1603:
612:. Despite their stated intentions to defeat Donald Trump, these electors cast their votes for persons other than the candidate to whom they were pledged, Trump's opponent Hillary Clinton. By the time they switched their votes away from Trump's opponent, it was numerically impossible to achieve their stated goal as all but 30 of the Trump-pledged electoral votes had already been cast (in different states in the same or later time zones), with 37 votes needed to switch to deny Trump an outright victory in the Electoral College. Electors were subjected to public pressure, including threats of death if they remained faithful to voting for Trump. The Washington elector who voted for Faith Spotted Eagle did so in protest of Hillary Clinton's support for the
1500:
1539:
1436:
508:
23:
1555:
1484:
1571:
1523:
649:
1468:
657:
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1587:
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839:, urging Republican electors to prevent a Trump presidency, expressing several times the message: "I'm not asking you to vote for Hillary Clinton". In electing an alternative Republican, the featured speakers ask the elector to become an "American hero" by using the elector's constitutional "authority" to give "service and patriotism to the American people" through a vote of "conscience."
771:, detailing the plans by presidential elector Micheal Baca to seek to derail Trump's ascent to the presidency by convincing Democratic and Republican presidential electors to vote for a more moderate candidate on December 19, 2016, when the Electoral College voted. Lichtenstein's article soon went viral, and on December 5, 2016, several members of the electoral college, seven from the
1660:. It was then announced that oral arguments would be held via phone, which occurred on May 13, 2020. On July 6, 2020, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that states may require an elector to vote for the candidate to whom they had pledged, and a fine imposed for an elector for breaching a pledge is not unlawful.
935:
law professor (and former candidate for the
Democratic presidential nomination himself), announced that he was "teaming with a California-based law firm to offer legal support for any members of the Electoral College seeking to oppose President-elect Donald Trump." Lessig said the counsel and support
759:
In the 2016 election cycle, the threshold of 270 electoral votes to win the presidency and vice presidency outright could have been thwarted by garnering a minimum of at least 12 percent of all
Republican electors to become faithless, that is, 37 of 306 Republican electors. However, critics noted at
813:
mounted an expansive whip operation to ensure that all those electors selected to vote for the
Republican nominee indeed did so. On December 14, multiple Republican members of the electoral college stated under condition of anonymity that they were being coerced with "threats of political reprisal,"
805:
Although it is difficult to ascertain how many more electors, especially
Republican electors, considered becoming faithless and voting for a Republican other than Trump, it was reported that at least an additional 20 Republican electors had already accepted free-of-charge anonymous legal counsel and
1655:
in both the
Washington and Colorado cases in January 2020; while initially consolidated, Justice Sotomayor's recusal in the Colorado case due to a prior relationship with one of the respondents kept the cases separate. Oral arguments in both cases had been scheduled for April, but were subsequently
966:
In states with laws against faithlessness, depending on the particular state voting faithlessly despite the laws may incur anything from no prescribed punishment, to simple removal and replacement of the intended faithless elector, to fines and the potential imprisonment of the elector. Democratic
793:
as allowed by Texas state law. Suprun indicated that he had also been in confidential contact with several
Republican electors who planned to vote faithlessly, stating that they would be "discussing names specifically and see who meets the test that we could all get behind." By December 5, 2016,
635:
cast their votes for someone else (Greeley had died between election day and the meeting of the
Electoral College). The six faithless vice-presidential votes in 2016 are short of the record for that office, without considering whether the vice-presidential candidates were still living, as multiple
1647:
on April 10, 2018. The electors filed an appeal with the 10th
Circuit and oral arguments were held on January 24, 2019. On August 20, 2019, a three-judge panel ruled 2–1 in favor of the electors. On October 16, 2019, Colorado appealed the 10th Circuit's decision to the Supreme Court.
826:
and other media addressed directly to
Republican electors urging that each of them individually, plus 36 of their colleagues (at least 37 Republican electors in total), vote for a Republican other than Donald Trump for president. The video featured numerous public figures, including
664: In the indicated states, laws exist which either impose a fine or imprisonment on an elector who fails to vote according to the state-specified rules, force the elector to vote for the candidate they pledged to vote for, or disqualify the elector and provide a replacement.
578:
each received one vote. The defections fell well short of the number needed to change the result of the election; only two of the seven defected from the winner, whereas 37 were needed to defect in order to force a contingent election in
Congress (a tally of less than 270).
1049:
No one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text – that electors would be free agents, to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation's highest
677:
determined by cumulative wins of the popular votes of state electorates. In this system of representative democracy, a presidential candidate is deemed to have won a presidential race if that candidate wins a simple majority of the electoral college vote.
1025: (1952) the court had ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate in order to be certified as electors, as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge. Nevertheless, the court had also written:
534:
of individual electors voting faithlessly prior to 2016 in over two centuries of previous US presidential elections, 2016 was the first election in over a hundred years in which multiple electors worked to alter the result of the election.
910:
that Trump is "completely unhinged" and "the Electoral College must do what it was designed for." Himes said he made the plea to the Electoral College because Trump refused to say that the Russians hacked Democrats during the election.
63:
301:
724:) has a presidential candidate lost the popular vote but achieved the Electoral College majority, thereby assuming the presidency; in the last three such cases, no candidate polled an absolute majority of the popular vote.
2831:
239:
166:
244:
171:
68:
3203:
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53:
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resigned in August in the face of reaction to his public statement that he would not vote for Trump. Both Sisneros and Vu served in states that lacked any laws preventing electors from faithlessness.
619:
The seven validated faithless votes for president were the most to defect from presidential candidates who were still alive in electoral college history, surpassing the six electors who defected from
3672:
58:
2284:
494:
814:
adding "that the Donald Trump campaign is putting pressure on Republican electors to vote for him based on ... future political outcomes based on whether they vote for Donald Trump or not."
110:
78:
3723:
83:
3528:
2524:
3335:
The decision in the "faithless electors" case could have major ramifications for future presidential elections in the U.S. and could ultimately go to the U.S. Supreme Court for review
590:. The movement attempted to find 37 Republican electors willing to vote for a different Republican in an effort to deny Donald Trump a majority in the Electoral College and force a
530:
laws of their respective states, and the elector either subsequently voted for the pledged candidate or was replaced by someone who did. Although there had been a combined total of
281:
2430:
256:
249:
183:
176:
3070:
2839:
100:
487:
2456:
105:
3322:
1602:
271:
261:
198:
188:
927:
On December 6, 2016, the Hamilton Electors' website was established to advocate the election of an alternative Republican as the next president of the United States.
1636:
697:
had laws requiring their electors to vote for their pledged candidate, and courts had issued conflicting opinions regarding the constitutionality of those laws. The
3149:
2503:
2099:
480:
90:
35:
2316:
1622:
The four faithless electors from Washington were each fined $ 1,000 for breaking their pledge. Three of the electors appealed the fines, which were upheld by the
669:
In the unique system of presidential elections of the United States, the president is not determined directly by the popular vote of the national electorate, but
2950:
1880:
846:
petition became the largest in that organization's history with nearly five million signatures, and on December 14, full-page ads funded by Brezenoff's related
3605:
3456:
316:
3254:
2384:
1015:
431:
231:
158:
2237:
2992:
2564:
1159:
994:
786:
3428:
2294:
1435:
998:
732:
2580:"Full-page ads turn up the heat on Trump electors A pro-Clinton activist is running newspaper ads in Philadelphia, Austin, Salt Lake City and Tampa Bay"
3738:
3728:
2686:
1499:
1929:
1707:, the people chosen at state-by-state political party conventions during the Republican and Democratic primaries to be electors in this election cycle
1320:
1094:
120:
2893:
2783:
2258:
1704:
343:
115:
689:
the winner of each congressional district receives one elector and the statewide winner receives two. The electors, once selected, are free under
3025:
598:. The electors advocated for voting their conscience to prevent the election of someone they viewed as unfit for the presidency as prescribed by
130:
2136:
3535:
1946:
795:
365:
95:
3040:
779:, publicly stated their intention to vote for a candidate other than the pledged nominees at the Electoral College vote on December 19, 2016.
526:
voted or attempted to vote for a candidate different from the ones to whom they were pledged. Three of these votes were invalidated under the
387:
311:
226:
153:
1538:
377:
221:
148:
794:
two Republican electoral college members who publicly stated their intention to not vote for Trump had resigned. Texas Republican elector
2197:
1111:
2712:
2176:
1861:
1303:
1077:
2876:
2611:
We're 5 wks from Inauguration & the President Elect is completely unhinged. The electoral college must do what it was designed for.
2081:
1116:
799:
693:
to vote for a candidate other than the one for whom they were pledged. However, at the time of the election, thirty-one states and the
681:
Electors are selected on a state-by-state basis: in 48 states all electors are pledged to the winner of the statewide popular vote; in
441:
266:
582:
The faithless electors who opposed Donald Trump were part of a movement dubbed the "Hamilton Electors" co-founded by Micheal Baca of
1153:
370:
2155:
1570:
3688:
2972:
2579:
1293:
1142:
1067:
997:
declared in a footnote that any attempt to remove electors "after voting has begun" would be "unlikely in light of the text of the
736:
721:
717:
713:
709:
637:
628:
624:
519:
465:
460:
455:
411:
382:
26:
3655:
3643:
1467:
1298:
1147:
1072:
760:
the time that garnering this many electors was extremely unlikely, as electors vote more than 99 percent of the time as pledged.
338:
321:
193:
40:
3229:
1786:
3175:
3086:
2410:
2118:
1657:
896:
748:
728:
595:
45:
3312:
2860:
1522:
705:
provides that state courts are bound by federal law and the Constitution in the event that state law were to contradict them.
2002:
1483:
1451:
348:
2046:
1835:
1554:
3665:
3660:
3280:
3120:
2809:
326:
3348:
2216:
727:
In the event that no one receives a majority of the Electoral College vote, the selection of the president is made by the
2738:
2624:
1756:
1029:
However, even if such promises of candidates for the electoral college are legally unenforceable because violative of an
940:, who has argued before the Supreme Court 36 times) would be provided anonymously. Litigation is a component of Lessig's
436:
276:
203:
3103:
1812:
3381:"Colorado asks U.S. Supreme Court to overturn decision allowing presidential electors to vote for whomever they want".
1005:
984:
360:
3600:
702:
523:
306:
2483:"RNC keeps close tabs on Electoral College vote: GOP effort makes sure Republican electors don't go wobbly on Trump"
640:, faithless electors moved the vice-presidential decision to the US Senate, though this did not affect the outcome.
3313:"Colorado's presidential electors don't have to vote for candidate who wins the state, federal appeals court rules"
2016:
in 1836...the Virginia electors abstained rather than vote for Democratic vice presidential nominee Richard Johnson
1586:
882:
776:
772:
551:
543:
333:
212:
139:
1033:
in the electoral college, it would not follow that the requirement of a pledge in the primary is unconstitutional.
3610:
3583:
674:
2759:
1947:"Thousands Send Letters, Death Threats, to Pressure Electoral College to Avert Outcome of Presidential Election"
1729:
Powell had several homes, including one in NYC (still) and also one in DC, but was officially a VA resident per
1004:
While at the time of the election the constitutionality of faithless electors had not yet been addressed by the
531:
1699:
353:
3503:
1900:
743:) also had the most electoral votes but, crucially, did not have a majority in the Electoral College. Despite
3743:
3521:
2666:
2358:
810:
3007:
2645:
2482:
2335:
1031:
assumed constitutional freedom of the elector under the Constitution, Art. II, § 1, to vote as he may choose
2289:
1966:
422:
2926:
2730:
3733:
3048:
2901:
980:
292:
3399:
2504:"Source: Donald Trump's campaign is threatening "political reprisal" for defecting Republican electors"
864:
858:
394:
983:
declined to issue injunctions blocking these laws, and there was insufficient time to appeal to the
507:
2221:
1623:
1626:
in May 2019 by an 8–1 vote. On October 7, 2019, the electors unsuccessfully appealed their case,
888:
3150:"He tried to stop Trump in the electoral college. A court says his 'faithless' ballot was legal"
747:
having lost the popular vote and having received fewer electoral votes than Andrew Jackson, the
3699:
3429:"'Faithless elector': Supreme Court will hear case that could change how presidents are chosen"
2565:"Watch Debra Messing, Martin Sheen and Other Stars Urge Electors to Prevent a Trump Presidency"
2385:"The Hamilton Electors don't have enough Republicans to stop Trump — but they're getting there"
2100:"Will There Be Faithless Electors in 2016? It's Unlikely They'll Change the Election's Outcome"
1628:
952:
948:
613:
406:
3488:
1992:
1271:
3563:
3558:
1019:
870:
608:
22:
3544:
2415:
2242:
1691:
989:
806:
support provided for Republican faithless electors to assist them in voting against Trump.
694:
8:
3578:
3071:"Meet Faith Spotted Eagle, who received one Washington state elector's presidential vote"
1951:
1490:
1277:
1261:
852:
591:
575:
3255:"Supreme Court asked to decide whether electors must vote for state popular vote winner"
2600:
3595:
3573:
2028:
1644:
1192:
1042:
1022:
972:
932:
648:
599:
587:
512:
798:
willingly resigned in November rather than vote for Trump. Georgia Republican elector
3568:
3356:
3019:
2986:
1998:
1710:
1038:
764:
744:
670:
603:
527:
3620:
3317:
2687:"Inside the Psychology of the Rebel Electors Who Seek to Overturn Trump's Election"
1931:
Supreme Court unanimously sides with Colorado-Washington in faithless electors case
1529:
1122:
698:
652:
The electors themselves are named on the presidential ballots of only eight states.
3457:"Justice Sotomayor recuses from Colorado 'faithless electors' Supreme Court case"
2529:
2508:
2457:"Why an electoral college coup to stop Donald Trump isn't at all likely, Part 59"
1677:
928:
876:
547:
2285:"An Electoral College revolt against Donald Trump is quickly quashed in Georgia"
636:
previous elections have had more than six faithless vice-presidential votes; in
3615:
1545:
1458:
1208:
941:
937:
740:
632:
571:
2156:"Teen becomes seventh 'faithless elector' to protest Trump as president-elect"
1787:"Electoral College Faithless Elector Foiled Trying To Vote For Bernie Sanders"
1764:
3717:
3360:
3204:"A nightmare scenario for 2020: A tie that can't be broken. It's conceivable"
2629:
2177:"First Republican 'faithless elector' announces intent to vote against Trump"
1609:
1593:
1577:
1561:
1377:
1267:
1229:
828:
822:
On December 14, the Unite For America campaign released a video published on
631:, a record 63 of 66 electors who were originally pledged to losing candidate
620:
3087:
Electoral College Faithless Elector Foiled Trying To Vote For Bernie Sanders
2431:"Harvard law professor says Republican electors close to blocking Trump win"
2411:"Harvard prof advising electors says 20+ Republicans may vote against Trump"
2259:"Texas Elector Resigns, Saying He Can't Vote For Trump In Electoral College"
2181:
2160:
1885:
1442:
1202:
1010:
836:
832:
790:
656:
559:
555:
399:
2914:
I paid my lifetime membership, in 1987, with a gold coin, to make a point.
2548:
1881:"Meet the 'Hamilton Electors' Campaigning for an Electoral College Revolt"
3590:
2317:"How 'faithless electors' are messing with our electoral maps, explained"
2082:"No, the Electoral College won't make Clinton president instead of Trump"
1474:
903:
690:
563:
3121:"Colorado's electoral votes go to Hillary Clinton after one is replaced"
1836:"Colorado's electoral votes go to Hillary Clinton after one is replaced"
1671:
3513:
3180:
2784:"Four Washington state electors break ranks and don't vote for Clinton"
1652:
1180:
976:
843:
2832:"All but 2 Texas members of the Electoral College choose Donald Trump"
2981:. December 20, 2016. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016.
2402:
2029:"2004 Electors for President and Vice President of the United States"
1730:
1364:
1347:
899:
2894:"Ron Paul Attacks Libertarian Leadership in Response to Controversy"
2861:
Texas electors cast 36 votes for Trump, 1 for Kasich, 1 for Ron Paul
2060:
3433:
2977:
2945:
2764:
2743:
2671:
2650:
2584:
2571:
2487:
2340:
1908:
1813:"'Faithless elector' dismissed, Minnesota's 10 votes go to Clinton"
1506:
1393:
1173:
968:
951:
called Electors Trust to provide potential faithless electors with
919:
847:
686:
583:
567:
3694:
Faithless electors in the 2016 United States presidential election
3508:
3461:
3104:'Faithless elector' dismissed, Minnesota's 10 votes go to Clinton
2739:"Judge deals critical blow to anti-Trump Electoral College fight"
2658:
2605:
2516:
2238:"Republican elector chooses to resign rather than vote for Trump"
907:
823:
3349:"Electoral College Members Can Defy Voters' Wishes, Court Rules"
3230:"State high court upholds $ 1,000 fines on 'faithless electors'"
3041:"4 Washington State electors pick candidates other than Clinton"
2276:
2941:"Emails detail Colin Powell's substantial role at City College"
1314:
1104:
1088:
2760:"Court: Removing 'faithless' electors may be unconstitutional"
2713:"Lawrence Lessig Offers Free Legal Aid To Anti-Trump Electors"
2474:
2147:
1872:
1862:"Which candidates did the seven "faithless" electors support?"
3724:
Controversies of the 2016 United States presidential election
2217:"'Rogue' GOP Elector Says Others Will Join in Opposing Trump"
2168:
2137:"The Way Out of Trumpland: Hail Mary Pass to Save the Nation"
1333:
1308:
1135:
1082:
782:
682:
2877:
Which candidates did the seven "faithless" electors support?
2525:"Donald Trump is "threatening" rebel Republican politicians"
2229:
627:. This number of defections has been exceeded only once: in
2927:"Gen. Colin Powell Sells His $ 2.8M Upper West Side Condo"
2625:"Congressman begs Electoral College voters to block Trump"
2646:"Lessig, lawyers to offer support to anti-Trump electors"
2336:"Lessig, lawyers to offer support to anti-Trump electors"
2327:
2208:
1637:
United States District Court for the District of Colorado
2751:
2616:
2592:
2198:"Why I Will Not Cast My Electoral Vote for Donald Trump"
2189:
1994:
Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Elections
754:
3606:
Republican Political Alliance for Integrity and Reform
2495:
1938:
947:
Lessig and Boston attorney R. J. Lyman created a
558:, lost two. Three of the faithless electors voted for
1635:
In Colorado, three of the electors filed suit in the
1733:
emails, and per his 'verified' social media account.
1667:
995:
United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
2256:
2021:
1991:Sabato, Larry J.; Ernst, Howard R. (May 14, 2014).
1967:"Electoral College sees record-breaking defections"
3176:"Four state electors to be fined $ 1,000 for vote"
2637:
2542:
2540:
880:. Full-page ads ran the next day, December 15, in
3093:(December 19, 2016). Retrieved December 19, 2016.
2882:(December 21, 2016). Retrieved December 21, 2016.
2867:(December 19, 2016). Retrieved December 19, 2016.
2546:
3715:
2991:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2810:"Democratic elector in Hawaii votes for Sanders"
1705:List of 2016 United States presidential electors
2537:
2353:
2351:
1984:
987:before the electoral college vote. However, in
961:
3476:
2250:
1859:
1054:
817:
550:, lost five of her pledged electors while the
96:Russia investigation origins counter-narrative
3529:
1878:
914:
739:the candidate with the highest popular vote (
488:
2348:
2049:. National Conference of State Legislatures.
3673:Republicans opposition in the 2024 campaign
3651:Republicans opposition in the 2020 campaign
3639:Republicans opposition in the 2016 campaign
3024:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2550:A Message for Electors to Unite For America
1990:
3536:
3522:
3387:On October 16, 2019, the Colorado appealed
2522:
2408:
2174:
2153:
2117:Bromwich, Jonah Engel (November 8, 2016).
1751:
1749:
789:publicly pledged to not cast his vote for
495:
481:
3739:Reactions to the election of Donald Trump
3729:December 2016 events in the United States
3227:
2999:
2891:
2830:Walsh, Sean Collins (December 19, 2016).
2409:Richardson, Valerie (December 14, 2016).
2235:
3689:Evan McMullin 2016 presidential campaign
3543:
3426:
3173:
3038:
2807:
2282:
2257:Steve Inskeep, host (December 7, 2016).
2236:Zimmerman, Neetzan (November 28, 2016).
2214:
2196:Suprun, Christopher (December 5, 2016).
2116:
1944:
918:
655:
647:
520:2016 United States presidential election
506:
3346:
2781:
2547:Unite For America (December 14, 2016).
1746:
511:The namesake of the Hamilton Electors,
3716:
3454:
3174:La Corte, Rachel (December 23, 2016).
3039:La Corte, Rachel (December 19, 2016).
2973:"General Colin L. Powell - Informatio"
2808:Hellmann, Jessie (December 19, 2016).
2757:
2736:
2667:"Lessig: 20 Trump electors could flip"
2664:
2643:
2622:
2577:
2523:Broomfield, Matt (December 14, 2016).
2480:
2359:"Lessig: 20 Trump electors could flip"
2333:
2195:
2119:"How Does the Electoral College Work?"
1879:O'Donnell, Lilly (November 21, 2016).
1422:
302:Third-party and independent candidates
3517:
3306:
3304:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3082:
3080:
2829:
2777:
2775:
2601:"Jim Himes Status/808116879558660098"
2598:
2501:
2382:
1933:, Colorado Public Radio, July 6, 2020
755:Number of intended faithless electors
708:Only four times in American history (
3325:from the original on August 22, 2019
3310:
3201:
2623:Halper, Daniel (December 12, 2016).
2502:Rozsa, Matthew (December 14, 2016).
2383:Rozsa, Matthew (December 16, 2016).
2215:Gradison, Robin (December 9, 2016).
2154:Pilkington, Ed (November 30, 2016).
1997:. Infobase Publishing. p. 133.
1945:Sherlock, Ruth (December 18, 2016).
1860:Julia Boccagno (December 21, 2016).
1641:Baca v. Colorado Department of State
3427:Williams, Pete (January 17, 2020).
3005:
2175:Pilkington, Ed (December 5, 2016).
1617:
13:
3656:Mark Sanford presidential campaign
3301:
3202:Lane, Charles (October 28, 2019).
3138:
3102:Bakst, Brian (December 19, 2016).
3077:
3032:
2870:
2854:
2823:
2782:Brunner, Jim (December 19, 2016).
2772:
2758:Cheney, Kyle (December 17, 2016).
2737:Cheney, Kyle (December 16, 2016).
2665:Cheney, Kyle (December 13, 2016).
2599:Himes, James (December 11, 2016).
2578:Cheney, Kyle (December 14, 2016).
2481:Cheney, Kyle (December 13, 2016).
554:nominee and then president-elect,
14:
3755:
3601:Republican Accountability Project
3497:
3400:"Petition for writ of certiorari"
3347:Gabriel, Trip (August 22, 2019).
3281:"Petition for writ of certiorari"
3228:Cornfield, Jerry (May 24, 2019).
3148:Flynn, Meagan (August 22, 2019).
2644:Cheney, Kyle (December 5, 2016).
2334:Cheney, Kyle (December 5, 2016).
1833:
763:On November 16, 2016, journalist
751:chose Adams to become President.
703:Constitution of the United States
3455:Miller, Blair (March 10, 2020).
2283:Galloway, Jim (August 3, 2016).
1684:
1670:
1601:
1585:
1569:
1553:
1537:
1521:
1498:
1482:
1466:
1450:
1434:
883:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
21:
3666:Bill Weld presidential campaign
3661:Joe Walsh presidential campaign
3611:Republicans for the Rule of Law
3448:
3420:
3392:
3374:
3340:
3311:Paul, Jesse (August 21, 2019).
3273:
3247:
3221:
3195:
3167:
3113:
3096:
3063:
2965:
2933:
2919:
2885:
2801:
2705:
2679:
2557:
2449:
2423:
2376:
2309:
2129:
2110:
2092:
2074:
2053:
2039:
1959:
1723:
27:2016 U.S. presidential election
3110:. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
2892:Lau, Ryan (February 3, 2018).
1923:
1893:
1853:
1827:
1805:
1779:
1700:Election Assistance Commission
1414:Replaced by alternate elector
1386:Replaced by alternate elector
1285:
842:Daniel Brezenoff's anti-Trump
539:
1:
3484:Chiafalo et al. v. Washington
1815:. MPR News. February 15, 2016
1740:
1632:, to the U.S. Supreme Court.
1477:, 1 vote (plus 1 invalidated)
1461:, 1 vote (plus 2 invalidated)
811:Republican National Committee
673:through the mechanism of the
643:
2290:Atlanta Journal-Constitution
1059:
962:Litigation prior to the vote
767:published an article in the
7:
1663:
1055:Recorded faithless electors
993:a three-judge panel of the
967:electors filed lawsuits in
895:On December 11, Democratic
818:Public outreach to electors
10:
3760:
1651:The Supreme Court granted
1441:Former Secretary of State
915:Legal counsel and advocacy
542:cast faithless votes, the
3681:
3644:Mitt Romney's 2016 speech
3629:
3551:
3509:Unite For America website
3504:Hamilton Electors website
3407:Colorado Attorney General
3059:– via The Olympian.
1643:, was dismissed by Judge
1216:
1191:
1163:
1134:
865:Austin American-Statesman
859:The Philadelphia Inquirer
733:constitutional guidelines
538:As a result of the seven
395:American Solidarity Party
1716:
1624:Washington Supreme Court
1357:Changed vote to Clinton
1248:Elizabeth Warren (D-MA)
1037:In his dissent, Justice
749:House of Representatives
729:House of Representatives
596:House of Representatives
41:General election debates
2061:"Laws Binding Electors"
2047:"THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE"
1935:. Retrieved 2020-11-22
889:Wisconsin State Journal
111:International reactions
75:Newspaper endorsements
3700:Chiafalo v. Washington
3632:presidential campaigns
3108:Minnesota Public Radio
3008:"VicePresidentBallots"
3006:(King5), Liza Javier.
1629:Chiafalo v. Washington
1505:Former representative
1374:Bernie Sanders (I-VT)
1343:Bernie Sanders (I-VT)
1052:
1035:
949:nonprofit organization
924:
666:
653:
614:Dakota Access Pipeline
515:
272:VP candidate selection
199:VP candidate selection
3559:43 Alumni for America
3012:www.documentcloud.org
2842:on September 27, 2018
1656:postponed due to the
1383:Muhammad Abdurrahman
1047:
1027:
922:
871:The Salt Lake Tribune
659:
651:
609:The Federalist Papers
586:and Bret Chiafalo of
522:, ten members of the
510:
3744:Never Trump movement
3545:Never Trump movement
3073:. December 19, 2016.
3051:on December 21, 2016
2953:on February 26, 2021
2567:. December 15, 2016.
2416:The Washington Times
2297:on February 28, 2017
1911:on November 22, 2016
1757:"Faithless Electors"
1692:United States portal
1612:(1 invalidated vote)
1251:Peter Bret Chiafalo
1245:Colin Powell (R-VA)
1226:Colin Powell (R-VA)
1041:, joined by Justice
990:Baca v. Hickenlooper
695:District of Columbia
91:Russian interference
3579:The Lincoln Project
3208:The Washington Post
3154:The Washington Post
3091:The Huffington Post
2904:on February 4, 2018
2693:. December 15, 2016
2461:The Washington Post
2437:. December 14, 2016
2321:The Washington Post
1952:The Daily Telegraph
1901:"Hamilton Electors"
1793:. December 19, 2016
1791:The Huffington Post
1767:on February 9, 2021
1576:Business executive
1491:Faith Spotted Eagle
1423:Recipients of votes
1403:John Kasich (R-OH)
1278:Robert Satiacum Jr.
1262:Faith Spotted Eagle
853:The Washington Post
785:Republican elector
701:established by the
592:contingent election
576:Faith Spotted Eagle
3734:Faithless electors
3682:Other 2016 efforts
3596:Our Principles PAC
3574:Free the Delegates
3353:The New York Times
2202:The New York Times
2123:The New York Times
2033:TheGreenPapers.com
1645:Wiley Young Daniel
1407:barred from voting
1160:Christopher Suprun
1043:William O. Douglas
933:Harvard University
925:
787:Christopher Suprun
667:
654:
600:Alexander Hamilton
516:
513:Alexander Hamilton
361:Constitution Party
232:Debates and forums
159:Debates and forums
126:Faithless electors
3711:
3710:
3569:Delegates Unbound
3261:. October 8, 2019
2788:The Seattle Times
2004:978-1-4381-0994-7
1905:Hamilton Electors
1711:Unpledged elector
1658:COVID-19 pandemic
1420:
1419:
1315:Vice presidential
1283:
1282:
1089:Vice presidential
1039:Robert H. Jackson
999:Twelfth Amendment
897:US Representative
775:and one from the
765:Bill Lichtenstein
745:John Quincy Adams
675:Electoral College
528:faithless elector
524:Electoral College
505:
504:
472:
471:
307:Libertarian Party
3751:
3621:Vote Common Good
3538:
3531:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3404:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3383:The Colorado Sun
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3318:The Colorado Sun
3308:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3117:
3111:
3100:
3094:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3047:. Archived from
3045:Associated Press
3036:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3015:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2982:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2949:. Archived from
2937:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2900:. Archived from
2889:
2883:
2874:
2868:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2838:. Archived from
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2293:. Archived from
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2011:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1942:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1907:. Archived from
1897:
1891:
1890:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1763:. Archived from
1753:
1734:
1727:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1618:Legal challenges
1605:
1589:
1573:
1557:
1541:
1530:Elizabeth Warren
1525:
1502:
1486:
1470:
1454:
1438:
1290:
1289:
1123:Elizabeth Warren
1064:
1063:
956:legal assistance
850:campaign ran in
777:Republican Party
773:Democratic Party
699:supremacy clause
663:
552:Republican Party
544:Democratic Party
497:
490:
483:
451:
450:
213:Democratic Party
140:Republican Party
25:
18:
17:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3677:
3631:
3625:
3547:
3542:
3500:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3345:
3341:
3328:
3326:
3309:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3146:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3125:The Denver Post
3119:
3118:
3114:
3101:
3097:
3085:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3037:
3033:
3017:
3016:
3004:
3000:
2984:
2983:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2929:. May 24, 2016.
2925:
2924:
2920:
2907:
2905:
2890:
2886:
2875:
2871:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2780:
2773:
2756:
2752:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2663:
2659:
2642:
2638:
2621:
2617:
2597:
2593:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2545:
2538:
2530:The Independent
2521:
2517:
2500:
2496:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2435:The Independent
2429:
2428:
2424:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2332:
2328:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2255:
2251:
2234:
2230:
2213:
2209:
2194:
2190:
2173:
2169:
2152:
2148:
2141:Huffington Post
2135:
2134:
2130:
2115:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1943:
1939:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1877:
1873:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1840:The Denver Post
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1678:Politics portal
1676:
1669:
1666:
1620:
1613:
1608:Representative
1606:
1597:
1590:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1558:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1526:
1510:
1503:
1494:
1487:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1439:
1425:
1321:Name of Elector
1288:
1095:Name of Elector
1062:
1057:
964:
929:Lawrence Lessig
923:Lawrence Lessig
917:
877:Tampa Bay Times
820:
769:Huffington Post
757:
665:
661:
646:
548:Hillary Clinton
501:
64:by demographics
12:
11:
5:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3616:Right Side PAC
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3498:External links
3496:
3494:
3493:
3475:
3447:
3419:
3391:
3373:
3339:
3300:
3288:Equal Citizens
3272:
3246:
3234:Seattle Weekly
3220:
3194:
3166:
3137:
3112:
3095:
3076:
3062:
3031:
2998:
2964:
2932:
2918:
2884:
2869:
2853:
2822:
2800:
2771:
2750:
2729:
2704:
2678:
2657:
2636:
2615:
2591:
2570:
2556:
2536:
2515:
2494:
2473:
2448:
2422:
2401:
2375:
2347:
2326:
2308:
2275:
2249:
2228:
2207:
2188:
2167:
2146:
2128:
2109:
2091:
2073:
2052:
2038:
2020:
2003:
1983:
1958:
1937:
1922:
1892:
1871:
1852:
1834:Eason, Brian.
1826:
1804:
1778:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1681:
1665:
1662:
1619:
1616:
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1614:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1546:Maria Cantwell
1543:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:Vice President
1512:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1459:Bernie Sanders
1456:
1449:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1400:Clinton/Kaine
1398:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1371:Clinton/Kaine
1369:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1344:
1341:
1340:Clinton/Kaine
1338:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1265:
1259:
1258:Clinton/Kaine
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:Clinton/Kaine
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1223:Clinton/Kaine
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1209:Maria Cantwell
1206:
1200:
1199:Clinton/Kaine
1197:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:David Mulinix
1126:
1120:
1117:Bernie Sanders
1114:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
981:federal judges
963:
960:
942:Equal Citizens
938:Laurence Tribe
931:, a prominent
916:
913:
819:
816:
756:
753:
741:Andrew Jackson
731:under certain
660:
645:
642:
633:Horace Greeley
572:Bernie Sanders
503:
502:
500:
499:
492:
485:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
463:
458:
447:
446:
445:
444:
439:
434:
426:
425:
419:
418:
417:
416:
415:
414:
404:
403:
402:
392:
391:
390:
385:
375:
374:
373:
368:
358:
357:
356:
351:
346:
341:
331:
330:
329:
324:
319:
314:
304:
296:
295:
289:
288:
287:
286:
285:
284:
282:superdelegates
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
253:
252:
247:
242:
234:
229:
224:
216:
215:
209:
208:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
180:
179:
174:
169:
161:
156:
151:
143:
142:
136:
135:
134:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
101:Media coverage
98:
93:
88:
87:
86:
81:
73:
72:
71:
66:
61:
56:
48:
43:
38:
30:
29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3756:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:Opposition to
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3408:
3401:
3395:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3314:
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3366:October 29,
3293:October 18,
3265:October 18,
3239:October 29,
3213:October 29,
3159:October 29,
2908:February 3,
1475:John Kasich
1328:References
1286:Invalidated
1148:John Kasich
1143:Trump/Pence
1099:References
904:Connecticut
691:federal law
564:John Kasich
334:Green Party
250:straw polls
177:straw polls
3718:Categories
3329:August 28,
3181:Kitsap Sun
2898:71Republic
2553:. YouTube.
1741:References
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1592:Economist
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354:convention
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154:Candidates
131:Vote count
3584:TV series
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3361:0362-4331
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1731:WikiLeaks
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546:nominee,
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312:primaries
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3434:NBC News
3323:Archived
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2946:Politico
2880:CBS News
2765:Politico
2744:Politico
2672:Politico
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2585:Politico
2488:Politico
2363:POLITICO
2341:Politico
2243:The Hill
2222:ABC News
2066:March 4,
1971:POLITICO
1866:CBS News
1761:FairVote
1664:See also
1596:, 1 vote
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