27:
1433:(FINRA) Office of Hearing Officers (OHO) decision in a disciplinary action against Charles Schwab & Co. questions the ability of a regulator to enforce arbitration agreement restrictions such as NASD Rule 12204 (FINRA Rule 2268). The dispute arose when Charles Schwab & Co. revised its pre-dispute arbitration agreement to preclude a customer from participating in a class action against the firm, effectively removing the ability for a customer to have a claim heard in court. FINRA rules require arbitration through a FINRA arbitration panel, except in the case of class actions, which are reserved for the court system.
2879:(FAIR Act) in February 2019. The proposed bill would modify the FAA to make any contract that requires forced arbitration invalid, outside of limited conditions, making judges the decision-making body in disputes where arbitration may be required, and prevent employment contracts from blocking the employee's engagement with labor unions due to arbitration. The bill was introduced following events at several large tech firms, including
1402:, decided in 2019, the Court decided unanimously that when contracts include mandatory arbitration clauses, employees still have the right to seek court oversight to determine if such employment falls within the exceptions outlined in section 1 of the FAA related to employees involved in interstate commerce, and that these protections apply to both those classified as employees and as independent contractors.
1965: (1996): Montana law requiring disclosure of arbitration clauses to be "typed in underlined capital letters on the first page of the contract" preempted by FAA; however, upheld authority of courts to refuse to enforce arbitration clauses on grounds of "generally applicable contract defenses, such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability"
1344:
Once an award is entered by an arbitrator or arbitration panel, it must be "confirmed" in a court of law; and once confirmed, the award is reduced to an enforceable judgment, which may be enforced by the winning party in court, like any other judgment. Under the FAA, an award must be confirmed within
1456:
where the Court established that class actions also are not an exception to the FAA, stating that a party to an arbitration agreement has no right to participate in a class action instead of an arbitration on an individual basis and that an exception to the FAA's mandate requires clear expression of
1410:
Section 2 of the FAA declares that arbitration provisions will be subject to invalidation only for the same grounds applicable to contractual provisions generally, such as unconscionability or duress. Consequently, most state law that disfavors the enforcement of arbitration agreements will be
1345:
one year, and any objection to an award must be challenged by the losing party within three months. An arbitration agreement may be entered "prospectively" (ie., in advance of any actual dispute), or may be entered into by the disputing parties once a dispute has arisen.
2644:
1054:
1625: (1967): An arbitrator must decide the validity of a contract containing an arbitration provision unless the arbitration clause itself is being challenged, even in cases such as when the contract was allegedly fraudulently induced.
1629:
2959:
1996:
1591:
2334:
744:
1931:
2072:
1988:
516:
37:
An Act To make valid and enforceable written provisions or agreements for arbitration of disputes arising out of contracts, maritime transactions, or commerce among the States or
Territories or with foreign
1992:, 105 F. 3d 1465 (D.C. Cir. 1997): Employees forced to sign arbitration clause as condition of employment cannot be forced to pay any type of fees that a court does not require, such as arbitrator's fees.
1893:
1511:
402:
1460:
A case-by-case analysis is required to determine whether a specific
California law is preempted. In general, where the FAA has no procedural provisions applicable in state court, there is no preemption.
1950:
440:
1492:
1318:. It applies in all contracts, excluding contracts of seamen, railroad employees, or any other class of workers involved in foreign or interstate commerce, and it is predicated on an exercise of the
2544:
2148:
1572:
1553:
1422:
NASD rule 12204 of 1992 (now FINRA Rule 2268), which allows investor class actions to proceed in federal court nullifies arbitration agreements when class certification is sought, is not preempted.
954:
592:
2353:
2186:
2129:
1874:
1797:
763:
573:
383:
318:
1446:
that securities law claims are no exception to the FAA's mandate that parties to an otherwise valid arbitration agreement submit the claim to arbitration. The OHO Panel also applied the
2486:
896:
2049: (2000): Mere speculation that the party resisting arbitration "will be saddled with prohibitive costs is too speculative to justify the invalidation of an arbitration agreement."
1969:
2315:
1870:, 43 F. 3d 1244 (9th Cir. 1994): Agreement to arbitrate statutory claims is not valid when clause prohibits awards of exemplary damages and attorney's fees provided for by statute.
1866:
1473:
725:
375:
2429:
839:
2372:
2015:
782:
459:
2368: (2010): A court must decide whether or not an arbitration clause is unconscionable, even if the contract unequivocally states that the arbitrator must make that decision.
1359:
that the grounds for judicial review specified in the FAA may not be expanded, even if the parties to the arbitration agreement agree to allow expanded review of the decision.
1648:
1667:
204:
2110:
554:
2784:
1174:
2704:
1114:
2875:
Following on a number of recent
Supreme Court decisions that found in favor of employers in arbitration disputes, Democrats in both houses of Congress introduced the
2844:
1610:
1234:
185:
2277:
1728:
687:
261:
2853:
2833:
2813:
2793:
2773:
2753:
2733:
2713:
2693:
2673:
2653:
2633:
2613:
2593:
2573:
2553:
2533:
2510:
2491:
2472:
2453:
2434:
2415:
2396:
2377:
2358:
2339:
2320:
2301:
2282:
2252:
2233:
2210:
2191:
2172:
2153:
2134:
2115:
2096:
2077:
2058:
2039:
2020:
2001:
1974:
1955:
1936:
1917:
1898:
1879:
1848:
1821:
1816:
1802:
1783:
1756:
1733:
1714:
1695:
1672:
1653:
1634:
1615:
1596:
1577:
1558:
1535:
1516:
1497:
1478:
1243:
1223:
1203:
1183:
1163:
1143:
1123:
1103:
1083:
1063:
1043:
1023:
1003:
983:
963:
943:
920:
901:
882:
863:
844:
825:
806:
787:
768:
749:
730:
711:
692:
673:
654:
635:
616:
597:
578:
559:
540:
521:
502:
483:
464:
445:
426:
407:
388:
361:
342:
337:
323:
304:
285:
266:
247:
228:
209:
190:
171:
3177:
2824:
1214:
1927: (1995): Judicial review of arbitrability of contract is properly permitted when parties have not clearly agreed that arbitrator will decide question.
2664:
2584:
2273:
are absolutely exclusive as grounds for fighting the confirmation of an arbitration award and cannot be expanded by court rulings or contracting parties.
1074:
994:
1778:
1364:
299:
2986:
1686:(FAA) enacted a strong national policy favoring arbitration, therefore doubts about its applicability are to be resolved in favor of arbitration.
2247:
1355:
668:
2987:"US Supreme Court Unanimously Rules in Favor of Workers, Holding Trucking Company's Arbitration Agreement Exempt From Federal Arbitration Act"
2406: (2011): Arbitration agreements that forbid class action arbitration are enforceable, notwithstanding California's "Discover Bank Rule."
2091:
1415:
by the FAA. State laws that govern the procedures of arbitration, but do not affect its enforcement, are outside the Act's preemptive scope.
535:
2883:, that led to the companies eliminating forced arbitration from their employee contracts. While the bill did not pass the Senate during the
2804:
2224:
by holding that an arbitrator must decide if a contractual provision other than the arbitration clause renders the entire contract invalid.
1724: (1985). FAA requires that parallel state and federal claims be bifurcated when federal claims are non-arbitrable but state claims are.
1194:
3182:
2744:
2467:
2034:
877:
478:
3068:
1751:
1442:
280:
2448:
1912:
858:
421:
3139:
2876:
2870:
2505:
2205:
1843:
1430:
915:
630:
356:
2764:
1154:
2243: (2008): The FAA preempts state laws declaring that certain disputes must be resolved by a state administrative agency.
3192:
1859:
1390:
2935:
1376:
were valid even if plaintiffs prove that it would not be economically practicable to maintain these actions individually.
3172:
3014:
2391:
2053:
1465:
1447:
1437:
801:
497:
149:
2263:
1709:
1337:
entered by a court of law. In an arbitration, the parties give up the right to an appeal on substantive grounds to a
1289:
242:
2910:
2904:
2724:
2167:
1771:
1277:
1134:
611:
115:
107:
3069:"FINRA Hearing Panel Dismisses Two of Three Causes of Action in Complaint Against Charles Schwab & Company"
1452:
3187:
2892:
2884:
1386:
2564:
1381:
974:
68:
2624:
2604:
2296:
1690:
1398:
1314:
1264:
1034:
1014:
706:
223:
91:
2524:
934:
2887:, it passed the House of Representatives with support from all House Democrats and sole Republican
1889: (1995): FAA requirement that contract involve interstate commerce is to be broadly construed.
2936:
Mike
Gottlieb, Details: American Express v. Italian Colors Restaurant, SCOTUSblog (June 20, 2013).
2916:
1457:
Congressional intent. FINRA has appealed the OHO decision to the
National Adjudicatory Council.
1832:
1546:
2946:
2857:
2837:
2817:
2797:
2777:
2757:
2737:
2717:
2697:
2677:
2657:
2637:
2617:
2597:
2577:
2557:
2537:
2514:
2495:
2476:
2457:
2438:
2419:
2400:
2381:
2362:
2343:
2324:
2305:
2286:
2256:
2237:
2214:
2195:
2176:
2157:
2138:
2119:
2100:
2081:
2062:
2043:
2024:
2005:
1978:
1959:
1940:
1921:
1902:
1883:
1852:
1825:
1806:
1787:
1760:
1737:
1718:
1699:
1676:
1657:
1638:
1619:
1600:
1581:
1562:
1539:
1520:
1501:
1482:
1247:
1227:
1207:
1187:
1167:
1147:
1127:
1107:
1087:
1067:
1047:
1027:
1007:
987:
967:
947:
924:
905:
886:
867:
848:
829:
810:
791:
772:
753:
734:
715:
696:
677:
658:
639:
620:
601:
582:
563:
544:
525:
506:
487:
468:
449:
430:
411:
392:
365:
346:
327:
308:
289:
270:
251:
232:
213:
194:
175:
26:
3197:
2829:
2769:
2689:
2649:
2589:
1219:
1159:
1099:
1059:
999:
3072:
2789:
2749:
2729:
2709:
2669:
2629:
2609:
2569:
2529:
1179:
1139:
1119:
1079:
1039:
1019:
979:
939:
8:
2991:
2964:
2960:"Supreme Court rules that companies can require workers to accept individual arbitration"
2809:
2684:
2549:
1199:
1094:
959:
2849:
1393:, effectively making individual arbitration agreements in contracts wholly enforceable.
1325:
The FAA provides for contract-based compulsory and binding arbitration, resulting in an
1239:
2517:
2498:
2460:
2410:
2403:
2384:
2346:
2327:
2308:
2259:
2240:
2217:
2198:
2160:
2122:
2103:
2084:
2065:
2008:
1981:
1962:
1943:
1924:
1886:
1828:
1809:
1790:
1763:
1747:
claims are arbitrable, even when contract calls for arbitration before a foreign panel.
1740:
1721:
1660:
1641:
1622:
1603:
1584:
1565:
1542:
1504:
1485:
1412:
1373:
927:
908:
870:
820:
813:
794:
756:
737:
718:
680:
661:
642:
604:
566:
547:
528:
509:
452:
433:
395:
349:
330:
311:
292:
273:
254:
197:
178:
3101:
FINRA to Appeal Ruling on Schwab Class-action Ban - Wall Street
Journal, Feb. 26, 2013
2479:
2441:
2422:
2365:
2289:
2179:
2141:
2046:
2027:
1905:
1855:
1523:
1293:
889:
851:
832:
775:
699:
623:
585:
490:
471:
414:
368:
2228:
1702:
1679:
1327:
649:
235:
216:
2087: (2001): Consenting to arbitration constitutes a waiver of sovereign immunity.
1767:
1468:
cases have dealt with the preemption of state laws by the
Federal Arbitration Act:
1273:
100:
1308:
that provides for non-judicial facilitation of private dispute resolution through
1319:
1305:
138:
2270:
2266:
2073:
C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of
Oklahoma
517:
C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of
Oklahoma
1333:
3166:
1530:
166:
1369:
1338:
2947:
American
Express v. Italian Colors Restaurant, No. 12-133 (June 20, 2013).
1744:
1309:
2888:
1281:
119:
3144:
2645:
GE Energy Power Conversion France SAS v. Outokumpu Stainless USA, LLC
1418:
Not all state laws regarding arbitration are preempted, for example:
1312:. It applies in both state courts and federal courts, as was held in
1055:
GE Energy Power Conversion France SAS v. Outokumpu Stainless USA, LLC
43:
1385:, the Supreme Court ruled that the FAA is not overridden by the
2880:
2016:
Eastern Associated Coal Corp. v. United Mine Workers of America
460:
Eastern Associated Coal Corp. v. United Mine Workers of America
3140:"Google organizers join lawmakers in forced arbitration fight"
3092:
Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon, 482 U.S. 220 (1987)
1331:
entered by an arbitrator or arbitration panel as opposed to a
1668:
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.
205:
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.
1611:
Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood & Conklin Manufacturing Co.
1545: (1953): Reach of FAA does not extend to claims under
186:
Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood & Conklin Manufacturing Co.
1285:
1729:
Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc.
1549:
due to anti-waiver provision in latter. Later overruled.
262:
Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc.
1630:
Commonwealth Coatings Corp. v. Continental Casualty Co.
3110:
Mont. Code Ann. §27-5—114(4), qtd. in 517 U.S. at 684
1817:
Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express Inc.
1322:
powers granted to Congress in the U.S. Constitution.
338:
Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express Inc.
2665:
Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc.
2585:
Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc.
1592:
Moseley v. Electronic & Missile Facilities, Inc.
1075:
Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc.
995:
Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc.
1997:
Cortez Byrd Chips, Inc. v. Bill Harbert Constr. Co.
1858: (1991): Statutory claims, such as under the
1425:California H&SC 1363.1 is partially preempted.
1405:
1265:
92:
3046:FORMS (California forms of pleading and practice)
1365:American Express Co. v. Italian Colors Restaurant
3164:
3048:. pp. Chapter 32 - Contractual Arbitration.
2891:, and the FAIR Act has been reintroduced in the
1932:Vimar Seguros Y Reaseguros, SA v. M/V Sky Reefer
3058:FINRA Disciplinary Proceeding No. 2011029760201
2335:Stolt-Nielsen S. A. v. AnimalFeeds Int'l Corp.
2248:Hall Street Associates, L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc.
1831: (1989) Securities fraud claims under the
1356:Hall Street Associates, L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc.
745:Stolt-Nielsen S. A. v. AnimalFeeds Int'l Corp.
669:Hall Street Associates, L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc.
2092:Major League Baseball Players Assn. v. Garvey
1989:Cole v. Burns International Security Services
536:Major League Baseball Players Assn. v. Garvey
2805:Bissonnette v. LePage Bakeries Park St., LLC
1195:Bissonnette v. LePage Bakeries Park St., LLC
3178:United States federal judiciary legislation
2745:ZF Automotive U. S., Inc. v. Luxshare, Ltd.
2468:Nitro-Lift Technologies, L. L. C. v. Howard
2035:Green Tree Financial Corp.-Ala. v. Randolph
1894:Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc.
1512:The Anaconda v. American Sugar Refining Co.
878:Nitro-Lift Technologies, L. L. C. v. Howard
479:Green Tree Financial Corp.-Ala. v. Randolph
403:Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc.
1752:Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon
1443:Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon
281:Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon
2449:Marmet Health Care Center, Inc. v. Brown
1913:First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan
1493:Schoenamsgruber v. Hamburg American Line
859:Marmet Health Care Center, Inc. v. Brown
422:First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan
2877:Forced Arbitration Injustice Repeal Act
2871:Forced Arbitration Injustice Repeal Act
2545:Kindred Nursing Centers, L. P. v. Clark
2506:Am. Express Co. v. Italian Colors Rest.
2206:Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna
2149:PacifiCare Health Systems, Inc. v. Book
1844:Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp.
1573:Bernhardt v. Polygraphic Co. of America
1554:Baltimore Contractors, Inc. v. Bodinger
1431:Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
955:Kindred Nursing Centers, L. P. v. Clark
916:Am. Express Co. v. Italian Colors Rest.
631:Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna
593:PacifiCare Health Systems, Inc. v. Book
357:Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp.
3165:
3137:
2957:
1951:Doctor's Associates, Inc. v. Casarotto
1436:Specifically, the OHO Panel cited the
441:Doctor's Associates, Inc. v. Casarotto
2765:Viking River Cruises, Inc. v. Moriana
1705: (1984): FAA preempts state law.
1155:Viking River Cruises, Inc. v. Moriana
3039:
3037:
3035:
2354:Rent-A-Center, West, Inc. v. Jackson
2187:Green Tree Financial Corp. v. Bazzle
2130:Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc.
1875:Allied-Bruce Terminix Cos. v. Dobson
1860:Age Discrimination in Employment Act
1798:Volt Inf. Sciences v. Stanford Univ.
1391:National Labor Relations Act of 1935
1296:), more commonly referred to as the
764:Rent-A-Center, West, Inc. v. Jackson
574:Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc.
384:Allied-Bruce Terminix Cos. v. Dobson
319:Volt Inf. Sciences v. Stanford Univ.
3138:Lecher, Colin (February 28, 2019).
2392:AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion
1348:
802:AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion
13:
3183:United States arbitration case law
3043:
2864:
2054:Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams
1270:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
498:Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams
97:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
3209:
3032:
2487:Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter
1710:Dean Witter Reynolds Inc. v. Byrd
897:Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter
243:Dean Witter Reynolds Inc. v. Byrd
2911:Doe et al. v. Trump Corp. et al.
2905:Arbitration in the United States
1970:Quackenbush v. Allstate Ins. Co.
1387:protection of concerted activity
25:
3131:
3122:
3113:
3104:
3095:
2958:Barnes, Robert (May 21, 2018).
2725:Southwest Airlines Co. v. Saxon
2316:Arthur Andersen LLP v. Carlisle
2168:Citizens Bank v. Alafabco, Inc.
1867:Graham Oil v. ARCO Products Co.
1772:Securities Exchange Act of 1934
1474:Marine Transit Corp. v. Dreyfus
1453:AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion
1406:Partial preemption of state law
1372:waivers contained in mandatory
1135:Southwest Airlines Co. v. Saxon
726:Arthur Andersen LLP v. Carlisle
612:Citizens Bank v. Alafabco, Inc.
379:, 43 F. 3d 1244 (9th Cir. 1994)
376:Graham Oil v. ARCO Products Co.
3086:
3061:
3052:
3007:
2979:
2951:
2940:
2929:
2430:CompuCredit Corp. v. Greenwood
840:CompuCredit Corp. v. Greenwood
1:
2922:
2373:Granite Rock Co. v. Teamsters
1862:, are subject to arbitration.
1261:United States Arbitration Act
783:Granite Rock Co. v. Teamsters
20:United States Arbitration Act
1649:Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co.
1362:In 2013, the Court ruled in
7:
3193:68th United States Congress
2898:
2565:Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis
1382:Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis
1353:The Supreme Court ruled in
975:Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis
150:United States Supreme Court
69:68th United States Congress
16:United States legal statute
10:
3214:
3173:United States contract law
2868:
2625:Lamps Plus, Inc. v. Varela
2605:New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira
2297:14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett
2111:EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc.
1691:Southland Corp. v. Keating
1399:New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira
1315:Southland Corp. v. Keating
1035:Lamps Plus, Inc. v. Varela
1015:New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira
707:14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett
555:EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc.
224:Southland Corp. v. Keating
2785:Coinbase, Inc. v. Bielski
2525:DIRECTV, Inc. v. Imburgia
1175:Coinbase, Inc. v. Bielski
935:DIRECTV, Inc. v. Imburgia
156:
148:
130:
125:
106:
87:
82:
74:
63:
55:
42:
33:
24:
2705:Morgan v. Sundance, Inc.
1115:Morgan v. Sundance, Inc.
2917:United States labor law
2845:Coinbase, Inc. v. Suski
1684:Federal Arbitration Act
1298:Federal Arbitration Act
1235:Coinbase, Inc. v. Suski
59:Federal Arbitration Act
3015:"New York Arbitration"
2278:Vaden v. Discover Bank
2220: (2006): Refines
1833:Securities Act of 1933
1547:Securities Act of 1933
688:Vaden v. Discover Bank
1835:are also arbitrable;
1379:In the 2018 decision
3188:1925 in American law
141:on February 12, 1925
3044:Fields, Michael S.
2992:National Law Review
2965:The Washington Post
2685:Badgerow v. Walters
1389:established by the
1374:arbitration clauses
1095:Badgerow v. Walters
126:Legislative history
21:
2995:. January 15, 2019
2825:Smith v. Spizzirri
2411:KPMG LLP v. Cocchi
1429:However, a recent
1215:Smith v. Spizzirri
821:KPMG LLP v. Cocchi
19:
2229:Preston v. Ferrer
1770:claims under the
1328:arbitration award
1286:February 12, 1925
1257:
1256:
650:Preston v. Ferrer
114:ch. 213, 43
109:Statutes at Large
3205:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3071:. Archived from
3065:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3041:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2955:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2933:
1768:Securities fraud
1349:Legal challenges
1287:
1271:
1267:
110:
98:
94:
48:
29:
22:
18:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:517 U.S. at 687
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3042:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2901:
2873:
2867:
2865:Proposed reform
1779:Perry v. Thomas
1774:are arbitrable.
1408:
1351:
1320:Commerce Clause
1306:act of Congress
1269:
1253:
300:Perry v. Thomas
162:
161:
144:
139:Calvin Coolidge
135:Signed into law
108:
96:
78:January 1, 1926
64:Enacted by
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3159:
3158:
3130:
3128:531 U.S. at 91
3121:
3112:
3103:
3094:
3085:
3060:
3051:
3031:
3006:
2978:
2950:
2939:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2893:117th Congress
2885:116th Congress
2869:Main article:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2860:___ (2024)
2841:
2840:___ (2024)
2821:
2820:___ (2024)
2801:
2800:___ (2023)
2781:
2780:___ (2022)
2761:
2760:___ (2022)
2741:
2740:___ (2022)
2721:
2720:___ (2022)
2701:
2700:___ (2022)
2681:
2680:___ (2021)
2661:
2660:___ (2020)
2641:
2640:___ (2019)
2621:
2620:___ (2019)
2601:
2600:___ (2019)
2581:
2580:___ (2018)
2561:
2560:___ (2017)
2541:
2540:___ (2015)
2521:
2502:
2483:
2464:
2445:
2426:
2407:
2388:
2369:
2350:
2331:
2312:
2293:
2274:
2262: (2008):
2244:
2225:
2202:
2183:
2164:
2145:
2126:
2107:
2088:
2069:
2050:
2031:
2012:
1993:
1985:
1966:
1947:
1928:
1909:
1890:
1871:
1863:
1840:
1813:
1794:
1775:
1748:
1725:
1706:
1687:
1664:
1645:
1626:
1607:
1588:
1569:
1550:
1527:
1508:
1489:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1407:
1404:
1350:
1347:
1288:, codified at
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1250:___ (2024)
1231:
1230:___ (2024)
1211:
1210:___ (2024)
1191:
1190:___ (2023)
1171:
1170:___ (2022)
1151:
1150:___ (2022)
1131:
1130:___ (2022)
1111:
1110:___ (2022)
1091:
1090:___ (2021)
1071:
1070:___ (2020)
1051:
1050:___ (2019)
1031:
1030:___ (2019)
1011:
1010:___ (2019)
991:
990:___ (2018)
971:
970:___ (2017)
951:
950:___ (2015)
931:
912:
893:
874:
855:
836:
817:
798:
779:
760:
741:
722:
703:
684:
665:
646:
627:
608:
589:
570:
551:
532:
513:
494:
475:
456:
437:
418:
399:
380:
372:
353:
334:
315:
296:
277:
258:
239:
220:
201:
182:
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
146:
145:
143:
142:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
112:
104:
103:
89:
85:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
49:
40:
39:
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3210:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3134:
3125:
3116:
3107:
3098:
3089:
3075:on 2013-02-25
3074:
3070:
3064:
3055:
3047:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3016:
3010:
2994:
2993:
2988:
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2967:
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2807:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
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2779:
2775:
2771:
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2762:
2759:
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2742:
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2679:
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2615:
2611:
2607:
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2599:
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2579:
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2562:
2559:
2555:
2551:
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2531:
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2516:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2500:
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2488:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2432:
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2427:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2402:
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2299:
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2284:
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2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
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2074:
2070:
2067:
2064:
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2055:
2051:
2048:
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2041:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
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1994:
1991:
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1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:Wilko v. Swan
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766: (1987).
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743: (1985).
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
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1692:
1688:
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1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1531:Wilko v. Swan
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:Supreme Court
1462:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1448:Supreme Court
1445:
1444:
1439:
1438:Supreme Court
1434:
1432:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
992:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:
972:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:
952:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:
932:
929:
926:
922:
918:
917:
913:
910:
907:
903:
899:
898:
894:
891:
888:
884:
880:
879:
875:
872:
869:
865:
861:
860:
856:
853:
850:
846:
842:
841:
837:
834:
831:
827:
823:
822:
818:
815:
812:
808:
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803:
799:
796:
793:
789:
785:
784:
780:
777:
774:
770:
766:
765:
761:
758:
755:
751:
747:
746:
742:
739:
736:
732:
728:
727:
723:
720:
717:
713:
709:
708:
704:
701:
698:
694:
690:
689:
685:
682:
679:
675:
671:
670:
666:
663:
660:
656:
652:
651:
647:
644:
641:
637:
633:
632:
628:
625:
622:
618:
614:
613:
609:
606:
603:
599:
595:
594:
590:
587:
584:
580:
576:
575:
571:
568:
565:
561:
557:
556:
552:
549:
546:
542:
538:
537:
533:
530:
527:
523:
519:
518:
514:
511:
508:
504:
500:
499:
495:
492:
489:
485:
481:
480:
476:
473:
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466:
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461:
457:
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451:
447:
443:
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438:
435:
432:
428:
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390:
386:
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354:
351:
348:
344:
340:
339:
335:
332:
329:
325:
321:
320:
316:
313:
310:
306:
302:
301:
297:
294:
291:
287:
283:
282:
278:
275:
272:
268:
264:
263:
259:
256:
253:
249:
245:
244:
240:
237:
234:
230:
226:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
207:
206:
202:
199:
196:
192:
188:
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
169:
168:
167:Wilko v. Swan
164:
163:
155:
151:
147:
140:
137:by President
136:
133:
132:
129:
124:
121:
117:
113:
111:
105:
102:
95:
90:
86:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
3151:February 28,
3149:. Retrieved
3143:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3077:. Retrieved
3073:the original
3063:
3054:
3045:
3022:. Retrieved
3009:
2997:. Retrieved
2990:
2981:
2969:. Retrieved
2963:
2953:
2942:
2931:
2909:
2874:
2843:
2823:
2803:
2783:
2763:
2743:
2723:
2703:
2683:
2663:
2643:
2623:
2603:
2583:
2563:
2543:
2523:
2504:
2485:
2466:
2447:
2428:
2409:
2390:
2371:
2352:
2333:
2314:
2295:
2276:
2246:
2227:
2221:
2204:
2185:
2166:
2147:
2128:
2109:
2090:
2071:
2052:
2033:
2014:
1995:
1987:
1968:
1949:
1930:
1911:
1892:
1873:
1865:
1842:
1836:
1815:
1796:
1777:
1750:
1727:
1708:
1689:
1683:
1682: (1983)
1666:
1647:
1628:
1609:
1590:
1571:
1552:
1529:
1510:
1491:
1472:
1464:A number of
1463:
1459:
1451:
1450:decision in
1441:
1440:decision in
1435:
1428:
1417:
1409:
1397:
1395:
1380:
1378:
1370:class action
1363:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1313:
1301:
1297:
1260:
1258:
1233:
1213:
1193:
1173:
1153:
1133:
1113:
1093:
1073:
1053:
1033:
1013:
993:
973:
953:
933:
914:
895:
876:
857:
838:
819:
800:
781:
762:
743:
724:
705:
686:
667:
648:
629:
610:
591:
572:
553:
534:
515:
496:
477:
458:
439:
420:
401:
382:
374:
355:
336:
317:
298:
279:
260:
241:
222:
203:
184:
165:
134:
47:(colloquial)
3198:Arbitration
3020:. CMS Legal
2999:January 15,
2520: (2013)
2501: (2013)
2482: (2012)
2463: (2012)
2444: (2012)
2425: (2011)
2387: (2010)
2349: (2010)
2330: (2009)
2311: (2009)
2292: (2009)
2222:Prima Paint
2201: (2003)
2182: (2003)
2163: (2003)
2144: (2002)
2125: (2002)
2106: (2001)
2068: (2001)
2030: (2000)
2011: (2000)
1984: (1996)
1946: (1995)
1908: (1995)
1839:overturned.
1812: (1989)
1793: (1987)
1745:Sherman Act
1663: (1974)
1644: (1968)
1606: (1963)
1587: (1956)
1568: (1955)
1526: (1944)
1507: (1935)
1488: (1932)
1310:arbitration
930: (2013)
911: (2013)
892: (2012)
873: (2012)
854: (2012)
835: (2011)
816: (2011)
797: (2010)
778: (2010)
759: (2010)
740: (2009)
721: (2009)
702: (2009)
683: (2008)
664: (2008)
645: (2006)
626: (2003)
607: (2003)
588: (2002)
569: (2002)
550: (2001)
531: (2001)
512: (2001)
493: (2000)
474: (2000)
455: (1996)
436: (1995)
417: (1995)
398: (1995)
371: (1991)
352: (1989)
333: (1989)
314: (1987)
295: (1987)
276: (1985)
257: (1985)
238: (1984)
219: (1983)
200: (1967)
181: (1953)
3167:Categories
3079:2013-03-06
2923:References
2889:Matt Gaetz
1284:, enacted
1276:, 43
88:Public law
34:Long title
3145:The Verge
1413:preempted
83:Citations
75:Effective
56:Nicknames
2899:See also
2264:9 U.S.C.
1334:judgment
1304:, is an
1290:9 U.S.C.
44:Acronyms
2971:May 21,
2830:22-1218
2770:20-1573
2690:20-1143
2650:18-1048
2590:17-1272
1396:Within
1266:Pub. L.
1220:22-1218
1160:20-1573
1100:20-1143
1060:18-1048
1000:17-1272
93:Pub. L.
38:nations
3024:21 May
2881:Google
2852:,
2848:, No.
2832:,
2828:, No.
2812:,
2808:, No.
2792:,
2790:22-105
2788:, No.
2772:,
2768:, No.
2752:,
2750:21-401
2748:, No.
2732:,
2730:21-309
2728:, No.
2712:,
2710:21-328
2708:, No.
2692:,
2688:, No.
2672:,
2670:19-963
2668:, No.
2652:,
2648:, No.
2632:,
2630:17-988
2628:, No.
2612:,
2610:17-340
2608:, No.
2592:,
2588:, No.
2572:,
2570:16-285
2568:, No.
2552:,
2548:, No.
2532:,
2530:14-462
2528:, No.
1280:
1274:68–401
1272:
1242:,
1238:, No.
1222:,
1218:, No.
1202:,
1198:, No.
1182:,
1180:22-105
1178:, No.
1162:,
1158:, No.
1142:,
1140:21-309
1138:, No.
1122:,
1120:21-328
1118:, No.
1102:,
1098:, No.
1082:,
1080:19-963
1078:, No.
1062:,
1058:, No.
1042:,
1040:17-988
1038:, No.
1022:,
1020:17-340
1018:, No.
1002:,
998:, No.
982:,
980:16-285
978:, No.
962:,
958:, No.
942:,
940:14-462
938:, No.
118:
101:68–401
99:
3018:(PDF)
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2778:U.S.
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2120:U.S.
2101:U.S.
2082:U.S.
2063:U.S.
2044:U.S.
2025:U.S.
2006:U.S.
1979:U.S.
1960:U.S.
1941:U.S.
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1884:U.S.
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