172:Human Rights Watch 9088:on 25 October 2016 8905:Human Rights Watch 8652:. pp. 25–29. 8577:Travis, Hannibal. 7930:on 1 November 2019 7348:Human Rights Watch 7209:on 25 October 2016 7157:The New York Times 6445:, pp. 11, 95. 5787:Paris 8 University 5745: 5735:in support of the 5673: 5592: 5524: 5494:External relations 5480:Free Burma Rangers 5397:El Seba ve Arbayn 5384:Al-Sabaa wa Arbain 4865: 4856:Population centres 4714:varieties (mainly 4649: 4539: 4431:Assyrians in Syria 4376:Kurdish rebellions 4372:Armenian genocides 4359: 4341:Al-Jazira Province 4272: 4222:Human Rights Watch 4218: 4153:Syriac Union Party 4121: 4113: 4034: 3915: 3877:collective farming 3867: 3857:Collective farming 3825: 3772:standard of living 3730: 3647: 3532:Incorporating the 3530: 3488:Paris 8 University 3453:Education in Syria 3396: 3364: 3350:Education in Syria 3312: 2747:communal elections 2743: 2721: 2663: 2596:The New York Times 2567: 2303:(PYDKS or Yek-Dem) 2253:Syriac Union Party 2217:March 2015 (Local) 2029: 2011:ongoing insurgency 1944: 1863: 1842:(ISIL) during the 1815: 1658: 1511:Human Rights Watch 1502: 1496:Kurds celebrating 1449: 1443:1987) implemented 1400:Al-Jazira Province 1271: 1259: 1236:Assyrians in Syria 1140: 1126: 819: 784:Free Burma Rangers 721:universal equality 580:Catalan Parliament 240:Official languages 219:36.38528; 38.85944 21750:Upper Mesopotamia 21712: 21711: 21690: 21689: 21686: 21685: 21643:Exclusive mandate 21620:War crimes trials 21591:2016 Geneva talks 21358: 21357: 21350:Fadlallah al-Haji 21305:Bouthaina Shaaban 21088: 21087: 21084: 21083: 21080: 21079: 20975: 20974: 20906:Al-Sanadid Forces 20901:Anti-Terror Units 20838: 20837: 20671: 20670: 20586:Syrian Resistance 20542:Politics of Syria 20514: 20513: 20510: 20509: 20506: 20505: 20281:Al-Sukhnah attack 20242:Jarqli airstrikes 20124:COVID-19 pandemic 20080:November bombings 19898:Battle of Khasham 19844:Mayadin offensive 19829:Battle of Harasta 19699:Palmyra offensive 19383:Al-Hawl offensive 19343:Qamishli bombings 19141:Latakia Offensive 19099:Battle of Markada 18912:Battle of Darayya 18888:Battle of Darayya 18812:Battle of Tremseh 18631:Syrian Revolution 18564:Islamist uprising 18516: 18515: 18512: 18511: 18371:Syrian revolution 18314:Cities and towns 18201: 18200: 18184: 18183: 18038: 18037: 18014: 18013: 17989:Al-Sanadid Forces 17935:Political parties 17925:Foreign Relations 17820:978-0-19-762103-5 17793:978-1-472-47441-4 17768:978-0-415-96691-7 17743:978-0-415-42440-0 17732:, New York City: 17714:978-0-253-00975-3 17639:978-0-415-96691-7 17586:978-1-8386-0445-5 17318:Timesofisrael.com 17212:. 28 August 2016. 16814:on 28 August 2018 16469:. 7 November 2016 16130:. Middle East Eye 16072:Duchêne, Claude. 15712:on 9 October 2017 15687:on 7 August 2016. 14914:978-1-4381-2676-0 14875:978-1-135-98078-8 14716:Socialworkers.org 14663:978-1-4381-1913-7 13748:. 3 August 2018. 13095:. Law.emory.edu. 12924:. 19 April 2017. 12550:. 9 August 2021. 11857:on 28 August 2018 11827:on 4 January 2017 11794:Hawar News Agency 11706:Delil Souleiman. 11404:on 7 October 2016 11374:on 17 August 2016 11120:978-0-8108-7966-9 10995:Firat News Agency 10638:Hawar News Agency 10583:Hawar News Agency 10499:on 9 October 2017 9484:, pp. 95–96. 9211:, pp. 13–14. 9138:978-0-203-89211-4 8800:978-1-139-48693-4 8533:Aleppo, A History 8505:Aleppo, A History 8239:on 2 October 2022 8151:Hawar News Agency 8028:. 17 March 2016. 7979:, pp. 93–94. 7422:10.1558/cis.29642 7378:. 10 March 2017. 7273:(21 March 2016). 7199:978-90-77288-22-1 7120:on 1 October 2016 7066:978-1-62963-390-9 6925:978-1-62963-651-1 6627:Hawar News Agency 6469:, pp. 97–98. 6173:. 17 March 2016. 6018:Ikhshidid dynasty 5743:, 19 January 2018 5608:Iranian Kurdistan 5604:Turkish Kurdistan 5462: 5461: 5438:Al-Baghuz Fawqani 4834:Chaldean Catholic 4502:Arabian Peninsula 4496:. They encompass 4357:in Northern Syria 4169:Al-Sanadid Forces 4155:. There are also 3970:People's Councils 3882:workers' councils 3574:Hawar News Agency 3550:freedom of speech 3289: 3288: 3266:ܦܢܝܬܐ ܕܕܝܪ ܐܠ ܙܘܪ 2653:YPJ members in a 2584:direct democratic 2559: 2558: 2476:Foreign relations 2240:Political parties 2199:Executive Council 2148:Symbols of Rojava 2048:providing support 2037:Turkish Air Force 1671:Syrian opposition 1650:Syrian government 1388:Upper Mesopotamia 1091: 1051: 1034: 995: 978: 922:Assyrian homeland 914: 894:Greater Kurdistan 889:[roʒɑˈvɑ] 823:Western Kurdistan 713:Syrian government 711:, support of the 693:federalized Syria 653:direct democratic 521:autonomous region 512:), also known as 502: 501: 362:Autonomous region 179:autonomous region 16:(Redirected from 21762: 21702: 21701: 21476:Humanitarian aid 21456:Chemical weapons 21451:Cities and towns 21375: 21374: 21364: 21363: 21320:Fadwa Souleimane 21310:Abdulbaset Sieda 21290:Ibrahim Qashoush 21280:Ali Habib Mahmud 21190:Hamza al-Khateeb 21185:Kamal al-Labwani 21175:Haitham al-Maleh 21170:Suheil al-Hassan 21108:Ammar Abdulhamid 21094: 21093: 21067:Malhama Tactical 21052:Caucasus Emirate 20986: 20985: 20851: 20850: 20757:Free Syrian Army 20682: 20681: 20538: 20537: 20531: 20530: 20520: 20519: 20313: 20312: 20270: 20216: 20162: 20144:Ayn Issa clashes 20113: 20001: 19874: 19799:Central campaign 19694:Qaboun offensive 19640: 19617:Battle of al-Bab 19540:Manbij offensive 19421: 19263: 19126:Al-Otaiba ambush 19079: 18950:Battle of Safira 18935: 18905:Halfaya massacre 18856:Darayya massacre 18839:Siege of Base 46 18834:Battle of Anadan 18829:Battle of Aleppo 18765:Battle of Rastan 18741: 18713:Battle of Rastan 18681:Siege of Latakia 18646:Siege of Baniyas 18612: 18569:Latakia protests 18535: 18534: 18522: 18521: 18274:Syrian civil war 18254: 18253: 18243: 18242: 18235:Syrian civil war 18228: 18221: 18214: 18205: 18204: 18154:Northern Kurdish 18047: 18046: 18023: 18022: 17898: 17897: 17879: 17872: 17865: 17856: 17855: 17824: 17797: 17772: 17747: 17718: 17689: 17664: 17643: 17615: 17590: 17556: 17550: 17544: 17543: 17541: 17539: 17525: 17519: 17518: 17516: 17514: 17500: 17494: 17493: 17491: 17489: 17475: 17469: 17468: 17457: 17451: 17450: 17448: 17446: 17431: 17425: 17424: 17413: 17407: 17406: 17404: 17402: 17387: 17381: 17380: 17378: 17376: 17365: 17359: 17358: 17356: 17354: 17349:on 17 April 2019 17345:. Archived from 17335: 17329: 17328: 17326: 17324: 17310: 17304: 17303: 17292: 17286: 17280: 17274: 17273: 17271: 17269: 17247: 17241: 17240: 17238: 17236: 17227:. Archived from 17220: 17214: 17213: 17202: 17196: 17195: 17193: 17191: 17175: 17169: 17168: 17166: 17164: 17152: 17146: 17145: 17143: 17141: 17122: 17116: 17115: 17113: 17111: 17096: 17090: 17089: 17087: 17085: 17070: 17064: 17063: 17061: 17059: 17048: 17042: 17041: 17039: 17037: 17022: 17016: 17015: 17013: 17011: 16995: 16989: 16988: 16986: 16984: 16974: 16968: 16967: 16965: 16963: 16952: 16946: 16945: 16943: 16941: 16926: 16920: 16919: 16917: 16915: 16906:. Archived from 16900: 16894: 16893: 16891: 16889: 16870: 16864: 16863: 16861: 16859: 16844: 16838: 16837: 16830: 16824: 16823: 16821: 16819: 16800: 16794: 16793: 16791: 16789: 16780:. Archived from 16769: 16763: 16762: 16760: 16758: 16743: 16737: 16736: 16734: 16732: 16713: 16707: 16706: 16704: 16702: 16691: 16685: 16684: 16682: 16680: 16665: 16659: 16658: 16656: 16654: 16635: 16629: 16628: 16626: 16624: 16609: 16603: 16602: 16600: 16598: 16579: 16573: 16572: 16570: 16568: 16555: 16549: 16548: 16546: 16544: 16533: 16527: 16526: 16524: 16522: 16511: 16505: 16504: 16502: 16500: 16495:on 13 April 2017 16485: 16479: 16478: 16476: 16474: 16459: 16453: 16452: 16450: 16448: 16433: 16427: 16426: 16424: 16422: 16411: 16405: 16404: 16402: 16400: 16389: 16383: 16382: 16380: 16378: 16363: 16357: 16356: 16348: 16342: 16341: 16334: 16328: 16327: 16325: 16323: 16308: 16302: 16301: 16290: 16281: 16280: 16278: 16276: 16257: 16251: 16250: 16239: 16233: 16232: 16220: 16214: 16213: 16211: 16209: 16194: 16188: 16187: 16185: 16183: 16172: 16166: 16165: 16163: 16161: 16146: 16140: 16139: 16137: 16135: 16123: 16117: 16116: 16114: 16112: 16107:. 10 August 2015 16095: 16089: 16088: 16086: 16084: 16078:SWI swissinfo.ch 16069: 16063: 16062: 16060: 16058: 16039: 16033: 16032: 16030: 16028: 16009: 16003: 16002: 16000: 15998: 15987: 15981: 15980: 15978: 15976: 15961: 15955: 15954: 15952: 15950: 15945:on 28 March 2016 15935: 15929: 15928: 15926: 15924: 15905: 15899: 15898: 15896: 15894: 15875: 15869: 15868: 15866: 15864: 15845: 15839: 15838: 15836: 15834: 15815: 15809: 15808: 15806: 15804: 15785: 15779: 15778: 15776: 15774: 15755: 15749: 15748: 15746: 15744: 15728: 15722: 15721: 15719: 15717: 15711: 15704: 15695: 15689: 15688: 15677: 15668: 15667: 15665: 15663: 15648: 15642: 15641: 15639: 15637: 15632:on 16 March 2015 15622: 15616: 15615: 15613: 15611: 15592: 15586: 15585: 15583: 15581: 15562: 15556: 15555: 15553: 15551: 15536: 15530: 15529: 15527: 15525: 15506: 15500: 15499: 15497: 15495: 15486:. Archived from 15476: 15470: 15469: 15467: 15465: 15446: 15440: 15439: 15437: 15435: 15426:. 10 July 2018. 15416: 15410: 15409: 15407: 15405: 15386: 15380: 15379: 15377: 15375: 15355: 15349: 15348: 15346: 15344: 15324: 15318: 15317: 15315: 15313: 15293: 15287: 15286: 15284: 15282: 15277:on 10 March 2013 15276: 15265: 15257: 15251: 15250: 15248: 15246: 15226: 15220: 15219: 15217: 15215: 15200: 15194: 15193: 15173: 15167: 15166: 15164: 15162: 15146: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15135: 15126:. Archived from 15120: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15109: 15090: 15084: 15076:Farzad Sharifian 15064: 15058: 15038: 15032: 15031: 15029: 15027: 14999: 14990: 14989: 14987: 14985: 14957: 14948: 14947: 14945: 14943: 14925: 14919: 14918: 14898: 14892: 14891: 14889: 14887: 14859: 14853: 14852: 14841: 14835: 14834: 14816: 14810: 14809: 14807: 14805: 14777: 14771: 14770: 14768: 14766: 14738: 14732: 14731: 14729: 14727: 14718:. Archived from 14708: 14702: 14701: 14699: 14697: 14674: 14668: 14667: 14647: 14641: 14640: 14621: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14610: 14591: 14585: 14566: 14560: 14559: 14557: 14555: 14536: 14530: 14529:, pp. 7–16. 14524: 14518: 14517: 14515: 14513: 14494: 14488: 14487: 14485: 14483: 14464: 14458: 14455: 14449: 14448: 14430: 14424: 14418: 14409: 14408: 14392: 14382: 14376: 14375: 14357: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14346: 14316: 14310: 14309: 14307: 14305: 14273: 14264: 14258: 14252: 14246: 14240: 14234: 14228: 14218: 14212: 14211: 14209: 14207: 14184: 14178: 14177: 14167: 14160: 14154: 14153: 14151: 14149: 14134: 14128: 14127: 14125: 14123: 14108: 14102: 14101: 14099: 14097: 14082: 14076: 14075: 14070: 14068: 14053: 14047: 14046: 14044: 14042: 14027: 14016: 14015: 13983: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13972: 13957: 13951: 13950: 13948: 13946: 13937:. The Atlantic. 13930: 13919: 13918: 13916: 13914: 13899: 13888: 13887: 13885: 13883: 13864: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13853: 13838: 13832: 13831: 13829: 13827: 13818:. Archived from 13805: 13799: 13798: 13792: 13790: 13768: 13762: 13761: 13759: 13757: 13738: 13732: 13731: 13729: 13727: 13712: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13701: 13682: 13676: 13675: 13660: 13654: 13653: 13648: 13646: 13627: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13616: 13607:. 19 June 2014. 13597: 13591: 13590: 13588: 13586: 13577:. 15 July 2015. 13567: 13558: 13557: 13555: 13553: 13532: 13526: 13525: 13523: 13521: 13512:. 18 June 2014. 13502: 13496: 13495: 13484: 13478: 13477: 13475: 13473: 13453: 13447: 13446: 13444: 13442: 13422: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13411: 13396: 13390: 13389: 13387: 13385: 13370: 13359: 13358: 13356: 13354: 13339: 13333: 13332: 13330: 13328: 13313: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13302: 13287: 13281: 13280: 13278: 13276: 13263:. Translated by 13256: 13247: 13246: 13244: 13242: 13223: 13217: 13216: 13214: 13212: 13190: 13184: 13183: 13181: 13179: 13160: 13151: 13150: 13148: 13146: 13127: 13121: 13115: 13109: 13108: 13106: 13104: 13089: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13063: 13057: 13056: 13045: 13039: 13038: 13036: 13034: 13028: 13017: 13008: 13002: 13001: 12999: 12997: 12978: 12972: 12958: 12952: 12951: 12944: 12938: 12937: 12935: 12933: 12914: 12905: 12904: 12902: 12900: 12885: 12879: 12878: 12876: 12874: 12855: 12849: 12848: 12846: 12844: 12825: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12814: 12799: 12793: 12792: 12790: 12788: 12773: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12762: 12747: 12741: 12740: 12738: 12736: 12717: 12711: 12710: 12708: 12706: 12691: 12685: 12684: 12682: 12680: 12665: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12654: 12635: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12600: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12589: 12570: 12564: 12563: 12561: 12559: 12538: 12532: 12531: 12529: 12527: 12521: 12508: 12500: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12489: 12474: 12468: 12467: 12465: 12463: 12443: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12432: 12413: 12407: 12406: 12404: 12402: 12387: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12357: 12351: 12350: 12348: 12346: 12340: 12333: 12325: 12319: 12318: 12316: 12314: 12299: 12293: 12292: 12290: 12288: 12273: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12248:. Archived from 12238: 12229: 12228: 12226: 12224: 12205: 12199: 12198: 12185: 12179: 12178: 12176: 12174: 12159: 12153: 12152: 12150: 12148: 12131: 12125: 12124: 12118: 12110: 12108: 12106: 12086: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12055: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12024: 12018: 12017: 12015: 12013: 11994: 11988: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11972: 11966: 11960: 11954: 11948: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11918: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11907: 11888: 11879: 11873: 11867: 11866: 11864: 11862: 11843: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11832: 11817: 11811: 11810: 11808: 11806: 11797:. 29 June 2018. 11785: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11756: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11745: 11730: 11724: 11723: 11721: 11719: 11703: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11692: 11676: 11670: 11669: 11667: 11665: 11649: 11643: 11642: 11640: 11638: 11619: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11608: 11603:on 27 March 2019 11589: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11578: 11563: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11552: 11537: 11528: 11522: 11516: 11510: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11499: 11480: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11460:. Archived from 11458:en.hawarnews.com 11450: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11439: 11428:en.hawarnews.com 11420: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11390: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11379: 11360: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11308: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11278: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11267: 11252: 11241: 11235: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11209: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11198: 11183: 11177: 11176: 11174: 11172: 11157: 11151: 11145: 11136: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11104: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11093: 11074: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11043: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11017: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11006: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10973: 10953: 10947: 10946: 10941: 10939: 10920: 10914: 10913: 10911: 10909: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10882: 10863: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10852: 10846: 10839: 10828: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10806:Associated Press 10798: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10787: 10782:on 23 April 2016 10781: 10766: 10758: 10752: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10738:. Archived from 10725: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10714: 10693: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10682: 10661: 10655: 10654: 10652: 10650: 10629: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10597: 10591: 10590: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10545: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10523:Voice of America 10515: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10504: 10498: 10491: 10482: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10456: 10450: 10436: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10405: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10372: 10366: 10365: 10363: 10361: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10294: 10288: 10287: 10282:. Archived from 10272: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10261: 10246: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10220: 10214: 10213: 10211: 10209: 10190: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10179: 10159: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10118: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10036: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9975: 9969: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9955:. Archived from 9944: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9933: 9914: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9903: 9894:. 24 July 2019. 9884: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9853: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9842: 9823: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9803:. 26 July 2016. 9797: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9741: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9681: 9675: 9669: 9663: 9657: 9651: 9645: 9636: 9635: 9629: 9627: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9554: 9547: 9536: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9520:on 3 August 2017 9516:. Archived from 9503: 9497: 9491: 9485: 9479: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9371: 9356: 9355: 9349: 9347: 9325: 9319: 9313: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9241:. Archived from 9230: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9194: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9147: 9141:. Archived from 9130: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9087: 9076: 9068: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9041:. 16 June 2005. 9031: 9020: 9019: 8999: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8897: 8876: 8870: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8836: 8826: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8781: 8772: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8739: 8733: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8675: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8658: 8651: 8640: 8634: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8593: 8582: 8575: 8566: 8560: 8547: 8546: 8528: 8519: 8518: 8500: 8494: 8488: 8479: 8473: 8464: 8458: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8334: 8328: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8311: 8292: 8283: 8282: 8277: 8275: 8260: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8235:. Archived from 8225: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8101:on 14 March 2018 8095:ku.hawarnews.com 8087: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8018: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8004: 7989: 7980: 7974: 7965: 7964: 7946: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7883: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7786:. Archived from 7776: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7634:. 22 June 2017. 7624: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7607: 7596: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7571: 7560: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7492: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7407: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7366: 7357: 7356: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7327:. Archived from 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7267: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7246:on 15 March 2016 7245: 7239:. Archived from 7234: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7208: 7202:. Archived from 7191: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7147: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7071: 7070: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6986: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6867: 6836: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6808: 6799:(4): 1023–1045. 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6737: 6698: 6689: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6586: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6511:on 9 August 2016 6501: 6495: 6494: 6479: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6408: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6375: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6311: 6305: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6281: 6268: 6260:Fabrice Balanche 6256: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6233:. Archived from 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6163: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6065: 6042: 6039: 6033: 6026:Kurdish-speaking 6010: 6004: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5986: 5983: 5977: 5970: 5949:Kurdistan Region 5934:authoritarianism 5901:ethnic cleansing 5842:Kobani martyr's 5836: 5827: 5816: 5694:assault on Raqqa 5690:Stephen Townsend 5286:المنصورة‎ 5182:أبو حمام‎ 4867: 4811: 4787: 4664:Northern Kurdish 4439:Yazidis in Syria 4320:ethnic cleansing 4157:Free Syrian Army 4137: 3888:Law and security 3872:Private property 3726:micro-irrigation 3672:Economy of Syria 3447:Higher education 3276: 3273:Classical Syriac 3268: 3267: 3261: 3253: 3251:Herêma Dêra Zorê 3246: 3238: 3237: 3212: 3209:Classical Syriac 3204: 3203: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3173: 3148: 3145:Classical Syriac 3140: 3139: 3133: 3125: 3118: 3110: 3109: 3084: 3081:Classical Syriac 3076: 3075: 3069: 3061: 3054: 3046: 3045: 3012: 3009:Classical Syriac 3004: 3003: 2997: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2973: 2963: 2953: 2927: 2924:Classical Syriac 2919: 2918: 2912: 2904: 2897: 2889: 2888: 2878:Euphrates Region 2874: 2860:Elizabeth Gawrie 2848: 2845:Classical Syriac 2840: 2839: 2833: 2825: 2818: 2810: 2809: 2795: 2783:Prime Ministers 2772: 2771: 2551: 2544: 2537: 2458:Euphrates Region 2185:Legislature and 2129: 2113: 2112: 2007:Syrian Arab Army 1796:Free Syrian Army 1734: 1723: 1712: 1701: 1690: 1656:, 6 January 2012 1632:Euphrates Region 1457:Arab nationalism 1442: 1368:Kurdish-speaking 1354:and the Emir of 1275:Fertile Crescent 1251:Fertile Crescent 1220:History of Syria 1214:Euphrates Region 1163:Kurdistan Region 1096: 1090:romanized: 1089: 1087: 1082:Classical Syriac 1079: 1071: 1056: 1050:romanized: 1049: 1047: 1042:Classical Syriac 1039: 1029: 1027: 1019: 1000: 994:romanized: 993: 991: 986:Classical Syriac 983: 973: 971: 963: 919: 913:romanized: 912: 910: 905:Classical Syriac 891: 886: 880: 876: 871: 870: 867: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 832: 733:religious rights 705:media censorship 701:authoritarianism 671:, environmental 665:decentralization 565:Syrian civil war 531:in the areas of 523:in northeastern 490: 468: 406:6 September 2018 225: 224: 222: 221: 220: 215: 211: 208: 207: 206: 203: 165: 162: 155: 152: 133: 119: 103: 95: 89: 86:Classical Syriac 81: 80: 75: 67: 66: 61: 53: 39: 38: 32:Syrian Kurdistan 21: 21770: 21769: 21765: 21764: 21763: 21761: 21760: 21759: 21715: 21714: 21713: 21708: 21682: 21631: 21615: 21520: 21434: 21369: 21354: 21335:Razan Zaitouneh 21240:Burhan Ghalioun 21215:Ammar al-Qurabi 21123:al-Assad family 21113:Ali al-Abdallah 21099: 21076: 21062:Junud al-Makhdi 21057:Ajnad al-Kavkaz 21027: 20971: 20935: 20877: 20855:DFNS Government 20845: 20834: 20810:US intervention 20802:Foreign support 20796: 20740: 20667: 20629:Liwa Fatemiyoun 20611:Foreign support 20605: 20596:al-Quds Brigade 20569: 20525: 20502: 20485: 20426: 20407:Battle of Sidon 20387: 20369: 20340: 20300: 20271: 20266: 20261: 20217: 20212: 20207: 20163: 20158: 20153: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20010: 20006: 20002: 19997: 19992: 19883: 19879: 19875: 19870: 19865: 19769:Battle of Raqqa 19724:Battle of Tabqa 19649: 19645: 19641: 19636: 19631: 19597:Dabiq offensive 19545:Tokhar massacre 19430: 19426: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19353:Kobanî massacre 19313:Idlib Offensive 19308:Battle of Bosra 19268: 19264: 19259: 19254: 19210:Siege of Kobanî 19166:Battle of Arsal 19131:Idlib offensive 19111:Battle of Morek 19084: 19080: 19075: 19070: 18977:Daraa offensive 18940: 18936: 18931: 18926: 18878:Battle of Harem 18750: 18746: 18742: 18737: 18732: 18701:Battle of Douma 18621: 18617: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18574:Damascus Spring 18529: 18508: 18487: 18483:U.S. task force 18478:Rojava conflict 18416: 18395: 18359: 18328: 18248: 18237: 18232: 18202: 18197: 18180: 18034: 18010: 17889: 17883: 17831: 17821: 17805: 17803:Further reading 17800: 17794: 17769: 17744: 17715: 17686: 17661: 17640: 17612: 17587: 17564: 17559: 17551: 17547: 17537: 17535: 17527: 17526: 17522: 17512: 17510: 17508:Kurdistan24.net 17502: 17501: 17497: 17487: 17485: 17477: 17476: 17472: 17459: 17458: 17454: 17444: 17442: 17441:. 21 March 2017 17433: 17432: 17428: 17415: 17414: 17410: 17400: 17398: 17389: 17388: 17384: 17374: 17372: 17367: 17366: 17362: 17352: 17350: 17337: 17336: 17332: 17322: 17320: 17312: 17311: 17307: 17294: 17293: 17289: 17281: 17277: 17267: 17265: 17249: 17248: 17244: 17234: 17232: 17221: 17217: 17204: 17203: 17199: 17189: 17187: 17176: 17172: 17162: 17160: 17153: 17149: 17139: 17137: 17124: 17123: 17119: 17109: 17107: 17098: 17097: 17093: 17083: 17081: 17071: 17067: 17057: 17055: 17050: 17049: 17045: 17035: 17033: 17031:Huffington Post 17023: 17019: 17009: 17007: 16996: 16992: 16982: 16980: 16976: 16975: 16971: 16961: 16959: 16954: 16953: 16949: 16939: 16937: 16928: 16927: 16923: 16913: 16911: 16902: 16901: 16897: 16887: 16885: 16872: 16871: 16867: 16857: 16855: 16854:on 28 July 2017 16846: 16845: 16841: 16832: 16831: 16827: 16817: 16815: 16802: 16801: 16797: 16787: 16785: 16770: 16766: 16756: 16754: 16752:Foreign Affairs 16744: 16740: 16730: 16728: 16715: 16714: 16710: 16700: 16698: 16693: 16692: 16688: 16678: 16676: 16667: 16666: 16662: 16652: 16650: 16649:on 19 July 2018 16637: 16636: 16632: 16622: 16620: 16611: 16610: 16606: 16596: 16594: 16581: 16580: 16576: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16557: 16556: 16552: 16542: 16540: 16535: 16534: 16530: 16520: 16518: 16513: 16512: 16508: 16498: 16496: 16487: 16486: 16482: 16472: 16470: 16461: 16460: 16456: 16446: 16444: 16435: 16434: 16430: 16420: 16418: 16417:. UK Parliament 16413: 16412: 16408: 16398: 16396: 16391: 16390: 16386: 16376: 16374: 16365: 16364: 16360: 16349: 16345: 16336: 16335: 16331: 16321: 16319: 16310: 16309: 16305: 16292: 16291: 16284: 16274: 16272: 16265:syriadirect.org 16259: 16258: 16254: 16241: 16240: 16236: 16221: 16217: 16207: 16205: 16195: 16191: 16181: 16179: 16174: 16173: 16169: 16159: 16157: 16156:. 18 March 2016 16148: 16147: 16143: 16133: 16131: 16124: 16120: 16110: 16108: 16097: 16096: 16092: 16082: 16080: 16070: 16066: 16056: 16054: 16041: 16040: 16036: 16026: 16024: 16011: 16010: 16006: 15996: 15994: 15989: 15988: 15984: 15974: 15972: 15963: 15962: 15958: 15948: 15946: 15937: 15936: 15932: 15922: 15920: 15907: 15906: 15902: 15892: 15890: 15877: 15876: 15872: 15862: 15860: 15853:Times of Israel 15847: 15846: 15842: 15832: 15830: 15817: 15816: 15812: 15802: 15800: 15787: 15786: 15782: 15772: 15770: 15757: 15756: 15752: 15742: 15740: 15729: 15725: 15715: 15713: 15709: 15702: 15696: 15692: 15679: 15678: 15671: 15661: 15659: 15650: 15649: 15645: 15635: 15633: 15624: 15623: 15619: 15609: 15607: 15594: 15593: 15589: 15579: 15577: 15564: 15563: 15559: 15549: 15547: 15538: 15537: 15533: 15523: 15521: 15508: 15507: 15503: 15493: 15491: 15490:on 8 March 2021 15478: 15477: 15473: 15463: 15461: 15448: 15447: 15443: 15433: 15431: 15418: 15417: 15413: 15403: 15401: 15387: 15383: 15373: 15371: 15356: 15352: 15342: 15340: 15327:Muslim, Salim. 15325: 15321: 15311: 15309: 15294: 15290: 15280: 15278: 15274: 15263: 15259: 15258: 15254: 15244: 15242: 15227: 15223: 15213: 15211: 15202: 15201: 15197: 15174: 15170: 15160: 15158: 15147: 15143: 15133: 15131: 15122: 15121: 15117: 15107: 15105: 15092: 15091: 15087: 15065: 15061: 15039: 15035: 15025: 15023: 15016: 15000: 14993: 14983: 14981: 14974: 14958: 14951: 14941: 14939: 14931:Who Is an Arab? 14926: 14922: 14915: 14899: 14895: 14885: 14883: 14876: 14860: 14856: 14843: 14842: 14838: 14831: 14817: 14813: 14803: 14801: 14794: 14778: 14774: 14764: 14762: 14755: 14739: 14735: 14725: 14723: 14710: 14709: 14705: 14695: 14693: 14675: 14671: 14664: 14648: 14644: 14622: 14618: 14608: 14606: 14593: 14592: 14588: 14576:Wayback Machine 14567: 14563: 14553: 14551: 14538: 14537: 14533: 14525: 14521: 14511: 14509: 14496: 14495: 14491: 14481: 14479: 14466: 14465: 14461: 14456: 14452: 14445: 14431: 14427: 14419: 14412: 14405: 14383: 14379: 14372: 14358: 14354: 14344: 14342: 14335: 14317: 14313: 14303: 14301: 14274: 14267: 14259: 14255: 14247: 14243: 14235: 14231: 14219: 14215: 14205: 14203: 14186: 14185: 14181: 14172:. 18 May 2016. 14162: 14161: 14157: 14147: 14145: 14136: 14135: 14131: 14121: 14119: 14110: 14109: 14105: 14095: 14093: 14084: 14083: 14079: 14066: 14064: 14055: 14054: 14050: 14040: 14038: 14029: 14028: 14019: 13984: 13980: 13970: 13968: 13959: 13958: 13954: 13944: 13942: 13931: 13922: 13912: 13910: 13908:Foreign Affairs 13900: 13891: 13881: 13879: 13872:Financial Times 13866: 13865: 13861: 13851: 13849: 13840: 13839: 13835: 13825: 13823: 13806: 13802: 13788: 13786: 13769: 13765: 13755: 13753: 13740: 13739: 13735: 13725: 13723: 13714: 13713: 13709: 13699: 13697: 13684: 13683: 13679: 13662: 13661: 13657: 13644: 13642: 13633:(5 June 2015). 13628: 13624: 13614: 13612: 13599: 13598: 13594: 13584: 13582: 13569: 13568: 13561: 13551: 13549: 13534: 13533: 13529: 13519: 13517: 13504: 13503: 13499: 13494:. 10 June 2020. 13486: 13485: 13481: 13471: 13469: 13454: 13450: 13440: 13438: 13423: 13419: 13409: 13407: 13398: 13397: 13393: 13383: 13381: 13372: 13371: 13362: 13352: 13350: 13341: 13340: 13336: 13326: 13324: 13315: 13314: 13310: 13300: 13298: 13289: 13288: 13284: 13274: 13272: 13257: 13250: 13240: 13238: 13231:Financial Times 13225: 13224: 13220: 13210: 13208: 13191: 13187: 13177: 13175: 13162: 13161: 13154: 13144: 13142: 13129: 13128: 13124: 13116: 13112: 13102: 13100: 13091: 13090: 13086: 13076: 13074: 13065: 13064: 13060: 13047: 13046: 13042: 13032: 13030: 13026: 13015: 13009: 13005: 12995: 12993: 12980: 12979: 12975: 12969:Wayback Machine 12960:Michael Knapp, 12959: 12955: 12946: 12945: 12941: 12931: 12929: 12916: 12915: 12908: 12898: 12896: 12887: 12886: 12882: 12872: 12870: 12865:. 29 May 2017. 12857: 12856: 12852: 12842: 12840: 12835:. 29 May 2017. 12827: 12826: 12822: 12812: 12810: 12809:on 28 June 2017 12801: 12800: 12796: 12786: 12784: 12775: 12774: 12770: 12760: 12758: 12757:on 10 June 2016 12749: 12748: 12744: 12734: 12732: 12731:on 28 July 2017 12719: 12718: 12714: 12704: 12702: 12693: 12692: 12688: 12678: 12676: 12667: 12666: 12662: 12652: 12650: 12637: 12636: 12632: 12622: 12620: 12601: 12597: 12587: 12585: 12572: 12571: 12567: 12557: 12555: 12540: 12539: 12535: 12525: 12523: 12519: 12506: 12502: 12501: 12497: 12487: 12485: 12476: 12475: 12471: 12461: 12459: 12444: 12440: 12430: 12428: 12415: 12414: 12410: 12400: 12398: 12389: 12388: 12384: 12374: 12372: 12359: 12358: 12354: 12344: 12342: 12338: 12331: 12327: 12326: 12322: 12312: 12310: 12301: 12300: 12296: 12286: 12284: 12275: 12274: 12265: 12255: 12253: 12240: 12239: 12232: 12222: 12220: 12207: 12206: 12202: 12191: 12187: 12186: 12182: 12172: 12170: 12161: 12160: 12156: 12146: 12144: 12137: 12133: 12132: 12128: 12112: 12111: 12104: 12102: 12087: 12083: 12073: 12071: 12056: 12052: 12042: 12040: 12025: 12021: 12011: 12009: 11996: 11995: 11991: 11981: 11979: 11974: 11973: 11969: 11961: 11957: 11949: 11945: 11935: 11933: 11920: 11919: 11915: 11905: 11903: 11902:on 11 July 2017 11890: 11889: 11882: 11874: 11870: 11860: 11858: 11845: 11844: 11840: 11830: 11828: 11819: 11818: 11814: 11804: 11802: 11787: 11786: 11779: 11769: 11767: 11758: 11757: 11753: 11743: 11741: 11740:on 21 June 2020 11732: 11731: 11727: 11717: 11715: 11714:on 21 June 2019 11704: 11700: 11690: 11688: 11683:. Kurdistan24. 11677: 11673: 11663: 11661: 11650: 11646: 11636: 11634: 11621: 11620: 11616: 11606: 11604: 11591: 11590: 11586: 11576: 11574: 11565: 11564: 11560: 11550: 11548: 11539: 11538: 11531: 11523: 11519: 11511: 11507: 11497: 11495: 11482: 11481: 11477: 11467: 11465: 11452: 11451: 11447: 11437: 11435: 11422: 11421: 11417: 11407: 11405: 11392: 11391: 11387: 11377: 11375: 11362: 11361: 11357: 11347: 11345: 11336: 11335: 11331: 11321: 11319: 11318:on 21 June 2020 11310: 11309: 11305: 11295: 11293: 11280: 11279: 11275: 11265: 11263: 11254: 11253: 11244: 11236: 11232: 11222: 11220: 11211: 11210: 11206: 11196: 11194: 11185: 11184: 11180: 11170: 11168: 11159: 11158: 11154: 11146: 11139: 11130: 11128: 11121: 11105: 11101: 11091: 11089: 11076: 11075: 11066: 11056: 11054: 11045: 11044: 11040: 11030: 11028: 11019: 11018: 11014: 11004: 11002: 10989: 10988: 10984: 10971: 10969: 10954: 10950: 10937: 10935: 10922: 10921: 10917: 10907: 10905: 10894: 10890: 10880: 10878: 10865: 10864: 10860: 10850: 10848: 10844: 10837: 10829: 10825: 10815: 10813: 10800: 10799: 10795: 10785: 10783: 10779: 10764: 10760: 10759: 10755: 10745: 10743: 10726: 10722: 10712: 10710: 10695: 10694: 10690: 10680: 10678: 10663: 10662: 10658: 10648: 10646: 10631: 10630: 10626: 10616: 10614: 10603: 10599: 10598: 10594: 10577: 10576: 10572: 10562: 10560: 10547: 10546: 10542: 10532: 10530: 10517: 10516: 10512: 10502: 10500: 10496: 10489: 10483: 10479: 10469: 10467: 10458: 10457: 10453: 10447:Wayback Machine 10438:Andrea Glioti, 10437: 10428: 10418: 10416: 10407: 10406: 10399: 10389: 10387: 10374: 10373: 10369: 10359: 10357: 10344: 10343: 10339: 10326: 10325: 10321: 10311: 10309: 10302:Times of Israel 10296: 10295: 10291: 10274: 10273: 10269: 10259: 10257: 10248: 10247: 10243: 10233: 10231: 10222: 10221: 10217: 10207: 10205: 10192: 10191: 10187: 10177: 10175: 10160: 10156: 10146: 10144: 10131: 10130: 10126: 10116: 10114: 10101: 10100: 10096: 10086: 10084: 10069: 10068: 10064: 10054: 10052: 10037: 10033: 10023: 10021: 10006: 10002: 9992: 9990: 9977: 9976: 9972: 9962: 9960: 9945: 9941: 9931: 9929: 9916: 9915: 9911: 9901: 9899: 9886: 9885: 9881: 9871: 9869: 9854: 9850: 9840: 9838: 9825: 9824: 9820: 9810: 9808: 9799: 9798: 9794: 9784: 9782: 9773: 9772: 9768: 9758: 9756: 9743: 9742: 9735: 9725: 9723: 9708: 9704: 9694: 9692: 9691:. 17 March 2016 9683: 9682: 9678: 9670: 9666: 9658: 9654: 9646: 9639: 9625: 9623: 9572: 9568: 9558: 9556: 9552: 9545: 9537: 9533: 9523: 9521: 9504: 9500: 9492: 9488: 9480: 9473: 9463: 9461: 9448: 9447: 9443: 9433: 9431: 9430:on 24 July 2012 9418: 9417: 9413: 9405: 9401: 9391: 9389: 9381:NRC Handelsblad 9372: 9359: 9345: 9343: 9326: 9322: 9314: 9307: 9299: 9295: 9287: 9270: 9262: 9258: 9248: 9246: 9245:on 17 June 2019 9231: 9227: 9219: 9215: 9207: 9203: 9195: 9191: 9181: 9179: 9166: 9165: 9161: 9151: 9149: 9148:on 4 March 2016 9145: 9139: 9128: 9120: 9116: 9108: 9101: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9074: 9070: 9069: 9058: 9048: 9046: 9033: 9032: 9023: 9016: 9000: 8993: 8983: 8981: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8957: 8955: 8948: 8932: 8928: 8918: 8916: 8899: 8898: 8879: 8871: 8862: 8852: 8850: 8827: 8820: 8810: 8808: 8801: 8782: 8775: 8770: 8766: 8756: 8754: 8741: 8740: 8736: 8721:Wayback Machine 8707: 8703: 8693: 8691: 8676: 8672: 8662: 8660: 8656: 8649: 8641: 8637: 8631:Wayback Machine 8621: 8617: 8610: 8594: 8585: 8576: 8569: 8561: 8550: 8543: 8529: 8522: 8515: 8501: 8497: 8489: 8482: 8474: 8467: 8459: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8428: 8421: 8413: 8409: 8402: 8388:Daryaee, Touraj 8385: 8381: 8374: 8360: 8356: 8349: 8335: 8331: 8326: 8322: 8309: 8307: 8294: 8293: 8286: 8273: 8271: 8262: 8261: 8252: 8242: 8240: 8227: 8226: 8222: 8212: 8210: 8201: 8200: 8196: 8186: 8184: 8183:on 12 June 2018 8175: 8174: 8170: 8160: 8158: 8157:on 11 June 2017 8145: 8144: 8140: 8130: 8128: 8119: 8118: 8114: 8104: 8102: 8089: 8088: 8084: 8074: 8072: 8049: 8045: 8035: 8033: 8020: 8019: 8012: 8002: 8000: 7991: 7990: 7983: 7975: 7968: 7961: 7947: 7943: 7933: 7931: 7918: 7917: 7913: 7903: 7901: 7884: 7869: 7861: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7835: 7833: 7820: 7819: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7793: 7791: 7778: 7777: 7773: 7763: 7761: 7752: 7751: 7747: 7737: 7735: 7720: 7719: 7715: 7705: 7703: 7686: 7682: 7672: 7670: 7655: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7626: 7625: 7621: 7611: 7609: 7605: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7585: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7549: 7518: 7514: 7490: 7484: 7480: 7470: 7468: 7441: 7437: 7405: 7399: 7395: 7385: 7383: 7368: 7367: 7360: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7304: 7300: 7290: 7288: 7280:Middle East Eye 7268: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7232: 7226: 7222: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7167: 7165: 7148: 7133: 7123: 7121: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7095: 7091: 7083: 7074: 7067: 7049: 7045: 7035: 7033: 7014: 7010: 7000: 6998: 6987: 6978: 6968: 6966: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6912: 6908: 6900: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6785: 6781: 6771: 6769: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6696: 6690: 6683: 6673: 6671: 6651: 6647: 6637: 6635: 6620: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6588: 6587: 6580: 6570: 6568: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6503: 6502: 6498: 6481: 6480: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6453: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6410: 6409: 6402: 6392: 6390: 6377: 6376: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6314: 6306: 6295: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6266: 6257: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6237:on 4 April 2019 6225: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6180: 6178: 6171:Middle East Eye 6165: 6164: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6130: 6126: 6116: 6114: 6099: 6095: 6085: 6083: 6066: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6014:Assyrian people 6011: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5945: 5897: 5857:Kurds in Turkey 5849: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5829: 5828: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5710:Emmanuel Macron 5651: 5645: 5639: 5616:Siege of Kobanî 5612:Kurds in Turkey 5581: 5571: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5496: 5467: 5391:السبعة وأربعين 4861: 4858: 4838:Syriac Catholic 4830:Syriac Orthodox 4822: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4788: 4777: 4768:Syriac alphabet 4641: 4458:Iranian peoples 4441: 4419: 4395:divide and rule 4380:Kemalist Turkey 4343: 4333: 4206: 4200: 4161:Jaysh al-Thuwar 4101: 4095: 4087:Main articles: 4085: 4024:Members of the 4018: 4012: 3996:Main articles: 3994: 3974:People's Courts 3940:forced marriage 3926:and applied by 3920: 3900: 3890: 3859: 3853: 3837:Iraqi Kurdistan 3809:Border crossing 3802: 3796: 3690: 3668: 3635: 3618:Iraqi Kurdistan 3522: 3516: 3493:In August 2016 3455: 3449: 3421:Abdullah Öcalan 3376:native language 3356: 3346: 3341: 3304: 3296:Main articles: 3294: 3279: 3270: 3255: 3240: 3236:إقليم دير الزور 3215: 3206: 3191: 3176: 3151: 3142: 3127: 3112: 3087: 3078: 3063: 3048: 3026: 3015: 3006: 2991: 2976: 2961: 2959: 2941: 2930: 2921: 2906: 2891: 2862: 2851: 2842: 2827: 2812: 2707: 2701: 2674:confessionalist 2613:Abdullah Öcalan 2580:property rights 2572:gender equality 2555: 2526: 2522:Other countries 2513: 2512: 2508:Iraqi Kurdistan 2498:Rojava conflict 2478: 2468: 2467: 2448: 2438: 2437: 2399: 2398:Party alliances 2391: 2390: 2242: 2232: 2231: 2212: 2204: 2203: 2189: 2178: 2177: 2163: 2153: 2152: 2143: 2120: 2111: 2097: 2091: 1929: 1915: 1892:In March 2016, 1844:Siege of Kobanî 1832:social contract 1830:(also known as 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1682: 1681: 1642: 1620: 1610:Rojava conflict 1608:Main articles: 1606: 1563:Abdullah Öcalan 1548:Bashar al-Assad 1422: 1412: 1352:Ayyubid dynasty 1336:Seleucid Empire 1243: 1238: 1216: 1204:Main articles: 1202: 1167:Mount Abdulaziz 1150:, south of the 1111: 884: 878: 874: 842: 838: 803: 669:gender equality 561:Rojava conflict 498: 463: 437: 422: 403: 393: 383: 373: 340: 336: 323: 317: 218: 216: 212: 209: 204: 201: 199: 197: 196: 195: 167: 166: 163: 156: 141: 140: 139: 134: 126: 125: 120: 107: 106: 97: 90: 83: 76: 69: 62: 55: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21768: 21758: 21757: 21752: 21747: 21742: 21737: 21732: 21727: 21710: 21709: 21707: 21706: 21695: 21692: 21691: 21688: 21687: 21684: 21683: 21681: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21665: 21660: 21655: 21650: 21645: 21639: 21637: 21636:Related topics 21633: 21632: 21630: 21629: 21623: 21621: 21617: 21616: 21614: 21613: 21608: 21603: 21598: 21593: 21588: 21583: 21578: 21573: 21568: 21566:39th G8 summit 21563: 21558: 21553: 21552: 21551: 21541: 21536: 21530: 21528: 21522: 21521: 21519: 21518: 21513: 21508: 21503: 21498: 21493: 21488: 21483: 21478: 21473: 21468: 21463: 21458: 21453: 21448: 21442: 21440: 21436: 21435: 21433: 21432: 21427: 21422: 21417: 21412: 21407: 21402: 21397: 21392: 21387: 21381: 21379: 21371: 21370: 21360: 21359: 21356: 21355: 21353: 21352: 21347: 21342: 21337: 21332: 21327: 21322: 21317: 21312: 21307: 21302: 21297: 21292: 21287: 21282: 21277: 21275:Bassma Kodmani 21272: 21267: 21262: 21257: 21252: 21247: 21245:Razan Ghazzawi 21242: 21237: 21232: 21227: 21222: 21217: 21212: 21207: 21202: 21197: 21195:Tal al-Mallohi 21192: 21187: 21182: 21180:Moaz al-Khatib 21177: 21172: 21167: 21162: 21160:Anwar al-Bunni 21157: 21152: 21151: 21150: 21148:Hafez Makhlouf 21145: 21140: 21135: 21130: 21120: 21118:Adnan al-Aroor 21115: 21110: 21104: 21101: 21100: 21090: 21089: 21086: 21085: 21082: 21081: 21078: 21077: 21075: 21074: 21069: 21064: 21059: 21054: 21049: 21044: 21042:Tahrir al-Sham 21038: 21036: 21029: 21028: 21026: 21025: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20994: 20992: 20983: 20977: 20976: 20973: 20972: 20970: 20969: 20964: 20959: 20954: 20949: 20943: 20941: 20937: 20936: 20934: 20933: 20928: 20923: 20918: 20913: 20908: 20903: 20898: 20893: 20887: 20885: 20879: 20878: 20876: 20875: 20870: 20865: 20859: 20857: 20848: 20840: 20839: 20836: 20835: 20833: 20832: 20827: 20822: 20817: 20812: 20806: 20804: 20798: 20797: 20795: 20794: 20789: 20784: 20779: 20774: 20769: 20764: 20759: 20754: 20748: 20746: 20742: 20741: 20739: 20738: 20733: 20728: 20723: 20718: 20713: 20708: 20703: 20702: 20701: 20690: 20688: 20679: 20673: 20672: 20669: 20668: 20666: 20665: 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20102: 20097: 20092: 20087: 20082: 20077: 20072: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20052: 20047: 20042: 20037: 20032: 20027: 20025:Manbij bombing 20022: 20016: 20014: 19994: 19993: 19991: 19990: 19985: 19980: 19975: 19970: 19965: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19945: 19940: 19935: 19930: 19925: 19920: 19915: 19910: 19905: 19900: 19895: 19889: 19887: 19867: 19866: 19864: 19863: 19858: 19857: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19816: 19811: 19806: 19801: 19796: 19791: 19786: 19781: 19776: 19771: 19766: 19761: 19756: 19751: 19746: 19741: 19739:Aleppo bombing 19736: 19731: 19726: 19721: 19716: 19711: 19706: 19701: 19696: 19691: 19686: 19681: 19676: 19671: 19666: 19661: 19655: 19653: 19633: 19632: 19630: 19629: 19624: 19619: 19614: 19612:Raqqa campaign 19609: 19604: 19599: 19594: 19589: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19548: 19547: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19497: 19492: 19487: 19482: 19477: 19472: 19467: 19462: 19457: 19452: 19447: 19442: 19436: 19434: 19414: 19413: 19411: 19410: 19405: 19400: 19395: 19390: 19385: 19380: 19375: 19370: 19365: 19360: 19355: 19350: 19345: 19340: 19335: 19330: 19325: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19300: 19295: 19290: 19285: 19280: 19274: 19272: 19256: 19255: 19253: 19252: 19247: 19242: 19237: 19232: 19227: 19222: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19197: 19195:Hama Offensive 19192: 19187: 19186: 19185: 19175: 19170: 19169: 19168: 19158: 19153: 19148: 19143: 19138: 19136:Battle of Hosn 19133: 19128: 19123: 19118: 19113: 19108: 19107: 19106: 19101: 19090: 19088: 19072: 19071: 19069: 19068: 19063: 19058: 19053: 19048: 19043: 19038: 19033: 19028: 19023: 19021:Hatla massacre 19018: 19016:Hama offensive 19013: 19008: 19007: 19006: 18996: 18991: 18990: 18989: 18979: 18974: 18973: 18972: 18962: 18957: 18952: 18946: 18944: 18928: 18927: 18925: 18924: 18919: 18914: 18909: 18908: 18907: 18900:Hama offensive 18897: 18895:Aqrab massacre 18892: 18891: 18890: 18880: 18875: 18870: 18865: 18860: 18859: 18858: 18848: 18843: 18842: 18841: 18836: 18826: 18825: 18824: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18797:Houla massacre 18794: 18789: 18788: 18787: 18777: 18772: 18767: 18762: 18756: 18754: 18734: 18733: 18731: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18704: 18703: 18698: 18688: 18683: 18678: 18673: 18668: 18663: 18658: 18653: 18648: 18643: 18641:Siege of Daraa 18638: 18633: 18627: 18625: 18605: 18604: 18602: 18601: 18596: 18591: 18586: 18581: 18579:Qamishli riots 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18545: 18543: 18531: 18530: 18518: 18517: 18514: 18513: 18510: 18509: 18507: 18506: 18501: 18495: 18493: 18489: 18488: 18486: 18485: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18424: 18422: 18418: 18417: 18415: 18414: 18409: 18403: 18401: 18400:World reaction 18397: 18396: 18394: 18393: 18388: 18383: 18378: 18373: 18367: 18365: 18361: 18360: 18358: 18357: 18352: 18347: 18342: 18336: 18334: 18330: 18329: 18327: 18326: 18321: 18316: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18276: 18271: 18266: 18260: 18258: 18257:Main overviews 18250: 18249: 18239: 18238: 18231: 18230: 18223: 18216: 18208: 18199: 18198: 18196: 18195: 18189: 18186: 18185: 18182: 18181: 18179: 18178: 18177: 18176: 18174:Syrian Turkmen 18171: 18166: 18161: 18156: 18148: 18147: 18146: 18141: 18136: 18131: 18126: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18103: 18102: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18061: 18056: 18050: 18044: 18040: 18039: 18036: 18035: 18033: 18032: 18026: 18020: 18016: 18015: 18012: 18011: 18009: 18008: 18007: 18006: 18001: 17996: 17991: 17986: 17981: 17976: 17971: 17961: 17956: 17955: 17954: 17949: 17939: 17938: 17937: 17927: 17922: 17917: 17912: 17907: 17901: 17895: 17891: 17890: 17888: articles 17882: 17881: 17874: 17867: 17859: 17853: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17830: 17829:External links 17827: 17826: 17825: 17819: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17798: 17792: 17773: 17767: 17748: 17742: 17719: 17713: 17690: 17684: 17665: 17660:978-0198824541 17659: 17644: 17638: 17622:, ed. (2006). 17620:Meri, Josef W. 17616: 17610: 17591: 17585: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17557: 17545: 17520: 17495: 17470: 17452: 17426: 17408: 17397:. 15 June 2015 17382: 17360: 17330: 17305: 17287: 17275: 17242: 17215: 17197: 17170: 17147: 17117: 17106:. 27 July 2015 17091: 17065: 17043: 17017: 16990: 16969: 16947: 16921: 16895: 16865: 16839: 16825: 16795: 16764: 16738: 16708: 16686: 16660: 16630: 16604: 16574: 16550: 16528: 16506: 16480: 16454: 16428: 16406: 16384: 16358: 16343: 16329: 16303: 16282: 16252: 16234: 16215: 16189: 16167: 16141: 16118: 16090: 16064: 16034: 16004: 15982: 15956: 15930: 15913:The New Yorker 15900: 15870: 15840: 15810: 15780: 15750: 15723: 15690: 15669: 15643: 15617: 15587: 15557: 15531: 15501: 15484:Smne-syria.com 15471: 15441: 15411: 15381: 15350: 15319: 15288: 15252: 15221: 15195: 15168: 15141: 15115: 15098:Ottawa Citizen 15085: 15083: 15082: 15079: 15073: 15070: 15059: 15057: 15056: 15053: 15050: 15047: 15044: 15033: 15014: 14991: 14972: 14949: 14920: 14913: 14893: 14874: 14854: 14836: 14829: 14811: 14792: 14772: 14753: 14733: 14703: 14669: 14662: 14642: 14616: 14586: 14561: 14531: 14519: 14489: 14459: 14450: 14443: 14425: 14423:, p. 144. 14410: 14403: 14377: 14370: 14352: 14333: 14311: 14265: 14263:, p. 713. 14253: 14251:, p. 123. 14241: 14229: 14213: 14179: 14155: 14129: 14103: 14077: 14048: 14017: 13978: 13952: 13920: 13889: 13859: 13833: 13800: 13763: 13733: 13707: 13677: 13655: 13622: 13592: 13559: 13527: 13497: 13479: 13448: 13417: 13391: 13360: 13334: 13308: 13282: 13248: 13218: 13200:Open Democracy 13185: 13152: 13122: 13110: 13084: 13058: 13040: 13003: 12973: 12953: 12939: 12906: 12880: 12850: 12820: 12794: 12768: 12742: 12712: 12686: 12660: 12630: 12595: 12565: 12533: 12495: 12469: 12438: 12408: 12382: 12365:Zamanalwsl.net 12352: 12320: 12294: 12263: 12230: 12215:. April 2017. 12200: 12180: 12154: 12126: 12081: 12050: 12019: 11989: 11967: 11965:, p. 114. 11955: 11943: 11913: 11880: 11868: 11838: 11812: 11777: 11766:on 21 May 2016 11751: 11725: 11698: 11671: 11644: 11614: 11597:Al Shahid News 11584: 11558: 11529: 11517: 11505: 11475: 11445: 11415: 11385: 11355: 11344:on 10 May 2016 11329: 11303: 11292:on 6 June 2017 11273: 11262:on 14 May 2021 11242: 11240:, p. 111. 11230: 11204: 11178: 11152: 11137: 11119: 11099: 11064: 11038: 11012: 10982: 10948: 10915: 10888: 10858: 10823: 10793: 10769:IHS Jane's 360 10753: 10720: 10709:on 29 May 2015 10688: 10656: 10624: 10592: 10570: 10540: 10510: 10485:Khalaf, Rana. 10477: 10451: 10426: 10397: 10367: 10337: 10319: 10289: 10267: 10241: 10215: 10185: 10154: 10124: 10094: 10062: 10031: 10000: 9970: 9939: 9909: 9879: 9848: 9818: 9792: 9766: 9755:on 8 July 2016 9733: 9702: 9676: 9664: 9662:, p. 319. 9652: 9637: 9566: 9531: 9498: 9486: 9471: 9441: 9411: 9399: 9357: 9320: 9305: 9293: 9268: 9266:, p. 180. 9256: 9225: 9213: 9201: 9189: 9159: 9137: 9114: 9099: 9056: 9021: 9015:978-0745698014 9014: 8991: 8965: 8947:978-0814795873 8946: 8926: 8877: 8860: 8818: 8799: 8773: 8764: 8734: 8701: 8670: 8635: 8615: 8608: 8583: 8567: 8565:, p. 167. 8548: 8541: 8520: 8513: 8495: 8493:, p. 114. 8480: 8478:, p. 480. 8465: 8463:, p. 445. 8446: 8434: 8419: 8407: 8401:978-0857716668 8400: 8379: 8373:978-1305537460 8372: 8354: 8348:978-1139054379 8347: 8329: 8320: 8284: 8250: 8220: 8194: 8168: 8138: 8112: 8082: 8043: 8010: 7981: 7966: 7959: 7941: 7911: 7867: 7855: 7843: 7832:on 12 May 2015 7813: 7801: 7771: 7745: 7713: 7680: 7649: 7619: 7583: 7547: 7512: 7478: 7455:(1): 184–196. 7435: 7393: 7358: 7334: 7310: 7298: 7257: 7220: 7198: 7175: 7131: 7101: 7089: 7087:, p. 219. 7072: 7065: 7043: 7008: 6976: 6946: 6934: 6924: 6906: 6891: 6879: 6845:(3): 277–448. 6822: 6779: 6749: 6681: 6645: 6613: 6578: 6552: 6522: 6496: 6471: 6459: 6447: 6435: 6400: 6367: 6337: 6312: 6310:, p. 154. 6293: 6248: 6218: 6188: 6155: 6124: 6093: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6034: 6022:Ottoman Empire 6005: 5996: 5987: 5978: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5944: 5941: 5896: 5893: 5841: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5641:Main article: 5638: 5635: 5570: 5569:Kurdish issues 5567: 5503:Main article: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5388:Seba û Erbîyn 5386: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4857: 4854: 4813: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4791:Uwais al-Qarni 4789: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4754:Latin alphabet 4746: 4745: 4738:Syrian Turkmen 4731: 4724:Semitic branch 4706:mainly in the 4701: 4694:Semitic branch 4675: 4640: 4637: 4617: 4616: 4592: 4528: 4527: 4494:first language 4473: 4435:Syrian Turkmen 4423:Kurds in Syria 4418: 4415: 4332: 4329: 4280:women's rights 4250:United Nations 4238:child soldiers 4202:Main article: 4199: 4196: 4084: 4081: 4073:Raqqa campaign 4057:Khabour Guards 3993: 3990: 3982:Regional Court 3978:Appeals Courts 3936:civil marriage 3919: 3916: 3889: 3886: 3880:management by 3852: 3849: 3795: 3792: 3738:indirect taxes 3711:Price controls 3667: 3664: 3634: 3631: 3627:Syrian Telecom 3566:Syriac-Aramaic 3520:Media of Syria 3515: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3497:police forces 3491: 3479: 3467: 3448: 3445: 3400:Syriac-Aramaic 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3262: 3247: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3198: 3187:Herêma Minbicê 3183: 3167: 3165: 3164:Manbij Region 3162: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3134: 3123:Herêma Tebqayê 3119: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3070: 3055: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3013: 2998: 2983: 2967: 2965: 2954: 2946: 2945: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2928: 2913: 2898: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2867: 2866: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2834: 2819: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2703:Main article: 2700: 2697: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2546: 2539: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2518: 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1239: 1232:Kurds in Syria 1201: 1198: 1196:governorates. 1152:Turkish border 1133:Sharat Kovakab 1110: 1107: 950:federal system 937:Afrin District 802: 799: 772:local councils 744:rehabilitation 740:social justice 735:within Syria. 673:sustainability 563:and the wider 500: 499: 497: 496: 484: 481: 480: 477: 471: 470: 461: 457: 456: 446: 442: 441: 438: 435: 432: 431: 427: 426: 423: 420: 417: 416: 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 401: 398: 397: 394: 391: 388: 387: 384: 381: 378: 377: 374: 371: 368: 367: 364: 363: 359: 358: 353: 349: 348: 345: 344: 337: 331: 328: 327: 318: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 296: 292: 291: 290: 289: 284: 275: 274: 265: 264: 259: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 190: 186: 185: 173: 169: 168: 157: 147: 146: 143: 142: 135: 128: 127: 121: 114: 113: 112: 109: 108: 105: 104: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21767: 21756: 21753: 21751: 21748: 21746: 21743: 21741: 21738: 21736: 21733: 21731: 21728: 21726: 21723: 21722: 21720: 21705: 21697: 21696: 21693: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 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21298: 21296: 21295:Dawoud Rajiha 21293: 21291: 21288: 21286: 21283: 21281: 21278: 21276: 21273: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21263: 21261: 21258: 21256: 21253: 21251: 21250:Ghassan Hitto 21248: 21246: 21243: 21241: 21238: 21236: 21233: 21231: 21228: 21226: 21223: 21221: 21220:Suheir Atassi 21218: 21216: 21213: 21211: 21208: 21206: 21203: 21201: 21200:Fida al-Sayed 21198: 21196: 21193: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21163: 21161: 21158: 21156: 21155:Riad al-Asaad 21153: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21143:Rami Makhlouf 21141: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21125: 21124: 21121: 21119: 21116: 21114: 21111: 21109: 21106: 21105: 21102: 21095: 21091: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21039: 21037: 21034: 21030: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20995: 20993: 20991: 20990:Islamic State 20987: 20984: 20982: 20978: 20968: 20965: 20963: 20960: 20958: 20955: 20953: 20950: 20948: 20945: 20944: 20942: 20938: 20932: 20929: 20927: 20924: 20922: 20919: 20917: 20914: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20904: 20902: 20899: 20897: 20894: 20892: 20889: 20888: 20886: 20884: 20880: 20874: 20871: 20869: 20866: 20864: 20861: 20860: 20858: 20856: 20852: 20849: 20847: 20841: 20831: 20828: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20807: 20805: 20803: 20799: 20793: 20790: 20788: 20785: 20783: 20780: 20778: 20775: 20773: 20770: 20768: 20767:Army of Glory 20765: 20763: 20760: 20758: 20755: 20753: 20750: 20749: 20747: 20743: 20737: 20734: 20732: 20729: 20727: 20724: 20722: 20719: 20717: 20714: 20712: 20709: 20707: 20704: 20700: 20697: 20696: 20695: 20692: 20691: 20689: 20687: 20683: 20680: 20678: 20674: 20664: 20661: 20659: 20656: 20652: 20649: 20647: 20644: 20642: 20639: 20638: 20637: 20634: 20630: 20627: 20626: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20616: 20614: 20612: 20608: 20602: 20599: 20597: 20594: 20592: 20589: 20587: 20584: 20582: 20579: 20578: 20576: 20572: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20547: 20545: 20543: 20539: 20536: 20532: 20528: 20521: 20517: 20498: 20495: 20494: 20492: 20488: 20482: 20479: 20477: 20474: 20472: 20469: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20438: 20436: 20433: 20429: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20415: 20413: 20410: 20408: 20405: 20403: 20400: 20399: 20397: 20394: 20390: 20384: 20381: 20380: 20378: 20376: 20372: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20356: 20353: 20352: 20350: 20347: 20343: 20337: 20334: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20323: 20321: 20318: 20314: 20311: 20309: 20308: 20303: 20297: 20294: 20292: 20289: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20278: 20276: 20274: 20269: 20264: 20258: 20255: 20253: 20250: 20248: 20245: 20243: 20240: 20238: 20235: 20233: 20230: 20228: 20225: 20224: 20222: 20220: 20215: 20210: 20204: 20201: 20199: 20198:Daraa clashes 20196: 20194: 20191: 20189: 20186: 20184: 20181: 20179: 20176: 20174: 20171: 20170: 20168: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20129:Afrin bombing 20127: 20125: 20122: 20121: 20119: 20117: 20112: 20107: 20101: 20100:US airstrikes 20098: 20096: 20093: 20091: 20088: 20086: 20083: 20081: 20078: 20076: 20073: 20071: 20068: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20055:June bombings 20053: 20051: 20048: 20046: 20043: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20033: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20017: 20015: 20013: 20009: 20005: 20000: 19995: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19976: 19974: 19971: 19969: 19966: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19951: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19934: 19931: 19929: 19926: 19924: 19921: 19919: 19916: 19914: 19911: 19909: 19906: 19904: 19901: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19890: 19888: 19886: 19882: 19878: 19873: 19868: 19862: 19859: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19836: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19802: 19800: 19797: 19795: 19792: 19790: 19787: 19785: 19782: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19755: 19752: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19675: 19672: 19670: 19667: 19665: 19662: 19660: 19657: 19656: 19654: 19652: 19648: 19644: 19639: 19634: 19628: 19625: 19623: 19620: 19618: 19615: 19613: 19610: 19608: 19605: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19595: 19593: 19590: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19546: 19543: 19542: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19466: 19463: 19461: 19458: 19456: 19453: 19451: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19437: 19435: 19433: 19429: 19425: 19420: 19415: 19409: 19406: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19381: 19379: 19376: 19374: 19371: 19369: 19366: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19331: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19275: 19273: 19271: 19267: 19262: 19257: 19251: 19248: 19246: 19243: 19241: 19238: 19236: 19233: 19231: 19228: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19198: 19196: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19184: 19181: 19180: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19167: 19164: 19163: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19121:Maan massacre 19119: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19096: 19095: 19092: 19091: 19089: 19087: 19083: 19078: 19073: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19036:Adra massacre 19034: 19032: 19029: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19012: 19009: 19005: 19002: 19001: 19000: 18997: 18995: 18992: 18988: 18985: 18984: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18971: 18968: 18967: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18947: 18945: 18943: 18939: 18934: 18929: 18923: 18920: 18918: 18915: 18913: 18910: 18906: 18903: 18902: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18889: 18886: 18885: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18864: 18861: 18857: 18854: 18853: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18831: 18830: 18827: 18823: 18820: 18819: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18786: 18783: 18782: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18757: 18755: 18753: 18749: 18745: 18740: 18735: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18706: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18693: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18671:Siege of Homs 18669: 18667: 18666:Siege of Hama 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18628: 18626: 18624: 18620: 18616: 18611: 18606: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18546: 18544: 18542: 18541: 18536: 18532: 18528: 18523: 18519: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18496: 18494: 18490: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18425: 18423: 18419: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18404: 18402: 18398: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18368: 18366: 18362: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18337: 18335: 18331: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18299:Belligerents 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18261: 18259: 18255: 18251: 18244: 18240: 18236: 18229: 18224: 18222: 18217: 18215: 18210: 18209: 18206: 18194: 18191: 18190: 18187: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18155: 18152: 18151: 18149: 18145: 18142: 18140: 18137: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18106: 18104: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18066: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18051: 18048: 18045: 18041: 18031: 18028: 18027: 18024: 18021: 18017: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17999:Kurdish Front 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17966: 17965: 17962: 17960: 17957: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17944: 17943: 17940: 17936: 17933: 17932: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17902: 17899: 17896: 17892: 17887: 17880: 17875: 17873: 17868: 17866: 17861: 17860: 17857: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17832: 17822: 17816: 17812: 17807: 17806: 17795: 17789: 17785: 17781: 17780: 17774: 17770: 17764: 17760: 17756: 17755: 17749: 17745: 17739: 17735: 17731: 17727: 17726: 17720: 17716: 17710: 17706: 17702: 17698: 17697: 17691: 17687: 17685:0-7007-1679-3 17681: 17677: 17673: 17672: 17666: 17662: 17656: 17652: 17651: 17645: 17641: 17635: 17631: 17627: 17626: 17621: 17617: 17613: 17611:9780190462475 17607: 17603: 17599: 17598: 17592: 17588: 17582: 17578: 17574: 17573: 17567: 17566: 17554: 17549: 17534: 17533:openDemocracy 17530: 17524: 17509: 17505: 17499: 17484: 17480: 17474: 17466: 17462: 17456: 17440: 17436: 17430: 17422: 17418: 17412: 17396: 17392: 17386: 17370: 17364: 17348: 17344: 17343:The Telegraph 17340: 17334: 17319: 17315: 17309: 17301: 17297: 17291: 17284: 17279: 17264: 17260: 17256: 17255:The Economist 17252: 17246: 17230: 17226: 17219: 17211: 17207: 17201: 17185: 17181: 17174: 17158: 17151: 17135: 17131: 17127: 17121: 17105: 17101: 17095: 17080: 17076: 17069: 17053: 17047: 17032: 17028: 17021: 17005: 17001: 16994: 16979: 16973: 16957: 16951: 16936:. 28 May 2016 16935: 16931: 16925: 16909: 16905: 16899: 16883: 16879: 16875: 16869: 16853: 16849: 16843: 16835: 16829: 16813: 16809: 16805: 16799: 16783: 16779: 16775: 16768: 16753: 16749: 16742: 16726: 16722: 16718: 16712: 16696: 16690: 16674: 16670: 16664: 16648: 16644: 16640: 16634: 16618: 16614: 16608: 16592: 16588: 16584: 16578: 16562: 16554: 16538: 16532: 16516: 16510: 16494: 16490: 16484: 16468: 16464: 16458: 16442: 16438: 16432: 16416: 16410: 16394: 16388: 16372: 16368: 16362: 16355:. Al-Monitor. 16354: 16347: 16339: 16333: 16317: 16313: 16307: 16300:. 4 May 2017. 16299: 16295: 16289: 16287: 16271:on 2 May 2017 16270: 16266: 16262: 16256: 16249:. 1 May 2017. 16248: 16244: 16238: 16230: 16226: 16219: 16204: 16200: 16193: 16177: 16171: 16155: 16151: 16145: 16129: 16122: 16106: 16105: 16100: 16094: 16079: 16075: 16068: 16052: 16048: 16044: 16038: 16022: 16018: 16014: 16008: 15992: 15986: 15970: 15966: 15960: 15944: 15940: 15934: 15918: 15914: 15910: 15904: 15888: 15884: 15880: 15874: 15858: 15854: 15850: 15844: 15828: 15824: 15820: 15814: 15798: 15794: 15790: 15784: 15768: 15764: 15760: 15754: 15738: 15734: 15727: 15708: 15701: 15694: 15686: 15682: 15676: 15674: 15657: 15653: 15647: 15631: 15627: 15621: 15605: 15601: 15597: 15591: 15575: 15571: 15570:ReliefWeb.int 15567: 15561: 15545: 15541: 15535: 15519: 15515: 15514:hawarnews.com 15511: 15505: 15489: 15485: 15481: 15475: 15459: 15455: 15454:hawarnews.com 15451: 15445: 15429: 15425: 15421: 15415: 15399: 15395: 15391: 15385: 15369: 15365: 15361: 15354: 15338: 15335:. Vrede vzw. 15334: 15330: 15323: 15307: 15303: 15299: 15292: 15273: 15269: 15262: 15256: 15240: 15236: 15232: 15225: 15209: 15205: 15199: 15191: 15187: 15183: 15179: 15172: 15156: 15152: 15145: 15129: 15125: 15119: 15103: 15099: 15095: 15089: 15080: 15077: 15074: 15071: 15068: 15067: 15063: 15054: 15051: 15048: 15045: 15042: 15041: 15037: 15021: 15017: 15011: 15007: 15006: 14998: 14996: 14979: 14975: 14973:9780983955801 14969: 14965: 14964: 14956: 14954: 14937: 14933: 14932: 14924: 14916: 14910: 14906: 14905: 14897: 14881: 14877: 14871: 14867: 14866: 14858: 14850: 14846: 14840: 14832: 14826: 14822: 14815: 14799: 14795: 14793:9781598843620 14789: 14785: 14784: 14776: 14760: 14756: 14754:9781598843620 14750: 14746: 14745: 14737: 14721: 14717: 14713: 14707: 14691: 14687: 14683: 14679: 14673: 14665: 14659: 14655: 14654: 14646: 14639: 14637: 14633: 14627: 14620: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14590: 14583: 14582: 14577: 14573: 14570: 14565: 14549: 14545: 14541: 14535: 14528: 14523: 14507: 14503: 14499: 14493: 14477: 14473: 14469: 14463: 14454: 14446: 14440: 14436: 14429: 14422: 14417: 14415: 14406: 14404:0-415-07265-4 14400: 14396: 14391: 14390: 14381: 14373: 14371:1-85043-416-6 14367: 14363: 14356: 14340: 14336: 14334:1-4051-0681-6 14330: 14326: 14322: 14315: 14299: 14295: 14291: 14287: 14284:(in French). 14283: 14279: 14272: 14270: 14262: 14257: 14250: 14245: 14238: 14237:Morton (2020) 14233: 14226: 14222: 14217: 14201: 14197: 14193: 14191: 14183: 14175: 14171: 14170:The Telegraph 14166: 14159: 14143: 14139: 14133: 14117: 14113: 14107: 14091: 14087: 14081: 14074: 14062: 14058: 14052: 14036: 14032: 14026: 14024: 14022: 14013: 14009: 14005: 14001: 13997: 13993: 13989: 13982: 13966: 13962: 13956: 13940: 13936: 13929: 13927: 13925: 13909: 13905: 13898: 13896: 13894: 13877: 13873: 13869: 13863: 13847: 13843: 13837: 13821: 13817: 13816: 13811: 13804: 13797: 13784: 13780: 13779: 13774: 13767: 13751: 13747: 13743: 13737: 13721: 13717: 13711: 13695: 13691: 13687: 13681: 13673: 13669: 13665: 13659: 13652: 13640: 13636: 13632: 13626: 13610: 13606: 13602: 13596: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13566: 13564: 13547: 13543: 13542: 13537: 13531: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13501: 13493: 13489: 13483: 13467: 13463: 13459: 13452: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13421: 13405: 13401: 13395: 13379: 13375: 13369: 13367: 13365: 13348: 13344: 13338: 13322: 13318: 13312: 13296: 13292: 13286: 13270: 13266: 13262: 13255: 13253: 13236: 13232: 13228: 13222: 13206: 13202: 13201: 13196: 13189: 13173: 13169: 13165: 13159: 13157: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13126: 13119: 13114: 13098: 13094: 13088: 13072: 13068: 13062: 13055: 13050: 13044: 13025: 13021: 13014: 13007: 12991: 12987: 12983: 12977: 12970: 12966: 12963: 12957: 12949: 12943: 12927: 12923: 12919: 12913: 12911: 12894: 12890: 12884: 12868: 12864: 12860: 12854: 12838: 12834: 12830: 12824: 12808: 12804: 12798: 12782: 12778: 12772: 12756: 12752: 12746: 12730: 12726: 12722: 12716: 12700: 12696: 12690: 12674: 12670: 12664: 12648: 12644: 12640: 12634: 12618: 12614: 12610: 12606: 12599: 12583: 12579: 12575: 12569: 12553: 12549: 12548: 12543: 12537: 12518: 12514: 12513: 12505: 12499: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12442: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12412: 12396: 12392: 12386: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12356: 12337: 12330: 12324: 12309:on 8 May 2016 12308: 12304: 12298: 12282: 12278: 12272: 12270: 12268: 12251: 12247: 12246:Diclenews.com 12243: 12237: 12235: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12204: 12196: 12192: 12184: 12168: 12164: 12158: 12142: 12138: 12130: 12122: 12116: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12089:Kurdistan24. 12085: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12054: 12038: 12034: 12030: 12023: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11993: 11977: 11971: 11964: 11959: 11953:, p. 99. 11952: 11947: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11917: 11901: 11897: 11896:Freedom House 11893: 11887: 11885: 11877: 11872: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11842: 11826: 11822: 11816: 11800: 11796: 11795: 11790: 11784: 11782: 11765: 11761: 11755: 11739: 11735: 11729: 11713: 11709: 11702: 11686: 11682: 11675: 11659: 11655: 11648: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11618: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11588: 11572: 11568: 11562: 11546: 11542: 11536: 11534: 11526: 11521: 11514: 11509: 11493: 11489: 11488:hawarnews.com 11485: 11479: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11449: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11419: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11389: 11373: 11369: 11365: 11359: 11343: 11339: 11333: 11317: 11313: 11307: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11277: 11261: 11257: 11251: 11249: 11247: 11239: 11234: 11218: 11214: 11208: 11192: 11188: 11182: 11166: 11162: 11156: 11149: 11144: 11142: 11126: 11122: 11116: 11112: 11111: 11103: 11087: 11083: 11082:The Economist 11079: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11052: 11048: 11042: 11026: 11022: 11016: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10986: 10979: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10952: 10945: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10919: 10903: 10899: 10892: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10862: 10843: 10836: 10835: 10827: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10797: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10763: 10757: 10741: 10737: 10736: 10735:openDemocracy 10731: 10724: 10708: 10704: 10703: 10698: 10692: 10676: 10672: 10671: 10666: 10660: 10644: 10640: 10639: 10634: 10628: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10596: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10574: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10544: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10514: 10495: 10488: 10481: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10435: 10433: 10431: 10414: 10410: 10404: 10402: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10371: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10341: 10333: 10329: 10323: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10293: 10285: 10281: 10280:xinhuanet.com 10277: 10271: 10255: 10251: 10245: 10229: 10225: 10219: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10189: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10158: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10128: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10082: 10078: 10077: 10072: 10066: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10035: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10004: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9974: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9943: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9913: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9883: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9852: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9822: 9806: 9802: 9796: 9780: 9776: 9770: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9740: 9738: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9706: 9690: 9686: 9680: 9673: 9672:Lister (2015) 9668: 9661: 9660:Lister (2015) 9656: 9650:, p. 94. 9649: 9644: 9642: 9633: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9570: 9551: 9544: 9543: 9535: 9519: 9515: 9514: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9494:Lister (2015) 9490: 9483: 9482:Lister (2015) 9478: 9476: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9445: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9415: 9409:, p. 78. 9408: 9407:Lister (2015) 9403: 9387: 9383: 9382: 9377: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9354: 9341: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9324: 9318:, p. 30. 9317: 9316:Lister (2015) 9312: 9310: 9303:, p. 67. 9302: 9297: 9291:, p. 28. 9290: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9265: 9260: 9244: 9240: 9239:Syria Comment 9236: 9229: 9223:, p. 53. 9222: 9217: 9210: 9209:Lister (2015) 9205: 9199:, p. 14. 9198: 9197:Lister (2015) 9193: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9163: 9144: 9140: 9134: 9127: 9126: 9118: 9112:, p. 13. 9111: 9110:Lister (2015) 9106: 9104: 9084: 9080: 9073: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9030: 9028: 9026: 9017: 9011: 9007: 9006: 8998: 8996: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8930: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8875:, p. 27. 8874: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8835: 8834: 8825: 8823: 8806: 8802: 8796: 8792: 8791: 8786: 8780: 8778: 8768: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8738: 8732: 8731:archive.today 8728: 8725: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8705: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8674: 8655: 8648: 8647: 8639: 8632: 8628: 8625: 8619: 8611: 8609:9781593334130 8605: 8601: 8600: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8580: 8574: 8572: 8564: 8563:Morton (2020) 8559: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8544: 8542:9780415737210 8538: 8534: 8527: 8525: 8516: 8514:9780415737210 8510: 8506: 8499: 8492: 8487: 8485: 8477: 8472: 8470: 8462: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8443: 8438: 8431: 8426: 8424: 8417:, p. 59. 8416: 8411: 8403: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8375: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8350: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8324: 8317: 8305: 8301: 8300:hawarnews.com 8297: 8291: 8289: 8281: 8269: 8265: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8224: 8208: 8204: 8198: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8126: 8122: 8116: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8086: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8047: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8017: 8015: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7986: 7978: 7973: 7971: 7962: 7960:9780781810876 7956: 7952: 7945: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7864: 7859: 7852: 7847: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7817: 7810: 7805: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7733: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7717: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7684: 7668: 7664: 7663:Direct Relief 7660: 7653: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7623: 7604: 7600: 7593: 7587: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7501:(11): 80–88. 7500: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7439: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7416:(1): 87–109. 7415: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7381: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7365: 7363: 7354: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7314: 7307: 7302: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7272: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7188: 7187: 7179: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7098: 7093: 7086: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7068: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7047: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7012: 6996: 6993:. Warscapes. 6992: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6943: 6938: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6903: 6898: 6896: 6888: 6883: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6826: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6686: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6617: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6595:The Economist 6591: 6585: 6583: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6487:hawarnews.com 6484: 6478: 6476: 6468: 6463: 6456: 6451: 6444: 6439: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6407: 6405: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6372: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6335:, p. 89. 6334: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6309: 6308:Lister (2015) 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6253: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6206: 6202: 6201:Hawarnews.com 6198: 6192: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6160: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6053: 6038: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6000: 5991: 5982: 5975: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5907: 5902: 5892: 5888: 5886: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5851:Neighbouring 5845: 5835: 5826: 5815: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5769:during 2016, 5768: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5614:. During the 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5506: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5448:ܒܐܓܘܙ ܦܘܩܐܢܝ 5447: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5394:ܣܒܥܗ ܘܐܪܒܥܝܢ 5393: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5266:Kubur el Bid 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5253:Al-Qahtaniyah 5251: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5127:Dêrika Hemko 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4870:English Name 4869: 4868: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4816: 4810: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4786: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4653: 4645: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4623: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4573:Al-Qahtaniyah 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4553:Jazira Region 4550: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4518:Shahba region 4515: 4514:Azaz District 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417:Ethnic groups 4414: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4278:, concerning 4277: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4173:Shahba region 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4136: 4130: 4126: 4117: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3928:Sharia Courts 3925: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3863: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3784:food security 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3644: 3639: 3630: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3526: 3521: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3495:Jazira Canton 3492: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3409:Al-Qahtaniyah 3406: 3401: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3328:Haytham Manna 3325: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3284: 3281: 3274: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3210: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3146: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100:Tabqa Region 3099: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3082: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3059:Herêma Reqayê 3056: 3052: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036:Raqqa Region 3035: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3010: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2987:Herêma Efrînê 2984: 2980: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2939:Bêrîvan Hesen 2937: 2935: 2932: 2925: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2902:Herêma Firatê 2899: 2895: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2846: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2823:Herêma Cizîrê 2820: 2816: 2808:إقليم الجزيرة 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2799:Jazira Region 2797: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2752:December 2017 2748: 2741: 2737: 2736:Jazira Canton 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2714:Jazira Canton 2711: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2619:(PKK) leader 2618: 2614: 2610: 2609:Chatham House 2604: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2586:aspirations. 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2563: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2471: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2453:Jazira Region 2451: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2441: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2277:Yekîtiya Star 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2157: 2156: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:Shahba Canton 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1949:Kurdish riots 1942: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1894:Hediya Yousef 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1782:and parts of 1781: 1777: 1776:al-Darbasiyah 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1733: 1722: 1711: 1700: 1689: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:Jazira Region 1625: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1268: 1263: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224:Ottoman Syria 1221: 1215: 1211: 1210:Jazira Region 1207: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1083: 1075: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1043: 1038: 1032: 1023: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 999: 987: 982: 976: 967: 959: 955: 951: 946: 942: 938: 933: 931: 927: 923: 918: 906: 902: 897: 895: 890: 882: 881: 869: 836: 828: 824: 816: 812: 807: 798: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 736: 734: 730: 726: 723:, respecting 722: 718: 717:Kurdification 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 647: 642: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 519: 515: 511: 507: 494: 489: 485: 482: 478: 476: 472: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 447: 443: 439: 433: 428: 424: 418: 413: 409: 405: 399: 396:17 March 2016 395: 389: 385: 379: 375: 369: 365: 360: 357: 354: 350: 346: 343: 338: 335: 329: 326: 322: 319: 316: 315:Co-Presidents 310: 306: 303: 300: 297: 293: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 278: 273: 270: 269: 268: 263: 260: 257: 253: 250: 249: 248: 247:All regions: 245: 244:See languages 242: 238: 235: 232: 228: 223: 194: 191: 187: 184: 180: 177: 174: 170: 161: 151: 144: 138: 132: 124: 118: 110: 101: 94: 87: 73: 59: 52: 48: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 21586:Vienna talks 21260:Randa Kassis 21235:Farid Ghadry 21210:Khaled Khoja 21205:Riad al-Turk 21013:Liwa al-Aqsa 20883:SDF militias 20843: 20825:Saudi Arabia 20651:Wagner Group 20524:Belligerents 20306: 20267: 20213: 20159: 20110: 20075:Barisha raid 19998: 19871: 19637: 19418: 19260: 19076: 18932: 18738: 18609: 18539: 18059:Demographics 17920:Human rights 17910:Constitution 17885: 17810: 17778: 17753: 17724: 17695: 17670: 17649: 17624: 17596: 17571: 17548: 17536:. 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Rudaw. 9922:Yeni Asır 9616:157404198 9600:1542-3166 9346:9 October 8714:in Arabic 8213:1 January 8187:1 January 8065:0099-9660 8026:Aljazeera 7632:Cadus.org 7542:150297675 7507:2321-9467 7430:1740-7125 7250:9 October 7237:Ekurd.net 7124:8 October 7001:8 October 6969:23 August 6859:226412887 6729:149972015 6721:1465-0045 6571:5 October 6138:rudaw.net 5994:Sources: 5985:Sources: 5783:The Hague 5771:Stockholm 5575:Kurdistan 5345:Muabbada 5257:Tirbespî 5185:ܐܒܘ ܚܡܐܡ 5175:Abu Hamam 5130:المالكية 5063:Euphrates 4969:القامشلي 4722:from the 4692:from the 4684:dialect ( 4670:from the 4639:Languages 4622:Armenians 4613:Jarabulus 4589:Dawronoye 4544:Assyrians 4492:as their 4355:reservoir 3780:inflation 3760:Euphrates 3756:Tabqa Dam 3582:Ronahî TV 3417:Jineology 3384:bilingual 2667:anarchism 2410:(TEV-DEM) 2211:Elections 2109:Jineology 1980:Jarabulus 1555:Ba'athist 1507:stateless 1430:Ba'athist 1327:Sasanians 1323:Parthians 1311:Artaxiads 1148:Euphrates 1109:Geography 1031:romanized 975:romanized 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12369:Archived 12281:Archived 12223:19 April 12217:Archived 12167:Archived 12115:cite web 12099:Archived 12068:Archived 12043:29 March 12037:Archived 12002:ARA News 11926:ARA News 11851:ARA News 11799:Archived 11685:Archived 11658:Archived 11631:Archived 11571:Archived 11545:Archived 11492:Archived 11432:Archived 11398:ARA News 11368:ARA News 11286:ARA News 11217:Archived 11191:Archived 11165:Archived 11125:archived 11086:Archived 11057:2 August 11005:2 August 10966:Archived 10932:Archived 10902:Archived 10881:25 April 10875:Archived 10842:Archived 10810:Archived 10675:Archived 10611:Archived 10557:Archived 10527:Archived 10464:Archived 10443:Archived 10413:Archived 10384:Archived 10354:Archived 10306:Archived 10228:Archived 10202:Archived 10198:NBC News 10172:Archived 10141:Archived 10111:Archived 10107:Sky News 10081:Archived 10076:BBC News 10049:Archived 10018:Archived 9987:Archived 9983:France24 9926:Archived 9896:Archived 9866:Archived 9835:Archived 9805:Archived 9779:Archived 9749:ARA News 9720:Archived 9620:Archived 9608:48602938 9550:Archived 9386:Archived 9340:Archived 9176:Archived 9174:. 2010. 9152:7 August 9043:Archived 8978:Archived 8952:Archived 8913:Archived 8847:Archived 8805:Archived 8787:(2010). 8751:Archived 8727:Archived 8717:Archived 8710:As-Safir 8694:20 March 8688:Archived 8663:7 August 8654:Archived 8627:Archived 8390:(2014). 8304:Archived 8268:Archived 8207:Archived 8125:Archived 8075:18 March 8069:Archived 8036:18 March 8030:Archived 7997:Archived 7898:Archived 7758:Archived 7732:Archived 7700:Archived 7667:Archived 7636:Archived 7603:Archived 7567:Archived 7563:Imemo.ru 7465:Archived 7380:Archived 7285:Archived 7213:19 April 7162:Archived 7114:ARA News 7057:PM Press 7030:Archived 6995:Archived 6959:ARA News 6863:Archived 6766:Archived 6762:ANF News 6733:Archived 6668:Archived 6632:Archived 6600:Archived 6565:Archived 6539:Archived 6535:BBC News 6422:Archived 6387:Archived 6354:Archived 6205:Archived 6181:25 April 6175:Archived 6142:Archived 6111:Archived 6080:Archived 6030:Anatolia 5943:See also 5877:Islamist 5844:cemetery 5795:Qamishli 5534:and the 5519:Flag of 5424:Rimelan 5415:Rimêlan 5365:الكشكية 5339:المعبدة 5318:Şaddadi 5312:الشدادي 5309:Şeddadê 5211:ܬܠ ܪܦܥܬ 5208:تل رفعت 5150:Gharanij 5109:Amudiye 4978:184,231 4975:Kamışlı 4966:Qamişlo 4962:Qamishli 4951:188,160 4924:220,488 4846:Yazidism 4815:Assyrian 4800:in 2014) 4775:Religion 4628:Chechens 4557:Qamishli 4506:arabized 4466:Assyrian 4368:Assyrian 4290:and for 4163:and the 4083:Militias 4061:Nattoreh 4030:Ayn Issa 3944:polygamy 3815:between 3768:salaries 3645:and arts 3633:The arts 3578:ARA News 3425:de facto 3378:(either 2962:in exile 2767:Ayn Issa 2693:Ayn Issa 2689:de facto 2671:Lebanese 2321:(PB-ASD) 2089:Politics 2069:Mabrouka 2053:Iraq War 1823:de facto 1788:Qamishli 1654:Qamishli 1594:de facto 1533:and the 1384:Assyrian 1380:Armenian 1372:Anatolia 1192:and the 885:Kurdish: 813:flag of 811:Tricolor 729:minority 697:partisan 623:Assyrian 603:feminist 518:de facto 445:Currency 256:Kurmanji 193:Ayn Issa 176:De facto 21368:Related 20940:Support 20591:PFLP-GC 20393:Lebanon 20273:Jan-Dec 20219:Jan–Dec 20165:Jan–Dec 20116:Jan–Dec 20012:Sep–Dec 20008:May–Aug 20004:Jan–Apr 19885:Sep–Dec 19881:May–Aug 19877:Jan–Apr 19651:Sep–Dec 19647:May–Aug 19643:Jan–Apr 19432:Sep–Dec 19428:May–Aug 19424:Jan–Apr 19270:Aug–Dec 19266:Jan–Jul 19086:Aug–Dec 19082:Jan–Jul 18942:May–Dec 18938:Jan–Apr 18752:Sep–Dec 18748:May–Aug 18744:Jan–Apr 18623:Sep–Dec 18619:May–Aug 18615:Jan–Apr 18144:Bedouin 18139:Yazidis 18124:Turkmen 18114:Syrians 18105:People 18064:Regions 18043:Culture 18030:Economy 18019:Economy 17947:Asayish 17488:3 March 17445:3 March 17401:22 June 17395:cbsnews 17353:22 June 17323:3 March 16208:25 July 16083:12 June 15883:Reuters 15823:Reuters 15793:Reuters 15743:30 June 14942:3 April 14886:3 April 14765:3 April 14726:3 April 14696:4 March 14634:(plur. 14595:"Kurds" 14196:GFBV.de 13826:12 June 13778:Reuters 13726:13 June 13605:Hrw.org 13575:Hrw.org 13536:"Syria" 13441:22 June 13410:16 July 13211:21 July 13067:"Syria" 12873:28 June 12833:Reuters 12813:30 June 12761:10 June 12558:13 June 12526:13 June 12173:20 July 11171:10 June 10419:18 June 9831:Reuters 9811:26 July 9785:22 July 9726:19 June 9716:Reuters 9524:6 April 9464:27 July 9434:27 July 9249:1 April 9092:25 June 9049:25 June 8958:4 March 8131:7 March 7794:7 March 7764:7 March 7738:28 June 7706:28 June 7673:28 June 7642:28 June 7471:7 March 7036:23 July 6772:7 March 6515:12 June 5859:in the 5453:10,649 5427:11,500 5421:ܪܡܝܠܐܢ 5418:رميلان 5400:14,177 5373:14,979 5348:15,759 5321:15,806 5294:16,158 5289:ܡܢܨܘܪܗ 5269:16,946 5242:18,956 5234:الشعفة 5217:20,514 5190:21,947 5164:23,009 5159:ܓܪܐܢܝܓ 5156:غرانيج 5139:26,311 5136:Deyrik 5112:26,821 5106:ܥܐܡܘܕܐ 5103:عامودا 5085:37,935 5059:44,821 5053:ܟܘܒܐܢܝ 5047:Kobanî 5032:69,425 5023:الطبقة 5005:99,497 5002:Münbiç 4993:Menbîç 4948:Haseke 4942:الحسكة 4939:Hesîçe 4902:Region 4892:Turkish 4874:Kurdish 4850:secular 4794:Shi'ite 4734:Turkish 4726:of the 4696:of the 4680:in the 4660:Kurdish 4599:are an 4596:Turkmen 4579:in the 4547:are an 4523:Syrians 4512:and in 4498:Bedouin 4480:are an 4470:Nineveh 4452:are an 4427:Syrians 4399:Alawite 4261:Yazidis 4183:or the 4038:Asayish 3932:secular 3813:Semalka 3758:at the 3742:tariffs 3666:Economy 3620:-based 3598:Arta FM 3570:Turkish 3558:Kurdish 3503:Hasakah 3380:Kurdish 3332:TEV-DEM 3258:Kurdish 3194:Kurdish 3130:Kurdish 3066:Kurdish 2994:Kurdish 2909:Kurdish 2830:Kurdish 2776:Regions 2740:cantons 2734:in the 2488:YPG-FSA 2375:(Êzîdî) 2369:(Islah) 2363:(Wifaq) 2345:(PADKS) 2333:(PDPKS) 2291:(KDP-S) 2141:Symbols 2073:Manajir 1784:Hasakah 1505:became 1476:titled 1376:Turkish 1348:Saladin 1315:Armenia 1287:Assyria 1283:Mitanni 1200:History 1156:borders 1121:, near 1099:Turkish 1066:Kurdish 1033:: 1014:Kurdish 977:: 958:Kurdish 917:Gozarto 901:Gozarto 827:Kurdish 815:TEV-DEM 768:economy 677:ecology 646:secular 639:Yazidis 627:Turkmen 615:Kurdish 607:parties 516:, is a 332:• 313:• 282:Turkish 252:Kurdish 189:Capital 100:Turkish 58:Kurdish 21439:Issues 21138:Rifaat 21128:Bashar 21098:People 20830:Turkey 20499:(Iran) 20432:Turkey 18269:Rojava 18164:Turoyo 18094:Manbij 18069:Jazira 17952:Sutoro 17942:Police 17817: 17790: 17765: 17740: 17711: 17682: 17657: 17636: 17608: 17583: 17261: 17140:9 June 17110:9 June 16757:9 June 16701:22 May 16679:22 May 16653:22 May 16421:22 May 16377:9 June 15997:8 June 15975:20 May 15949:20 May 15662:24 May 15281:22 May 15245:5 June 15161:29 May 15026:4 June 15012: 14984:4 June 14970: 14911: 14872: 14827: 14804:26 May 14790: 14751: 14660: 14554:1 July 14482:2 July 14441: 14401: 14368: 14331: 14206:27 May 14148:26 May 14122:26 May 14010: 13882:6 June 13789:5 July 13384:6 June 13301:6 June 13275:6 June 13241:6 June 12899:4 June 12843:1 July 12787:20 May 12488:24 May 12313:18 May 12012:9 July 11982:6 July 11936:9 July 11906:9 July 11831:4 July 11805:3 July 11770:19 May 11744:18 May 11577:18 May 11551:7 July 11348:18 May 11322:10 May 11296:18 May 11223:18 May 11197:18 May 11131:19 May 11117: 11031:26 May 10649:1 July 10503:31 May 9841:1 July 9759:5 July 9614: 9606: 9598: 9559:22 May 9135: 9012: 8984:19 May 8944: 8841: 8797: 8606: 8539: 8511: 8398: 8370: 8345: 8105:14 May 8063: 7957: 7836:13 May 7540: 7505: 7428: 7386:27 May 7291:25 May 7196: 7168:20 May 7063: 6922: 6857: 6727: 6719: 5853:Turkey 5799:French 5781:, and 5775:Berlin 5767:Moscow 5750:Russia 5718:Rmelan 5714:Manbij 5706:France 5670:Berlin 5486:. The 5478:, the 5474:, the 5465:Health 5442:Baxoz 5431:Jazira 5411:Rmelan 5404:Jazira 5368:ܟܫܟܝܗ 5352:Jazira 5342:ܡܥܒܕܗ 5325:Jazira 5315:ܫܕܐܕܝ 5273:Jazira 5205:Arfêd 5143:Jazira 5116:Jazira 5100:Amûdê 5074:Hecîn 5043:Kobani 5029:Tabka 5020:Tebqa 5009:Manbij 4989:Manbij 4982:Jazira 4972:ܩܡܫܠܐ 4955:Jazira 4921:Rakka 4915:الرقة 4886:Syriac 4880:Arabic 4716:Syriac 4708:Turoyo 4678:Arabic 4490:Arabic 4437:, and 4179:, the 4075:, the 4067:. The 4053:Sutoro 4008:, and 4002:Sutoro 3924:Sharia 3823:river. 3821:Tigris 3786:, and 3734:direct 3703:Aleppo 3686:, and 3608:, the 3590:Welati 3562:Arabic 3540:, the 3536:, the 3484:Rmelan 3437:Kobani 3372:Arabic 3344:School 3318:, the 3269: 3254: 3243:Arabic 3239: 3205: 3190: 3179:Arabic 3175: 3141: 3126: 3115:Arabic 3111: 3077: 3062: 3051:Arabic 3047: 3005: 2990: 2979:Arabic 2975: 2920: 2905: 2894:Arabic 2890: 2841: 2826: 2815:Arabic 2811: 2732:Canals 2642:, the 2638:, the 2625:İmralı 2428:(ENKS) 2422:(KDCK) 2416:(HNKS) 2406:(LND)/ 2357:(PYLK) 2327:(LPSK) 2267:(SNDA) 2107:, and 1976:Manbij 1925:, and 1907:Rmelan 1879:Rmelan 1778:, and 1756:Kobanî 1638:, and 1616:, and 1498:Newroz 1487:Newroz 1480:, the 1435:under 1356:Masyaf 1309:, the 1301:, the 1234:, and 1212:, and 1194:Aleppo 1144:Tigris 1074:Arabic 1022:Arabic 966:Arabic 835:Rojava 786:, and 782:, the 778:, the 758:. The 750:, and 649:polity 637:, and 621:, and 601:, and 555:, and 553:Manbij 537:Jazira 514:Rojava 287:Adyghe 272:Syriac 262:Arabic 172:Status 137:Emblem 96: 82: 72:Arabic 68: 54: 21133:Maher 20820:Qatar 20534:Syria 18264:Syria 18109:Kurds 18089:Tabqa 18084:Raqqa 18079:Afrin 17538:2 May 17513:2 May 16275:3 May 15710:(PDF) 15703:(PDF) 15610:5 May 15580:5 May 15550:5 May 15524:5 May 15464:5 May 15394:Rudaw 15364:Rudaw 15302:Rudaw 15275:(PDF) 15264:(PDF) 15108:7 May 14636:Akrād 14227:era." 14008:JSTOR 13756:2 May 13431:Rudaw 13027:(PDF) 13016:(PDF) 12615:(3). 12547:Rudaw 12520:(PDF) 12507:(PDF) 12339:(PDF) 12332:(PDF) 12064:Rudaw 10845:(PDF) 10838:(PDF) 10780:(PDF) 10765:(PDF) 10607:buyer 10497:(PDF) 10490:(PDF) 9632:JSTOR 9612:S2CID 9604:JSTOR 9553:(PDF) 9546:(PDF) 9454:Rudaw 9424:Rudaw 9353:2011. 9146:(PDF) 9129:(PDF) 9086:(PDF) 9075:(PDF) 9005:Syria 8757:3 May 8657:(PDF) 8650:(PDF) 7784:Ahval 7606:(PDF) 7595:(PDF) 7570:(PDF) 7559:(PDF) 7538:S2CID 7491:(PDF) 7406:(PDF) 7244:(PDF) 7233:(PDF) 7207:(PDF) 7190:(PDF) 6866:(PDF) 6855:S2CID 6835:(PDF) 6736:(PDF) 6725:S2CID 6697:(PDF) 6606:1 May 6280:(PDF) 6267:(PDF) 5960:Notes 5916:and: 5803:Amuda 5779:Paris 5733:Afrin 5298:Tabqa 5237:ܫܥܦܗ 5221:Afrin 5133:ܕܪܝܟ 5096:Amuda 5080:ܗܓܝܢ 5070:Hajin 5036:Tabqa 5026:ܛܒܩܗ 5016:Tabqa 4999:ܡܒܘܓ 4996:منبج 4945:ܚܣܟܗ 4928:Raqqa 4912:Reqa 4908:Raqqa 4894:Name 4888:Name 4882:Name 4876:Name 4609:Mare' 4477:Arabs 4462:Medes 4449:Kurds 4403:Druze 3835:with 3602:Amuda 3586:Nudem 3514:Media 3433:Amuda 2718:Amude 2381:(SNC) 2339:(ADP) 2309:(SDS) 2285:(ANC) 2273:(HRC) 2261:(QMH) 2255:(SUP) 2249:(PYD) 2065:Suluk 1995:Afrin 1941:Afrin 1764:Afrin 1760:Amuda 1571:Afrin 1186:Raqqa 909:ܓܙܪܬܐ 877:-zhə- 754:over 651:with 599:equal 549:Tabqa 545:Raqqa 533:Afrin 525:Syria 510:AANES 479:right 469:(EET) 234:Raqqa 183:Syria 20346:Iraq 20268:2023 20214:2022 20160:2021 20111:2020 19999:2019 19872:2018 19638:2017 19419:2016 19261:2015 19077:2014 18933:2013 18739:2012 18610:2011 17815:ISBN 17788:ISBN 17763:ISBN 17738:ISBN 17709:ISBN 17680:ISBN 17655:ISBN 17634:ISBN 17606:ISBN 17581:ISBN 17540:2020 17515:2020 17490:2020 17447:2020 17403:2015 17377:2020 17355:2015 17325:2020 17270:2019 17259:ISSN 17237:2016 17192:2016 17165:2016 17142:2016 17112:2016 17086:2016 17060:2016 17038:2016 17012:2016 16985:2018 16964:2016 16942:2016 16916:2016 16890:2016 16860:2016 16820:2016 16790:2016 16759:2016 16733:2016 16703:2016 16681:2016 16655:2016 16625:2016 16599:2017 16569:2017 16545:2017 16523:2017 16501:2017 16475:2016 16449:2016 16423:2016 16401:2016 16379:2016 16324:2018 16277:2017 16210:2019 16184:2016 16162:2016 16136:2016 16113:2016 16085:2022 16059:2016 16029:2016 15999:2016 15977:2016 15951:2016 15925:2020 15895:2019 15865:2019 15835:2019 15805:2019 15775:2018 15745:2017 15718:2016 15664:2016 15638:2015 15612:2020 15582:2020 15552:2020 15526:2020 15496:2021 15466:2020 15436:2019 15406:2018 15376:2018 15345:2018 15314:2018 15283:2016 15247:2021 15216:2015 15163:2016 15136:2019 15110:2016 15028:2017 15010:ISBN 14986:2017 14968:ISBN 14944:2017 14909:ISBN 14888:2017 14870:ISBN 14825:ISBN 14806:2014 14788:ISBN 14767:2017 14749:ISBN 14728:2017 14698:2016 14678:Frye 14658:ISBN 14632:Kurd 14611:2014 14556:2020 14514:2016 14484:2016 14439:ISBN 14399:ISBN 14366:ISBN 14347:2020 14329:ISBN 14306:2012 14208:2019 14150:2019 14124:2019 14098:2015 14069:2018 14043:2016 13973:2016 13947:2016 13915:2016 13884:2016 13854:2016 13828:2022 13791:2021 13758:2020 13728:2016 13702:2016 13647:2018 13617:2018 13587:2018 13554:2015 13522:2016 13474:2014 13462:Vice 13443:2015 13412:2016 13386:2016 13355:2016 13329:2016 13303:2016 13277:2016 13243:2016 13213:2021 13180:2016 13147:2016 13105:2016 13079:2016 13035:2018 12998:2017 12934:2017 12901:2017 12875:2020 12845:2017 12815:2017 12789:2017 12763:2016 12737:2017 12707:2015 12681:2015 12655:2017 12625:2021 12590:2021 12560:2022 12528:2022 12490:2016 12464:2018 12433:2015 12403:2015 12377:2021 12347:2014 12315:2016 12289:2016 12258:2015 12225:2017 12175:2016 12149:2017 12121:link 12107:2019 12076:2018 12045:2020 12014:2016 11984:2016 11938:2016 11908:2016 11863:2016 11833:2016 11807:2021 11772:2016 11746:2016 11720:2018 11693:2018 11666:2018 11639:2018 11609:2018 11579:2016 11553:2016 11500:2018 11470:2017 11440:2017 11410:2016 11380:2016 11350:2016 11324:2016 11298:2016 11268:2016 11225:2016 11199:2016 11173:2016 11133:2016 11115:ISBN 11094:2017 11059:2016 11033:2016 11007:2016 10974:2019 10940:2019 10910:2017 10883:2018 10853:2019 10818:2019 10788:2017 10748:2017 10715:2017 10683:2019 10651:2018 10619:2019 10565:2019 10535:2017 10505:2017 10472:2015 10421:2016 10392:2019 10362:2019 10314:2019 10262:2019 10236:2019 10210:2019 10180:2019 10149:2019 10119:2019 10089:2019 10057:2019 10026:2019 9995:2019 9965:2019 9934:2019 9904:2019 9874:2019 9843:2017 9813:2016 9787:2016 9761:2016 9728:2016 9697:2017 9628:2022 9596:ISSN 9561:2024 9526:2017 9466:2012 9436:2012 9394:2019 9348:2014 9335:VICE 9251:2017 9184:2016 9154:2015 9133:ISBN 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