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important as well. The tubular designs resist such forces for tall buildings. Tube structures are stiff and have significant advantages over other framing systems. They not only make the buildings structurally stronger and more efficient, but also significantly reduce the structural material requirements. The reduction of material makes the buildings economically more efficient and reduces environmental impact. The tubular designs enable buildings to reach even greater heights. Tubular systems allow greater interior space and further enable buildings to take on various shapes, offering added freedom to architects. These new designs opened an economic door for contractors, engineers, architects, and investors, providing vast amounts of real estate space on minimal plots of land. Khan was among a group of engineers who encouraged a rebirth in skyscraper construction after a hiatus of over thirty years.
673:, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation." Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube. Horizontal loads, for example from wind and earthquakes, are supported by the structure as a whole. About half the exterior surface is available for windows. Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so create more usable floor space. The bundled tube structure is more efficient for tall buildings, lessening the penalty for height. The structural system also allows the interior columns to be smaller and the core of the building to be free of braced frames or shear walls that use valuable floor space. Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity.
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lighter. The "bundled tube" meant buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture. Khan's amazing insight – he was name-checked by Obama in his Cairo
University speech last year – changed both the economics and the morphology of supertall buildings. And it made Burj Khalifa possible: proportionately, Burj employs perhaps half the steel that conservatively supports the Empire State Building. ... Burj Khalifa is the ultimate expression of his audacious, lightweight design philosophy.
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865:. The Brunswick building was completed in 1965 and became the tallest reinforced concrete structure of its time. The structural system of Brunswick Building consists of a concrete shear wall core surrounded by an outer concrete frame of columns and spandrels. Apartment buildings up to 70 stories high have successfully used this concept.
778:. The bundled tube design was not only the most efficient in economic terms, but it was also "innovative in its potential for versatile formulation of architectural space. Efficient towers no longer had to be box-like; the tube-units could take on various shapes and could be bundled together in different sorts of groupings."
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on the life and legacy of Khan. The film is produced by Kazmi's production company Kazbar Media, with development support from ITVS, which provides co-production support to independent documentaries on PBS. The film is helmed by director and producer Laila Kazmi, with associate producer Arnila Guha,
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The tubular systems have yet to reach their limit when it comes to height. Another important feature of the tubular systems is that buildings can be constructed using steel or reinforced concrete, or a composite of the two, to reach greater heights. Khan pioneered the use of lightweight concrete for
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the Fazlur Khan
Lifetime Achievement Medal after him, and other awards have been established in his honor, along with a chair at Lehigh University. Promoting educational activities and research, the Fazlur Rahman Khan Endowed Chair of Structural Engineering and Architecture honors Khan's legacy of
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Tube-in-tube system takes advantage of core shear wall tubes in addition to exterior tubes. The inner tube and outer tube work together to resist gravity loads and lateral loads and to provide additional rigidity to the structure to prevent significant deflections at the top. This design was first
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His hometown in Dhaka did not have any buildings taller than three stories. He did not view his first skyscraper in person until the age of 21 years old, and he had not stepped inside a mid-rise building until he moved to the United States for graduate school. Despite this, the environment of his
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In the 1970s, engineers were just starting to use computer structural analysis on a large scale. SOM was at the center of these new developments, with undeniable contributions from Khan. Graham and Khan lobbied SOM partners to purchase a mainframe computer, a risky investment at a time, when new
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Khan invented a new way of building tall. ... So Fazlur Khan created the unconventional skyscraper. Reversing the logic of the steel frame, he decided that the building's external envelope could – given enough trussing, framing and bracing – be the structure itself. This made buildings even
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variants. His "tube concept", using all the exterior wall perimeter structure of a building to simulate a thin-walled tube, revolutionized tall building design. Most buildings over 40 stories constructed since the 1960s now use a tube design derived from Khan's structural engineering principles.
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Lateral loads (horizontal forces) such as wind forces, seismic forces, etc., begin to dominate the structural system and take on increasing importance in the overall building system as the building height increases. Wind forces become very substantial, and forces caused by earthquakes, etc. are
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Among Khan's other accomplishments, he received the Wason Medal (1971) and Alfred Lindau Award (1973) from the
American Concrete Institute (ACI); the Thomas Middlebrooks Award (1972) and the Ernest Howard Award (1977) from ASCE; the Kimbrough Medal (1973) from the American Institute of Steel
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in
Chicago, Khan, more than any other individual, ushered in a renaissance in skyscraper construction during the second half of the 20th century. He has been called the "Einstein of structural engineering" and the "Greatest Structural Engineer of the 20th Century" for his innovative use of
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is the world's first mixed use tower. When built, it was the second tallest building in the world. It demonstrated how much more efficient and feasible building very tall skyscrapers could be, in comparison to the older design and technology used by the tallest buildings up to that
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high-rise buildings, at a time when reinforced concrete was used for mostly low-rise construction of only a few stories in height. Most of Khan's designs were conceived considering pre-fabrication and repetition of components so projects could be quickly built with minimal errors.
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IABSE; the AIA Institute Honor for
Distinguished Achievement (1983) from the American Institute of Architects; and the John Parmer Award (1987) from Structural Engineers Association of Illinois and Illinois Engineering Hall of Fame from Illinois Engineering Council (2006).
2139:. Sixth International Conference on Tall Buildings, Mini Symposium on Sustainable Cities, Mini Symposium on Planning, Design and Socio-Economic Aspects of Tall Residential Living Environment, Hong Kong, China, 6 – 8 December 2005. World Scientific. p. 361.
959:, which described it as an "outstanding contribution to architecture for Muslims". The tent-like tensile structures advanced the theory and technology of fabric as a structural material and led the way to its use for other types of terminals and large spaces.
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Khan developed the shear wall frame interaction system for mid high-rise buildings. This structural system uses combinations of shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral forces. The first building to use this structural system was the 35-stories
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of the 1950s, created widespread concern about the amount of available living space, which Khan solved by building upward. More than any other 20th-century engineer, Fazlur Rahman Khan made it possible for people to live and work in "cities in the sky".
729:(1961), which required around 275 kilograms of steel per square meter, the John Hancock Center was far more efficient, requiring only 145 kilograms of steel per square meter. The trussed tube concept was applied to many later skyscrapers, including the
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714:. X-bracing reduces the lateral load on a building by transferring the load into the exterior columns, and the reduced need for interior columns provides a greater usable floor space. Khan first employed exterior X-bracing on his engineering of the
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systems. The structures are designed to behave naturally during earthquakes where traditional concepts of material ductility are replaced by mechanisms that allow for movement during ground shaking while protecting material elasticity.
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Khan's seminal work of developing tall building structural systems are still used today as the starting point when considering design options for tall buildings. Tube structures have since been used in many skyscrapers, including the
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He believed that engineers needed a broader perspective on life, saying, "The technical man must not be lost in his own technology; he must be able to appreciate life, and life is art, drama, music, and most importantly, people."
656:(Director of Structural and Seismic Engineering at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill) said, "Khan was a visionary who transformed skyscrapers into sky cities while staying firmly grounded in the fundamentals of engineering."
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Khan and Mark Fintel conceived ideas of shock absorbing soft-stories, for protecting structures from abnormal loading, particularly strong earthquakes, over a long period of time. This concept was a precursor to modern
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broke out. Khan was heavily involved with creating public opinion and garnering emergency funding for
Bengali people during the war. He created the Chicago-based Bangladesh Emergency Welfare Appeal organization.
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became highly influential in skyscraper design and construction. Khan defined the framed tube structure as "a three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or
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The outrigger and belt truss system is a lateral load resisting system in which the tube structure is connected to the central core wall with very stiff outriggers and belt trusses at one or more levels.
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in
Chicago, which employed his bundled tube and trussed tube system designs respectively. In contrast to his earlier buildings, which were mainly steel, his last two buildings were concrete. His earlier
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technologies were just starting to form. The partners agreed, and Khan began programming the system to calculate structural engineering equations, and later, to develop architectural drawings.
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Life-Cycle and
Sustainability of Civil Infrastructure Systems: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering (IALCCE'12), Vienna, Austria, October 3-6, 2012
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and most other buildings in excess of 40 stories constructed since the 1960s. The strong influence of tube structure design is also evident in the world's current tallest skyscraper, the
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Construction; the Oscar Faber medal (1973) from the
Institution of Structural Engineers, London; the International Award of Merit in Structural Engineering (1983) from the
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Khan attended
Armanitola Government High School, in Dhaka. After that, he studied Civil Engineering in Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur (present day
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structure that had long dominated tall building design was not the only system fitting for tall buildings, marking the start of a new era of skyscraper construction.
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in Chicago (originally known as the "Brunswick Building"), the first building to utilize Kahn's shear wall frame interaction system
557:. The Fazlur Khan Collection includes manuscripts, sketches, audio cassette tapes, slides and other materials regarding his work.
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that sprouted around Dhaka. He found that a hollow tube, like the bamboo in Dhaka, lent a high-rise vertical durability.
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The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building, since renamed
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Although best known for skyscrapers, Khan was also an active designer of other kinds of structures, including the
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and a government scholarship, which enabled him to travel to the United States in 1952. There he studied at the
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Khan pioneered several other variants of the tube structure design. One of these was the concept of applying
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as among those who served the best interests of the construction industry, and in 1972 he was honored with
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was the first building to use this structural system followed by the First Wisconsin Center, since renamed
573:, had one daughter who was born in 1960. In 1967, he elected to become a United States citizen. Khan was a
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Khan designed several notable structures that are not skyscrapers. Examples include the Hajj terminal of
1620:"Analytical study of relations among various design criteria for rectangular prestressed concrete beams"
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in Chicago – shown here with its distinctive exterior X-bracing – are located as high as the 90th floor.
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The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Analytical Study of Relations Among Various Design Criteria for Rectangular Prestressed Concrete Beams
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in 2009 in his speech in Cairo, Egypt when he cited the achievements of America's Muslim citizens.
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in 1965, and this can be clearly seen on the building's exterior, making it an architectural icon.
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Khan's personal papers, most of which were in his office at the time of his death, are held by the
526:. He was made a partner in 1966. He worked the rest of his life side by side with fellow architect
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In 2021, director Laila Kazmi began production on a feature-length documentary film to be called
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Engineering Legends: Great American Civil Engineers: 32 Profiles of Inspiration and Achievement
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building, built in 1963 in Chicago, was also a concrete building with a tube structure.
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hometown in Dhaka later influenced his tube building concept, which was inspired by the
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in Minneapolis. With Bruce Graham, Khan developed a cable-stayed roof system for the
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1806:"Fazlur Rahman Khan: His invention made today's skyscrapers possible - IslamiCity"
1452:. Lehigh University, Engineering & Applied Science. Retrieved on 26 June 2012.
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structural engineer and architect, who initiated important structural systems for
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Fazlur Rahman Khan Collection in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
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2438:"Trump Tower: Concrete Satisfies Architectural, design, and construction demands"
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1857:"Structural developments in tall buildings: current trends and future prospects"
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2846:"Who was Fazlur Rahman Khan? The genius who made today's skyscrapers possible"
2492:"Brunswick Building - Fazlur Khan - Structural Artist of Urban Building Forms"
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1883:"Who was Fazlur Rahman Khan? The genius who made today's skyscrapers possible"
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412:. His mother, Khadijah Khatun, was the daughter of Abdul Basit Chowdhury, the
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1589:"Distinguished Alumnus/Alumna Awards - Chronological Listing of Past Winners"
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One of Khan's most important variants of the tube structure concept was the
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In 1960, buildings over 20 stories were still newsworthy. Apartments in the
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2348:"One Shell Plaza - Fazlur Khan - Structural Artist of Urban Building Forms"
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2130:"Tubular Systems for Tall Office Buildings with Special Cases from Turkey"
2006:. Constructionweekonline.com (31 January 2011). Retrieved on 26 June 2012.
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and New York-based art director Begoña Lopez. It is fiscally sponsored by
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725:(1931), which required about 206 kilograms of steel per square meter and
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poetic songs in Bengali. He and his wife, Liselotte, who immigrated from
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established the Fazlur Khan Lifetime Achievement Medal, as one of their
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2719:"Google Doodle Honors Bangladeshi-American Engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan"
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2103:"Major Works - Fazlur Khan - Structural Artist of Urban Building Forms"
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2704:"Lehigh University: Fazlur Rahman Khan Distinguished Lecture Series"
1762:"Fazlur Rahman Khan: Why is this skyscraper architect so important?"
1515:"Lehigh University: Fazlur Rahman Khan Distinguished Lecture Series"
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1399:"Lehigh University: Fazlur Rahman Khan Distinguished Lecture Series"
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The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat named one of their
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established the Fazlur R. Khan Life-Cycle Civil Engineering Medal.
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in New York City is also another example that adapted this system.
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on 3 April 2017, marking what would have been his 88th birthday.
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432:. Khan's paternal uncle, Abdul Hakim Khan, was the son-in-law of
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Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat: Cities in the Third Millennium
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Khan died of a heart attack on 27 March 1982 while on a trip in
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International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering
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Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur
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1792:"Muslim engineer cited by Obama has enduring legacy at Lehigh"
2874:"Reaching New Heights: Fazlur Rahman Khan and the Skyscraper"
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Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat - Lynn Beadle - Google Books
1330:"Fazlur R. Khan (Bengali engineer) - Encyclopædia Britannica"
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321:(CAD). He was the designer of the Sears Tower, since renamed
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1911:"Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers: from Ingalls to Jin mao"
1470:. National Council of Structural Engineers Associations: 44.
1464:"Fazlur Rahman Khan: The Einstein of Structural Engineering"
791:. Later buildings to use this structural system include the
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Reaching New Heights: Fazlur Rahman Khan and the Skyscraper
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In contrast to earlier steel frame structures, such as the
478:. In three years Khan earned two master's degrees – one in
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Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology alumni
2981:. Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., New York, NY,
2296:"Building construction: High-rise construction since 1945"
542:, the tallest building in the world from 1973 until 1998.
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Buildings on which Khan was structural engineer include:
486:– and a PhD in structural engineering with thesis titled
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1153:, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (
2649:"King Abdul Aziz International Airport - Hajj Terminal"
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engineering advancement and architectural sensibility.
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Engineering Architecture: The Vision of Fazlur R. Khan
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and after retirement served as the first Principal of
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2895:"Dr. Fazlur R. Khan, 1971: Bangladesh Liberation War"
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Graves of Khan and Bruce Graham at Graceland Cemetery
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Computers for structural engineering and architecture
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The last major buildings engineered by Khan were the
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Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
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Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
2436:Seinuk, Ysrael A.; Cantor, Irwin G. (March 1984).
2137:Tall Buildings: From Engineering to Sustainability
1486:. National Academy of Engineering. 27 March 1982.
388:). He was from and brought up in the Khan Bari of
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372:Fazlur Rahman Khan was born on 3 April 1929 to a
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2979:Art of the Skyscraper: The Genius of Fazlur Khan
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1359:Art of the Skyscraper: the Genius of Fazlur Khan
2376:Structures in the New Millennium - Google Books
1964:. ConstructionWeekOnline.com. 27 September 2010
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2329:. Teaching.ust.hk. p. 34. Archived from
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317:" for high-rises, Khan was also a pioneer in
280:Institute Honor for Distinguished Achievement
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1915:Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering
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647:The population explosion, starting with the
518:In 1955, employed by the architectural firm
3790:Bangladeshi people of Central Asian descent
3129:Engineering News-Record Award of Excellence
2926:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 264.
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2294:Alfred Swenson & Pao-Chi Chang (2008).
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347:Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
3671:List of architecture schools in Bangladesh
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2324:"Introduction to Tall building Structures"
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1721:. New York: Spon Press. pp. 481–493.
1283:Cabinet Division, Government of Bangladesh
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476:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
424:who traced his ancestry to a migrant from
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2521:. Civil Engineering Group. Archived from
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664:Since 1963, the new structural system of
538:and 110-story Sears Tower, since renamed
3755:Recipients of the Independence Day Award
3750:Pakistani emigrants to the United States
2575:"Burj Dubai: The new pinnacle of vanity"
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2135:. In Cheung, Y. K.; Chau, K. W. (eds.).
1958:"Top 10 world's tallest steel buildings"
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3740:Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
3666:Housing and Building Research Institute
2963:. American Society of Civil Engineers.
2550:. Ialcce2012.boku.ac.at. Archived from
2548:"IALCCE 2012: Keynote Speakers Details"
2187:"IALCCE 2012: Keynote Speakers Details"
2068:"Special Studies in Building Structure"
1573:Ahmad, Syed Kamaluddin (30 June 2021),
1543:Weingardt, Richard G. (February 2011).
1145:. He received honorary doctorates from
154:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
3770:Grainger College of Engineering alumni
3725:American people of Bangladeshi descent
3697:
3018:Fazlur Khan Lifetime Achievement Medal
3013:Fazlur Rahman Khan Documentary Project
2766:
2746:"The Crude Consciousness of a New Age"
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2017:Burj Dubai: The new pinnacle of vanity
1904:
1902:
1900:
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1361:. Rizzoli International Publications.
876:construction of the World Trade Center
708:to the exterior of the tube to form a
682:construction of the World Trade Center
305:; 3 April 1929 – 27 March 1982) was a
3780:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill people
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2215:Zweig, Christina M. (30 March 2011).
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1141:award. In 1973 he was elected to the
1047:(formerly BHP House), Melbourne, 1972
751:, engineered by Khan and designed by
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2494:. Khan.princeton.edu. Archived from
2350:. Khan.princeton.edu. Archived from
2105:. Khan.princeton.edu. Archived from
1575:তরফের সৈয়দ বংশ ও লাকসাম নবাব পরিবার
1462:Weingardt, Richard (February 2011).
1070:King Abdulaziz International Airport
999:
953:King Abdulaziz International Airport
2824:"A Conversation with Dan Frangopol"
2372:
2266:"Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers"
2127:
1908:
1893:
1681:"Obama Mentions Fazlur Rahman Khan"
1566:
1356:
1186:
1111:
854:Cook County Administration Building
845:Shear wall frame interaction system
532:Chestnut De-Witt apartment building
19:For the Bangladeshi geologist, see
13:
3661:Institute of Architects Bangladesh
3028:Exhibition at Princeton University
2950:
2750:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
2653:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
2219:. Gostructural.com. Archived from
2189:. hl123.boku.ac.at. Archived from
2015:Bayley, Stephen. (5 January 2010)
1781:
1670:
1642:"The Man Who Saved the Skyscraper"
1483:Lynn S.Beadle pays tribute to Khan
1301:
1169:is the first holder of the chair.
623:for tall buildings, including the
617:skyscraper design and construction
565:For enjoyment, Khan loved singing
343:skyscraper design and construction
341:that remain fundamental to modern
14:
3801:
2992:
2573:Stephen Bayley (5 January 2010).
2033:Beadle, Lynn (22 November 2001).
1029:Brunswick Building, Chicago, 1965
902:. According to Stephen Bayley of
577:at the time when he passed away.
484:theoretical and applied mechanics
16:Bangladeshi architect (1929–1982)
3715:20th-century American architects
3486:
3085:
3073:
3061:
3049:
2517:Civil Engineer (12 March 2011).
2413:. Support.tue.nl. Archived from
1617:
1172:Khan was mentioned by President
1057:First Wisconsin Center, renamed
560:
364:and several stadium structures.
3775:20th-century American engineers
2913:
2887:
2866:
2838:
2816:
2788:National Academy of Engineering
2760:
2738:
2710:
2696:
2683:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
2671:
2641:
2627:
2566:
2510:
2484:
2460:
2429:
2366:
2340:
2258:
2235:
2121:
2060:
2026:
2009:
1997:
1976:
1950:
1875:
1848:
1823:
1798:
1760:Sommerlad, Joe (3 April 2017).
1753:
1742:
1633:
1611:
1581:
1507:
1455:
1279:"List of Independence Awardees"
1143:National Academy of Engineering
1104:United States Air Force Academy
968:United States Air Force Academy
957:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
947:Hajj Terminal at Jeddah airport
814:Shanghai World Financial Center
781:
585:Khan discovered that the rigid
551:Ryerson & Burnham Libraries
268:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
25:Fazlur Rahman Khan (politician)
3785:People from Madaripur District
2957:Weingardt, Richard G. (2005).
2606:. CRC Press. 18 October 2012.
2519:"Shear Wall-Frame Interaction"
2373:Lee, P. K. K. (January 1997).
1687:. 19 June 2009. Archived from
1375:
1322:
1271:
1260:List of Bangladeshi architects
1088:, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1982
1041:, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1972
1014:Kitt Peak National Observatory
759:
659:
580:
520:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
402:Khan Bahadur Abdur Rahman Khan
334:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
21:Fazlur Rahman Khan (geologist)
1:
2244:"Designing Cities in the Sky"
1855:Mir M. Ali, Kyoung Sun Moon.
1640:Greene, Nick (28 June 2016).
1450:Designing 'cities in the sky'
1382:File:Skyscraper structure.png
1265:
1125:Khan was cited five times by
1010:McMath–Pierce solar telescope
615:Khan's central innovation in
362:McMath–Pierce solar telescope
3273:Sherry Plaster Carter (1996)
3231:William B. Derrickson (1984)
2920:Khan, Yasmin Sabina (2004).
2023:. Retrieved on 26 June 2012.
1861:Architectural Science Review
1831:"Fazlur Rahman (F. R.) Khan"
1314:(in Bengali). Vol. 19.
1285:(in Bengali). Archived from
1179:Khan was the subject of the
1106:, Colorado Springs, Colorado
1086:Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome
976:Baxter Travenol Laboratories
972:Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome
970:in Colorado Springs and the
918:Life cycle civil engineering
416:(aristocratic landowner) of
313:. Considered the "father of
7:
3745:Bangladeshi civil engineers
2242:Anonymous (15 March 2007).
1240:
522:(SOM), he began working in
10:
3806:
3765:University of Dhaka alumni
3444:Architecture of Bangladesh
3299:Charles H. Thornton (2001)
3142:Lyman Dwight Wilbur (1966)
2635:"IALCCE Honors and Awards"
2145:10.1142/9789812701480_0056
1710:Baker, William F. (2001).
1203:
1024:DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments
835:DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments
688:Trussed tube and X-bracing
596:
23:. For the politician, see
18:
3679:
3653:
3637:
3531:
3495:
3484:
3450:
3390:
3292:
3285:Robert M. Thompson (2000)
3276:Robert A. Tinstman (1997)
3212:
3199:Wallace L. Chawick (1978)
3135:
2468:"0a_copy_NYC_2008_IBC.vp"
1210:Bangladesh Liberation War
1100:, Chicago, completed 1986
1094:, Chicago, completed 1983
1080:King Abdulaziz University
964:King Abdulaziz University
868:
770:, which was used for the
727:One Chase Manhattan Plaza
501:
298:
284:
263:
250:King Abdulaziz University
233:
215:
208:
192:
184:
176:
168:
140:
120:
107:
85:
57:
48:
41:
34:
3609:Kashef Mahboob Chowdhury
3496:Buildings and structures
3317:Lewis E. Link Jr. (2007)
3270:Michael Virlogeux (1995)
3184:Saul Horowitz Jr. (1975)
3023:Letter from Bill Clinton
2784:National Academies Press
2411:"SUPport Studytour 2007"
1962:Construction Week Online
1216:
939:Other architectural work
820:Concrete tube structures
799:Outrigger and belt truss
621:"tube" structural system
555:Art Institute of Chicago
450:Early life and education
199:(sister's father-in-law)
3594:Khondaker Hasibul Kabir
3279:Dennis G. Majors (1998)
3228:Charles D. Brown (1983)
3225:Thomas D. Larson (1982)
3154:Ezra Ehrenkrantz (1969)
3033:24 January 2021 at the
2301:Encyclopædia Britannica
1712:"Structural Innovation"
1162:CTBUH Skyscraper Awards
1147:Northwestern University
1128:Engineering News-Record
995:Professional milestones
962:Khan also designed the
593:Tube structural systems
351:CTBUH Skyscraper Awards
202:A.Z.M. Enayetullah Khan
42:
3584:Mustapha Khalid Palash
3314:Dwayne McAninch (2006)
3282:John G. Voeller (1999)
3267:Ginger S. Evans (1994)
3252:Vitelmo Bertero (1990)
3243:James W. Poirot (1988)
3237:Marwan M. Sadat (1986)
3205:J. Robert Fluor (1980)
3145:Vinton W. Bacon (1967)
2442:Concrete International
1226:
948:
915:
857:
756:
701:
612:
515:
480:structural engineering
332:A partner in the firm
273:Independence Day Award
3735:20th-century Bengalis
3720:Muslims from Illinois
3347:Wayne E. Jones (2013)
3305:Kathi Littmann (2003)
3302:Michael Burton (2002)
3240:John W. Fisher (1987)
2217:"Structural Engineer"
1984:"Google Drive Viewer"
1629:– via ProQuest.
1224:
1050:Sears Tower, renamed
946:
910:
852:
747:
723:Empire State Building
695:
606:
567:Rabindranath Tagore's
510:A sculpture honoring
509:
472:Fulbright Scholarship
368:Family and background
358:Hajj airport terminal
319:computer-aided design
3760:Structural engineers
3589:Enamul Karim Nirjhar
3539:Mohammad Foyez Ullah
3380:Vicki O'Leary (2019)
3338:Jeffrey Baker (2011)
3202:H. Edgar Lore (1979)
2977:Ali, Mir M. (2001).
2772:"Fazlur Rahman Khan"
2336:on 17 December 2010.
2072:University of Oregon
1909:Ali, Mir M. (2001).
1658:on 22 September 2019
1545:"Fazlur Rahman Khan"
1092:One Magnificent Mile
1054:, Chicago, 1970–1973
1035:, Chicago, 1965–1969
826:One Magnificent Mile
776:One Magnificent Mile
619:was the idea of the
345:. In his honor, the
307:Bangladeshi-American
254:One Magnificent Mile
3624:Kazi Khaleed Ashraf
3559:Syed Mainul Hossain
3308:Gregg Martin (2004)
3264:Leo P. Duffy (1993)
3261:Terry Farley (1992)
3247:Leslie E. Robertson
3179:Stephen Bechtel Jr.
2851:The Daily Telegraph
2580:The Daily Telegraph
2246:. Lehigh University
2223:on 24 December 2013
2128:Sev, Aysin (2005).
1749:Engineering Legends
1738:on 2 February 2014.
1685:The Muslim Observer
1318:. 1990. p. 12.
1253:Engineering Legends
1082:, Jeddah, 1977–1978
1033:John Hancock Center
980:Deerfield, Illinois
905:The Daily Telegraph
892:Bank of China Tower
739:Bank of China Tower
716:John Hancock Center
698:John Hancock Center
608:John Hancock Center
536:John Hancock Center
514:at the Willis Tower
327:John Hancock Center
258:Onterie Center
238:John Hancock Center
3549:Abu Sayeed M Ahmed
3544:Fazlur Rahman Khan
3532:Notable architects
3383:Chris Liban (2020)
3321:Clyde N. Baker Jr.
3311:Joe Maloney (2005)
3234:James Rouse (1985)
3167:Fazlur Rahman Khan
2999:Fazlur Rahman Khan
2790:): 152–157 (154).
2756:on 5 October 2012.
2717:Kilpatrick, Ryan.
2164:on 3 February 2013
1928:10.56748/ejse.1111
1810:www.islamicity.org
1235:Graceland Cemetery
1227:
1045:140 William Street
949:
863:Brunswick Building
858:
757:
702:
613:
516:
339:structural systems
303:Fazlur Rôhman Khan
291:Fazlur Rahman Khan
234:Significant design
210:Engineering career
188:Yasmin Sabina Khan
112:Graceland Cemetery
36:Fazlur Rahman Khan
3692:
3691:
3614:Mubasshar Hussein
3410:
3409:
3397:Jim Ansara (2021)
3363:Jason F. McLennan
3351:Stephen Selkowitz
2970:978-0-7844-0801-8
2899:drfazlurrkhan.com
2776:Memorial Tributes
2498:on 1 October 2022
2354:on 1 October 2022
2154:978-981-256-620-1
1357:Mir, Ali (2001).
1151:Lehigh University
1000:List of buildings
925:seismic isolation
470:). He received a
434:Syed Abdul Jabbar
410:Jagannath College
398:Faridpur District
382:Bengal Presidency
288:
287:
197:Abdul Jabbar Khan
69:Bengal Presidency
3797:
3490:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3188:Frank Moolin Jr.
3173:J. Leon Altemose
3163:Ray Monti (1971)
3149:Edgar Kaiser, Sr
3122:
3115:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3090:
3089:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3045:
2974:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2752:. Archived from
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2655:. Archived from
2645:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2554:on 26 April 2013
2544:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2488:
2482:
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2407:
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2344:
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2335:
2328:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2268:. Archived from
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2193:on 26 April 2013
2183:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2157:. Archived from
2134:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2099:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2074:. Archived from
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2030:
2024:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1930:
1906:
1891:
1890:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1863:(September 2007)
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1757:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1731:. Archived from
1716:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1654:. Archived from
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1595:. Archived from
1585:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1549:
1540:
1527:
1526:
1524:
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1478:
1472:
1471:
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1395:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1312:জীবনী গ্রন্থমালা
1308:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1289:on 17 April 2016
1275:
1198:Film Independent
1187:Documentary film
1137:
1112:Awards and chair
1059:U.S. Bank Center
1039:One Shell Square
888:Jin Mao Building
810:U.S. Bank Center
735:Citigroup Center
599:Tube (structure)
300:
204:(brother-in-law)
92:
53:
32:
31:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3675:
3649:
3633:
3554:Salauddin Ahmed
3527:
3491:
3482:
3446:
3441:
3411:
3406:
3386:
3288:
3208:
3131:
3126:
3096:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3040:
3035:Wayback Machine
2995:
2971:
2953:
2951:Further reading
2948:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2768:Beedle, Lynn S.
2765:
2761:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2679:"Hajj Terminal"
2677:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2659:on 26 June 2015
2647:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2525:on 18 June 2014
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2417:on 14 July 2014
2409:
2408:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2326:
2322:Dr. D. M Chan.
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2292:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2213:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2078:on 26 June 2012
2066:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2031:
2027:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1907:
1894:
1889:. 3 April 2017.
1881:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1767:The Independent
1758:
1754:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1691:on 19 June 2013
1679:
1678:
1671:
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1638:
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1587:
1586:
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1571:
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1513:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1441:
1437:, pp. 78–.
1433:
1429:
1421:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1355:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1243:
1219:
1206:
1189:
1139:Man of the Year
1135:
1114:
1109:
1068:Hajj Terminal,
1026:, Chicago, 1963
1002:
997:
988:
941:
920:
884:Petronas Towers
871:
847:
822:
801:
793:Petronas Towers
789:One Shell Plaza
784:
762:
690:
678:Plaza on DeWitt
662:
601:
595:
583:
563:
504:
452:
370:
315:tubular designs
299:ফজলুর রহমান খান
276:
271:
200:
152:
133:
128:
115:
103:
94:
90:
81:
75:
62:
44:
43:ফজলুর রহমান খান
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3803:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
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3737:
3732:
3727:
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3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3564:Muzharul Islam
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
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3404:
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3391:2021-present
3369:Marc Edwards
3333:John Hillman
3166:
3092:Architecture
2978:
2959:
2937:. Retrieved
2922:
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2903:. Retrieved
2898:
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2877:. Retrieved
2868:
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2849:
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2826:. Lehigh.edu
2818:
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2779:
2775:
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2754:the original
2749:
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2728:. Retrieved
2722:
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2663:24 September
2661:. Retrieved
2657:the original
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2552:the original
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2523:the original
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2496:the original
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2462:
2448:(3): 59–62.
2445:
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2415:the original
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2270:the original
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2191:the original
2168:16 September
2166:. Retrieved
2159:the original
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2107:the original
2080:. Retrieved
2076:the original
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2035:
2028:
2020:
2011:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1961:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1918:
1914:
1886:
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1860:
1850:
1840:12 September
1838:. Retrieved
1834:
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1815:12 September
1813:. Retrieved
1809:
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1771:. Retrieved
1765:
1755:
1744:
1733:the original
1718:
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1693:. Retrieved
1689:the original
1684:
1662:22 September
1660:. Retrieved
1656:the original
1647:Mental Floss
1645:
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:the original
1592:
1583:
1577:(in Bengali)
1574:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1551:
1519:. Retrieved
1517:. Lehigh.edu
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1482:
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1430:
1403:. Retrieved
1401:. Lehigh.edu
1377:
1358:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:
1324:
1311:
1291:. Retrieved
1287:the original
1282:
1273:
1251:
1237:in Chicago.
1228:
1208:In 1971 the
1207:
1192:
1190:
1178:
1171:
1159:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1052:Willis Tower
1003:
989:
961:
950:
930:
921:
911:
903:
896:Burj Khalifa
872:
859:
823:
802:
785:
782:Tube in tube
772:Willis Tower
767:bundled tube
765:
763:
753:Bruce Graham
749:Willis Tower
720:
711:trussed tube
709:
703:
675:
666:framed tubes
663:
646:
642:
638:
633:bundled tube
632:
629:trussed tube
628:
624:
614:
584:
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540:Willis Tower
528:Bruce Graham
517:
492:
487:
453:
437:
371:
355:
331:
323:Willis Tower
302:
290:
289:
242:Willis Tower
209:
132:(after 1971)
101:Saudi Arabia
91:(1982-03-27)
61:3 April 1929
29:
3710:1982 deaths
3705:1929 births
3629:Jalal Ahmad
3579:Saleh Uddin
3574:Yafes Osman
3256:Jack Lemley
2586:26 February
2558:22 December
2250:17 February
2227:22 December
2052:17 February
2004:On the rise
1989:22 December
1968:17 February
1942:30 November
1921:(1): 2–14.
1867:10 December
1558:22 December
1405:22 December
1339:22 December
1293:29 November
1076:, 1974–1980
839:Trump Tower
760:Bundle tube
671:shear walls
660:Framed tube
625:framed tube
587:steel frame
581:Innovations
512:Fazlur Khan
482:and one in
311:skyscrapers
130:Bangladeshi
127:(1929-1947)
121:Nationality
3699:Categories
3654:Institutes
3599:Ehsan Khan
3080:Bangladesh
3003:Structurae
2987:0847823709
2307:9 December
1695:11 October
1266:References
1155:ETH Zurich
880:Aon Center
597:See also:
386:Bangladesh
376:family in
228:structural
216:Discipline
169:Occupation
78:Bangladesh
3293:2001–2020
3213:1981–2000
3136:1966–1980
3056:Biography
2454:0162-4075
2021:Telegraph
1937:251690475
1552:Structure
1468:Structure
1063:Milwaukee
806:BHP House
706:X-bracing
649:baby boom
442:based in
430:Turkestan
426:Samarkand
394:Madaripur
193:Relatives
141:Education
3684:Category
3523:Stadiums
3458:Bungalow
3068:Pakistan
3031:Archived
2830:12 March
2770:(1982).
2619:12 March
1241:See also
787:used in
439:zamindar
414:Zamindar
185:Children
172:Engineer
135:American
3518:Viharas
3513:Museums
3508:Mosques
3503:Temples
3468:Sultani
3463:Bengali
3357:HT Tran
3042:Portals
2939:3 April
2905:3 April
2879:1 March
2858:3 April
2730:3 April
2688:3 April
2529:18 June
2502:18 June
2476:18 June
2421:18 June
2392:18 June
2358:18 June
2197:18 June
2113:18 June
2082:17 June
1773:3 April
1652:Atavist
1625:12 June
1554:: 44–46
1521:18 June
1499:18 June
1204:Charity
1018:Arizona
571:Austria
553:at the
524:Chicago
460:Kolkata
444:Comilla
295:Bengali
116:Chicago
3478:Modern
3473:Mughal
3451:Styles
3403:(2024)
3377:(2018)
3371:(2017)
3365:(2016)
3359:(2015)
3353:(2014)
3344:(2012)
3335:(2010)
3329:(2009)
3323:(2008)
3258:(1991)
3249:(1989)
3222:(1981)
3196:(1977)
3190:(1976)
3181:(1974)
3175:(1973)
3169:(1972)
3160:(1970)
3151:(1968)
2985:
2967:
2930:
2794:
2610:
2452:
2383:
2276:14 May
2151:
2043:
1935:
1725:
1603:21 May
1490:
1365:
1231:Jeddah
1136:'s
1074:Jeddah
1065:, 1973
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