1653:, approximately 4,000 years ago. The native fauna was used by the island's indigenous population as a source of food, while others were used for skins and trade. Significant declines in the populations and diversity of the islands fauna are believed to have begun after the arrival of European settlers in the sixteenth century. Habitat destruction, primarily as a result of forest clearing for sugar cane plantations, had a devastating effect on Puerto Rican fauna during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Furthermore, human-introduced species such as rats, cats, the small Asian mongoose, and the cane toad have had a profound effect on the native fauna of Puerto Rico. Rats on Monito Island are believed to be a limiting factor on the abundance of the endemic
859:
1389:
966:
589:) which is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. The archipelago's waters are one of the species' main breeding areas. Manatees gathered local media attention when a two-month manatee nicknamed Moisés was rescued and raised for 27 months by the Caribbean Stranding Network (CSN). Moisés was the first successful release of an orphaned, captive-raised manatee to the marine environment in the Caribbean. The animal became a Puerto Rican cultural, as well as scientific, icon when
1727:
571:
173:
342:
1741:
1684:
2020. Other objectives include the establishment of two separate, effective, wild populations (500 or more individuals for 5 years), the protection of habitat for those populations and the control of predators, parasites and competitors of the species. Currently, the total wild parrot population is estimated at 44 individuals, and 105 birds are in captivity. This program was fundamental in raising ecological awareness in Puerto Rico.
1100:
524:
1673:
1531:
1126:
655:, for example, with an area approximately 1.2 times that of Puerto Rico, has 21 species (1.6 times that of Puerto Rico). A possible explanation for this is the comparatively large distance between the archipelago and the mainland dispersion areas. Jamaica, for example, is closer to Cuba and Hispaniola which are themselves closer to the mainland dispersion areas of North and Central America.
797:
1669:. The Puerto Rican government, through the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DNER), produces its own threatened species list which includes 18 critically endangered species (3 amphibians, 7 birds, 3 reptiles, 2 fish and 3 invertebrates), and 14 endangered species. The DNER follows the IUCN classification scheme for species' priority assignment.
991:
Indies (and Puerto Rico) by the same method and subsequently undergone vicarization by banks or islands. As a result, Puerto Rico, and the
Caribbean in general, has one of the highest percentages of endemism among amphibians and reptiles in the world. Amphibian species in Puerto Rico belong to four families:
453:). Woods suggests a reason for their extinction: "Taxa evolving in isolation on oceanic islands without competition or predators may not be able to adapt to rapidly changing conditions, such as the extensive climatic fluctuations of the Ice Ages or sudden competition or predation from introduced animals".
1243:. Anole lizards in the Greater Antilles are more closely related to other species within the same island than to species of adjacent islands. Surprisingly, even though species divergence occurred independently on each island, the same set of ecomorphs (habitat specialists) have evolved on each island.
316:
rise in sea level and associated environmental changes. Puerto Rico's transformation from a dry savanna environment to its present moist, forested state led to mass extinctions, especially of the vertebrate fauna. Around this time, the Puerto Rican Bank—a single landmass comprising the archipelago of
1710:
has recently garnered support in Puerto Rico. The archipelago has an estimated 700 miles (1,126.5 km) of coastline and 1,300 mi (3,370 km) of coral reef communities. The
Department of Natural Resources of Puerto Rico maintains 25 areas with marine components but only two of these
1683:
Birds currently receive the greatest attention in regards to conservation. Arguably the most successful fauna recovery plan in Puerto Rico was the Puerto Rican Parrot
Recovery Plan. Initiated in 1968, its main objective was to downlist the Puerto Rican parrot's status from critical to threatened by
308:
boundary. A short-lived (~1 Ma) landmass named "GAARlandia" (Greater
Antilles + Aves Ridge land) connected northwestern South America with three of the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico) during this period. Afterwards, during the fragmentation of the Proto-Antilles, divergence
19:
1664:
Conservation efforts include both land and species protection. Approximately 8.95 km (equal to 3.4% of total land area) divided among 34 reserves are protected in Puerto Rico. According to the IUCN there are 21 threatened species in Puerto Rico: 2 mammals, 8 breeding birds, 8 reptiles, and 3
990:
species. The majority of West Indian terrestrial reptile clade is believed to have arrived by flotsam dispersion from South
America. Little evidence exists to support the alternative hypothesis of proto-Antillean vicariance. Other terrestrial herpetofauna are believed to have arrived to the West
1271:
in 1828. They reported 33 taxa for the archipelago. Puerto Rico has few native freshwater fish species; however, there are over 30 introduced species, mainly originating from Africa, South
America and the southeastern United States, have established populations, and 60 marine species use Puerto
1252:
830:
The avifauna of the West Indies is predominantly of tropical North
American (southern North America and Central America) origin with aggressive South American species having colonized the area only recently. The South American families occurring in the Greater Antilles are the
1470:, as both predators and prey. In some forest types, such as tabonuco forest, they are the major arboreal invertebrate predators; spiders being the most abundant representative. The Maricao Commonwealth Forest's 27 spider species belong to five families:
663:, where eleven species occur. The red fig-eating bat (red fruit bat), endemic to the Puerto Rican Bank, plays an important role in the ecology of tabonuco forest in the Luquillo Mountains since it is believed to be the only seed disperser of bulletwood (
847:(Thraupidae), all of which are represented in Puerto Rico. The prevailing theory suggests that bird fauna colonized the West Indies by transoceanic dispersal during the glacial periods of the Pleistocene. The most primitive West Indies birds are the
1321:, are found in Puerto Rico's ocean waters. A total of 677 fish species live in these habitats; 242 being reef species. Fish species found in Puerto Rican reefs are representative of the general Caribbean fauna. Common reef fishes include
1519:. Seventy-eight invertebrate species are known to inhabit Puerto Rico's caves. Six of these species are restricted to the Antilles, 23 come from North America and 23 are endemic to Puerto Rico. Only two of the species are confirmed as
1687:
The Puerto Rico
Breeding Bird Survey (PRBBS), established in 1997, is a program with the purpose of monitoring the status and trends of Puerto Rican breeding bird populations. The information gathered by these surveys is used by the
658:
Bats play an important role in forest and cave ecology in Puerto Rico and help control mosquito populations. Most species (10 of 13) are cave-dwellers with low reproductive rates; the area with the highest species richness is the
356:
in Puerto Rico, like many other islands, is low relative to mainland regions. The present-day native terrestrial mammal fauna of Puerto Rico is composed of only 13 species, all of which are bats. 18 marine mammals, including
3267:
Wiewandt, T.A. (1975). Management of
Introduced Fauna: Appendix to the Department of Natural Resources Management Plan for the Mona Island Unit. USDI Bureau of. Sport Fish and Wildlife. Project W-8-18, Study III. Atlanta.
2058:
Woods, C. A. (1989). "A new capromyid rodent from Haiti:the origin, evolution, and extinction of West Indian rodents, and their bearing on the origin of New World hystricognaths". In C. C. Black and M. R. Dawson (eds.),
1692:(USFWS) to assess bird conservation priorities. Other conservation programs by the USFWS include the Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands Migratory Bird Conservation and the maintenance of 5 wildlife refuges at
558:
by the introduced macaques, no bird species presently nests in the island. Efforts to trap and remove the species have been unsuccessful and it has expanded its range to southwestern Puerto Rico. Other
4717:
4622:
1436:
species, only 5,573 were documented from Puerto Rico. In terms of diversity, of the 31 extant insect orders, 27 have representatives in Puerto Rico. The orders without reported representatives are
4742:
3426:
285:, concluding that an ancient echimyid must have arrived on the Greater Antilles from South America either by island-hopping through the Lesser Antilles or by rafting either to Puerto Rico or
4672:
1223:), once occurred in the archipelago but it became extirpated due to predation by dogs, cats, and humans, habitat destruction, and competition from goats and pigs, and is now restricted to
4722:
456:
Other terrestrial mammals have been introduced throughout the history of Puerto Rico. Indigenous settlers first introduced dogs and guinea pigs from South or
Central America. Afterwards,
2974:
869:
Puerto Rico's avifauna has diminished due to extinction and extirpation, either by natural forces or human intervention. For example, fossil evidence was discovered for a species of
827:, either directly or indirectly (mainly through habitat alteration), by humans. Approximately 120 species, including both native and introduced, breed regularly in the archipelago.
4612:
1661:
and endemic reptiles, and have been associated with the reduction of Mona ground iguana juveniles, and mongooses have been documented preying on Puerto Rican parrot fledglings.
4522:
1715:-supported turtle conservation programs and U.S. federal programs have raised local awareness and have contributed to the decline of egg-poaching and turtle meat consumption.
4712:
1884:
Martin Meschede; Wolfgang Frisch. "The evolution of the Caribbean Plate and its relation to global plate motion vectors: geometric constraints for an inter-American origin".
2967:
1704:
and Desecheo. Other institutions supporting bird conservation in Puerto Rico are the Puerto Rican Ornithological Society and the Puerto Rico National History Association.
3477:
1136:
The 11 snake species occurring in Puerto Rico are generally considered non-venomous, although research has concluded that at least one species, the Puerto Rican racer (
2672:
2255:
Woods, C. A. (1990). "The fossil and recent land mammals of the West Indies: an analysis of the origin, evolution, and extinction of an insular fauna", pp. 641–680 in
4732:
2737:
449:
2100:
R.D.E. MacPhee; Manuel A. Iturralde Vinent (June 30, 1995). "Origin of the Greater Antillean Land Mammal Fauna, 1: New Tertiary Fossils from Cuba and Puerto Rico".
4727:
4378:
4340:
1385:
faunas of similar size and habitat diversity. Puerto Rico, in comparison to other Antillean islands, is the most extensively studied in regards to invertebrates.
877:, dated to the late Pleistocene (between 17,000 and 21,000 years ago). The species is believed to have become extinct as a result of habitat alteration after the
512:
plantations. The introduction was a failure: the mongoose failed to control the rat population and instead contributed to the decline of native fauna such as the
4737:
1272:
Rico's freshwater bodies intermittently during the year. Introductions have been intentional and accidental. The purposes of intentional introductions have been
4617:
4527:
1629:, which pose an even greater threat for secondary cavity nesters, have recently extended their range to Puerto Rico. Other introductions include 18 species of
4702:
4697:
4692:
4682:
1821:
4652:
4557:
3071:
1046:
spp.), a sugar cane pest. All species from the family Leptodactylidae are native to the region. Of the 18 Leptodactylidae species, 17 are from the genus
2166:
4667:
4572:
2800:
261:
dispersed in a "filter" effect among the islands before any vicariant event occurred. However, other fauna such as the endemic Antillean insectivores (
1711:(11 km) are designated as no-take zones. All turtle species occurring in Puerto Rico's waters are classified as either endangered or threatened.
4607:
1853:
1590:. Coral species found in Puerto Rican reefs are representative of the general Caribbean fauna. Commonly occurring corals include boulder star coral (
2892:"Use of Multi-mesh Gillnets and Trammel Nets to Estimate Fish Species Composition in Coral Reef and Mangroves in the Southwest Coast of Puerto Rico"
243:
colonized the Antilles—particularly whether the Proto-Antilles were oceanic islands or whether they once formed a land connection between South and
4657:
3155:
Steward B. Peck (April 1974). "The invertebrate fauna of tropical American caves, Part II: Puerto Rico, an ecological and zoogeographic analysis".
1611:
3432:
1110:
Puerto Rico's turtle fauna includes both freshwater (5 species, including two extinct species) and marine turtles (5). Two of these species, the
1290:), are mainly attributed to the release of aquarium fish. Since 1936, the Puerto Rican Department of Natural and Environmental Resources runs a
106:
329:) and the Virgin Islands (except for St. Croix)—became separated. The Puerto Rican Bank has never been connected to its closest eastern bank,
4501:
4345:
2535:
2495:
651:, one species feeds on nectar and another on fish. The species total is a relatively low number in comparison to the other Greater Antilles.
1940:
4393:
3649:
3039:
2891:
3499:"The Bats of Puerto Rico – Bats have few friends on the island of Puerto Rico, but the dedicated few are working hard for their survival"
1615:
have been adversely affected by introduced species. Currently, the most abundant freshwater snail in Puerto Rico is the Quilted Melania (
1523:, or restricted to caves. Forty-five percent of the species are predators while the remaining 55% are guano scavengers, detritivores and
236:. Rock samples from Sierra Bermeja in southwestern Puerto Rico, dated to the late Jurassic/early Cretaceous period, confirm this theory.
216:
because of a new fault line in the "Proto-Antilles". Geologically, the archipelago of Puerto Rico is young, having formed about 135
247:. The first, and prevailing, model favors overwater dispersal from continental, primarily South American, fauna; the other suggests the
2801:"The South American Sailfin Armored Catfish, Liposarcus multiradiatus (Hancock), a New Exotic Established in Puerto Rican Fresh Waters"
277:
earlier through other means. Woods provides evidence to support this hypothesis by analyzing the arrival of ancestors of the Antillean
1064:, are likely to be extinct. The golden coqui is the only live-bearing species from the family Leptodactylidae and Cook's robber frog (
945:, became extirpated after Puerto Rico's population expansion in the latter half of the nineteenth century and three more species, the
925:
almost became the seventh, but conservation efforts helped save the species from extinction. However, it is still one of the ten most
4747:
4454:
3730:
3662:
1516:
1088:. Since 14 of the 17 coquĂs are endemic to the archipelago, a common phrase used by Puerto Ricans to assert their national pride is "
229:
2833:
2309:"Marine Mammal Captivity in the Northeastern Caribbean, with Notes on the Rehabilitation of Stranded Whales, Dolphins, and Manatees"
2234:
C. A. Woods, R. Borroto Paéz and C. W. Kilpatrick. (2001). "Insular Patterns and Radiations of West Indian Rodents", pp. 335–353 in
4183:
2073:
M. A. Iturralde-Vinent; R. D. E. MacPhee (1999). "Paleogeography of the Caribbean region: implications for Cenozoic biogeography".
1118:, are critically endangered. Threats to these species include habitat destruction and illegal capture of eggs and individuals. The
2277:
812:
550:
and other southern off-shore islands and cays in 1967. Prior to the introduction, Desecheo was the largest nesting colony of the
1625:. This animal competes with the endangered Puerto Rican parrot for secondary nesting cavities at the Caribbean National Forest.
3481:
3199:
1432:
and more than 1,500 species documented from a 7.5 km region in Brazil. As of 1998, out of the estimated 925,000 described
1038:, is endemic and critically endangered. The cane toad was introduced to Puerto Rico in the 1920s to control the populations of
3145:
The taxonomic classification provided in Hendrix (1995) has been revised and this article presents the current classification.
3598:
3571:
3550:
3415:
3130:
2939:
2776:
2423:
2398:
1984:
1805:
1507:
and cave dwelling animals. Eighteen native species of earthworm have been described, with 11 species belonging to the family
567:
escaped from a research station at Sabana Seca in the late 1970s. The latest estimate for this population is 35 individuals.
2763:
2713:
2308:
4200:
4158:
4047:
3993:
2741:
2348:
1754:
109:. Some native freshwater fish inhabit Puerto Rico, but some species, introduced by humans, have established populations in
2591:
4168:
4148:
3778:
3760:
2999:"The "Museo de EntomologĂa y Biodiversidad Tropical" of the Agricultural Experimental Station, University of Puerto Rico"
643:) and include a total of 13 species, of which six subspecies are endemic to the archipelago. Seven of the 13 species are
3521:
3798:
3773:
3740:
3710:
3363:
3280:"Monitoring invasive mammalian predator populations sharing habitat with the Critically Endangered Puerto Rican parrot
2650:
1030:
All species of Ranidae and Hylidae occurring in Puerto Rico are introduced. One species from the family Bufonidae, the
252:
468:
colonized the island in the early 16th century, they introduced domesticated animals such as dogs, cats, goats, pigs,
4494:
4269:
4015:
3871:
3788:
3783:
2998:
2871:
2243:
2222:
977:
4350:
3793:
3735:
3642:
1665:
amphibians. The U.S. federal government lists 5 mammals, 2 amphibians, 8 birds, and 10 reptiles under the Federal
4562:
4298:
4188:
4037:
3750:
3745:
3441:
2281:
1609:
Invertebrate introductions have had an observable effect on Puerto Rican fauna. Native freshwater snails such as
137:
3498:
3090:
2815:
4423:
4383:
4330:
4193:
4032:
3893:
3849:
3715:
1829:
1689:
1286:
3094:
4768:
4279:
3952:
3925:
3725:
3465:
2673:"Adaptive radiation versus intraspecific differentiation:morphological variation in Caribbean Anolis lizards"
2173:
926:
1174:) with a maximum length of 12 ft (3.7 m). The diet of snakes in Puerto Rico consists of reptiles (
4627:
4487:
4249:
4210:
4020:
3720:
2196:
Some authorities recognize two species of sloths occurring in Puerto Rico, the greater Puerto Rican sloth (
946:
791:
3614:
1860:
4677:
4368:
4320:
4143:
3635:
3455:
862:
513:
62:. All other terrestrial mammals in the area were introduced by humans, and include species such as cats,
3278:
Richard Engeman; Desley Whisson; Jessica Quinn; Felipe Cano; Pedro Quiñones; Thomas H. White Jr (2005).
156:, as of 2002, there were 21 threatened species in Puerto Rico: two mammals, eight breeding birds, eight
4632:
4335:
4259:
4236:
1456:(Museum of Entomology and Tropical Biodiversity), part of the Agricultural Experimental Station of the
808:
735:
695:
255:
was "the primary mechanism for the origin of West Indian biota". Vertebrate terrestrial genera such as
1186:
and other frogs, and, to a lesser extent, mice, birds and bats (exclusively by the Puerto Rican Boa).
4135:
3881:
3242:
1457:
1035:
969:
687:
660:
312:
The last major changes in Puerto Rican fauna occurred about 10,000 years ago as a result of the post-
208:, a volcanic archipelago known as "Proto-Antilles" was formed. It later divided into the present-day
3622:
2692:
4325:
4102:
4025:
3962:
3876:
3812:
437:
427:
3957:
3930:
2566:
2510:
4408:
4310:
4264:
4173:
4153:
4123:
3886:
2002:"Caribbean biogeography: Molecular evidence for dispersal in West Indian terrestrial vertebrates"
1951:
1357:) are some of the species commonly found in mangrove habitats. Other species of interest include
906:
775:
767:
501:
417:
1496:, a small spider species found in abundance in the Caribbean National Forest, is believed to be
4447:
4360:
4284:
4274:
4224:
3898:
3824:
3768:
3705:
3670:
3046:
2906:
2687:
1693:
1666:
1362:
1138:
1115:
3405:
1779:
1239:
lizards of Puerto Rico, and the Greater Antilles in general, represent an interesting case of
609:
594:
224:, posits that the Puerto Rican Bank, consisting of Puerto Rico, its outlying islands, and the
4428:
4388:
4205:
3940:
3590:
1759:
882:
443:
397:
248:
71:
3543:
Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History
3072:"Observations of Theotima minutissimus (Araneae, Ochyroceratidae), a parthenogenetic spider"
1306:, and some turtle species are raised annually to stock Puerto Rico's reservoirs and rivers.
1122:, an introduced species, is the only representative of the order Crocodilia in Puerto Rico.
4567:
4463:
4418:
4413:
4398:
4315:
4241:
3334:
2472:
2013:
1712:
1701:
1697:
1492:
1268:
1228:
1085:
930:
878:
497:
403:
391:
823:, meaning that they have been sighted only once or twice, and 42 of the species have been
8:
4547:
4403:
4254:
4094:
4086:
4055:
1707:
1676:
922:
914:
894:
719:
703:
679:
582:
574:
517:
313:
292:
MacPhee and Iturralde provide an alternate hypothesis that the initiators of land mammal
149:
133:
3460:
2017:
1645:
The fauna of Puerto Rico has been subjected to human influence since the arrival of the
1053:
4687:
4602:
4577:
4468:
4178:
4163:
4068:
3947:
3935:
3695:
3172:
2838:
2705:
2618:
2496:"Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeography of West Indian Teiid Lizards of the Genus Ameiva"
1916:
1732:
1658:
1240:
1210:
1190:
1142:), secretes venom. These species belong to 3 families and 4 genera: Typhlopidae (genus
824:
820:
711:
374:
346:
269:
145:
3967:
1424:
when compared to its mainland counterparts. For example, approximately 300 species of
4587:
4532:
3594:
3583:
3567:
3546:
3411:
3310:
3277:
3126:
2935:
2772:
2701:
2558:
2419:
2394:
2285:
2239:
2218:
2041:
2036:
2001:
1980:
1801:
1617:
1198:
1150:
1119:
1073:
1048:
954:
934:
852:
836:
816:
318:
257:
43:
3832:
3207:
2973:. Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. 2005. p. 1. Archived from
2709:
1527:. It is believed that most of this fauna arrived at Puerto Rico in the Pleistocene.
4662:
4592:
4373:
4078:
3854:
3305:
3295:
3164:
3086:
2697:
2610:
2550:
2382:
2105:
2082:
2031:
2021:
1908:
1793:
1646:
1583:
1508:
1381:
fauna of Puerto Rico is high in richness but low in diversity relative to mainland
1167:
1129:
1111:
1103:
727:
636:
581:
Arguably the best known of aquatic mammals occurring in Puerto Rican waters is the
221:
209:
3561:
3069:
1421:
4597:
4542:
4537:
3903:
3118:
2875:
2782:
2323:
1783:
1626:
1497:
1441:
1303:
1281:
1219:
1000:
759:
564:
326:
213:
181:
47:
4060:
3837:
2867:
An annotated shallow-water species list from the Puerto Rican Bank may be found
1621:), an introduced species. Another invertebrate introduced to Puerto Rico is the
563:
also have established populations in Puerto Rico. As a result of vandalism, 107
457:
102:
23:
4582:
3918:
3908:
3864:
3690:
2626:
2213:
G. Morgan (2001). "Patterns of Extinction of West Indian Bats", pp. 369–408 in
1746:
1512:
1467:
1346:
1264:
632:
605:
601:
539:
527:
465:
386:
225:
185:
98:
species, about 120 breed in the archipelago, and 47.5% are accidental or rare.
79:
3300:
3279:
2533:
858:
500:'s arrival in 1493. More recently, species have been introduced as a means of
4762:
4552:
3525:
3371:
2536:"Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of West Indian Toads (Anura:Bufonidae)"
1797:
1599:
1437:
1393:
1388:
1326:
1273:
1084:) is an unofficial national symbol of Puerto Rico and an important aspect of
1061:
751:
743:
624:
508:) was introduced in the 19th century to control the damage caused by rats in
322:
244:
201:
1534:
Elkhorn coral, listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 2006
965:
4073:
3913:
3842:
3475:
3335:"Technical/Agency Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Puerto Rican Parrot (
2868:
2761:
2562:
2554:
2386:
2045:
2026:
1999:
1654:
1634:
1402:
1378:
1299:
1206:
1057:
870:
620:
590:
128:
more than 500 years ago, had a significant effect on Puerto Rico's fauna.
118:
55:
3005:
881:. At least six endemic species have become extinct in the last millennia:
4479:
3700:
3658:
3241:
from Monito Island, West Indies". In Veitch, C. R.; Clout, M. N. (eds.).
1483:
1479:
1382:
1366:
1093:
1039:
1016:
832:
672:
671:) since many of the invertebrate cave fauna are either guano scavengers,
644:
628:
551:
412:
330:
274:
263:
59:
2589:
2099:
1189:
The largest terrestrial lizard of the archipelago of Puerto Rico is the
3627:
3176:
2622:
1920:
1587:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1539:
1520:
1471:
1445:
950:
938:
840:
800:
640:
570:
535:
509:
496:
sp.) have been unintentionally introduced as stowaways, possibly since
485:
432:
286:
282:
240:
233:
141:
101:
The most recognizable and famous animal of Puerto Rico is probably the
2072:
2484:
The Antillean cave rail may have also occurred in the Virgin Islands.
2109:
2086:
1789:
1579:
1547:
1543:
1524:
1504:
1487:
1475:
1449:
1425:
1277:
1052:
and are commonly known in Puerto Rico as coquĂs. Three of these, the
1031:
992:
983:
648:
555:
477:
341:
305:
172:
161:
110:
3168:
2670:
2614:
1912:
1899:
Rosen, D.E. (1975). "A vicariance model of Caribbean biogeography".
18:
3859:
1740:
1622:
1567:
1503:
Other terrestrial invertebrates described from Puerto Rico include
1463:
1429:
1398:
1361:, with 21 recorded species, and sharks, with more than 20 species.
1358:
1318:
1310:
1291:
1162:
1156:
1144:
1125:
1099:
547:
297:
197:
189:
3685:
2534:
Jennifer B. Pramuk; Carla A. Hass; S. Blair Hedges (August 2001).
2443:
1672:
1077:
678:
The bat species that occur in the archipelago of Puerto Rico are:
523:
105:, a small endemic frog, and one of the 86 species that constitute
2127:
1650:
1555:
1551:
1295:
1284:. Accidental introductions, such as the sailfin armored catfish (
1224:
1004:
996:
987:
942:
844:
652:
600:
Puerto Rico's waters are also an important breeding site for the
560:
362:
358:
157:
129:
117:. The low richness-high diversity pattern is also apparent among
87:
83:
3623:
Endangered Species in Puerto Rico - Sea Grant Manual(In Spanish)
3403:
2275:
2257:
International symposium on biogeographical aspects of insularity
1938:
1530:
30:), arguably the most recognizable species of Puerto Rico's fauna
3236:
3070:
Robert L. Edwards; Eric H. Edwards; Annabel D. Edwards (2003).
2493:
1679:. Conservation efforts have saved this species from extinction.
1538:
The marine invertebrate fauna of Puerto Rico is composed of 61
1433:
1413:
1322:
1024:
1012:
1008:
473:
469:
408:
370:
353:
301:
205:
125:
75:
2000:
S. Blair Hedges; Carla A. Hass; Linda R. Maxson (March 1992).
1500:, meaning that it reproduces without fertilization by a male.
1452:. The largest insect depository in Puerto Rico resides at the
1428:
occur in Puerto Rico, in contrast to more than 600 species in
1263:
The first fish descriptions from Puerto Rico were compiled by
1251:
3237:
M. A. GarcĂa; C. E. Diez; A. O. Alvarez. "The eradication of
1886:
Transactions of the Fifteenth Caribbean Geological Conference
1406:
1342:
1236:
1020:
796:
668:
593:
wrote a song titled "Moisés". A municipality of Puerto Rico,
461:
422:
382:
366:
293:
278:
273:
and others) and freshwater fish appear to have colonized the
217:
152:, began in the second half of the 20th century. According to
124:
The arrival of the first people about 4,000 years ago and of
114:
91:
67:
39:
2968:"Puerto Rico's comprehensive wildlife conservation strategy"
2306:
220:(million years) ago. The prevailing hypothesis, proposed by
3091:
10.1636/0161-8202(2003)031[0274:OOTMAO]2.0.CO;2
1974:
1657:, feral cats on Mona Island have been documented attacking
1417:
1314:
848:
239:
There is ongoing debate over when and how the ancestors of
193:
153:
95:
63:
2236:
Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives
2215:
Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives
1883:
1785:
Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives
1276:
for recreation and food, mosquito control, and to provide
2471:
Evidence also suggests that the fossil may come from the
1630:
851:
which have an endemic representative in Puerto Rico, the
819:
to the archipelago. Almost half of the species (166) are
51:
1977:
Tectonics and Geochemistry of the Northeastern Caribbean
3476:
M.R. Gannon; M. Rogriguez-Duran; A. Kurta; M.R Willig.
2063:. Nat Hist. Mus. Los Angeles County Sci. Ser. 33:59–90.
1939:
Heatwole, H.; Levins, R. & Byer, M.D. (July 1981).
608:
is a popular tourist attraction in the municipality of
2762:
Lucy Bunkley-Williams; Ernest H. Williams Jr. (1994).
2061:
Papers on fossil rodents in honor of Albert Elmer Wood
1788:. Boca Raton, London, New York, and Washington, D.C.:
251:
of proto-Antillean fauna. Hedges et al. conclude that
3244:
Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species
2798:
1416:
fauna, similar to the majority of major invertebrate
121:, which constitutes most of the archipelago's fauna.
2167:"Marine Biodiversity of Puerto Rico: Current Status"
1722:
1259:), one of the most common reef fish in the Caribbean
1217:
species of similar size, the Anegada ground iguana (
921:). With a population of 13 individuals in 1975, the
3324:
Puerto Rico's wildlife comprehensive strategy, p. 2
3123:
Earthworm Ecology and Biogeography in North America
2590:Javier A. Rodriguez Robles; Richard Thomas (1992).
1166:). The largest snake in Puerto Rico is the endemic
3582:
604:during the Northern Hemisphere's winter. Humpback
3404:Douglas P. Reagan; Robert B. Waide, eds. (1996).
2765:Parasites of Puerto Rican freshwater sport fishes
2671:A. K. Knox; J. B. Losos; C. J. Schneider (2001).
4760:
4341:Puerto Ricans in the United States Space Program
3559:
3040:Records of the web spiders of the Maricao Forest
2953:
2951:
2889:
2093:
1859:. EarthTrend. 2003. pp. 1–2. Archived from
1854:"Biodiversity and protected areas – Puerto Rico"
1640:
1298:. About 25,000 fish, including largemouth bass,
1205:), it is endemic to Mona Island, located in the
3540:
3424:
3154:
3117:
3037:
2831:
2381:
2132::Apodidae) from the Pleistocene of Puerto Rico"
2125:
2006:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1227:. The most common lizard in Puerto Rico is the
1209:between the main island of Puerto Rico and the
167:
3615:Department of Natural Resources of Puerto Rico
3580:
2418:(in Spanish). Editorial Humanitas. p. 5.
1934:
1932:
1930:
667:). Cave ecosystems are enhanced by bat feces (
4495:
3643:
2948:
2885:
2883:
1979:. Geological Society of America. p. 19.
1454:Museo de EntomologĂa y Biodiversidad Tropical
1197:). Previously considered a subspecies of the
972:, an endemic amphibian species of Puerto Rico
623:bats of Puerto Rico belong to five families (
3496:
3344:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. April 1999
3327:
2934:. Blackwell Publishing Limited. p. 53.
2929:
2346:
1848:
1846:
1828:. Conservation International. Archived from
1780:"Patterns of extinction in West Indian bats"
865:, one of the 16 endemic birds of Puerto Rico
2799:Lucy Bunkley Williams; et al. (1994).
2592:"Venom function in the Puerto Rican Racer,
2413:
1927:
1898:
929:in the world. Four Puerto Rican birds, the
597:is believed to be named after the species.
464:as a food source from Hispaniola. When the
4509:
4502:
4488:
3650:
3636:
2880:
2494:Lindsey M. Hower; S. Blair Hedges (2003).
2441:
2393:. Princeton University Press. p. 99.
982:Puerto Rico's herpetofauna consists of 25
960:
3309:
3299:
2852:
2771:. Dept. of Marine Sciences. p. 122.
2691:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2035:
2025:
1843:
1771:
504:. For example, the small Asian mongoose (
373:records show the existence of one shrew (
296:arrived on the Proto-Antilles by the mid-
3657:
2164:
2121:
2119:
1782:. In Woods, C.A.; Sergile, F.E. (eds.).
1671:
1529:
1387:
1250:
1124:
1098:
964:
857:
795:
569:
522:
340:
171:
148:efforts, the most notable being for the
17:
2738:"History of Ichthyology in Puerto Rico"
2651:"Wildlife facts – Sharp-mouthed Lizard"
2444:"Origin of the bird of the West Indies"
2437:
2435:
2349:"Wildlife Facts – February 2002 – Bats"
2276:Wiley, James W.; Vilella, Francisco J.
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
1941:"Biogeography of the Puerto Rican Bank"
803:, the most abundant bird in Puerto Rico
385:(Puerto Rican sloth), three additional
345:Artistic representation of the extinct
38:is similar to other island archipelago
4761:
3585:Los anfibios y reptiles de Puerto Rico
3407:The Food Web of a Tropical Rain Forest
2416:Las aves de Puerto Rico en fotografĂas
2153:
1975:Edward G. Lidiak; D. K. Larue (1998).
1777:
957:, no longer breed in the archipelago.
309:of vacariated lines would have begun.
144:and extirpations (local extinctions).
4483:
4346:Puerto Rican scientists and inventors
3631:
3563:Latin American Insects and Entomology
2543:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2307:Antonio A. Mignucci Giannoni (1998).
2200:) and the lesser Puerto Rican sloth (
2116:
1034:, is introduced while the other, the
2932:Flatfishes: Biology and Exploitation
2432:
2262:
1755:List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
530:, a mammal introduced to Puerto Rico
3593:: University of Puerto Rico Press.
1633:, one of the most abundant taxa in
546:) were introduced to the island of
232:, was formed from volcanism in the
13:
3741:Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center
3566:. University of California Press.
3428:Status of coral reefs of the world
2832:Morton N. Cohen (April 26, 1987).
1420:in the archipelago, is considered
577:, an aquatic mammal of Puerto Rico
176:Geographic location of Puerto Rico
14:
4780:
3608:
3038:Allan F. Archer (February 1961).
2391:The Theory of Island Biogeography
1106:, a critically endangered species
978:List of amphibians of Puerto Rico
138:non-native species to Puerto Rico
4623:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2702:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00358.x
2653:. USDA Forest Service. June 2006
1739:
1725:
1372:
1369:are common in the Mona Passage.
675:or predators of the former two.
554:, but mainly as a result of egg
369:, occur in Puerto Rican waters.
3731:1950s Nationalist Party revolts
3410:. University Of Chicago Press.
3397:
3385:
3356:
3318:
3271:
3261:
3230:
3221:
3192:
3183:
3148:
3139:
3111:
3063:
3031:
3022:
2991:
2960:
2923:
2861:
2834:"The other side of Puerto Rico"
2825:
2792:
2755:
2730:
2680:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
2664:
2643:
2583:
2527:
2487:
2478:
2465:
2407:
2375:
2362:
2340:
2300:
2282:United States Geological Survey
2249:
2228:
2207:
2190:
2066:
1401:of Puerto Rico and host of the
3227:Reagan and Waide, pp. 159–160.
2128:"A new species of Palm Swift (
2126:Storrs L. Olson (April 1982).
2052:
1993:
1968:
1892:
1877:
1814:
1690:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1287:Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus
732:Erophylla sezekorni bombifrons
196:) lie, was formed in the late
58:native terrestrial mammals in
1:
3425:Clive Wilkinson, ed. (2004).
2957:Reagan and Waide, pp. 190–192
1765:
1641:Human effect and conservation
1132:, Puerto Rico's largest snake
300:period, approximately at the
188:on which Puerto Rico and the
4748:United States Virgin Islands
3522:"The Geology of Puerto Rico"
3497:Placer, José (Summer 1998).
3466:Resources in other libraries
2899:Caribbean Journal of Science
2808:Caribbean Journal of Science
2509:(3): 298–306. Archived from
2503:Caribbean Journal of Science
2442:James Bond (December 1948).
2316:Caribbean Journal of Science
1076:in both size and color. The
947:black-bellied whistling duck
811:is composed of 349 species,
792:List of birds of Puerto Rico
168:Origin of Puerto Rican fauna
7:
4095:Puerto Rican crested anole
2322:(3–4): 9–11. Archived from
1822:"Caribbean – Human impacts"
1718:
927:critically endangered birds
899:Aratinga chloroptera maugei
863:Yellow-shouldered blackbird
514:yellow-shouldered blackbird
200:. According to Rosen, when
10:
4785:
3079:The Journal of Arachnology
1397:, arguably the best-known
1353:) and yellowfin mojarras (
975:
901:), Puerto Rican woodcock (
889:), Puerto Rican caracara (
789:
587:Trichechus manatus manatus
336:
136:, and the introduction of
107:Puerto Rico's herpetofauna
4723:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4641:
4515:
4441:
4359:
4306:
4297:
4232:
4223:
4131:
4122:
4046:
4011:
4002:
3989:
3982:
3882:El Yunque National Forest
3820:
3811:
3759:
3678:
3669:
3560:Charles L. Hogue (1993).
3478:"The Bats of Puerto Rico"
3461:Resources in your library
3301:10.1017/s0030605305001286
2890:Alejandro Acosta (1997).
1458:University of Puerto Rico
1309:Three types of habitats,
1036:Puerto Rican crested toad
1011:(freshwater and marine),
970:Puerto Rican crested toad
688:Antillean ghost-faced bat
661:Caribbean National Forest
647:, four can be considered
4743:Turks and Caicos Islands
4379:Buildings and structures
3541:Albert Schwartz (1991).
3250:. IUCN. pp. 116–119
3045:(Report). Archived from
3028:Reagan and Waide, p. 267
2075:Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist
1950:(251): 8. Archived from
1798:10.1201/9781420039481-20
1351:Archosargus rhomboidalis
785:
612:in western Puerto Rico.
476:. Other species such as
438:Heteropsomys antillensis
428:Isolobodon portoricensis
317:Puerto Rico (except for
4510:Fauna of North America
3887:Toro Negro State Forest
3581:Juan A. Rivero (1998).
2238:. Boca Raton, Florida,
2217:. Boca Raton, Florida,
2202:Acratocnus odontrigonus
1948:Atoll Research Bulletin
1363:Oceanic whitetip sharks
1333:), bluestriped grunts (
1294:at the municipality of
1246:
1082:Eleutherodactylus coqui
961:Amphibians and reptiles
907:Puerto Rican quail-dove
809:avifauna of Puerto Rico
776:Mexican free-tailed bat
768:velvety free-tailed bat
736:Leach's single leaf bat
724:Brachyphylla cavernarum
696:Parnell's mustached bat
615:
502:biological pest control
450:Puertoricomys corozalus
418:Elasmodontomys obliquus
192:(with the exception of
28:Eleutherodactylus coqui
4673:British Virgin Islands
3545:. Univ Pr of Florida.
3431:. IUCN. Archived from
2740:. USGS. Archived from
2594:Alsophis portoricensis
2555:10.1006/mpev.2001.0985
2027:10.1073/pnas.89.5.1909
1680:
1667:Endangered Species Act
1649:, Puerto Rico's first
1535:
1515:, and 4 to the family
1409:
1260:
1139:Alsophis portoricensis
1133:
1116:leatherback sea turtle
1107:
1007:(2). Reptiles include
973:
866:
804:
578:
534:As part of a study on
531:
349:
228:with the exception of
177:
31:
4613:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4255:Operation "Bootstrap"
4206:Shadow representation
4201:Resident Commissioner
4159:Independence movement
4103:Unexpected snake eel
3716:Migration to New York
3711:Immigration to Hawaii
3591:San Juan, Puerto Rico
3311:10536/DRO/DU:30116161
3210:on September 28, 2007
2930:Robin Gibson (2005).
2905:(1–2). Archived from
2814:(1–2). Archived from
2288:on September 23, 2006
1826:Biodiversity Hotspots
1778:Morgan, G.S. (2001).
1760:List of Vieques birds
1675:
1592:Montrastaea annularis
1533:
1466:are important to the
1391:
1337:), queen parrotfish (
1254:
1128:
1102:
1090:De aquĂ como el coquĂ
968:
883:Puerto Rican barn owl
861:
799:
780:Tadarida brasiliensis
708:Pteronotus quadridens
573:
526:
444:Heteropsomys insulans
398:Monophyllus plethodon
344:
175:
72:small Indian mongoose
21:
4769:Fauna of Puerto Rico
4169:Legislative Assembly
4087:Puerto Rican amazon
3447:Fauna of Puerto Rico
3052:on December 17, 2008
2473:Wisconsin glaciation
2414:Mark Oberle (2003).
1957:on February 21, 2008
1792:. pp. 369–407.
1696:, Laguna Cartagena,
1493:Theotima minutissima
1229:sharp-mouthed lizard
1086:Puerto Rican culture
931:Hispaniolan parakeet
891:Polyborus latebrosus
879:Wisconsin glaciation
875:Tachornis uranoceles
716:Artibeus jamaicensis
700:Pteronotus parnellii
692:Mormoops blainvillii
498:Christopher Columbus
404:Phyllonycteris major
392:Macrotus waterhousii
36:fauna of Puerto Rico
4628:Trinidad and Tobago
4523:Antigua and Barbuda
4056:Elfin woods warbler
3364:"BBS – Puerto Rico"
3125:. CRC. p. 76.
2278:"Caribbean Islands"
2018:1992PNAS...89.1909H
1708:Marine conservation
1677:Puerto Rican parrot
1659:common ground doves
1558:(polychaetes), 342
1172:Epicrates inornatus
923:Puerto Rican parrot
919:Nesotrochis debooyi
915:Antillean cave rail
895:Puerto Rican conure
740:Monophyllus redmani
720:Antillean fruit bat
704:sooty mustached bat
680:greater bulldog bat
665:Manilkara bidentata
575:West Indian manatee
518:elfin-woods warbler
506:Herpestes javanicus
379:Nesophontes edithae
150:Puerto Rican parrot
134:habitat destruction
48:taxonomic diversity
4563:Dominican Republic
4270:Telecommunications
4194:Statehood movement
4069:Mona ground iguana
3948:Puerto Rico Trench
3919:Isleta de San Juan
3706:Jones–Shafroth Act
3696:Intentona de Yauco
3391:Wilkinson, p. 435.
3189:Wilkinson, p. 434.
2874:2006-09-23 at the
2839:The New York Times
2347:Victor M. Cuevas.
1901:Systematic Zoology
1733:Puerto Rico portal
1681:
1536:
1511:, 3 to the family
1410:
1261:
1241:adaptive radiation
1211:Dominican Republic
1195:Cyclura stejnegeri
1191:Mona ground iguana
1154:) and Colubridae (
1134:
1108:
1072:sp. that exhibits
974:
867:
837:tyrant flycatchers
805:
712:Jamaican fruit bat
684:Noctilio leporinus
579:
532:
492:) and house mice (
375:Puerto Rican shrew
350:
347:Puerto Rican shrew
270:Solenodon marcanoi
178:
46:, and low, skewed
32:
4756:
4755:
4645:other territories
4477:
4476:
4437:
4436:
4293:
4292:
4219:
4218:
4184:Political parties
4118:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4079:Opalescent grunt
3978:
3977:
3958:Grande de Arecibo
3807:
3806:
3600:978-0-8477-0243-5
3573:978-0-520-07849-9
3552:978-0-8130-1049-6
3484:on April 21, 2006
3442:Library resources
3417:978-0-226-70600-9
3202:Tarebia granifera
3132:978-1-56670-053-5
2941:978-0-632-05926-3
2858:Wilkinson, p. 438
2778:978-0-9633418-0-8
2425:978-0-9650104-2-9
2400:978-0-691-08836-5
2370:Dacryodes excelsa
1986:978-0-8137-2322-8
1807:978-0-8493-2001-9
1618:Tarebia granifera
1594:), finger coral (
1331:Haemulon plumieri
1257:Haemulon plumieri
1233:Anolis pulchellus
1199:rhinoceros iguana
1120:spectacled caiman
1096:like the coquĂ).
1074:sexual dimorphism
1070:Eleutherodactylus
1049:Eleutherodactylus
955:American flamingo
935:white-necked crow
903:Scolopax anthonyi
853:Puerto Rican tody
843:(Coerebidae) and
772:Molossus molossus
764:Lasiurus borealis
583:Antillean manatee
516:and possibly the
490:Rattus norvegicus
258:Eleutherodactylus
234:Cretaceous Period
4776:
4713:Saint Barthélemy
4643:Dependencies and
4516:Sovereign states
4504:
4497:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4457:
4450:
4304:
4303:
4245:
4230:
4229:
4189:Political status
4139:
4129:
4128:
4106:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4064:
4009:
4008:
3987:
3986:
3818:
3817:
3746:Military history
3676:
3675:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3619:
3604:
3588:
3577:
3556:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3528:on July 21, 2006
3524:. Archived from
3517:
3515:
3514:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3480:. Archived from
3436:
3421:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3370:. Archived from
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3303:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3206:. Archived from
3204:(Lamarck, 1822)"
3196:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3093:. Archived from
3076:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3004:. Archived from
3003:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:on March 4, 2009
2911:
2896:
2887:
2878:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2805:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2781:. Archived from
2770:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2712:. Archived from
2695:
2677:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2625:. Archived from
2600:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2565:. Archived from
2540:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2500:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2284:. Archived from
2273:
2260:
2253:
2247:
2232:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2198:Acratocnus major
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:on March 4, 2009
2178:
2172:. Archived from
2171:
2162:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2012:(5): 1909–1913.
1997:
1991:
1990:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1945:
1936:
1925:
1924:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:on March 4, 2009
1865:
1858:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1775:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1627:Africanized bees
1604:Acropora palmata
1509:Glossoscolecidae
1335:Haemulon sciurus
1329:, white grunts (
1168:Puerto Rican boa
1130:Puerto Rican boa
1112:hawksbill turtle
1104:Hawksbill turtle
1054:web-footed coquĂ
756:Eptesicus fuscus
748:Stenoderma rufum
728:buffy flower bat
637:Vespertilionidae
565:squirrel monkeys
352:The richness of
241:vertebrate fauna
222:Howard Meyerhoff
82:mammals include
4784:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4646:
4644:
4637:
4511:
4508:
4478:
4473:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4433:
4424:Public holidays
4355:
4289:
4243:
4215:
4137:
4110:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4062:
4042:
3998:
3974:
3963:Grande de Loiza
3899:Caja de Muertos
3803:
3755:
3751:Women's history
3665:
3656:
3617:
3611:
3601:
3574:
3553:
3531:
3529:
3520:
3512:
3510:
3487:
3485:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3418:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3377:
3375:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:Amazona vittata
3333:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3282:Amazona vittata
3276:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3169:10.2307/2989693
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3119:Paul F. Hendrix
3116:
3112:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2894:
2888:
2881:
2876:Wayback Machine
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2842:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2779:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2693:10.1.1.508.9314
2675:
2669:
2665:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2615:10.2307/1446536
2598:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2448:Wilson Bulletin
2440:
2433:
2426:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2383:MacArthur, R.H.
2380:
2376:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2274:
2263:
2254:
2250:
2233:
2229:
2212:
2208:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2124:
2117:
2098:
2094:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2053:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1943:
1937:
1928:
1913:10.2307/2412905
1897:
1893:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1643:
1596:Porites porites
1498:parthenogenetic
1442:Grylloblattaria
1375:
1355:Gerres cinereus
1349:). Sea breams (
1304:channel catfish
1282:largemouth bass
1249:
1220:Cyclura pinguis
1203:Cyclura cornuta
1001:Leptodactylidae
986:species and 61
980:
963:
911:Geotrygon larva
835:(Trochilidae),
794:
788:
760:eastern red bat
618:
540:rhesus macaques
528:Rhesus macaques
387:leaf-nosed bats
339:
214:Lesser Antilles
204:separated from
182:Caribbean Plate
170:
12:
11:
5:
4782:
4772:
4771:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4733:Sint Eustatius
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4678:Cayman Islands
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4459:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4394:Colloquialisms
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3926:Municipalities
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3909:Isla de Cabras
3906:
3901:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3833:BahĂa de Ponce
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3691:Grito de Lares
3688:
3682:
3680:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3655:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3610:
3609:External links
3607:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3578:
3572:
3557:
3551:
3538:
3518:
3494:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3435:on 2012-11-13.
3422:
3416:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3384:
3355:
3326:
3317:
3270:
3260:
3229:
3220:
3191:
3182:
3147:
3138:
3131:
3110:
3085:(2): 274–277.
3062:
3030:
3021:
2990:
2959:
2947:
2940:
2922:
2879:
2860:
2851:
2824:
2821:on 2010-07-08.
2791:
2788:on 2006-08-22.
2777:
2754:
2729:
2686:(6): 904–909.
2663:
2642:
2582:
2549:(2): 294–301.
2526:
2486:
2477:
2464:
2431:
2424:
2406:
2399:
2374:
2361:
2339:
2299:
2261:
2259:. Rome, Italy.
2248:
2227:
2206:
2189:
2165:Ernesto Weil.
2152:
2115:
2092:
2065:
2051:
1992:
1985:
1967:
1926:
1907:(4): 431–464.
1891:
1876:
1842:
1813:
1806:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1747:Biology portal
1736:
1720:
1717:
1642:
1639:
1612:Physa cubensis
1513:Megascolecidae
1468:forest ecology
1412:Puerto Rico's
1374:
1371:
1347:Carcharhinidae
1248:
1245:
1068:) is the only
976:Main article:
962:
959:
839:(Tyrannidae),
790:Main article:
787:
784:
633:Phyllostomidae
617:
614:
606:whale watching
602:humpback whale
544:Macaca mulatta
472:, horses, and
338:
335:
226:Virgin Islands
186:tectonic plate
169:
166:
74:, and escaped
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4781:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4640:
4634:
4633:United States
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
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4561:
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4556:
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4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:Manufacturing
4248:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4211:Supreme Court
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4136:Commonwealth
4134:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4061:Golden coquĂ
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3994:Endemic flora
3992:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3508:
3504:
3503:Bats Magazine
3500:
3495:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3388:
3374:on 2006-09-27
3373:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3340:
3338:
3330:
3321:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3264:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3239:Rattus rattus
3233:
3224:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3195:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3142:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3100:on 2010-09-17
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3025:
3011:on 2011-09-28
3007:
3000:
2994:
2980:on 2006-08-24
2976:
2969:
2963:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2855:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2828:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2744:on 2006-09-24
2743:
2739:
2733:
2719:on 2006-09-01
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2632:on 2006-08-24
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2572:on 2006-05-27
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2516:on 2006-05-27
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2481:
2474:
2468:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2371:
2365:
2350:
2343:
2329:on 2006-08-24
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2245:
2244:0-8493-2001-1
2241:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2223:0-8493-2001-1
2220:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1832:on 2007-07-14
1831:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1600:elkhorn coral
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:corallimorphs
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:Microcoryphia
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1407:CHIKV viruses
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1394:Aedes aegypti
1390:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1373:Invertebrates
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:Scarus vetula
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:sport fishing
1270:
1266:
1258:
1255:White grunt (
1253:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1092:" (From here
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:mottled coqui
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:(2 species),
994:
989:
985:
979:
971:
967:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
887:Tyto cavatica
884:
880:
876:
872:
864:
860:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
798:
793:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:big brown bat
749:
745:
744:red fruit bat
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:Noctilionidae
622:
613:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
572:
568:
566:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:Rattus rattus
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
451:
446:
445:
440:
439:
434:
430:
429:
424:
420:
419:
414:
410:
406:
405:
400:
399:
394:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
348:
343:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:
266:
265:
260:
259:
254:
250:
246:
245:North America
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:South America
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:, an oceanic
183:
174:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
119:invertebrates
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
94:. Of the 349
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:are the only
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
25:
20:
16:
4738:Sint Maarten
4718:Saint Martin
4707:
4369:Architecture
4321:Demographics
4144:Constitution
4138:(government)
4074:Monito gecko
4003:
3914:Isla de Mona
3843:San Juan Bay
3838:MayagĂĽez Bay
3726:World War II
3686:Pre-Columbus
3618:(in Spanish)
3584:
3562:
3542:
3530:. Retrieved
3526:the original
3511:. Retrieved
3506:
3502:
3486:. Retrieved
3482:the original
3456:Online books
3446:
3433:the original
3427:
3406:
3398:Bibliography
3387:
3376:. Retrieved
3372:the original
3367:
3358:
3346:. Retrieved
3336:
3329:
3320:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3273:
3263:
3252:. Retrieved
3243:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3212:. Retrieved
3208:the original
3201:
3194:
3185:
3163:(1): 14–31.
3160:
3156:
3150:
3141:
3122:
3113:
3102:. Retrieved
3095:the original
3082:
3078:
3065:
3054:. Retrieved
3047:the original
3033:
3024:
3013:. Retrieved
3006:the original
2993:
2982:. Retrieved
2975:the original
2962:
2931:
2925:
2914:. Retrieved
2907:the original
2902:
2898:
2863:
2854:
2843:. Retrieved
2837:
2827:
2816:the original
2811:
2807:
2794:
2783:the original
2764:
2757:
2746:. Retrieved
2742:the original
2732:
2721:. Retrieved
2714:the original
2683:
2679:
2666:
2655:. Retrieved
2645:
2634:. Retrieved
2627:the original
2609:(1): 62–68.
2606:
2602:
2593:
2585:
2574:. Retrieved
2567:the original
2546:
2542:
2529:
2518:. Retrieved
2511:the original
2506:
2502:
2489:
2480:
2467:
2456:. Retrieved
2454:(4): 210–211
2451:
2447:
2415:
2409:
2390:
2387:Wilson, E.O.
2377:
2369:
2368:Tabonuco or
2364:
2352:. Retrieved
2342:
2331:. Retrieved
2324:the original
2319:
2315:
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2286:the original
2256:
2251:
2235:
2230:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2181:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2144:. Retrieved
2139:
2135:
2129:
2101:
2095:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1976:
1970:
1959:. Retrieved
1952:the original
1947:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1868:. Retrieved
1861:the original
1834:. Retrieved
1830:the original
1825:
1816:
1784:
1773:
1706:
1686:
1682:
1663:
1655:Monito gecko
1644:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1537:
1502:
1491:
1462:
1453:
1411:
1392:
1379:invertebrate
1376:
1367:silky sharks
1354:
1350:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:damselfishes
1308:
1300:peacock bass
1285:
1269:Valenciennes
1262:
1256:
1232:
1218:
1214:
1207:Mona Passage
1202:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1109:
1089:
1081:
1078:common coquĂ
1069:
1065:
1058:golden coqui
1047:
1043:
1029:
1017:worm lizards
981:
918:
910:
902:
898:
890:
886:
874:
868:
833:hummingbirds
829:
806:
779:
771:
763:
755:
747:
739:
731:
723:
715:
707:
699:
691:
683:
677:
673:detritivores
664:
657:
645:insectivores
619:
599:
591:Tony Croatto
586:
580:
543:
533:
505:
493:
489:
481:
455:
448:
442:
436:
426:
416:
407:), and five
402:
396:
390:
378:
351:
311:
291:
268:
262:
256:
238:
179:
160:, and three
146:Conservation
123:
103:common coquĂ
100:
42:, with high
35:
33:
27:
24:common coquĂ
15:
4708:Puerto Rico
4618:Saint Lucia
4568:El Salvador
4336:LGBT rights
4260:Real estate
4237:Agriculture
4149:Debt crisis
3877:Dry forests
3761:Immigration
3736:Vietnam War
3721:World War I
3701:Foraker Act
3659:Puerto Rico
1635:leaf litter
1588:hydrocorals
1576:soft corals
1572:hard corals
1564:echinoderms
1560:crustaceans
1521:troglobites
1484:Linyphiidae
1480:Theridiidae
1422:depauperate
1383:neotropical
1182:, geckos),
1148:), Boidae (
1094:Puerto Rico
1044:Phyllophaga
913:), and the
813:18 of which
629:Mormoopidae
552:brown booby
486:Norway rats
460:introduced
413:giant hutia
331:St. Maarten
275:West Indies
264:Nesophontes
142:extinctions
60:Puerto Rico
4703:Montserrat
4698:Martinique
4693:Guadeloupe
4548:Costa Rica
4409:Literature
4244:(currency)
4016:Amphibians
3855:Crash Boat
3679:Chronology
3513:2006-07-27
3509:(2): 13–15
3378:2006-09-09
3254:2009-01-11
3214:2006-08-11
3157:Biotropica
3104:2006-08-16
3056:2006-08-04
3015:2006-08-11
2984:2006-08-22
2916:2006-09-12
2845:2006-07-29
2748:2006-09-10
2723:2006-08-24
2657:2006-08-09
2636:2006-08-09
2576:2006-08-09
2520:2006-08-09
2458:2006-08-03
2333:2006-08-05
2183:2009-01-11
2146:2006-08-03
1961:2006-07-30
1870:2006-09-14
1836:2006-09-19
1766:References
1713:Earthwatch
1637:habitats.
1580:gorgonians
1548:nemerteans
1544:cnidarians
1525:herbivores
1505:earthworms
1472:Uloboridae
1446:Plecoptera
1359:flatfishes
1319:seagrasses
1213:. Another
1040:white-grub
953:, and the
951:black rail
941:, and the
939:Cuban crow
841:bananaquit
825:introduced
821:accidental
801:Bananaquit
649:frugivores
641:Molossidae
536:adaptation
510:sugar cane
478:black rats
433:spiny rats
431:and three
287:Hispaniola
279:capromyids
249:vicariance
162:amphibians
111:reservoirs
4688:Greenland
4603:Nicaragua
4578:Guatemala
4326:Education
4280:Transport
4097:(reptile)
3968:Portugués
3813:Geography
3294:(1): 95.
2688:CiteSeerX
2130:Tachornis
2110:2246/3657
2102:Novitates
2087:2246/1642
1790:CRC Press
1694:Cabo Rojo
1647:Ortoiroid
1568:bryozoans
1488:Araneidae
1476:Pholcidae
1464:Arachnids
1450:Mecoptera
1426:butterfly
1311:mangroves
1151:Epicrates
1032:cane toad
1003:(18) and
993:Bufonidae
984:amphibian
556:predation
306:Oligocene
283:echimyids
253:dispersal
230:St. Croix
126:Europeans
4763:Category
4653:Anguilla
4588:Honduras
4558:Dominica
4533:Barbados
4464:Category
4351:Religion
4311:Abortion
4174:Military
4154:Governor
4124:Politics
4089:(parrot)
4038:Reptiles
3941:San Juan
3931:MayagĂĽez
3904:Desecheo
3865:Flamenco
3860:El Tuque
3779:Corsican
3663:articles
3532:July 31,
3488:July 27,
3268:Georgia.
3121:(1995).
2872:Archived
2710:85692761
2563:11476637
2389:(2001).
2354:July 27,
2292:July 27,
2142:: 230–35
2104:(3141).
2046:11607282
1719:See also
1651:settlers
1623:honeybee
1586:, and 8
1556:annelids
1552:mollusks
1550:, 1,176
1430:Trinidad
1399:mosquito
1345:(family
1292:hatchery
1278:baitfish
1163:Arrhyton
1157:Alsophis
1145:Typhlops
1114:and the
1066:E. cooki
1060:and the
845:tanagers
561:primates
548:Desecheo
363:dolphins
359:manatees
327:Desecheo
298:Tertiary
198:Mesozoic
190:Antilles
158:reptiles
88:manatees
84:dolphins
44:endemism
4683:Curaçao
4668:Bonaire
4663:Bermuda
4593:Jamaica
4573:Grenada
4528:Bahamas
4448:Outline
4399:Cuisine
4384:Casinos
4361:Culture
4299:Society
4285:Welfare
4275:Tourism
4242:Dollar
4225:Economy
4048:Endemic
4033:Mammals
4026:Vieques
3983:Ecology
3894:Islands
3872:Forests
3850:Beaches
3825:Barrios
3774:Chinese
3769:African
3671:History
3348:June 7,
3177:2989693
2623:1446536
2136:The Auk
2081:: 195.
2014:Bibcode
1921:2412905
1702:Culebra
1698:Vieques
1598:), and
1540:sponges
1517:Exxidae
1341:), and
1323:wrasses
1296:Maricao
1235:). The
1225:Anegada
1215:Cyclura
1013:lizards
1009:turtles
1005:Ranidae
997:Hylidae
988:reptile
943:limpkin
817:endemic
774:), and
653:Jamaica
474:donkeys
466:Spanish
409:rodents
381:), one
354:mammals
337:Mammals
314:Ice Age
210:Greater
140:led to
130:Hunting
76:monkeys
4608:Panama
4598:Mexico
4543:Canada
4538:Belize
4469:Portal
4429:Sports
4389:Cinema
4331:Health
4179:Police
4105:(fish)
4081:(fish)
4063:(frog)
3953:Rivers
3799:Jewish
3789:German
3784:French
3661:
3597:
3570:
3549:
3444:about
3414:
3175:
3129:
2938:
2775:
2708:
2690:
2621:
2603:Copeia
2561:
2422:
2397:
2242:
2221:
2044:
2034:
1983:
1919:
1804:
1570:, 117
1566:, 131
1562:, 165
1554:, 129
1542:, 171
1448:, and
1434:insect
1414:insect
1403:dengue
1343:sharks
1302:, and
1265:Cuvier
1184:coquĂs
1180:Anolis
1176:Ameiva
1056:, the
1025:caiman
1023:and a
1021:snakes
949:, the
937:, the
933:, the
849:todies
639:, and
621:Extant
610:RincĂłn
595:ManatĂ
470:cattle
462:hutias
458:TaĂnos
447:, and
421:, one
401:, and
371:Fossil
367:whales
323:Monito
302:Eocene
294:clades
206:Africa
115:rivers
92:whales
90:, and
80:Marine
70:, the
56:extant
40:faunas
4658:Aruba
4583:Haiti
4455:Index
4419:Music
4414:Media
4316:Crime
4021:Birds
4004:Fauna
3936:Ponce
3829:Bays
3794:Irish
3342:(PDF)
3248:(PDF)
3173:JSTOR
3098:(PDF)
3075:(PDF)
3050:(PDF)
3043:(PDF)
3009:(PDF)
3002:(PDF)
2978:(pdf)
2971:(PDF)
2910:(PDF)
2895:(PDF)
2869:here.
2819:(PDF)
2804:(PDF)
2786:(PDF)
2769:(PDF)
2717:(pdf)
2706:S2CID
2676:(PDF)
2630:(PDF)
2619:JSTOR
2599:(PDF)
2570:(PDF)
2539:(PDF)
2514:(PDF)
2499:(PDF)
2327:(PDF)
2312:(PDF)
2177:(PDF)
2170:(PDF)
2037:48563
1955:(PDF)
1944:(PDF)
1917:JSTOR
1864:(PDF)
1857:(PDF)
1582:, 13
1574:, 99
1315:reefs
1237:anole
999:(3),
871:swift
786:Birds
669:guano
538:, 57
423:hutia
411:(one
383:sloth
267:sp.,
68:sheep
64:goats
4728:Saba
4553:Cuba
4404:Flag
3595:ISBN
3568:ISBN
3547:ISBN
3534:2006
3490:2006
3412:ISBN
3368:USGS
3350:2006
3288:Oryx
3127:ISBN
2936:ISBN
2773:ISBN
2559:PMID
2420:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2356:2006
2294:2006
2240:ISBN
2219:ISBN
2042:PMID
1981:ISBN
1888:: 1.
1802:ISBN
1578:and
1546:, 8
1486:and
1418:taxa
1405:and
1377:The
1365:and
1317:and
1280:for
1267:and
1247:Fish
1160:and
815:are
807:The
616:Bats
365:and
325:and
319:Mona
281:and
212:and
194:Cuba
180:The
154:IUCN
113:and
96:bird
52:Bats
34:The
4374:Art
4265:Tax
4164:Law
3306:hdl
3296:doi
3165:doi
3087:doi
2698:doi
2611:doi
2551:doi
2106:hdl
2083:hdl
2079:238
2032:PMC
2022:doi
1909:doi
1794:doi
1631:ant
1606:).
905:),
893:),
782:).
766:),
758:),
750:),
742:),
734:),
726:),
718:),
710:),
702:),
694:),
686:),
494:Mus
484:),
4765::
3589:.
3507:16
3505:.
3501:.
3366:.
3339:)"
3304:.
3292:40
3290:.
3286:.
3171:.
3159:.
3083:31
3081:.
3077:.
2950:^
2903:33
2901:.
2897:.
2882:^
2836:.
2812:30
2810:.
2806:.
2704:.
2696:.
2684:14
2682:.
2678:.
2617:.
2605:.
2601:.
2557:.
2547:20
2545:.
2541:.
2507:39
2505:.
2501:.
2452:60
2450:.
2446:.
2434:^
2385:;
2320:34
2318:.
2314:.
2280:.
2264:^
2204:).
2155:^
2140:99
2138:.
2134:.
2118:^
2077:.
2040:.
2030:.
2020:.
2010:89
2008:.
2004:.
1946:.
1929:^
1915:.
1905:25
1903:.
1845:^
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