277:, and tai chi. Resistance exercise two or three times a week with ankle weights or elastic bands has been proven in tests to rebuild lost muscle mass, improve balance and strength, and reduce falls in adults of all ages: it was first tested in New Zealand by the Otago Medical School in four controlled trials, in which about 1,000 older adults with an average age 84 participated. Falls among a test group that did the Otago routines three times a week for 12 months was 35% fewer than a control group that did not use the routines. Two similar 12-month tests were conducted in the US using residents in assisted and skilled nursing facilities with one group showing a 54% reduction in falls. After the age of 50, adults experience a decrease in muscle mass (
286:
per week results in a lesser chance of falling. Resistance training has been shown to be beneficial beyond fall prevention, as it also helps improve functional mobility and activities of daily living such as walking endurance, gait speed, and stair climbing. Research explains that this significant increase in performance can be accomplished after the age of 90. For older adults to gain confidence in resistance training, which may ultimately lead to falling prevention effects, they must obtain the recommended amount of daily activity.
611:
309:
population has not been reported. As well as cognitive impairment, functional impairment, gait, and balance disorders, certain medications can increase fall risk factors for patients. At an advanced age, these risk factors are double and more likely to occur. It's important to identify the risk factors that increase the likelihood of injurious falls. State-level fall prevention strategies can also mitigate fall risk for community-dwelling older adults.
623:
337:– These are the main changes that occur in the gait patterns of older adults, which may contribute to the incidence of falls. Older adults may experience a 10–20% reduction in gait velocity and reduction in stride length, an increase in stance width and double support phase, or a bent posture. Studies show that a wider stride does not necessarily increase stability, and may instead increase the likelihood of experiencing falls.
631:
753:
chance of slipping or tripping and falling. Appropriate joint moment generation is required to create sufficient push-off for balance recovery. Age-related changes in muscles, tendons, and neural structures may contribute to slower reactive responses. Interventions involving resistance training along with perturbation training may prove to be beneficial in improving muscle strength and balance recovery.
639:
157:. Average adherence in group-based fall prevention exercise programs is around 66%, mostly due to the highly repetitive nature of the programs and the extremely long duration required for noticeable benefits accrue. Adherence to physical therapy can be even lower. When adherence is below 70%, effectiveness of fall prevention physical exercise programs can drop to less than 10%.
250:, V-TIME projects a real-time image of participants' feet onto a large screen at eye-level while the participants are walking on a treadmill. The virtual environment introduces multiple physical and cognitive challenges while the participant is in dynamic motion. This one approach to motor-cognitive training was found to repeatedly reduce falls by 50% after 5
650:
601:
Accidents are the most common cause of falls involving healthy adults, which may be the result of tripping on stairs, improper footwear, dark surroundings, slippery surfaces, uneven ground, or lack of exercise. Studies suggest that women are more prone to falling than men in all age groups. The most
285:
can also be applied, although it is mostly reactive in case of a fall. Exercise as a single intervention has been shown to prevent falls in community-dwelling older adults. A systematic review suggests that having an exercise regimen that includes challenging balance workouts for three or more hours
84:
Adults aged 65 years and older have a 30% chance of falling each year, making fall-related injuries the leading cause of accident-related death for this demographic. Current approaches to fall prevention are problematic because even though awareness is high among professionals that work with seniors
2241:
Pelosin, Elisa; Cerulli, Cecilia; Ogliastro, Carla; Lagravinese, Giovanna; Mori, Laura; Bonassi, Gaia; Mirelman, Anat; Hausdorff, Jeffrey M; Abbruzzese, Giovanni; Marchese, Roberta; Avanzino, Laura (2019-03-15). "A Multimodal
Training Modulates Short Afferent Inhibition and Improves Complex Walking
404:
Gait deviations – Disturbance of gait is a common problem post-stroke and a common contributor of falls, predicting a continual functional decline. Velocity, cadence, stride time, stride length, and temporal symmetry index are reduced and result in significant gait deterioration. Reduced propulsion
312:
Studies have shown that there is a high agreement on guidelines for fall prevention across clinical practices. These include (but are not limited to): the use of specific tests for gait and balance assessments, multifactorial interventions, medication review, physical exercises, vision and footwear
752:
In older adults, physical training and perturbation therapy is directed to improving balance recovery responses and preventing falls. Gait-related changes in the elderly provide a greater chance of stability during walking due to slower speed and greater base of support, but they also increase the
694:
and grab bars, which should be easy to grip or grasp and should be near any stairs or change in floor level. Floors should always be flat and level, with no exposed corners or edges. Patterned floors can be dangerous if they create misleading or distorted images of the floor surface, and should be
592:
Basophobia is a term used in many circumstances to describe the fear of falling in either normal or special situations. It refers to uncomfortable sensations that may be experienced by older people. These sensations can include lower-body weakness or loss of balance, which can induce a frightening
769:
One of the most important things for fall prevention in elderly populations is to stay physically fit. Specialized facilities and programs like seniors' parks are a good place to keep the elderly in shape and increase their resistance to falling. These facilities contain specialized equipment and
541:
Cognitive changes – Approximately 50% of affected individuals experience difficulty with their cognition over the course of the disease, which affects planning, organizing, problem-solving, and the ability to accurately perceive the environment. When these problems interfere with walking, it may
2820:
Montero-Odasso, Manuel M.; Kamkar, Nellie; Pieruccini-Faria, Frederico; Osman, Abdelhady; Sarquis-Adamson, Yanina; Close, Jacqueline; Hogan, David B.; Hunter, Susan
Winifred; Kenny, Rose Anne; Lipsitz, Lewis A.; Lord, Stephen R.; Madden, Kenneth M.; Petrovic, Mirko; Ryg, Jesper; Speechley, Mark
196:. Nearly one-third of older people fall each year, half of which fall more than once per year. Over 3 million Americans over the age of 65 visited hospital emergency departments in 2015 due to fall-related injuries, with over 1.6 million being admitted. Because of decreased bone density due to
681:
levels can aid elderly people in assessing and negotiating hazards. Occupational therapists can help clients improve fall prevention behaviours. In addition, they can instruct clients and their family members on factors that contribute to falls, and implement environmental modifications and
308:
Falls are well known amongst community-dwelling individuals ages 65 and older. The risk of fall-related incidents nearly doubles when individuals are institutionalized. The impact on different falls in certain situation of fall prevention programs on the rate differences of falls in elderly
730:
and trifocal eyeglasses are used to provide refractory correction ideal for reading (12–24 inches (30–60 cm) when the wearer looks downward through them. Reading glasses are not ideal for safe walking, where correction for 4.5–5 feet (137–152 cm) would be more appropriate.
281:) by approximately 2% every year. A systematic review concluded that resistance training can slow down the rate of loss in muscle mass and strength. It has been recommended that older adults participate in resistance training two to three times a week to weaken the effects of sarcopenia.
682:
strategies to decrease the risk of falls. There is currently insufficient scientific evidence to ensure the effectiveness of modification of the home environment to reduce injuries. Evidence suggests that pre-discharge home assessments are associated with a reduced risk of falling.
770:
training stations where elderly people can exercise. The parks usually have an extended amount of space and different stages reserved for different body exercises. Research suggests that participation in such programs successfully mitigates fall risk in the majority of attendees.
376:
Medications and alcohol consumption – Dizziness, drowsiness and confusion can occur as side effects of some medications. Alcohol consumption causes a delay in reflexes and diminishes balance and fine motor control via its inhibitory effects on nerve pathways in the
132:
or longer-term wellness activity provided in a low-cost group setting. Neither arrangement is optimum in preventing falls over a large population, especially as these evidence-based physical exercise programs have limited effectiveness (approximately 25%). Even
149:
by 31% after 12 months, and by 21% after 24 months. Questions around effectiveness of current approaches (physical exercise and multifactorial interventions) have been found in multiple settings, including long-term care facilities and hospitals.
2405:
Izquierdo, Mikel; Merchant, R.A.; Morley, J.E.; Anker, S.D.; Aprahamian, I.; Arai, H.; Aubertin-Leheudre, M.; Bernabei, R.; Cadore, E.L.; Cesari, M.; Chen, L.-K.; de Souto
Barreto, P.; Duque, G.; Ferrucci, L.; Fielding, R.A. (2021-07-01).
739:
Studies show that balance, flexibility, strength, and motor-cognitive training not only improve mobility but also reduce the risk of falling. This may be achieved through group and home-based exercise programs or engagement with
4376:
2046:
2695:
Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, Waller JL, Maclean JR, Beers MH (8 December 2003). "Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts".
2339:
2183:
Del Din, Silvia; Galna, Brook; Lord, Sue; Nieuwboer, Alice; Bekkers, Esther M. J.; Pelosin, Elisa; Avanzino, Laura; Bloem, Bastiaan R.; Olde
Rikkert, Marcel G. M.; Nieuwhof, Freek; Cereatti, Andrea (2020-05-22).
3703:
Severini G, Manca M, Ferraresi G, Caniatti LM, Cosma M, Baldasso F, et al. (June 2017). "Evaluation of
Clinical Gait Analysis parameters in patients affected by Multiple Sclerosis: Analysis of kinematics".
2127:
Mirelman, Anat; Rochester, Lynn; Maidan, Inbal; Del Din, Silvia; Alcock, Lisa; Nieuwhof, Freek; Rikkert, Marcel Olde; Bloem, Bastiaan R; Pelosin, Elisa; Avanzino, Laura; Abbruzzese, Giovanni (September 2016).
2285:
Peruzzi, Agnese; Cereatti, Andrea; Della Croce, Ugo; Mirelman, Anat (January 2016). "Effects of a virtual reality and treadmill training on gait of subjects with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study".
4233:
Pijnappels M, Reeves ND, Maganaris CN, van Dieën JH (April 2008). "Tripping without falling; lower limb strength, a limitation for balance recovery and a target for training in the elderly".
744:
clinics with the appropriate equipment. The majority of older adults do not exercise regularly and 35% of people over the age of 65 do not participate in any leisurely physical activities.
340:
Limitations in mobility – Loss of mobility increases the risk of falls in situations which, under normal circumstances, would pose a low risk of falling (such as walking up/down stairs).
224:
Motor-cognitive training is increasingly viewed as the gold standard for healthy aging and fall prevention. One approach that has been researched is the introduction of semi-immersive
1328:
Tinetti, Mary E.; Baker, Dorothy I.; McAvay, Gail; Claus, Elizabeth B.; Garrett, Patricia; Gottschalk, Margaret; Koch, Marie L.; Trainor, Kathryn; Horwitz, Ralph I. (1994-09-29).
493:
Neurological and sensory disturbances – muscle weakness of lower limbs, deep sensibility impairment, epileptic seizure, cognitive impairment, visual impairment, balance impairment
4368:
3287:
2038:
1499:
449:(PD) fall and many experience recurrent falls. A study reported that over 50% of persons with PD fell recurrently. Direct and indirect causes of falls in patients with PD:
1224:"Evidence on physical activity and falls prevention for people aged 65+ years: systematic review to inform the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour"
184:. This is driving a growing body of research that specifically links the cognitive sub-domains of attention and executive function (EF) to gait alterations and fall risk.
2329:
2068:
Mirelman, Anat; Rochester, Lynn; Reelick, Miriam; Nieuwhof, Freek; Pelosin, Elisa; Abbruzzese, Giovanni; Dockx, Kim; Nieuwboer, Alice; Hausdorff, Jeffrey M (2013-02-06).
4162:
518:
Gait deviations – Gait variability is elevated in individuals with MS. Stride length, cadence, and velocity decrease, while stance duration and cycle duration increase.
2952:
O'Loughlin JL, Robitaille Y, Boivin JF, Suissa S (February 1993). "Incidence of and risk factors for falls and injurious falls among the community-dwelling elderly".
313:
intervention, physiotherapy referral, environment modification, risk stratification, management of osteoporosis and fracture risk, and cardiovascular interventions.
565:
Postural instability – Gait changes and impaired balance. People with balance deficits are at more risk of falling than those with a normal gait and intact balance.
262:, which showed changes in brain activity patterns for patients that were exposed to combined motor-cognitive training, as opposed to exclusively physical training.
761:
Stroke exercises help patients regain mobility and strength in their bodies, and must be done regularly in order to regain muscle tone that helps prevent falls.
216:
are the fifth most common cause of death in older adults. 75% of hip fracture patients do not recover completely and show signs of overall health deterioration.
2562:
352:/environmental factors – Falls may occur due to dangerous or unstable surfaces, such as wet surfaces, ice, stairs, or rugs; or inappropriate footwear. Reliable
4031:
Howard B, Baca R, Bilger M, Cali S, Kotarski A, Parrett K, Skibinski K (2018-07-03). "Investigating Older Adults' Expressed Needs
Regarding Falls Prevention".
577:
Medications – psychotropic drugs have effects on balance, reaction time and other sensorimotor functions, orthostatic hypotension, and extrapyramidal symptoms.
2530:
4454:
3065:
Snijders AH, van de
Warrenburg BP, Giladi N, Bloem BR (January 2007). "Neurological gait disorders in elderly people: clinical approach and classification".
2463:
Wu, Shuang; Guo, Yongzhen; Cao, Zeng; Nan, Jiahui; Zhang, Qiuxiang; Hu, Mingyue; Ning, Hongting; Huang, Weiping; Xiao, Lily
Dongxia; Feng, Hui (2024-09-01).
665:. Changes to the home environment are aimed at reducing hazards and help support a person in daily activities; they include minimizing clutter, installing
3876:
3200:
Chatzistergos, Panagiotis E.; Healy, Aoife; Balasubramanian, Gayathri; Sundar, Lakshmi; Ramachandran, Ambady; Chockalingam, Nachiappan (September 2020).
2130:"Addition of a non-immersive virtual reality component to treadmill training to reduce fall risk in older adults (V-TIME): a randomised controlled trial"
1500:"Addition of a non-immersive virtual reality component to treadmill training to reduce fall risk in older adults (V-TIME): a randomised controlled trial"
2070:"V-TIME: a treadmill training program augmented by virtual reality to decrease fall risk in older adults: study design of a randomized controlled trial"
859:"Long-term follow-up of exercise interventions aimed at preventing falls in older people living in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1579:"A Common Cognitive Profile in Elderly Fallers and in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: The Prominence of Impaired Executive Function and Attention"
3406:
1019:
258:
and multiple indications (idiopathic, Parkinson's, Multiple sclerosis). The biological manifestations of this improvement were identified through
97:
instrument is adequate for predicting falls. While the strongest predictors of fall risk tend to include a history of falls during the past year,
1222:; Fairhall, Nicola; Kwok, Wing; Wallbank, Geraldine; Tiedemann, Anne; Michaleff, Zoe A.; Ng, Christopher A. C. M.; Bauman, Adrian (2020-11-26).
405:
at push-off, decreased leg flexion during the swing phase, reduced stability during the stance phase, and reduced automaticity of walking occur.
400:
have higher fall rates. Approximately 30% fall at least once a year and 15% fall twice or more. Risk factors for falls in stroke survivors are:
289:
The aim of medical management is to identify factors that can contribute to falls and fracture risk such as osteoporosis, multiple medications,
2465:"Effects of Otago exercise program on physical function in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
4450:
4442:
4319:"The "Aachen fall prevention App" - a Smartphone application app for the self-assessment of elderly patients at risk for ground level falls"
526:
Ataxia – vestibular ataxia results in loss of balance. Symptoms are exacerbated when the eyes are closed and the base of support is reduced.
1123:
Gade, Gustav
Valentin; Jørgensen, Martin Grønbech; Ryg, Jesper; Riis, Johannes; Thomsen, Katja; Masud, Tahir; Andersen, Stig (2021-05-04).
824:
3617:
Finlayson ML, Peterson EW, Cho CC (September 2006). "Risk factors for falling among people aged 45 to 90 years with multiple sclerosis".
1431:"Adherence and Attrition in Fall Prevention Exercise Programs for Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
514:(MS), with approximately 50% reporting a fall within the past six months. About 30% of those individuals report falling multiple times.
3909:
1691:"Executive Control Deficits as a Prodrome to Falls in Healthy Older Adults: A Prospective Study Linking Thinking, Walking, and Falling"
4186:"Perturbation-based balance training for falls reduction among older adults: Current evidence and implications for clinical practice"
488:
3747:
Cattaneo D, De Nuzzo C, Fascia T, Macalli M, Pisoni I, Cardini R (June 2002). "Risks of falls in subjects with multiple sclerosis".
3279:
562:
Gait deviations – Slower walking speed, reduced cadence, and step length, increased postural flexion, increased double support time
1538:
4132:
1907:
305:
is a list of medications that are potentially inappropriate for use in the elderly and some of them increase the risk of falls.
2366:"Pre-discharge home assessment visits in assisting patients' return to community living: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
571:
Visual impairment - Blurry vision, low vision, and loss of peripheral vision. Eyesight cannot be fixed or corrected by glasses.
4414:
4154:
2936:
2524:
1931:"Thinking While Moving or Moving While Thinking – Concepts of Motor-Cognitive Training for Cognitive Performance Enhancement"
2987:
Winter DA, Patla AE, Frank JS, Walt SE (June 1990). "Biomechanical walking pattern changes in the fit and healthy elderly".
794:
3447:
Yang YR, Chen YC, Lee CS, Cheng SJ, Wang RY (February 2007). "Dual-task-related gait changes in individuals with stroke".
2595:"Resistance training for activity limitations in older adults with skeletal muscle function deficits: a systematic review"
974:"Systematic review of accuracy of screening instruments for predicting fall risk among independently living older adults"
2554:
1577:
Hausdorff, Jeffrey M.; Doniger, Glen M.; Springer, Shmuel; Yogev, Galit; Simon, Ely S.; Giladi, Nir (December 2006).
3936:"Falls in young, middle-aged and older community dwelling adults: perceived cause, environmental factors and injury"
2823:"Evaluation of Clinical Practice Guidelines on Fall Prevention and Management for Older Adults: A Systematic Review"
3202:"Reliability and validity of an enhanced paper grip test; A simple clinical test for assessing lower limb strength"
2511:
239:
3258:
3022:
Elble RJ, Thomas SS, Higgins C, Colliver J (February 1991). "Stride-dependent changes in gait of older people".
2750:
2646:"What works in falls prevention in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
1803:
Springer, Shmuel; Giladi, Nir; Peretz, Chava; Yogev, Galit; Simon, Ely S.; Hausdorff, Jeffrey M. (2006-03-15).
274:
3861:
457:
movement, decreased cadence due to bradykinetic movements. Affected individuals also exhibit flat foot strike.
58:
19:
This article is about prevention of domestic falls in older adults. For fall protection in the workplace, see
3590:
Koller WC, Silver DE, Lieberman A (December 1994). "An algorithm for the management of
Parkinson's disease".
353:
326:
Studies have shown that adults over the age of 65 are more prone to falls than younger, healthy adults. Most
243:
89:
among older adults have more than doubled. The challenges are believed to be three-fold. First, insufficient
1330:"A Multifactorial Intervention to Reduce the Risk of Falling among Elderly People Living in the Community"
3985:
Lin JT, Lane JM (January 2008). "Nonpharmacologic management of osteoporosis to minimize fracture risk".
900:"Falls Among Assisted Living Residents: Results from the 2016 National Study of Long-Term Care Providers"
702:
and lavatories to help users bend down or over. For example, extra support for users when moving include
677:
on both sides, improving lighting, and adding colour contrast between steps. Improvement in lighting and
4484:
1863:
Moylan KC, Binder EF (June 2007). "Falls in older adults: risk assessment, management and prevention".
3201:
1746:
Holtzer, Roee; Friedman, Rachel; Lipton, Richard B.; Katz, Mindy; Xue, Xiaonan; Verghese, Joe (2007).
947:
192:
Falls and fall-related injuries are among the most common but serious medical problems experienced by
3825:
van Dijk PT, Meulenberg OG, van de Sande HJ, Habbema JD (April 1993). "Falls in dementia patients".
1689:
Herman, Talia; Mirelman, Anat; Giladi, Nir; Schweiger, Avraham; Hausdorff, Jeffrey M. (2010-05-19).
160:
Practitioners are aware that the most successful approach to fall prevention utilizes a multimodal,
3353:
Weerdesteyn V, de Niet M, van Duijnhoven HJ, Geurts AC (2008). "Falls in individuals with stroke".
3309:
Edith, Sullivan; Margaret, Rosenbloom; Anjali, Deshmukh; John, Desmond; Adolf, Pfefferbaum (1995).
804:
346:
Poor reaction time – Aging is associated with the gradual slowing of an individual's reaction time.
1498:
Mirelman A, Rochester L, Maidan I, Del Din S, Alcock L, Nieuwhof F, et al. (September 2016).
4474:
4439:
3535:"Incidence and prediction of falls in Parkinson's disease: a prospective multidisciplinary study"
3108:
Maki BE (March 1997). "Gait changes in older adults: predictors of falls or indicators of fear".
858:
480:
2773:"Cohort study of institutionalized elderly people: fall risk factors from the nursing diagnosis"
1125:"Predicting falls in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review of prognostic models"
496:
446:
343:
Reduced muscle strength, especially in the lower body, which leads to difficulties standing up.
62:
46:
2330:"Sourasky researchers explain how virtual reality helps prevent falls by Parkinson's patients"
1180:
Gillespie, LD; Gillespie, WJ; Robertson, MC; Lamb, SE; Cumming, RG; Rowe, BH (December 2003).
265:
Other preventative measures with positive effects include strength and balance training, home
3400:
3388:
2408:"International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines"
1013:
789:
657:
The home environment can present many hazards. Common places for injurious falls include the
327:
4074:
Turner S, Arthur G, Lyons RA, Weightman AL, Mann MK, Jones SJ, et al. (February 2011).
3901:
3420:
Tsur A, Segal Z (April 2010). "Falls in stroke patients: risk factors and risk management".
1805:"Dual-tasking effects on gait variability: The role of aging, falls, and executive function"
1377:
Cameron ID, Dyer SM, Panagoda CE, Murray GR, Hill KD, Cumming RG, Kerse N (September 2018).
834:
282:
154:
94:
66:
8:
4469:
2242:
in a Cohort of Faller Older Adults With an Increased Prevalence of Parkinson's Disease".
554:
Studies suggest that men are twice as likely to fall as women. Common causes of falls in
247:
85:
and fall prevention activities are pervasive among community living establishments, fall
2904:
2879:
4345:
4318:
4294:
4269:
4268:
Larsson L, Degens H, Li M, Salviati L, Lee YI, Thompson W, et al. (January 2019).
4210:
4185:
4100:
4075:
4056:
4010:
3962:
3935:
3807:
3729:
3680:
3653:
3572:
3559:
3534:
3510:
3483:
3327:
3310:
3232:
3182:
3133:
3121:
3090:
3047:
2965:
2855:
2838:
2822:
2797:
2772:
2721:
2672:
2645:
2644:
Hill KD, Suttanon P, Lin SI, Tsang WW, Ashari A, Hamid TA, et al. (January 2018).
2621:
2594:
2334:
2218:
2185:
2165:
2104:
2069:
2014:
1965:
1930:
1840:
1780:
1723:
1671:
1611:
1530:
1403:
1378:
1258:
1223:
1219:
1157:
1124:
1105:
932:
899:
819:
809:
784:
511:
484:
367:
169:
50:
38:
30:
3717:
3078:
2145:
1518:
1197:
602:
common injuries among younger patients occur in the hands, wrists, knees, and ankles.
4410:
4350:
4317:
Rasche P, Mertens A, Bröhl C, Theis S, Seinsch T, Wille M, et al. (8 May 2017).
4299:
4250:
4215:
4124:
4105:
4048:
4002:
3967:
3842:
3799:
3764:
3721:
3685:
3634:
3599:
3564:
3515:
3464:
3429:
3380:
3332:
3236:
3224:
3174:
3125:
3082:
3039:
3004:
2969:
2932:
2909:
2860:
2842:
2802:
2713:
2677:
2626:
2520:
2492:
2484:
2445:
2437:
2387:
2310:
2302:
2267:
2259:
2223:
2205:
2157:
2149:
2109:
2091:
2019:
1970:
1952:
1899:
1880:
1832:
1824:
1785:
1767:
1728:
1710:
1663:
1655:
1616:
1598:
1522:
1458:
1450:
1408:
1379:"Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals"
1359:
1351:
1310:
1302:
1263:
1245:
1201:
1162:
1144:
1097:
1089:
1070:"Tools for assessing fall risk in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1050:
1001:
993:
919:
880:
711:
464:
359:
356:
can help identify and remediate slippery floors that can cause preventable accidents.
298:
290:
213:
102:
74:
4060:
4014:
3811:
3733:
3576:
3169:
3152:
3137:
3094:
3051:
2725:
2169:
1844:
1675:
1534:
1282:
1109:
1033:
Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle PG, Rubenstein LZ (January 2007). "Will my patient fall?".
4479:
4340:
4330:
4289:
4281:
4242:
4205:
4197:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4040:
3994:
3957:
3947:
3834:
3791:
3756:
3713:
3675:
3665:
3626:
3554:
3546:
3505:
3495:
3460:
3456:
3370:
3362:
3322:
3220:
3216:
3186:
3164:
3117:
3074:
3031:
2996:
2961:
2899:
2891:
2850:
2834:
2792:
2784:
2705:
2667:
2657:
2616:
2606:
2476:
2427:
2419:
2377:
2294:
2251:
2213:
2197:
2141:
2129:
2099:
2081:
2009:
2001:
1989:
1960:
1942:
1872:
1816:
1775:
1759:
1718:
1702:
1647:
1636:"Parkinson's disease diagnosis is preceded by increased risk of falls, study finds"
1606:
1590:
1514:
1477:
1442:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1341:
1298:
1294:
1253:
1235:
1193:
1181:
1152:
1136:
1081:
1042:
985:
927:
911:
870:
814:
799:
779:
741:
129:
4431:
4246:
4044:
2480:
610:
2709:
1876:
915:
875:
829:
587:
334:
266:
225:
173:
161:
134:
20:
3392:
2788:
2464:
2298:
1747:
1346:
1329:
1140:
948:"Important Facts about Falls | Home and Recreational Safety | CDC Injury Center"
4285:
3630:
2190:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
1763:
1578:
1240:
530:
302:
270:
259:
255:
86:
4335:
3838:
3795:
3366:
2895:
2662:
2423:
1594:
1085:
989:
593:
sensation of falling that can lead to serious and potentially fatal injuries.
4463:
4052:
2846:
2488:
2441:
2306:
2263:
2209:
2201:
2153:
2095:
1956:
1947:
1828:
1771:
1714:
1659:
1602:
1562:
Raichlen DA, Alexander GE (1 January 2020). "Why Your Brain Needs Exercise".
1454:
1355:
1306:
1249:
1205:
1148:
1093:
997:
923:
715:
703:
649:
615:
121:
3760:
2407:
2255:
2086:
1706:
1478:"2019 Survey Results: Outpatient PT & OT Clinicians & Clinic Owners"
1430:
1069:
973:
4354:
4303:
4254:
4219:
4109:
4006:
3971:
3952:
3803:
3768:
3725:
3689:
3638:
3568:
3519:
3468:
3433:
3384:
3336:
3228:
3178:
3086:
3000:
2913:
2864:
2806:
2717:
2681:
2630:
2496:
2449:
2391:
2314:
2271:
2227:
2161:
2113:
2023:
1974:
1884:
1836:
1789:
1732:
1690:
1667:
1620:
1526:
1462:
1446:
1412:
1314:
1267:
1166:
1101:
1054:
1005:
884:
418:
294:
201:
197:
4447:
3846:
3670:
3603:
3550:
3500:
3153:"The impact of mobility limitations on health outcomes among older adults"
3129:
3043:
3008:
2973:
2382:
2365:
1929:
Herold, Fabian; Hamacher, Dennis; Schega, Lutz; Müller, Notger G. (2018).
1748:"The relationship between specific cognitive functions and falls in aging"
1363:
1046:
972:
Gates, Simon; Smith, Lesley A.; Fisher, Joanne D.; Lamb, Sarah E. (2008).
113:
and therefore mostly fail to differentiate between adults that are at low
4434:
4371:[The Parks for the Elderly: Analysis and intervention proposals]
3998:
2819:
454:
423:
409:
205:
2611:
2432:
1429:
Osho, Oluwaseyi; Owoeye, Oluwatoyosi; Armijo-Olivo, Susan (2018-04-01).
3782:
Krupp LB, Christodoulou C (May 2001). "Fatigue in multiple sclerosis".
3199:
3035:
2186:"Falls Risk in Relation to Activity Exposure in High-Risk Older Adults"
2005:
1988:
Chung, Seok Jong; Lee, Jae Jung; Lee, Phil Hyu; Sohn, Young H. (2020).
1804:
1228:
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
727:
474:
431:
378:
278:
228:
181:
142:
78:
4201:
3375:
3352:
1897:
1820:
1635:
164:
training approach that could be introduced to all adults over 65. The
3824:
3250:
1651:
678:
521:
349:
232:
70:
42:
4076:"Modification of the home environment for the reduction of injuries"
3064:
2951:
622:
699:
691:
674:
666:
662:
642:
555:
453:
Gait deviations – Decreased gait velocity and stride length due to
235:
138:
90:
4232:
4155:"Prevent Accidents in the Bathroom with These Toilet Safety Rails"
2880:"Preventing falls in older people: the story of a Cochrane review"
2284:
2240:
29:
includes any action taken to help reduce the number of accidental
4407:
Falls in Older People: Risk Factors and Strategies for Prevention
658:
538:
Vision – blurred vision, double vision, loss of peripheral vision
363:
193:
165:
125:
34:
2742:
2067:
630:
4369:"Los Parques de Mayores: Análisis y propuestas de intervención"
1283:"Why Multifactorial Fall-Prevention Interventions May Not Work"
1218:
1179:
707:
397:
54:
3702:
3348:
3346:
3282:[Falls in the elderly: risks, causes and prevention].
2126:
1497:
545:
Neurological medications – causes fatigue, weakness, dizziness
4184:
Gerards MH, McCrum C, Mansfield A, Meijer K (December 2017).
3746:
3484:"Recurrent falls in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review"
3151:
Musich S, Wang SS, Ruiz J, Hawkins K, Wicker E (March 2018).
1688:
1576:
670:
209:
177:
106:
4375:(in Spanish). Seville, Spain: Universidad Pablo de Olavide.
4270:"Sarcopenia: Aging-Related Loss of Muscle Mass and Function"
4183:
2404:
698:
There are special handles and closed handgrips available in
3343:
2926:
1990:"Emerging Concepts of Motor Reserve in Parkinson's Disease"
1555:
673:
to slippery surfaces. Stairs can be improved by installing
638:
251:
146:
145:
adjustment, and environmental modification only lower fall
114:
110:
98:
4073:
3934:
Talbot LA, Musiol RJ, Witham EK, Metter EJ (August 2005).
3302:
3021:
2039:"Virtual reality treadmills help prevent falls in elderly"
1928:
857:
Finnegan, Susanne; Seers, Kate; Bruce, Julie (June 2019).
3532:
3280:"Caídas en personas mayores: riesgo, causas y prevención"
2513:
Otago Exercise Programme to prevent falls in older adults
2182:
1802:
1745:
1376:
1032:
4405:
Lord SR, Sherrington C, Menz HB, Close JC (March 2007).
4404:
3933:
3533:
Wood BH, Bilclough JA, Bowron A, Walker RW (June 2002).
4316:
4267:
3308:
1327:
510:
There is a high prevalence of falls among persons with
2737:
2735:
1428:
1182:"Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people"
897:
168:
basis of this approach is an understanding of how the
4455:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
4125:"Exciting Advancements in Fall Prevention Technology"
3589:
3481:
3150:
2363:
120:
Second, current fall prevention interventions in the
4030:
3929:
3927:
3616:
2986:
2694:
2643:
1122:
971:
734:
16:
Interventions to prevent injury in domestic settings
3482:Allen NE, Schwarzel AK, Canning CG (5 March 2013).
2732:
2359:
2357:
1491:
3781:
3539:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
3355:Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development
1370:
978:Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development
856:
852:
850:
4067:
4033:Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics
3924:
2509:
2364:Lockwood KJ, Taylor NF, Harding KE (April 2015).
1561:
721:
33:suffered by susceptible individuals, such as the
4461:
3749:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
3619:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
3446:
2927:Yoshikawa TT, Cobbs EL, Brummel-Smith K (1993).
2770:
2555:"Upgraded SNF restorative program reduces falls"
2354:
2327:
690:Important improvements to prevent falls include
373:Visual, sensory, motor, and cognitive impairment
200:, mobility, and reflexes, falls often result in
137:interventions, which include extensive physical
3978:
1987:
847:
825:Home automation for elderly and disabled people
581:
219:
4026:
4024:
2592:
124:are limited between short-term individualized
4451:US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4443:US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1858:
1856:
1854:
898:Harris-Kojetin, L; Sengupta, M (2018-11-11).
605:
269:, the withdrawal of psychotropic medication,
3651:
3405:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
2878:Gillespie L (February 2013). Tovey D (ed.).
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
1898:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
1862:
1018:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
596:
535:Improper or reduced use of assistive devices
4235:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
4080:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4021:
2884:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2462:
1383:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
764:
4190:Geriatrics & Gerontology International
3784:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
3110:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
2771:dos Reis KM, de Jesus CA (December 2015).
2743:"State of Safety: A State-by-State Report"
2593:Papa EV, Dong X, Hassan M (13 June 2017).
2412:The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging
1851:
69:(lower limb or spinal column fractures or
4344:
4334:
4293:
4209:
4099:
3961:
3951:
3679:
3669:
3654:"Gait variability and multiple sclerosis"
3558:
3509:
3499:
3419:
3374:
3326:
3168:
2903:
2877:
2854:
2796:
2671:
2661:
2637:
2620:
2610:
2577:
2431:
2381:
2217:
2103:
2085:
2013:
1964:
1946:
1779:
1722:
1610:
1402:
1345:
1257:
1239:
1156:
931:
874:
669:in the bathroom, and installing non-slip
489:postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
4122:
2510:Campbell AJ, Robertson MC (March 2003).
2287:Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders
2036:
1074:Aging Clinical and Experimental Research
648:
637:
629:
621:
609:
316:
3984:
1280:
1026:
4462:
3987:Nature Clinical Practice. Rheumatology
3899:
3422:The Israel Medical Association Journal
2777:Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
2469:Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
2328:Siegel-Itzkovich J (31 October 2017).
1435:Journal of Aging and Physical Activity
440:
4135:from the original on 26 November 2020
3912:from the original on 30 November 2020
3902:"Fear of Falling Phobia - Basiphobia"
3862:"Falls in older people with dementia"
3257:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2342:from the original on 27 December 2020
2244:The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
1695:The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
1633:
1424:
1422:
618:catering for mainly seated passengers
505:
81:, soft tissue injuries) indications.
4165:from the original on 27 January 2021
3859:
3290:from the original on 24 October 2020
3107:
2049:from the original on 29 October 2018
1067:
795:Fall Prevention Center of Excellence
685:
65:, incomplete spinal cord injury) or
2565:from the original on 13 August 2020
2519:. Otago Medical School. p. 3.
13:
4397:
3122:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb00946.x
2966:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116681
2839:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.38911
2370:Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
1419:
756:
238:. Initially conceptualized by the
14:
4496:
4425:
3718:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2017.04.001
3315:Alcohol Health and Research World
1910:from the original on 6 March 2018
1475:
747:
735:Occupational and physical therapy
4448:Fall Prevention in the Workplace
4440:Fall prevention for older adults
3658:Multiple Sclerosis International
2954:American Journal of Epidemiology
1865:The American Journal of Medicine
710:, and support frames, such as a
626:A staircase with metal handrails
614:Grab rails on a longer-distance
240:Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center
187:
4382:from the original on 2021-07-14
4361:
4310:
4261:
4226:
4177:
4147:
4116:
3893:
3882:from the original on 2020-12-05
3853:
3818:
3775:
3740:
3696:
3645:
3610:
3583:
3526:
3475:
3440:
3413:
3272:
3261:from the original on 2021-01-09
3243:
3193:
3170:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2017.08.002
3144:
3101:
3058:
3015:
2980:
2945:
2920:
2871:
2813:
2764:
2753:from the original on 2021-06-04
2688:
2599:Clinical Interventions in Aging
2547:
2536:from the original on 2021-01-20
2503:
2456:
2398:
2321:
2278:
2234:
2176:
2120:
2061:
2030:
1981:
1935:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
1922:
1891:
1796:
1739:
1682:
1627:
1570:
1469:
1334:New England Journal of Medicine
1321:
1281:Mahoney, Jane E. (2010-07-12).
1274:
1068:Park, Seong-Hi (January 2018).
321:
254:of 15 sessions across multiple
4409:. Cambridge University Press.
4092:10.1002/14651858.CD003600.pub3
3461:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.03.007
3221:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.07.011
1395:10.1002/14651858.CD005465.pub4
1299:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.193
1212:
1173:
1116:
1061:
965:
940:
891:
722:Eyeglasses selection and usage
275:carotid sinus hypersensitivity
1:
4247:10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.06.004
4045:10.1080/02703181.2018.1520380
3900:Olesen J (10 February 2014).
3652:Socie MJ, Sosnoff JJ (2013).
3286:(in Spanish). 16 March 2016.
3079:10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70678-0
2698:Archives of Internal Medicine
2481:10.1016/j.archger.2024.105470
2146:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31325-3
2037:Rapaport L (18 August 2016).
1994:Journal of Movement Disorders
1519:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31325-3
1287:Archives of Internal Medicine
1198:10.1016/s0031-9406(05)60487-7
840:
718:can also be useful supports.
479:Autonomic system disorders –
354:floor slip resistance testing
4123:McKinney R (26 March 2020).
3311:"Alcohol and the cerebellum"
2710:10.1001/archinte.163.22.2716
1877:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.07.022
876:10.1016/j.physio.2018.09.002
582:Fear of falling (basophobia)
384:Acute and chronic infections
220:Strategies and interventions
7:
2789:10.1590/0104-1169.0285.2658
2299:10.1016/j.msard.2015.11.002
1634:Mayor, Susan (2016-02-04).
1583:Experimental Aging Research
1347:10.1056/NEJM199409293311301
1141:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044170
773:
714:. Flexible handles such as
549:
396:Individuals who have had a
10:
4501:
4286:10.1152/physrev.00061.2017
3631:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.06.002
1764:10.1037/0894-4105.21.5.540
1241:10.1186/s12966-020-01041-3
916:10.1093/geroni/igy023.2833
606:Environmental modification
585:
117:and high risk of falling.
93:exists that any fall risk
18:
4336:10.1186/s13037-017-0130-4
4323:Patient Safety in Surgery
3796:10.1007/s11910-001-0033-7
3367:10.1682/JRRD.2007.09.0145
2929:Ambulatory Geriatric Care
2896:10.1002/14651858.ED000053
2663:10.1186/s12877-017-0683-1
2424:10.1007/s12603-021-1665-8
1900:"Non-fatal injury report"
1595:10.1080/03610730600875817
1086:10.1007/s40520-017-0749-0
990:10.1682/JRRD.2008.04.0057
597:Healthy young individuals
568:Lack of physical exercise
391:
3625:(9): 1274–9, quiz 1287.
1948:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00228
805:Lighting for the elderly
765:Exercises for prevention
301:and a history of falls.
244:Michael J Fox Foundation
128:provided by a high-cost
105:abnormalities, existing
3839:10.1093/geront/33.2.200
3761:10.1053/apmr.2002.32825
3369:(inactive 2024-07-06).
2747:National Safety Council
2087:10.1186/1471-2377-13-15
992:(inactive 2024-07-06).
481:orthostatic hypotension
428:Communication disorders
370:, unsteadiness, ataxias
153:The final challenge is
3953:10.1186/1471-2458-5-86
3598:(12 Suppl 10): S1-52.
2202:10.1093/gerona/glaa007
1447:10.1123/japa.2016-0326
1220:Sherrington, Catherine
654:
646:
635:
627:
619:
497:Cardiovascular disease
242:with funding from the
180:, especially in aging
63:traumatic brain injury
4274:Physiological Reviews
3706:Clinical Biomechanics
3551:10.1136/jnnp.72.6.721
3067:The Lancet. Neurology
2559:I Advance Senior Care
2383:10.2340/16501977-1942
2256:10.1093/gerona/glz072
1707:10.1093/gerona/glq077
1047:10.1001/jama.297.1.77
790:Falls in older adults
652:
645:mounted in a bathroom
641:
634:Front-wheeled walker.
633:
625:
613:
415:Side effects of drugs
328:falls in older adults
317:Risk factors of falls
204:and other fractures,
3999:10.1038/ncprheum0702
3024:Journal of Neurology
3001:10.1093/ptj/70.6.340
2140:(10050): 1170–1182.
835:Assistive technology
470:Postural instability
436:Visuospatial agnosia
283:Assistive technology
4161:. 4 December 2018.
3671:10.1155/2013/645197
3501:10.1155/2013/906274
3488:Parkinson's Disease
2612:10.2147/CIA.S104674
1564:Scientific American
1476:R, Salazar (2019).
904:Innovation in Aging
653:Forearm crutch/cane
483:, neurocardiogenic
447:Parkinson's disease
441:Parkinson's disease
248:European Commission
214:Accidental injuries
3449:Gait & Posture
3209:Gait & Posture
3036:10.1007/BF00319700
2335:The Jerusalem Post
2006:10.14802/jmd.20029
1809:Movement Disorders
1513:(10050): 1170–82.
820:Home modifications
810:Safety engineering
785:Falling (accident)
655:
647:
636:
628:
620:
512:multiple sclerosis
506:Multiple sclerosis
297:problems, loss of
170:dual-task paradigm
130:physical therapist
51:Multiple sclerosis
41:) and people with
4485:Deaths from falls
4416:978-0-521-68099-8
4202:10.1111/ggi.13082
4196:(12): 2294–2303.
3940:BMC Public Health
3827:The Gerontologist
3157:Geriatric Nursing
2938:978-0-8016-6543-1
2827:JAMA Network Open
2526:978-0-478-25194-4
1906:. US Government.
1821:10.1002/mds.20848
1701:(10): 1086–1092.
1293:(13): 1117–1119.
686:Safety technology
542:result in a fall.
445:Most people with
360:Balance disorders
212:in older adults.
75:joint replacement
4492:
4420:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4381:
4374:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4348:
4338:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4297:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4159:AgingInPlace.org
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4103:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4039:(2–3): 201–220.
4028:
4019:
4018:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3955:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3881:
3866:
3860:Shaw FE (2003).
3857:
3851:
3850:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3673:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3562:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3503:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3396:
3378:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3206:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3172:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2989:Physical Therapy
2984:
2978:
2977:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2833:(12): e2138911.
2817:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2590:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2561:. 28 July 2015.
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2518:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2435:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2196:(6): 1198–1205.
2180:
2174:
2173:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2089:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2017:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1950:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1904:WISQARS database
1895:
1889:
1888:
1860:
1849:
1848:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1652:10.1136/bmj.i695
1631:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1537:. Archived from
1504:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1349:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1243:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1009:
984:(8): 1105–1116.
969:
963:
962:
960:
959:
944:
938:
937:
935:
910:(Suppl 1): 766.
895:
889:
888:
878:
854:
815:Safety equipment
800:Light ergonomics
780:Morse Fall Scale
742:physical therapy
73:, post-surgery,
4500:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4460:
4459:
4432:Fall prevention
4428:
4423:
4417:
4400:
4398:Further reading
4395:
4394:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4315:
4311:
4266:
4262:
4231:
4227:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4121:
4117:
4086:(2): CD003600.
4072:
4068:
4029:
4022:
3983:
3979:
3932:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3898:
3894:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3864:
3858:
3854:
3823:
3819:
3780:
3776:
3745:
3741:
3701:
3697:
3650:
3646:
3615:
3611:
3588:
3584:
3531:
3527:
3480:
3476:
3445:
3441:
3418:
3414:
3398:
3397:
3361:(8): 1195–213.
3351:
3344:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3264:
3262:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3149:
3145:
3106:
3102:
3063:
3059:
3020:
3016:
2985:
2981:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2925:
2921:
2890:(2): ED000053.
2876:
2872:
2818:
2814:
2769:
2765:
2756:
2754:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2704:(22): 2716–24.
2693:
2689:
2642:
2638:
2591:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2461:
2457:
2403:
2399:
2362:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2326:
2322:
2283:
2279:
2239:
2235:
2181:
2177:
2125:
2121:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2035:
2031:
1986:
1982:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1896:
1892:
1871:(6): 493.e1–6.
1861:
1852:
1801:
1797:
1752:Neuropsychology
1744:
1740:
1687:
1683:
1632:
1628:
1575:
1571:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1427:
1420:
1389:(9): CD005465.
1375:
1371:
1340:(13): 821–827.
1326:
1322:
1279:
1275:
1217:
1213:
1192:(12): 692–693.
1178:
1174:
1121:
1117:
1066:
1062:
1031:
1027:
1011:
1010:
970:
966:
957:
955:
946:
945:
941:
896:
892:
855:
848:
843:
830:Assisted living
776:
767:
759:
757:Stroke recovery
750:
737:
724:
688:
608:
599:
590:
588:Fear of falling
584:
552:
508:
443:
394:
335:Gait deviations
324:
319:
273:for those with
267:risk assessment
256:clinical trials
226:virtual reality
222:
190:
174:neuroplasticity
162:motor-cognitive
27:Fall prevention
24:
21:Fall protection
17:
12:
11:
5:
4498:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4475:Patient safety
4472:
4458:
4457:
4445:
4437:
4427:
4426:External links
4424:
4422:
4421:
4415:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4360:
4309:
4280:(1): 427–511.
4260:
4225:
4176:
4146:
4115:
4066:
4020:
3977:
3923:
3892:
3852:
3817:
3774:
3739:
3695:
3644:
3609:
3582:
3525:
3474:
3439:
3412:
3342:
3321:(2): 138–141.
3301:
3271:
3242:
3192:
3163:(2): 162–169.
3143:
3100:
3057:
3014:
2979:
2944:
2937:
2919:
2870:
2821:(2021-12-01).
2812:
2763:
2731:
2687:
2650:BMC Geriatrics
2636:
2576:
2546:
2525:
2502:
2455:
2418:(7): 824–853.
2397:
2353:
2320:
2277:
2250:(4): 722–728.
2233:
2175:
2119:
2060:
2029:
2000:(3): 171–184.
1980:
1921:
1890:
1850:
1815:(7): 950–957.
1795:
1758:(5): 540–548.
1738:
1681:
1626:
1589:(4): 411–429.
1569:
1554:
1490:
1468:
1441:(2): 304–326.
1418:
1369:
1320:
1273:
1211:
1172:
1135:(5): e044170.
1115:
1060:
1025:
964:
939:
890:
869:(2): 187–199.
845:
844:
842:
839:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
775:
772:
766:
763:
758:
755:
749:
746:
736:
733:
723:
720:
716:hanging straps
704:walking sticks
687:
684:
616:commuter train
607:
604:
598:
595:
586:Main article:
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
551:
548:
547:
546:
543:
539:
536:
533:
531:proprioception
527:
524:
519:
507:
504:
503:
502:
499:
494:
491:
477:
471:
468:
461:
458:
442:
439:
438:
437:
434:
429:
426:
421:
416:
413:
406:
393:
390:
389:
388:
385:
382:
374:
371:
357:
347:
344:
341:
338:
323:
320:
318:
315:
303:Beers Criteria
271:cardiac pacing
260:functional MRI
221:
218:
189:
186:
135:multifactorial
109:show a strong
59:Guillain-Barre
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4497:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4378:
4370:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4241:(2): 188–96.
4240:
4236:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4025:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3928:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3455:(2): 185–90.
3454:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3408:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3289:
3285:
3284:Geriatricarea
3281:
3275:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3116:(3): 313–20.
3115:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2960:(3): 342–54.
2959:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2783:(6): 1130–8.
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2376:(4): 289–99.
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:BMC Neurology
2071:
2064:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1558:
1544:on 2021-07-14
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:Physiotherapy
1183:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
953:
949:
943:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
886:
882:
877:
872:
868:
864:
863:Physiotherapy
860:
853:
851:
846:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
771:
762:
754:
745:
743:
732:
729:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
693:
683:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
651:
644:
640:
632:
624:
617:
612:
603:
594:
589:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
560:
559:
557:
544:
540:
537:
534:
532:
528:
525:
523:
520:
517:
516:
515:
513:
500:
498:
495:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
476:
472:
469:
466:
463:Freezing and
462:
459:
456:
452:
451:
450:
448:
435:
433:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
414:
411:
407:
403:
402:
401:
399:
386:
383:
380:
375:
372:
369:
365:
361:
358:
355:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
332:
331:
329:
314:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:
230:
227:
217:
215:
211:
207:
206:head injuries
203:
202:hip fractures
199:
195:
188:Cost of falls
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
123:
122:United States
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
80:
77:, lower limb
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
4406:
4384:. Retrieved
4363:
4326:
4322:
4312:
4277:
4273:
4263:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4167:. Retrieved
4158:
4149:
4137:. Retrieved
4128:
4118:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4036:
4032:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3943:
3939:
3914:. Retrieved
3905:
3895:
3884:. Retrieved
3875:(7): 37–40.
3872:
3868:
3855:
3833:(2): 200–4.
3830:
3826:
3820:
3790:(3): 294–8.
3787:
3783:
3777:
3755:(6): 864–7.
3752:
3748:
3742:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3545:(6): 721–5.
3542:
3538:
3528:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3428:(4): 216–9.
3425:
3421:
3415:
3401:cite journal
3358:
3354:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3292:. Retrieved
3283:
3274:
3263:. Retrieved
3255:Medline Plus
3254:
3245:
3212:
3208:
3195:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3073:(1): 63–74.
3070:
3066:
3060:
3027:
3023:
3017:
2995:(6): 340–7.
2992:
2988:
2982:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2928:
2922:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2830:
2826:
2815:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2755:. Retrieved
2746:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2602:
2598:
2567:. Retrieved
2558:
2549:
2538:. Retrieved
2512:
2505:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2433:11343/289542
2415:
2411:
2400:
2373:
2369:
2344:. Retrieved
2333:
2323:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2193:
2189:
2178:
2137:
2133:
2122:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2042:
2032:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1903:
1893:
1868:
1864:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1563:
1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1539:the original
1510:
1506:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1471:
1438:
1434:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1231:
1227:
1214:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1041:(1): 77–86.
1038:
1034:
1028:
1014:cite journal
981:
977:
967:
956:. Retrieved
954:. 2019-02-01
951:
942:
907:
903:
893:
866:
862:
768:
760:
751:
748:Older adults
738:
725:
697:
689:
656:
600:
591:
553:
509:
473:Intensified
460:Sudden falls
444:
419:Hypoglycemia
412:and weakness
395:
330:are due to:
325:
322:Older adults
311:
307:
288:
264:
223:
198:osteoporosis
194:older adults
191:
159:
152:
119:
83:
43:neurological
26:
25:
4435:NHS Choices
3993:(1): 20–5.
3869:Great Aging
3215:: 120–125.
2605:: 955–961.
2569:27 December
1080:(1): 1–16.
952:www.cdc.gov
465:festination
455:hypokinetic
424:Hypotension
410:muscle tone
387:Dehydration
182:populations
87:death rates
57:survivors,
47:Parkinson's
4470:Geriatrics
4464:Categories
4386:2020-12-03
4169:3 December
4139:3 December
3916:3 December
3906:FEAROF.NET
3886:2020-12-27
3664:: 645197.
3494:: 906274.
3376:2066/70270
3294:3 December
3265:2020-12-27
3030:(1): 1–5.
2757:2020-12-27
2540:2020-12-27
2475:: 105470.
2134:The Lancet
1914:2 December
1548:2021-07-14
1234:(1): 144.
958:2021-12-02
841:References
728:spectacles
475:dyskinesia
432:Hemianopia
379:cerebellum
279:sarcopenia
229:simulation
166:scientific
143:medication
79:amputation
67:orthopedic
39:idiopathic
4053:0270-3181
3946:(1): 86.
3592:Neurology
3393:215286948
3237:220773361
2931:. Mosby.
2847:2574-3805
2489:0167-4943
2442:1279-7707
2346:6 January
2307:2211-0348
2293:: 91–96.
2264:1079-5006
2210:1758-535X
2154:0140-6736
2096:1471-2377
2080:(1): 15.
2053:6 January
1957:1663-4365
1829:0885-3185
1772:1931-1559
1715:1758-535X
1660:1756-1833
1603:0361-073X
1455:1543-267X
1356:0028-4793
1307:0003-9926
1250:1479-5868
1206:0031-9406
1149:2044-6055
1094:1720-8319
998:1938-1352
924:2399-5300
700:bathrooms
695:avoided.
692:handrails
679:luminance
675:handrails
667:grab bars
558:include:
522:Foot drop
350:Accidents
233:treadmill
155:adherence
95:screening
71:arthritis
4377:Archived
4355:28503199
4304:30427277
4255:17761436
4220:28621015
4163:Archived
4133:Archived
4129:Safesite
4110:21328262
4061:81971080
4015:24451002
4007:18172445
3972:16109159
3910:Archived
3877:Archived
3812:28222172
3804:11898532
3769:12048669
3734:24378620
3726:28390935
3690:23533759
3639:16935067
3577:18378056
3569:12023412
3520:23533953
3469:16650766
3434:20803880
3389:ProQuest
3385:19235120
3337:31798074
3288:Archived
3259:Archived
3229:32711330
3179:28866316
3138:31970427
3095:31984607
3087:17166803
3052:20197857
2914:23543586
2905:10846353
2865:34910151
2807:26626005
2751:Archived
2749:. 2021.
2726:21193386
2718:14662625
2682:29304749
2656:(1): 3.
2631:28670114
2563:Archived
2531:Archived
2497:38718487
2450:34409961
2392:25782842
2340:Archived
2315:26856951
2272:30874799
2228:31942969
2170:15303981
2162:27524393
2114:23388087
2047:Archived
2024:32854486
1975:30127732
1908:Archived
1885:17524747
1845:34812135
1837:16541455
1790:17784802
1733:20484336
1676:40522797
1668:26849893
1646:: i695.
1621:16982571
1535:15303981
1527:27524393
1463:28771111
1413:30191554
1315:20625016
1268:33239019
1167:33947733
1129:BMJ Open
1110:24579938
1102:28374345
1055:17200478
1006:19235113
885:30846193
774:See also
726:Bifocal
708:crutches
643:Grab bar
556:dementia
550:Dementia
529:Reduced
467:episodes
408:Reduced
246:and the
236:training
172:induces
139:exercise
91:evidence
4480:Falling
4346:5422970
4295:6442923
4211:5763315
4101:7003565
3963:1208908
3847:8468012
3712:: 1–8.
3681:3603667
3604:7854513
3560:1737913
3511:3606768
3328:6875723
3251:"Falls"
3187:3981042
3130:9063277
3044:2030366
3009:2345777
2974:8452142
2856:8674747
2798:4664014
2673:5756346
2622:5479297
2219:7243591
2105:3602099
2043:Reuters
2015:7502292
1966:6089337
1941:: 228.
1781:3476056
1724:2949331
1612:1868891
1483:June 2,
1404:6148705
1364:8078528
1259:7689963
1158:8098967
933:6228283
659:bathtub
574:Fatigue
485:syncope
368:syncope
364:vertigo
291:balance
231:during
176:in the
126:therapy
103:balance
35:elderly
4413:
4353:
4343:
4329:: 14.
4302:
4292:
4253:
4218:
4208:
4108:
4098:
4059:
4051:
4013:
4005:
3970:
3960:
3845:
3810:
3802:
3767:
3732:
3724:
3688:
3678:
3637:
3602:
3575:
3567:
3557:
3518:
3508:
3467:
3432:
3391:
3383:
3335:
3325:
3235:
3227:
3185:
3177:
3136:
3128:
3093:
3085:
3050:
3042:
3007:
2972:
2935:
2912:
2902:
2863:
2853:
2845:
2805:
2795:
2724:
2716:
2680:
2670:
2629:
2619:
2523:
2495:
2487:
2448:
2440:
2390:
2313:
2305:
2270:
2262:
2226:
2216:
2208:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2112:
2102:
2094:
2022:
2012:
1973:
1963:
1955:
1883:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1788:
1778:
1770:
1731:
1721:
1713:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1619:
1609:
1601:
1533:
1525:
1507:Lancet
1461:
1453:
1411:
1401:
1362:
1354:
1313:
1305:
1266:
1256:
1248:
1204:
1165:
1155:
1147:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1053:
1004:
996:
930:
922:
883:
712:walker
671:decals
663:stairs
398:stroke
392:Stroke
299:vision
208:, and
107:models
101:, and
55:stroke
4380:(PDF)
4373:(PDF)
4057:S2CID
4011:S2CID
3880:(PDF)
3865:(PDF)
3808:S2CID
3730:S2CID
3573:S2CID
3233:S2CID
3205:(PDF)
3183:S2CID
3134:S2CID
3091:S2CID
3048:S2CID
2722:S2CID
2534:(PDF)
2517:(PDF)
2166:S2CID
1841:S2CID
1672:S2CID
1542:(PDF)
1531:S2CID
1503:(PDF)
1106:S2CID
501:Drugs
252:weeks
210:death
178:brain
31:falls
4411:ISBN
4351:PMID
4300:PMID
4251:PMID
4216:PMID
4171:2020
4141:2020
4106:PMID
4084:2011
4049:ISSN
4003:PMID
3968:PMID
3918:2020
3843:PMID
3800:PMID
3765:PMID
3722:PMID
3686:PMID
3662:2013
3635:PMID
3600:PMID
3565:PMID
3516:PMID
3492:2013
3465:PMID
3430:PMID
3407:link
3381:PMID
3333:PMID
3296:2020
3225:PMID
3175:PMID
3126:PMID
3083:PMID
3040:PMID
3005:PMID
2970:PMID
2933:ISBN
2910:PMID
2888:2013
2861:PMID
2843:ISSN
2803:PMID
2714:PMID
2678:PMID
2627:PMID
2571:2020
2521:ISBN
2493:PMID
2485:ISSN
2446:PMID
2438:ISSN
2388:PMID
2348:2021
2311:PMID
2303:ISSN
2268:PMID
2260:ISSN
2224:PMID
2206:ISSN
2158:PMID
2150:ISSN
2110:PMID
2092:ISSN
2055:2021
2020:PMID
1971:PMID
1953:ISSN
1916:2017
1881:PMID
1833:PMID
1825:ISSN
1786:PMID
1768:ISSN
1729:PMID
1711:ISSN
1664:PMID
1656:ISSN
1617:PMID
1599:ISSN
1523:PMID
1485:2020
1459:PMID
1451:ISSN
1409:PMID
1360:PMID
1352:ISSN
1311:PMID
1303:ISSN
1264:PMID
1246:ISSN
1202:ISSN
1163:PMID
1145:ISSN
1098:PMID
1090:ISSN
1051:PMID
1035:JAMA
1020:link
1002:PMID
994:ISSN
920:ISSN
881:PMID
661:and
295:gait
293:and
147:risk
115:risk
111:bias
99:gait
4341:PMC
4331:doi
4290:PMC
4282:doi
4243:doi
4206:PMC
4198:doi
4096:PMC
4088:doi
4041:doi
3995:doi
3958:PMC
3948:doi
3835:doi
3792:doi
3757:doi
3714:doi
3676:PMC
3666:doi
3627:doi
3555:PMC
3547:doi
3506:PMC
3496:doi
3457:doi
3371:hdl
3363:doi
3323:PMC
3217:doi
3165:doi
3118:doi
3075:doi
3032:doi
3028:238
2997:doi
2962:doi
2958:137
2900:PMC
2892:doi
2851:PMC
2835:doi
2793:PMC
2785:doi
2706:doi
2702:163
2668:PMC
2658:doi
2617:PMC
2607:doi
2477:doi
2473:124
2428:hdl
2420:doi
2378:doi
2295:doi
2252:doi
2214:PMC
2198:doi
2142:doi
2138:388
2100:PMC
2082:doi
2010:PMC
2002:doi
1961:PMC
1943:doi
1873:doi
1869:120
1817:doi
1776:PMC
1760:doi
1719:PMC
1703:doi
1699:65A
1648:doi
1644:352
1640:BMJ
1607:PMC
1591:doi
1515:doi
1511:388
1443:doi
1399:PMC
1391:doi
1342:doi
1338:331
1295:doi
1291:170
1254:PMC
1236:doi
1194:doi
1153:PMC
1137:doi
1082:doi
1043:doi
1039:297
986:doi
928:PMC
912:doi
871:doi
867:105
4466::
4453:,
4349:.
4339:.
4327:11
4325:.
4321:.
4298:.
4288:.
4278:99
4276:.
4272:.
4249:.
4239:18
4237:.
4214:.
4204:.
4194:17
4192:.
4188:.
4157:.
4131:.
4127:.
4104:.
4094:.
4082:.
4078:.
4055:.
4047:.
4037:36
4035:.
4023:^
4009:.
4001:.
3989:.
3966:.
3956:.
3942:.
3938:.
3926:^
3908:.
3904:.
3871:.
3867:.
3841:.
3831:33
3829:.
3806:.
3798:.
3786:.
3763:.
3753:83
3751:.
3728:.
3720:.
3710:45
3708:.
3684:.
3674:.
3660:.
3656:.
3633:.
3623:87
3621:.
3596:44
3594:.
3571:.
3563:.
3553:.
3543:72
3541:.
3537:.
3514:.
3504:.
3490:.
3486:.
3463:.
3453:25
3451:.
3426:12
3424:.
3403:}}
3399:{{
3387:.
3379:.
3359:45
3357:.
3345:^
3331:.
3319:19
3317:.
3313:.
3253:.
3231:.
3223:.
3213:81
3211:.
3207:.
3181:.
3173:.
3161:39
3159:.
3155:.
3132:.
3124:.
3114:45
3112:.
3089:.
3081:.
3069:.
3046:.
3038:.
3026:.
3003:.
2993:70
2991:.
2968:.
2956:.
2908:.
2898:.
2886:.
2882:.
2859:.
2849:.
2841:.
2829:.
2825:.
2801:.
2791:.
2781:23
2779:.
2775:.
2745:.
2734:^
2720:.
2712:.
2700:.
2676:.
2666:.
2654:18
2652:.
2648:.
2625:.
2615:.
2603:12
2601:.
2597:.
2579:^
2557:.
2529:.
2491:.
2483:.
2471:.
2467:.
2444:.
2436:.
2426:.
2416:25
2414:.
2410:.
2386:.
2374:47
2372:.
2368:.
2356:^
2338:.
2332:.
2309:.
2301:.
2289:.
2266:.
2258:.
2248:75
2246:.
2222:.
2212:.
2204:.
2194:75
2192:.
2188:.
2164:.
2156:.
2148:.
2136:.
2132:.
2108:.
2098:.
2090:.
2078:13
2076:.
2072:.
2045:.
2041:.
2018:.
2008:.
1998:13
1996:.
1992:.
1969:.
1959:.
1951:.
1939:10
1937:.
1933:.
1902:.
1879:.
1867:.
1853:^
1839:.
1831:.
1823:.
1813:21
1811:.
1807:.
1784:.
1774:.
1766:.
1756:21
1754:.
1750:.
1727:.
1717:.
1709:.
1697:.
1693:.
1670:.
1662:.
1654:.
1642:.
1638:.
1615:.
1605:.
1597:.
1587:32
1585:.
1581:.
1529:.
1521:.
1509:.
1505:.
1457:.
1449:.
1439:26
1437:.
1433:.
1421:^
1407:.
1397:.
1385:.
1381:.
1358:.
1350:.
1336:.
1332:.
1309:.
1301:.
1289:.
1285:.
1262:.
1252:.
1244:.
1232:17
1230:.
1226:.
1200:.
1190:89
1188:.
1184:.
1161:.
1151:.
1143:.
1133:11
1131:.
1127:.
1104:.
1096:.
1088:.
1078:30
1076:.
1072:.
1049:.
1037:.
1016:}}
1012:{{
1000:.
982:45
980:.
976:.
950:.
926:.
918:.
906:.
902:.
879:.
865:.
861:.
849:^
706:,
487:,
366:,
362:–
141:,
61:,
53:,
49:,
4419:.
4389:.
4357:.
4333::
4306:.
4284::
4257:.
4245::
4222:.
4200::
4173:.
4143:.
4112:.
4090::
4063:.
4043::
4017:.
3997::
3991:4
3974:.
3950::
3944:5
3920:.
3889:.
3873:6
3849:.
3837::
3814:.
3794::
3788:1
3771:.
3759::
3736:.
3716::
3692:.
3668::
3641:.
3629::
3606:.
3579:.
3549::
3522:.
3498::
3471:.
3459::
3436:.
3409:)
3395:.
3373::
3365::
3339:.
3298:.
3268:.
3239:.
3219::
3189:.
3167::
3140:.
3120::
3097:.
3077::
3071:6
3054:.
3034::
3011:.
2999::
2976:.
2964::
2941:.
2916:.
2894::
2867:.
2837::
2831:4
2809:.
2787::
2760:.
2728:.
2708::
2684:.
2660::
2633:.
2609::
2573:.
2543:.
2499:.
2479::
2452:.
2430::
2422::
2394:.
2380::
2350:.
2317:.
2297::
2291:5
2274:.
2254::
2230:.
2200::
2172:.
2144::
2116:.
2084::
2057:.
2026:.
2004::
1977:.
1945::
1918:.
1887:.
1875::
1847:.
1819::
1792:.
1762::
1735:.
1705::
1678:.
1650::
1623:.
1593::
1566:.
1551:.
1517::
1487:.
1465:.
1445::
1415:.
1393::
1387:9
1366:.
1344::
1317:.
1297::
1270:.
1238::
1208:.
1196::
1169:.
1139::
1112:.
1084::
1057:.
1045::
1022:)
1008:.
988::
961:.
936:.
914::
908:2
887:.
873::
381:.
45:(
37:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.