339:
440:
and his three companions, Walt
Pederson, Gerry Pitzl and Jean-Luc Bombardier, are regarded by most polar authorities to be the first to succeed in a surface traverse by snowmobile across the ice to the North Pole on 20 April 1968, making the first confirmed surface conquest of the Pole before being
20:
266:
in 1909. Cook's claim was soon judged to be fraudulent, and Peary was credited as the discoverer of the North Pole for much of the 20th century. In recent decades, however, Peary's claim has become
3284:
322:
so it could detect openings (or, if necessary, drill them) in the ice pack and surface to recharge her batteries. While the expedition was a failure, the
361:
attempted to fly over the North Pole in an airplane. He was widely credited with achieving this, but his claim subsequently became subject to doubt.
110:
probably reached
Hakluyt's Headland (a little south of the latitude reached by Barentz), but could not proceed further as ice lay packed along
2446:
769:
1407:
448:
became the first person to indubitably reach the Pole on foot, having sledged from Alaska. His expedition was supported by air drops.
3827:
1042:
1050:
3402:
2408:
821:
2999:
2597:
2185:
3791:
1737:
2602:
122:, claimed to have reached 82°N, while Dutch explorers in 1614 and 1624 claimed to have sailed even further north to 83°N.
3685:
3366:
3188:
3078:
2847:
1436:
1385:
281:
3878:
3136:
2717:
2656:
3159:
722:
701:
678:
655:
632:
243:
267:
3883:
3237:
3468:
3454:
3428:
3265:
1236:
762:
2159:
3291:
3261:
1604:
1594:
1178:
880:
406:
2902:
3064:
2574:
1707:
63:
58:. War and trade had led to voyages between western Norway and Northern Russia around Knivskjellodden and the
3888:
2973:
2859:
2702:
1748:
1209:
977:
738:
209:
42:, as continental land masses extend to high latitudes and sea voyages to the regions are relatively short.
30:
describes the most northerly latitude reached by explorers, before the first successful expedition to the
3421:
3043:
2877:
2818:
2772:
1001:
890:
227:
3781:
2506:
2480:
2473:
1924:
1825:
1817:
1800:
1418:
964:
816:
755:
647:
2213:
200:
of 1875 was the next one to get closer to the pole 48 years later, when he reached a latitude of
172:
of Whitby, under
William Scoresby, Sr, was said to have sailed north of the Seven Islands and reached
3604:
3214:
2910:
2709:
2494:
2376:
2179:
2061:
1912:
1761:
1699:
1686:
1559:
1285:
937:
197:
129:, impossible knowing ice conditions that season; although Marmaduke did at least reach Gråhuken, at
3754:
3345:
3339:
3257:
3131:
2916:
2642:
2518:
2368:
2256:
2040:
224:
1056:
280:
of Norway redirected his planned Arctic expedition and instead aimed for the South Pole, which he
274:. With Peary's claim accepted at the time, overland expeditions to the North Pole came to an end.
3821:
3484:
2637:
2511:
2431:
1940:
1767:
969:
301:
193:
3759:
3325:
1257:
417:
2592:
184:
One of the first expeditions with the explicit purpose of reaching the North Pole was that of
3764:
3733:
3538:
3491:
3390:
3194:
3113:
3056:
2805:
2799:
2649:
2607:
2569:
2549:
2144:
1919:
1755:
1665:
1647:
1564:
1535:
1525:
1413:
1350:
1124:
488:
387:
1805:
3618:
3610:
3553:
3141:
3005:
2931:
2923:
2723:
2663:
2622:
2235:
2226:
2097:
2092:
1996:
1860:
1617:
1579:
1186:
956:
924:
868:
848:
185:
2986:
1391:
1374:
8:
3739:
3661:
3126:
3049:
2965:
2746:
2738:
2687:
2327:
2285:
1780:
1743:
1632:
1396:
1266:
1069:
874:
693:
428:
358:
270:, though he did set a new record for Farthest North – his support party was dismissed at
168:
rounded the northernmost point of
Nordaustlandet in Svalbard, passing 81°N. In 1806, the
59:
1379:
712:
250:
on April 25, beating Nansen's 1895 mark by 35 to 40 kilometres (22 to 25 mi).
3460:
3352:
3333:
2897:
2872:
2414:
2308:
2272:
2248:
2139:
1986:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1853:
1831:
1810:
1691:
1681:
1428:
1316:
1244:
917:
908:
900:
811:
791:
457:
239:
115:
326:
did reach a latitude of 82 degrees north. In accordance with the lease agreement, the
3832:
3638:
3632:
3588:
3573:
3502:
3474:
3382:
3319:
3229:
3201:
3181:
3119:
3027:
2991:
2865:
2832:
2825:
2778:
2760:
2677:
2426:
2295:
2243:
2149:
2102:
2030:
2019:
1731:
1721:
1713:
1609:
1599:
1510:
1505:
1488:
1454:
1321:
1308:
1129:
1035:
993:
988:
778:
718:
697:
674:
651:
628:
482:
391:
297:
91:
67:
157:, were first marked on a Dutch map of 1663, but were allegedly reached by a ship of
3849:
3581:
3273:
3153:
2979:
2952:
2892:
2767:
2697:
2682:
2421:
2350:
2345:
2319:
2314:
2196:
2119:
2072:
1839:
1659:
1624:
1520:
1515:
1449:
1363:
1145:
1137:
1023:
943:
895:
885:
858:
305:
119:
16:
Most northerly latitude reached by explorers before the conquest of the North Pole
3839:
3786:
3771:
3677:
3672:
3596:
3561:
3497:
3396:
3311:
3278:
3010:
2793:
2785:
2754:
2670:
2630:
2384:
2340:
2280:
2204:
2174:
2169:
2129:
2107:
2055:
1991:
1981:
1932:
1654:
1639:
1492:
1461:
1423:
1173:
1101:
1095:
1018:
983:
843:
369:
220:
205:
51:
2362:
23:
The North Pole, at the center of the Arctic Ocean. The inner circle shows 75° N.
3813:
3796:
3749:
3708:
3698:
3667:
3526:
3516:
3408:
3358:
3223:
3173:
3146:
3091:
2887:
2882:
2731:
2584:
2438:
2400:
2357:
2290:
2264:
2218:
2191:
2164:
2134:
2077:
2035:
2025:
1905:
1898:
1795:
1775:
1587:
1547:
1478:
1274:
1249:
1204:
1168:
1162:
1154:
1114:
1109:
1083:
1063:
462:
437:
379:
375:
293:
277:
259:
165:
154:
87:
3872:
3776:
3718:
3713:
3703:
3653:
3648:
3624:
3568:
3445:
3439:
3434:
3033:
2944:
2937:
2692:
2487:
2466:
2334:
2112:
2082:
2050:
2045:
1882:
1788:
1671:
1466:
1279:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1119:
1028:
863:
616:
445:
383:
235:
126:
79:
3807:
3801:
3413:
3377:
3243:
3070:
3020:
2959:
2813:
2501:
2452:
2302:
2124:
2087:
2067:
2008:
1542:
1530:
1473:
1401:
1302:
1199:
1193:
1090:
1078:
951:
929:
853:
806:
670:
624:
484:
A life of John Davis, the navigator, 1550-1605, discoverer of Davis straits
263:
107:
71:
3844:
3744:
3692:
3510:
3297:
3085:
2460:
2392:
2154:
2013:
1976:
1876:
1868:
1676:
1012:
402:, the first achievement of the Pole about which there is no controversy.
395:
111:
103:
304:
attempted to reach the North Pole with a leased US Navy submarine named
146:
3643:
3546:
3530:
3372:
3305:
3206:
2615:
2564:
2524:
1846:
1572:
1500:
1442:
835:
803:
423:, was the first to sail under the ice pack to reach the North Pole. On
319:
31:
338:
3165:
2002:
1554:
1337:
330:
was scuttled after the expedition to prevent her reuse as a warship.
158:
75:
39:
747:
405:
The first person definitely to set foot on the Pole was the
Russian
19:
3097:
134:
3724:
3104:
1369:
1345:
1333:
125:
These latter claims lack basis in fact, with the second, made by
1891:
1970:
1295:
399:
378:
and fifteen other men including the craft's designer and pilot
35:
1356:
596:
594:
318:
was modified for under ice operations by submarine designer
591:
567:
579:
434:
became the first submarine to surface at the North Pole.
38:
polar regions are much more accessible than those of the
519:
258:
Two
American explorers claimed to reach the North Pole;
2561:
507:
555:
531:
543:
495:
3870:
287:
487:. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. p.
763:
50:The most northerly point of mainland Europe,
770:
756:
114:'s north coast. In 1612, an explorer from
3828:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
409:, who landed an aircraft there in 1948.
337:
212:bested Markham by a few miles, reaching
18:
3403:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
687:
664:
600:
585:
573:
501:
480:
3871:
641:
615:
561:
537:
525:
513:
34:rendered the expression obsolete. The
2547:
789:
777:
751:
710:
549:
394:, over the North Pole, en route from
179:
141:, in or before 1622, as shown on the
3189:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1386:Norse colonization of North America
474:
192:, a record that stood for decades.
13:
2718:United States Exploring Expedition
444:On 6 April 1969, British explorer
416:, a US Navy submarine, also named
242:left the base camp established by
70:in 1587 sailed up the Strait that
14:
3900:
3792:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3160:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
732:
717:. Edinburgh: Balfour and Clarke.
253:
244:Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi
62:since at least the 15th Century.
3686:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3079:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
390:, and the expedition's sponsor,
66:on his third voyage to seek the
45:
292:In 1931, an expedition led by
1:
3065:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3000:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
2548:
481:Markham, Clements R. (1889).
468:
3422:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3238:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3044:French Antarctic Expeditions
2974:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
2860:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
978:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
744:at Dartmouth College Library
288:Wilkins–Ellsworth expedition
210:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
86:. A Dutch expedition led by
7:
2507:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2186:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1051:Andrée's balloon expedition
451:
333:
194:Sir Albert Hastings Markham
10:
3905:
1708:Franklin's lost expedition
1408:Christian IV's expeditions
790:
609:
268:the subject of controversy
164:In 1707, the Dutch whaler
133:. English whalers reached
3879:Exploration of the Arctic
3525:
3256:
2843:
2583:
2560:
2556:
2543:
2062:Great Northern Expedition
1956:
1738:Rae–Richardson expedition
1487:
1332:
938:British Arctic Expedition
830:
802:
798:
785:
198:British Arctic Expedition
3346:British Antarctic Survey
3340:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2585:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
225:Fredrik Hjalmar Johansen
186:Sir William Edward Parry
3884:Geography of the Arctic
3822:Pole of inaccessibility
3485:Antarctic Treaty System
1826:2nd Grinnell expedition
302:William Randolph Hearst
300:and partly financed by
246:, and reached latitude
354:
24:
3492:Transglobe Expedition
3391:Operation Deep Freeze
2800:Challenger expedition
1666:Coppermine expedition
1187:Drifting ice stations
740:The Race for the Pole
714:Voyage to Spitzbergen
388:Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen
341:
188:in 1827, who reached
143:Muscovy Company's Map
102:, on the NW coast of
22:
688:Holland, C. (1999).
667:Ninety Degrees North
665:Fleming, F. (2001).
576:, pp. 206, 219.
342:Navigator's report:
219:In 1895, Norwegians
3889:Record progressions
3662:South magnetic pole
2328:Brusilov expedition
1437:Danish colonization
875:North magnetic pole
642:Conway, M. (2012).
603:, pp. 417–418.
588:, pp. 411–415.
528:, pp. 76, 139.
407:Alexander Kuznetsov
359:Richard Evelyn Byrd
310:, formerly the USS
82:, to a latitude of
54:in Norway, lies at
3353:Operation Windmill
3334:Operation Highjump
2309:Rusanov expedition
2214:A. E. Nordenskiöld
1958:North East Passage
1762:McClure expedition
711:Laing, J. (1818).
458:Arctic exploration
355:
294:Sir Hubert Wilkins
240:Italian Royal Navy
196:, a member of the
180:Nineteenth century
161:as early as 1618.
25:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3320:Operation Tabarin
3182:Far Eastern Party
3028:Nimrod Expedition
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2098:M. Pronchishcheva
2020:Siberian Cossacks
1489:Northwest Passage
822:Research stations
779:Polar exploration
516:, pp. 27–28.
446:Sir Wally Herbert
392:Lincoln Ellsworth
298:Lincoln Ellsworth
204:by a dog sledge.
92:Northeast Passage
90:, attempting the
68:Northwest Passage
3896:
3367:Ronne Expedition
2852:
2846:
2710:Dumont d'Urville
2558:
2557:
2545:
2544:
2093:V. Pronchishchev
800:
799:
787:
786:
772:
765:
758:
749:
748:
728:
707:
684:
661:
638:
621:The Arctic Grail
604:
598:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
553:
547:
541:
535:
529:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
493:
492:
478:
441:airlifted out.
426:
415:
367:
353:
349:
282:achieved in 1911
273:
249:
233:
215:
203:
191:
175:
152:
140:
132:
120:Thomas Marmaduke
101:
97:
85:
57:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3854:
3529:
3521:
3397:McMurdo Station
3266:Modern research
3264:
3252:
2987:O. Nordenskjöld
2850:
2844:
2839:
2755:Ross expedition
2579:
2552:
2531:
1960:
1952:
1493:Northern Canada
1491:
1483:
1336:
1328:
834:
826:
794:
781:
776:
735:
725:
704:
681:
658:
635:
612:
607:
599:
592:
584:
580:
572:
568:
560:
556:
548:
544:
536:
532:
524:
520:
512:
508:
500:
496:
479:
475:
471:
454:
424:
413:
365:
357:On 9 May 1926,
351:
347:
336:
290:
271:
256:
247:
231:
221:Fridtjof Nansen
213:
206:Adolphus Greely
201:
189:
182:
173:
150:
138:
137:'s Nordkapp at
130:
99:
95:
83:
55:
52:Knivskjellodden
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3902:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3814:Vostok Station
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3765:Cherry-Garrard
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3605:Southern Cross
3601:
3600:
3599:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3535:
3533:
3527:Farthest South
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3488:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3399:
3394:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3288:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3224:Ross Sea party
3220:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3185:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3024:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3008:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2918:Southern Cross
2911:Southern Cross
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2855:
2853:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2776:
2770:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2657:Bellingshausen
2647:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2554:
2553:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2516:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1962:Russian Arctic
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1404:
1399:
1397:Snæbjörn galti
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1299:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
998:
997:
996:
991:
986:
974:
973:
972:
967:
962:
954:
949:
934:
933:
932:
927:
922:
905:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
840:
838:
832:Farthest North
828:
827:
825:
824:
819:
814:
809:
796:
795:
783:
782:
775:
774:
767:
760:
752:
746:
745:
734:
733:External links
731:
730:
729:
723:
708:
702:
690:Farthest North
685:
679:
662:
656:
639:
633:
611:
608:
606:
605:
590:
578:
566:
564:, p. 444.
554:
552:, p. 103.
542:
540:, p. 228.
530:
518:
506:
494:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
463:Farthest South
460:
453:
450:
438:Ralph Plaisted
380:Umberto Nobile
376:Roald Amundsen
368:, the airship
335:
332:
289:
286:
278:Roald Amundsen
260:Frederick Cook
255:
254:Cook and Peary
252:
181:
178:
166:Cornelis Giles
155:Nordaustlandet
88:Willem Barentz
72:bears his name
47:
44:
28:Farthest North
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3901:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:Discovery Hut
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2475:A. Sibiryakov
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:Glavsevmorput
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1749:J. Richardson
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:M. Corte-Real
1509:
1507:
1506:G. Corte-Real
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:C. Richardson
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:Georgiy Sedov
1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:Riiser-Larsen
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1005:
999:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
980:
979:
975:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
960:
955:
953:
950:
948:
947:
942:
941:
940:
939:
935:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:
916:
915:
914:
913:
911:
906:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
876:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
839:
837:
833:
829:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
801:
797:
793:
788:
784:
780:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
754:
753:
750:
743:
741:
737:
736:
726:
724:9781841190990
720:
716:
715:
709:
705:
703:9781841190990
699:
695:
691:
686:
682:
680:9781862074491
676:
672:
668:
663:
659:
657:9781107605091
653:
649:
646:. Cambridge:
645:
644:No Man's Land
640:
636:
634:9780670824915
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:
602:
597:
595:
587:
582:
575:
570:
563:
558:
551:
546:
539:
534:
527:
522:
515:
510:
503:
498:
490:
486:
485:
477:
473:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
449:
447:
442:
439:
435:
433:
432:
425:17 March 1959
422:
421:
414:3 August 1958
410:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:Oscar Wisting
381:
377:
373:
372:
362:
360:
352:3 August 1958
345:
340:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:
303:
299:
295:
285:
283:
279:
275:
269:
265:
261:
251:
245:
241:
237:
236:Umberto Cagni
229:
226:
222:
217:
211:
207:
199:
195:
187:
177:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
148:
147:Seven Islands
145:of 1625. The
144:
136:
128:
127:Joris Carolus
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
93:
89:
81:
80:Baffin Island
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
46:Early voyages
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
3820:
3808:Pole of Cold
3806:
3732:
3723:
3691:
3684:
3660:
3631:
3617:
3611:Borchgrevink
3603:
3590:
3575:
3555:
3540:
3509:
3490:
3483:
3467:
3453:
3444:
3427:
3420:
3401:
3389:
3365:
3351:
3344:
3332:
3318:
3304:
3290:
3283:
3244:
3236:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3195:
3187:
3180:
3167:
3158:
3120:
3112:
3103:
3096:
3084:
3077:
3063:
3051:Pourquoi-Pas
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3021:Orcadas Base
3019:
3011:
2998:
2992:C. A. Larsen
2980:
2972:
2958:
2951:
2938:
2930:
2924:Borchgrevink
2917:
2909:
2866:
2858:
2833:C. A. Larsen
2826:
2807:
2798:
2780:
2762:
2753:
2740:
2725:
2716:
2703:
2664:
2650:
2643:
2624:
2609:
2519:
2512:
2495:
2488:
2474:
2459:
2445:
2432:
2407:
2393:
2391:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2333:
2326:
2307:
2273:
2271:
2257:
2255:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2205:
2203:
2184:
2060:
2018:
2001:
1969:
1933:
1931:
1911:
1910:
1890:
1889:
1875:
1862:
1847:
1833:
1824:
1811:
1782:
1770:Investigator
1769:
1760:
1736:
1723:
1715:
1706:
1693:
1664:
1641:
1626:
1611:
1581:
1566:
1536:
1455:
1435:
1406:
1402:Erik the Red
1384:
1362:
1355:
1312:submersibles
1309:
1303:Arktika 2007
1301:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1268:
1259:
1256:
1237:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1192:
1185:
1161:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1102:
1100:
1071:
1068:
1057:S. A. Andrée
1049:
1036:
1011:
1003:
1000:
976:
958:
945:
936:
918:
909:
907:
873:
831:
739:
713:
689:
666:
643:
623:. New York:
620:
601:Fleming 2001
586:Fleming 2001
581:
574:Holland 1999
569:
557:
545:
533:
521:
509:
504:, p. 8.
502:Holland 1999
497:
483:
476:
443:
436:
430:
419:
411:
404:
386:, navigator
370:
364:Finally, on
363:
356:
343:
327:
323:
315:
311:
306:
291:
276:
264:Robert Peary
262:in 1908 and
257:
218:
183:
169:
163:
142:
124:
108:Henry Hudson
100:16 June 1596
49:
27:
26:
3511:Lake Vostok
3461:Tryoshnikov
3383:Schlossbach
3274:Christensen
3216:James Caird
3137:E. R. Evans
2903:Dobrowolski
2873:de Gerlache
2575:Expeditions
2461:Aviaarktika
2415:Samoylovich
2286:Kolomeitsev
2180:Middendorff
2140:Gedenshtrom
1560:I. Fyodorov
1322:Chilingarov
1210:E. Fyodorov
817:Expeditions
562:Berton 1988
538:Conway 2012
526:Conway 2012
514:Conway 2012
396:Spitsbergen
382:, helmsman
366:12 May 1926
234:. In 1900,
202:83° 20′26″N
153:, north of
112:Spitsbergen
106:. In 1607,
104:Spitsbergen
3873:Categories
3734:Terra Nova
3639:Shackleton
3582:J. C. Ross
3541:Resolution
3531:South Pole
3306:New Swabia
3230:Mackintosh
3202:Shackleton
3121:Terra Nova
3114:Terra Nova
2848:Heroic Age
2808:Challenger
2768:J. C. Ross
2678:Bransfield
2610:Resolution
2525:icebreaker
2489:Chelyuskin
2230:expedition
2208:Expedition
2150:Matyushkin
2108:Kh. Laptev
2103:Chelyuskin
1997:Heemskerck
1987:Chancellor
1982:Willoughby
1977:Koch boats
1920:Stefansson
1854:McClintock
1818:Inglefield
1660:J. C. Ross
1567:Resolution
1419:Cunningham
1317:Sagalevich
1006:expedition
965:Stephenson
925:C. F. Hall
912:expedition
886:J. C. Ross
849:Heemskerck
836:North Pole
742:Manuscript
692:. London:
669:. London:
617:Berton, P.
550:Laing 1818
469:References
348:90° 00.0′N
320:Simon Lake
170:Resolution
74:, between
64:John Davis
60:North Cape
32:North Pole
3833:Tolstikov
3619:Discovery
3589:HMS
3574:HMS
3556:Adventure
3554:HMS
3539:HMS
3475:Tolstikov
3196:Endurance
2981:Antarctic
2966:Drygalski
2939:Discovery
2932:Discovery
2893:Arctowski
2806:HMS
2779:HMS
2773:Abernethy
2761:HMS
2739:USS
2726:Vincennes
2724:USS
2704:Astrolabe
2644:San Telmo
2625:Adventure
2623:HMS
2608:HMS
2603:Kerguelen
2565:Continent
2550:Antarctic
2427:Urvantsev
2385:Vilkitsky
2238:Jeannette
2236:USS
2228:Jeannette
2192:Weyprecht
2170:Pakhtusov
2120:Chichagov
2113:D. Laptev
2056:Permyakov
2031:Stadukhin
2026:Perfilyev
2003:Mangazeya
1941:H. Larsen
1906:Rasmussen
1861:HMS
1832:USS
1781:HMS
1768:HMS
1732:Collinson
1722:HMS
1714:HMS
1692:HMS
1640:HMS
1625:HMS
1610:HMS
1595:Mackenzie
1582:Discovery
1580:HMS
1565:HMS
1537:Discovery
1516:Frobisher
1479:Rasmussen
1392:Gunnbjörn
1338:Greenland
1267:USS
1258:USS
1130:Ellsworth
1072:Roosevelt
1002:Nansen's
959:Discovery
957:HMS
944:HMS
891:Abernethy
859:Marmaduke
429:USS
418:USS
230:latitude
216:in 1882.
159:Enkhuizen
84:72° 12' N
76:Greenland
56:71° 11' N
40:Antarctic
3845:A. Fuchs
3802:V. Fuchs
3782:McKinley
3745:E. Evans
3704:Bjaaland
3699:Amundsen
3649:Marshall
3562:Furneaux
3414:V. Fuchs
3378:E. Ronne
3373:F. Ronne
3312:Ritscher
3166:SY
3154:Filchner
3098:Framheim
3092:Amundsen
2898:Racoviță
2883:Amundsen
2878:Lecointe
2747:Ringgold
2741:Porpoise
2631:Furneaux
2467:Shevelev
2422:Begichev
2401:Amundsen
2363:Nagórski
2341:Brusilov
2335:Sv. Anna
2249:Melville
2219:Palander
2175:Tsivolko
2135:Sannikov
2130:Billings
2073:Chirikov
1992:Barentsz
1934:St. Roch
1925:Bartlett
1899:Amundsen
1883:Sverdrup
1783:Resolute
1672:Franklin
1600:Kotzebue
1467:Sverdrup
1450:Scoresby
1424:Lindenov
1275:Plaisted
1260:Nautilus
1205:Shirshov
1179:Belyakov
1174:Baydukov
1148:Nautilus
1110:Amundsen
1070:SS
1029:Sverdrup
1024:Johansen
994:Brainard
989:Lockwood
844:Barentsz
694:Robinson
619:(1988).
452:See also
420:Nautilus
374:carried
344:Nautilus
334:Conquest
328:Nautilus
324:Nautilus
316:Nautilus
307:Nautilus
272:87° 45′N
248:86° 34′N
232:86° 14′N
214:83° 24′N
190:82° 45′N
174:81° 50′N
151:80° 49′N
139:80° 32′N
135:Svalbard
131:79° 48′N
96:79° 49’N
94:reached
3850:Messner
3797:Hillary
3777:Balchen
3725:Polheim
3719:Wisting
3597:Crozier
3569:Weddell
3547:J. Cook
3517:Kapitsa
3498:Fiennes
3440:Klenova
3409:Hillary
3359:Ketchum
3285:BANZARE
3260:·
3105:Polheim
3071:Shirase
3057:Charcot
2867:Belgica
2786:Crozier
2698:Morrell
2693:Weddell
2671:Lazarev
2616:J. Cook
2570:History
2520:Arktika
2496:Krassin
2481:Voronin
2453:Schmidt
2439:Ushakov
2378:Vaygach
2346:Albanov
2315:Rusanov
2296:Kolchak
2291:Matisen
2265:Makarov
2244:De Long
2145:Wrangel
2125:Lyakhov
2078:Malygin
2036:Dezhnev
1863:Pandora
1834:Advance
1801:Kennedy
1796:Belcher
1789:Kellett
1776:McClure
1700:Beechey
1694:Blossom
1687:Simpson
1655:Crozier
1648:Hoppner
1605:J. Ross
1573:J. Cook
1521:Gilbert
1414:J. Hall
1380:Ingólfr
1370:Naddodd
1364:Vikings
1351:Brendan
1346:Pytheas
1334:Iceland
1288:Arktika
1280:Herbert
1245:Badygin
1215:Krenkel
1200:Papanin
1169:Chkalov
1155:Wilkins
1120:Wisting
1064:F. Cook
970:Markham
930:Bessels
919:Polaris
910:Polaris
881:J. Ross
864:Carolus
812:History
610:Sources
314:. The
238:of the
228:reached
3760:Bowers
3755:Wilson
3714:Hassel
3709:Helmer
3678:Mackay
3668:Mawson
3633:Nimrod
3591:Terror
3576:Erebus
3503:Burton
3298:Rymill
3174:Mawson
3168:Aurora
3147:Lashly
3132:Wilson
3035:Nimrod
3012:Scotia
2819:Murray
2794:Cooper
2781:Terror
2763:Erebus
2732:Wilkes
2683:Palmer
2651:Vostok
2598:Bouvet
2522:-class
2502:Gakkel
2370:Taymyr
2351:Konrad
2320:Kuchin
2258:Yermak
2165:Lavrov
2083:Ovtsyn
2068:Bering
2046:Ivanov
2009:Hudson
1971:Pomors
1948:Cowper
1913:Karluk
1812:Isabel
1806:Bellot
1756:Austin
1724:Terror
1716:Erebus
1612:Griper
1588:Clerke
1548:Baffin
1531:Hudson
1462:Nansen
1375:Garðar
1296:Barneo
1163:ANT-25
1139:Italia
1115:Nobile
1084:Henson
1043:Amedeo
1019:Nansen
984:Greely
854:Hudson
792:Arctic
721:
700:
677:
671:Granta
654:
631:
625:Viking
427:, the
400:Alaska
36:Arctic
3840:Crary
3787:Dufek
3750:Oates
3740:Scott
3673:David
3654:Adams
3625:Barne
3446:Mirny
3435:Somov
3245:Quest
3142:Crean
3127:Scott
3006:Bruce
2960:Gauss
2953:Gauss
2827:Jason
2814:Nares
2688:Davis
2665:Mirny
2638:Smith
2593:Roché
2513:Lenin
2433:Sadko
2358:Wiese
2303:Sedov
2274:Zarya
2197:Payer
2160:Litke
2155:Anjou
2088:Minin
2051:Vagin
2041:Popov
2014:Poole
1869:Young
1682:Dease
1627:Hecla
1618:Parry
1543:Bylot
1526:Davis
1501:Cabot
1474:Peary
1456:Jason
1443:Egede
1357:Papar
1269:Skate
1250:Wiese
1230:NP-37
1223:NP-36
1103:Norge
1091:Sedov
1079:Peary
1037:Jason
952:Nares
946:Alert
901:Hayes
869:Parry
807:Ocean
431:Skate
371:Norge
149:, at
3772:Byrd
3693:Fram
3644:Wild
3326:Marr
3292:BGLE
3279:Byrd
3207:Wild
3086:Fram
2888:Cook
2409:AARI
2394:Maud
2281:Toll
2206:Vega
1892:Gjøa
1877:Fram
1840:Kane
1677:Back
1642:Fury
1633:Lyon
1555:Munk
1194:NP-1
1096:Byrd
1013:Fram
1004:Fram
896:Kane
719:ISBN
698:ISBN
675:ISBN
652:ISBN
629:ISBN
312:O-12
296:and
223:and
116:Hull
78:and
3469:3rd
3455:2nd
3429:1st
3262:IGY
3258:IPY
1848:Fox
1744:Rae
1310:Mir
1286:NS
648:CUP
412:On
398:to
208:'s
98:on
3875::
2374:/
696:.
673:.
650:.
627:.
593:^
489:57
350:,
346:,
284:.
176:.
118:,
2851:"
2845:"
2788:)
2784:(
2775:)
2766:(
771:e
764:t
757:v
727:.
706:.
683:.
660:.
637:.
491:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
