1476:, reads data on a tape reel containing three 5-digit integers A, B, and C as input. There are no "type" declarations available: variables whose name starts with I, J, K, L, M, or N are "fixed-point" (i.e. integers), otherwise floating-point. Since integers are to be processed in this example, the names of the variables start with the letter "I". The name of a variable must start with a letter and can continue with both letters and digits, up to a limit of six characters in FORTRAN II. If A, B, and C cannot represent the sides of a triangle in plane geometry, then the program's execution will end with an error code of "STOP 1". Otherwise, an output line will be printed showing the input values for A, B, and C, followed by the computed AREA of the triangle as a floating-point number occupying ten spaces along the line of output and showing 2 digits after the decimal point, the .2 in F10.2 of the FORMAT statement with label 601.
5075:
977:; a basic block is a stretch of program which has one entry point and one exit point. The purpose of section 4 is to prepare for section 5 a table of predecessors (PRED table) which enumerates the basic blocks and lists for every basic block each of the basic blocks which can be its immediate predecessor in flow, together with the absolute frequency of each such basic block link. This table is obtained by running the program once in Monte-Carlo fashion, in which the outcome of conditional transfers arising out of IF-type statements and computed GO TO's is determined by a random number generator suitably weighted according to whatever FREQUENCY statements have been provided.
5091:
3198:
524:
458:
10722:
6362:". This proposal purported to address the confusion that sometimes arises between the letter "O" and the numeral zero, by eliminating the letter from allowable variable names. However, the method proposed was to eliminate the letter from the character set entirely (thereby retaining 48 as the number of lexical characters, which the colon had increased to 49). This was considered beneficial in that it would promote structured programming, by making it impossible to use the notorious
997:
11096:
10702:
6397:
3179:
640:
1009:
11068:
5083:
10712:
5662:(JCL), the compile/link-edit/execution successive process(es), or other complexities of the mainframe/minicomputer environment. A down side to this simplified environment was that WATFOR was not a good choice for programmers needing the expanded abilities of their host processor(s), e.g., WATFOR typically had very limited access to I/O devices. WATFOR was succeeded by
4128:), was finally released as ISO/IEC standard 1539:1991 in 1991 and an ANSI Standard in 1992. In addition to changing the official spelling from FORTRAN to Fortran, this major revision added many new features to reflect the significant changes in programming practice that had evolved since the 1978 standard:
4111:
Standard, released in 1991, provided a simple means for FORTRAN 77 programmers to issue POSIX system calls. Over 100 calls were defined in the document – allowing access to POSIX-compatible process control, signal handling, file system control, device control, procedure pointing, and
2217:
Two compilers of the time, IBM "G" and UNIVAC, allowed comments to be written on the same line as instructions, separated by a special character: "master space": V (perforations 7 and 8) for UNIVAC and perforations 12/11/0/7/8/9 (hexadecimal FF) for IBM. These comments were not to be inserted in the
6380:
When assumed-length arrays were being added, there was a dispute as to the appropriate character to separate upper and lower bounds. In a comment examining these arguments, Walt
Brainerd penned an article entitled "Astronomy vs. Gastroenterology" because some proponents had suggested using the star
5828:
statements in manipulating the array; mathematical operations are applied to the array as a whole. Also apparent is the use of descriptive variable names and general code formatting that conform with contemporary programming style. This example computes an average over data entered interactively.
5564:
FOR TRANSIT statements were limited to columns 7 through 56, only. Punched cards were used for input and output on the IBM 650. Three passes were required to translate source code to the "IT" language, then to compile the IT statements into SOAP assembly language, and finally to produce the object
2093:
code among other features; however, this version was never released as a product. Like the 704 FORTRAN and FORTRAN II, FORTRAN III included machine-dependent features that made code written in it unportable from machine to machine. Early versions of FORTRAN provided by other vendors suffered from
940:
statement was reminiscent of (but not readily implementable by) a three-way comparison instruction (CAS—Compare
Accumulator with Storage) available on the 704. The statement provided the only way to compare numbers—by testing their difference, with an attendant risk of overflow. This deficiency was
6384:
Variable names beginning with the letters I–N have a default type of integer, while variables starting with any other letters defaulted to real, although programmers could override the defaults with an explicit declaration. This led to the joke: "In FORTRAN, GOD is REAL (unless declared INTEGER)."
5462:
The FORTRAN system was designed for a more complex machine than the 650, and consequently some of the 32 statements found in the FORTRAN Programmer's
Reference Manual are not acceptable to the FOR TRANSIT system. In addition, certain restrictions to the FORTRAN language have been added. However,
5315:
The first
Fortran compiler set a high standard of efficiency for compiled code. This goal made it difficult to create a compiler so it was usually done by the computer manufacturers to support hardware sales. This left an important niche: compilers that were fast and provided good diagnostics for
4363:
A small set of features were identified as "obsolescent" and were expected to be removed in a future standard. All of the functionalities of these early-version features can be performed by newer
Fortran features. Some are kept to simplify porting of old programs but many were deleted in Fortran
5794:
statement. F retains the array features added in
Fortran 90, and removes control statements that were made obsolete by structured programming constructs added to both FORTRAN 77 and Fortran 90. F is described by its creators as "a compiled, structured, array programming language especially well
981:
The first FORTRAN compiler reported diagnostic information by halting the program when an error was found and outputting an error code on its console. That code could be looked up by the programmer in an error messages table in the operator's manual, providing them with a brief description of the
4802:
According to the standards developers, "the optional parts describe self-contained features which have been requested by a substantial body of users and/or implementors, but which are not deemed to be of sufficient generality for them to be required in all standard-conforming
Fortran compilers."
5657:
was based largely on FORTRAN IV. A student using WATFOR could submit their batch FORTRAN job and, if there were no syntax errors, the program would move straight to execution. This simplification allowed students to concentrate on their program's syntax and semantics, or execution logic flow,
4055:
The development of a revised standard to succeed FORTRAN 77 would be repeatedly delayed as the standardization process struggled to keep up with rapid changes in computing and programming practice. In the meantime, as the "Standard FORTRAN" for nearly fifteen years, FORTRAN 77 would become the
7087:
The
Fortran I compiler was the first major project in code optimization. It tackled problems of crucial importance whose general solution was an important research focus in compiler technology for several decades. Many classical techniques for compiler analysis and optimization can trace their
5260:
was a problem in the early days because there was no agreed upon standard—not even IBM's reference manual—and computer companies vied to differentiate their offerings from others by providing incompatible features. Standards have improved portability. The 1966 standard provided a reference
5296:
Large collections of library software that could be described as being loosely related to engineering and scientific calculations, such as graphics libraries, have been written in C, and therefore access to them presented a portability problem. This has been addressed by incorporation of C
3383:" was not yet available for ANSI standards.) While most of the 24 items in the conflict list (see Appendix A2 of X3.9-1978) addressed loopholes or pathological cases permitted by the prior standard but rarely used, a small number of specific capabilities were deliberately removed, such as:
4942:
private child sub-units. This allows the specification and implementation of a module to be expressed in separate program units, which improves packaging of large libraries, allows preservation of trade secrets while publishing definitive interfaces, and prevents compilation cascades.
590:
1460:), which only allows recursion if a stack is maintained by software and the return address is stored on the stack before the call is made and restored after the call returns. Although not specified in FORTRAN 77, many F77 compilers supported recursion as an option, and the
2209:
In the FORTRAN IV programming environment of the era, except for that used on
Control Data Corporation (CDC) systems, only one instruction was placed per line. The CDC version allowed for multiple instructions per line if separated by a $ (dollar) character. The FORTRAN
4951:
ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010, informally known as
Fortran 2008, was approved in September 2010. As with Fortran 95, this is a minor upgrade, incorporating clarifications and corrections to Fortran 2003, as well as introducing some new capabilities. The new capabilities include:
5041:
Fortran 2023 (ISO/IEC 1539-1:2023) was published in November 2023, and can be purchased from the ISO. Fortran 2023 is a minor extension of Fortran 2018 that focuses on correcting errors and omissions in Fortran 2018. It also adds some small features, including an
1042:
1 to 5 were the label field: a sequence of digits here was taken as a label for use in DO or control statements such as GO TO and IF, or to identify a FORMAT statement referred to in a WRITE or READ statement. Leading zeros are ignored and 0 is not a valid label
1065:
Columns 73 to 80 could therefore be used for identification information, such as punching a sequence number or text, which could be used to re-order cards if a stack of cards was dropped; though in practice this was reserved for stable, production programs. An
3476:
A Fortran 77 version of the Heron program requires no modifications to the Fortran 66 version. However this example demonstrates additional cleanup of the I/O statements, including using list-directed I/O, and replacing the Hollerith edit descriptors in the
964:
of the generated code, the results of which were used to optimize the placement of basic blocks in memory—a very sophisticated optimization for its time. The Monte Carlo technique is documented in Backus et al.'s paper on this original implementation,
2163:, each named by letters that indicated the minimum amount of memory the compiler needed to run. The letters (F, G, H) matched the codes used with System/360 model numbers to indicate memory size, each letter increment being a factor of two larger:
5281:
Incompatible extensions were not the only portability problem. For numerical calculations, it is important to take account of the characteristics of the arithmetic. This was addressed by Fox et al. in the context of the 1966 standard by the
5265:
and semantics, but vendors continued to provide incompatible extensions. Although careful programmers were coming to realize that use of incompatible extensions caused expensive portability problems, and were therefore using programs such as
3378:
In this revision of the standard, a number of features were removed or altered in a manner that might invalidate formerly standard-conforming programs. (Removal was the only allowable alternative to X3J3 at that time, since the concept of
5453:
was the name of a reduced version of the IBM 704 FORTRAN language, which was implemented for the IBM 650, using a translator program developed at Carnegie in the late 1950s. The following comment appears in the IBM Reference Manual
3228:, the Computer Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (formerly BEMA). Final drafts of this revised standard circulated in 1977, leading to formal approval of the new FORTRAN standard in April 1978. The new standard, called
1448:
in subroutines. Early computer architectures supported no concept of a stack, and when they did directly support subroutine calls, the return location was often stored in one fixed location adjacent to the subroutine code (e.g. the
5645:
preprocessor was often used to verify that code conformed to a portable subset of the language. Despite advances in the Fortran language, preprocessors continue to be used for conditional compilation and macro substitution.
5278:, that processors purchased by the U.S. Government were required to diagnose extensions of the standard. Rather than offer two processors, essentially every compiler eventually had at least an option to diagnose extensions.
5029:
Fortran 2018 deleted the arithmetic IF statement. It also deleted non-block DO constructs - loops which do not end with an END DO or CONTINUE statement. These had been an obsolescent part of the language since Fortran 90.
6945:
The "Fortran character set" defined by the FORTRAN 77 standard was the minimal character set that standard-compliant compilers were required to support; in practice, many FORTRAN 77 compilers supported the full
4607:, published officially as ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997, was a minor revision, mostly to resolve some outstanding issues from the Fortran 90 standard. Nevertheless, Fortran 95 also added a number of extensions, notably from the
4359:
Unlike the prior revision, Fortran 90 removed no features. Any standard-conforming FORTRAN 77 program was also standard-conforming under Fortran 90, and either standard should have been usable to define its behavior.
683:
The language was widely adopted by scientists for writing numerically intensive programs, which encouraged compiler writers to produce compilers that could generate faster and more efficient code. The inclusion of a
5110:
already described FORTRAN as "old-fashioned", programs have been written in Fortran for many decades and there is a vast body of Fortran software in daily use throughout the scientific and engineering communities.
1028:, one line to a card. The resulting deck of cards would be fed into a card reader to be compiled. Punched card codes included no lower-case letters or many special characters, and special versions of the IBM 026
5592:
were commonly used to provide a friendlier language, with the advantage that the preprocessed code could be compiled on any machine with a standard FORTRAN compiler. These preprocessors would typically support
1046:
6 was a continuation field: a character other than a blank or a zero here caused the card to be taken as a continuation of the statement on the prior card. The continuation cards were usually numbered 1, 2,
4063:, standardized a number of features implemented by most FORTRAN 77 compilers but not included in the ANSI FORTRAN 77 standard. These features would eventually be incorporated into the Fortran 90 standard.
707:
computers. Significantly, the increasing popularity of FORTRAN spurred competing computer manufacturers to provide FORTRAN compilers for their machines, so that by 1963 over 40 FORTRAN compilers existed.
2254:(although many continued to term it FORTRAN IV, the language on which the standard was largely based). FORTRAN 66 effectively became the first industry-standard version of FORTRAN. FORTRAN 66 included:
6357:
During the same FORTRAN standards committee meeting at which the name "FORTRAN 77" was chosen, a satirical technical proposal was incorporated into the official distribution bearing the title "Letter O
4830:
officially published as ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004, was a major revision introducing many new features. A comprehensive summary of the new features of Fortran 2003 is available at the Fortran Working Group (
5293:
Access to the computing environment (e.g., the program's command line, environment variables, textual explanation of error conditions) remained a problem until it was addressed by the 2003 standard.
5249:
were added to Fortran 2003 and enhanced by the ISO/IEC technical specification 29113, which was incorporated into Fortran 2018 to allow more flexible interoperation with other programming languages.
4803:
Nevertheless, if a standard-conforming Fortran does provide such options, then they "must be provided in accordance with the description of those facilities in the appropriate Part of the Standard".
5568:
Two versions existed for the 650s with a 2000 word memory drum: FOR TRANSIT I (S) and FOR TRANSIT II, the latter for machines equipped with indexing registers and automatic floating-point decimal (
5245:
have become popular in particular areas of computational science. Consequently, a growing fraction of scientific programs are also written in such higher-level scripting languages. For this reason,
5286:
library. The ideas therein became widely used, and were eventually incorporated into the 1990 standard by way of intrinsic inquiry functions. The widespread (now almost universal) adoption of the
8789:
7418:
5033:
New obsolescences are: COMMON and EQUIVALENCE statements and the BLOCK DATA program unit, labelled DO loops, specific names for intrinsic functions, and the FORALL statement and construct.
982:
problem. Later, an error-handling subroutine to handle user errors such as division by zero, developed by NASA, was incorporated, informing users of which line of code contained the error.
2438:
The above Fortran II version of the Heron program needs several modifications to compile as a Fortran 66 program. Modifications include using the more machine independent versions of the
1074:
could be programmed to tab to column 7 and skip out after column 72. Later compilers relaxed most fixed-format restrictions, and the requirement was eliminated in the Fortran 90 standard.
488:(ANSI) developed a standard for Fortran to limit proliferation of compilers using slightly different syntax. Successive versions have added support for a character data type (Fortran 77),
5000:, which has been submitted to ISO in May 2012 for approval. The specification adds support for accessing the array descriptor from C and allows ignoring the type and rank of arguments.
4875:
transfer, stream access, user specified transfer operations for derived types, user specified control of rounding during format conversions, named constants for preconnected units, the
7195:
6510:
Report of a Visit to Discuss Common Programming Languages in Czechoslowakia and Poland, 1963, John A. Gosden (Editor), Roger E. Gay, John L. Jones, Jack N. Merner, Christopher J. Shaw
719:
of only 8000 (six-bit) characters. The compiler could be run from tape, or from a 2200-card deck; it used no further tape or disk storage. It kept the program in memory and loaded
5434:
was an object-oriented extension of Fortran, in which data items can be grouped into objects, which can be instantiated and executed in parallel. It was available for Sun, Iris,
1070:
could be used to copy a program deck and add sequence numbers. Some early compilers, e.g., the IBM 650's, had additional restrictions due to limitations on their card readers.
7501:
5816:
The following program illustrates dynamic memory allocation and array-based operations, two features introduced with Fortran 90. Particularly noteworthy is the absence of
1038:
A letter "C" in column 1 caused the entire card to be treated as a comment and ignored by the compiler. Otherwise, the columns of the card were divided into four fields:
4868:, explicit type specification in array constructors and allocate statements, pointer enhancements, extended initialization expressions, and enhanced intrinsic procedures
7247:
1081:(blanks) were ignored outside a text literal. This allowed omitting spaces between tokens for brevity or including spaces within identifiers for clarity. For example,
6370:
statements would also be eliminated.) It was noted that this "might invalidate some existing programs" but that most of these "probably were non-conforming, anyway".
9625:
7608:
IEEE 1003.9-1992 – IEEE Standard for InformationTechnology – POSIX(R) FORTRAN 77 Language Interfaces – Part 1: Binding for System Application Program Interface (API)
795:
statement, which passed control to one of three locations in the program depending on whether the result of the arithmetic expression was negative, zero, or positive
7521:
1035:
Reflecting punched card input practice, Fortran programs were originally written in a fixed-column format, with the first 72 columns read into twelve 36-bit words.
6373:
When X3J3 debated whether the minimum trip count for a DO loop should be zero or one in Fortran 77, Loren Meissner suggested a minimum trip count of two—reasoning
8866:
5221:
for mesh and finite element support, and other generic libraries. Since the early 2000s, many of the widely used support libraries have also been implemented in
5115:
wrote in 1984 that "physics and astronomy students simply have to learn FORTRAN. So much exists in FORTRAN that it seems unlikely that scientists will change to
2250:(based on FORTRAN II, but stripped of its machine-dependent features). The FORTRAN defined by the first standard, officially denoted X3.9-1966, became known as
5649:
One of the earliest versions of FORTRAN, introduced in the '60s, was popularly used in colleges and universities. Developed, supported, and distributed by the
6762:
5441:
Such machine-specific extensions have either disappeared over time or have had elements incorporated into the main standards. The major remaining extension is
305:
8389:
8569:
5312:
Until the Fortran 66 standard was developed, each compiler supported its own variant of Fortran. Some were more divergent from the mainstream than others.
4250:
and data together, and make them available to other program units, including the capability to limit the accessibility to only specific parts of the module.
8429:
8627:
7265:
11175:
5565:
program, which could then be loaded into the machine to run the program (using punched cards for data input, and outputting results onto punched cards).
6828:
6678:
Another problem was that there was no standard for Fortran and so slightly different versions ... would likely fail when used with a different compiler.
5008:
The Fortran 2018 revision of the language was earlier referred to as Fortran 2015. It was a significant revision and was released on November 28, 2018.
6528:
5445:, which is a cross-platform extension for shared memory programming. One new extension, Coarray Fortran, is intended to support parallel programming.
8643:
7336:
5790:
was designed to be a clean subset of Fortran 95 that attempted to remove the redundant, unstructured, and deprecated features of Fortran, such as the
5338:
line of computers. It had an optimizing compiler that was quite good for minicomputers of its time. The language most closely resembles FORTRAN 66.
2202:
At about this time FORTRAN IV had started to become an important educational tool and implementations such as the University of Waterloo's WATFOR and
8780:
8135:
4104:
9508:
7769:"N1836, Summary of Voting/Table of Replies on ISO/IEC FDIS 1539-1, Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language"
5755:
to provide support for vector arithmetic and dynamic storage, among other extensions to support systems programming. The distribution included the
5127:
called FORTRAN the "mother tongue of scientific computing", adding that its replacement by any other possible language "may remain a forlorn hope".
742:, a simplified, interpreted version of FORTRAN I (with only 12 statements not 32) for "load and go" operation was available (at least for the early
9887:
5124:
4788:
In addition to the mandatory "Base language" (defined in ISO/IEC 1539-1 : 1997), the Fortran 95 language also included two optional modules:
11180:
10800:
8164:
5316:
the programmer (often a student). Examples include Watfor, Watfiv, PUFFT, and on a smaller scale, FORGO, Wits Fortran, and Kingston Fortran 2.
1012:
A reproduction of a FORTRAN coding form, printed on paper and intended to be used by programmers to prepare programs for punching onto cards by
11170:
11150:
8765:
8619:
7409:
7370:
5271:
5066:. The language versions defined by later standards are often referred to collectively as 'Modern Fortran' and are described in the literature.
4993:
4924:
4758:
4716:
723:
that gradually transformed it, in place, into executable form, as described by Haines. This article was reprinted, edited, in both editions of
9536:
Roberts, Mark L.; Griffiths, Peter D. (1985). "Design Considerations for IBM Personal Computer Professional FORTRAN, an Optimizing Compiler".
9460:
6979:
10666:
8267:
Gaffney, P W; Wooten, J W (May 1, 1980). Methods to ensure the standardization of FORTRAN software (Report). Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
3322:
data type, replacing Hollerith strings with vastly expanded facilities for character input and output and processing of character-based data
11125:
9691:
5182:. Many of the floating-point benchmarks to gauge the performance of new computer processors, such as the floating-point components of the
2235:
991:
4841:
Derived type enhancements: parameterized derived types, improved control of accessibility, improved structure constructors, and finalizers
676:, the IBM employee magazine, "Much of my work has come from being lazy. I didn't like writing programs, and so, when I was working on the
7212:
7186:
6758:
5626:
5183:
9035:
7310:
6912:
11084:
9912:
8761:
ISO 8651-1:1988 Information processing systems – Computer graphics – Graphical Kernel System (GKS) language bindings – Part 1: FORTRAN
7492:
11160:
11155:
10044:
10022:
8906:
8241:
5748:
5094:
Velocity and sea surface temperature in the oceans, computed with the NEMO Fortran code (Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean,
4848:
5078:
General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic Fortran simulation of black hole accretion using the BHAC code with cartesian adaptive mesh
680:, writing programs for computing missile trajectories, I started work on a programming system to make it easier to write programs."
11145:
7584:
5622:
7879:
11089:
9686:
8328:
Whitten, Douglas E.; Demaine, Paul A. D. (1975). "A machine and configuration independent Fortran: Portable Fortran {PFortran}".
6811:
5642:
5610:
4754:
is not an issue for optimization of array references, allowing compilers to generate faster code than in the case of pointers.)
8599:
7048:
7799:
5074:
4746:
arrays are guaranteed by Fortran 95 to be deallocated automatically when they go out of scope, eliminating the possibility of
11079:
10158:
9386:
9376:
9342:
9314:
9293:
9206:
9168:
9145:
9118:
9091:
9072:
9053:
9016:
8997:
8967:
8948:
8309:
8251:
8199:
7665:
7450:
7238:
7015:
6930:
4059:
An important practical extension to FORTRAN 77 was the release of MIL-STD-1753 in 1978. This specification, developed by the
2231:
2153:
1051:
and the starting card might therefore have zero in its continuation column—which is not a continuation of its preceding card.
485:
385:
3232:
and officially denoted X3.9-1978, added a number of significant features to address many of the shortcomings of FORTRAN 66:
746:
computer). Modern Fortran, and almost all later versions, are fully compiled, as done for other high-performance languages.
616:. Backus' historic FORTRAN team consisted of programmers Richard Goldberg, Sheldon F. Best, Harlan Herrick, Peter Sheridan,
11135:
8836:
8808:
8668:
Informally known as Fortran 95. There are a further two parts to this standard. Part 1 has been formally adopted by ANSI.
7930:
7862:
7775:
7743:
6569:
The manual for Fortran I was released in 1956, but it was 1958 before successful compilers were running programs correctly.
9622:
8673:
8021:
5463:
none of these restrictions make a source program written for FOR TRANSIT incompatible with the FORTRAN system for the 704.
5355:
Univac also offered a compiler for the 1100 series known as FORTRAN V. A spinoff of Univac Fortran V was Athena FORTRAN.
10820:
10793:
9902:
5026:
before the latest minor revision IEEE 754–2019), hexadecimal input/output, IMPLICIT NONE enhancements and other changes.
4147:
Ability to operate on arrays (or array sections) as a whole, thus greatly simplifying math and engineering computations.
4060:
3368:
1464:, designed with recursion built-in, did so by default. It became a standard in Fortran 90 via the new keyword RECURSIVE.
948:
statement was used originally (and optionally) to give branch probabilities for the three branch cases of the arithmetic
727:
and in the IBM manual "Fortran Specifications and Operating Procedures, IBM 1401". The executable form was not entirely
205:
43:
10765:
10655:
9230:
8879:
7977:
7955:
6486:
7999:
5300:
It is now possible (and relatively easy) to write an entirely portable program in Fortran, even without recourse to a
731:; rather, floating-point arithmetic, sub-scripting, input/output, and function references were interpreted, preceding
10825:
10389:
10303:
9964:
9365:
9249:
9187:
8224:
6671:
6562:
6749:
1179:, originally allowed only in FORMAT and DATA statements, were prefixed by a character count and the letter H (e.g.,
10830:
10235:
8940:
9623:
Victor Eijkhout : Introduction to Scientific Programming in C++17/Fortran2008, The Art of HPC, volume 3 (PDF)
8397:
11185:
10745:
10735:
10725:
10262:
8578:
8472:
8446:
8371:
6439:
5099:
3374:
A maximum of seven dimensions in arrays, rather than three. Allowed subscript expressions were also generalized.
929:
666:
593:
John Backus (1924–2007) proposed the FORTRAN project in December 1953 and received the A.M. Turing Award in 1977.
309:
8420:
5811:
11099:
11031:
10904:
10786:
10740:
10435:
10425:
10323:
8633:
7276:
5405:
5262:
5257:
4292:
8935:; Brainerd, Walter S.; Hendrickson, Richard A.; Maine, Richard E.; Martin, Jeanne T.; Smith, Brian T. (2009).
7411:
Fortran IV Language Specifications, Program Specifications, and Operating Procedures, IBM 1401, 1440, and 1460
7246:. Programming Research Department, International Business Machines Corporation. April 8, 1957. pp. 6–37.
657:
was completed by November 1954. The first manual for FORTRAN appeared in October 1956, with the first FORTRAN
11074:
11052:
11006:
10979:
10954:
10914:
10628:
10394:
9656:
6803:
6613:"HPL – A Portable Implementation of the High-Performance Linpack Benchmark for Distributed-Memory Computers"
6444:
5756:
5752:
5238:
5116:
5060:
A full description of the Fortran language features brought by Fortran 95 is covered in the related article,
3205:
2177:
297:
6521:
11130:
11046:
10949:
10919:
10755:
10750:
10359:
8717:
8652:
7713:
7327:
5335:
5201:
Apart from this, more modern codes in computational science generally use large program libraries, such as
5179:
5147:
5062:
5055:
4861:
Data manipulation enhancements: allocatable components (incorporating TR 15581), deferred type parameters,
4599:
4235:
4097:
1445:
574:. FORTRAN 77 was the last version in which the Fortran character set included only uppercase letters.
509:
465:
supercomputer installation in 2007 at the Argonne Leadership Angela Yang Computing Facility located in the
427:
419:
301:
4811:
The language defined by the twenty-first century standards, in particular because of its incorporation of
3224:, prompting ANSI committee X3J3 in 1969 to begin work on revising the 1966 standard, under sponsorship of
11140:
11021:
11016:
10959:
10939:
10252:
10144:
9520:
8695:
7824:
6402:
4844:
4812:
750:
688:
in the language made Fortran especially suited to technical applications such as electrical engineering.
513:
466:
337:
124:
59:
9600:
9591:
5795:
suited to education and scientific computing". Essential Lahey Fortran 90 (ELF90) was a similar subset.
4730:
arrays, prior to the availability of fully Fortran 2003-compliant Fortran compilers. Such uses include
1020:
Before the development of disk files, text editors and terminals, programs were most often entered on a
10964:
10860:
10843:
10623:
10607:
10149:
10104:
10032:
8536:
6434:
5606:
5246:
4939:
4734:
arrays as derived type components, in procedure dummy argument lists, and as function return values. (
1394:
570:
letters, and the names of versions of the language through FORTRAN 77 were usually spelled in all-
447:
329:
240:
17:
9608:
10974:
10929:
9737:
9617:
5421:
5090:
4892:
4774:
4274:
633:
5783:
is an application specific Fortran preprocessor for modeling and simulating large discrete systems.
5022:
Additional changes and new features include support for ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559:2011 (the version of the
11011:
10894:
10760:
10541:
10349:
10204:
9223:
Abstracting Away the Machine: The History of the FORTRAN Programming Language (FORmula TRANslation)
8511:
X3J3 post-meeting distribution for meeting held at Brookhaven National Laboratory in November 1976.
5787:
5638:
5602:
5569:
5366:
5345:
5242:
5222:
5163:
4608:
3183:
2189:
1393:
by allowing user-written subroutines and functions which returned values with parameters passed by
505:
293:
212:
10602:
10308:
10182:
9585:
8984:
Arjen, Markus (2012), "Modern Fortran in Practice", Cambridge Univ. Press, ISBN 978-1-13908479-6.
7301:
5767:
5598:
5431:
5143:
4905:
4819:, is often referred to as 'Modern Fortran', and the term is increasingly used in the literature.
4141:
Identifiers up to 31 characters in length (In the previous standard, it was only six characters).
2226:
Perhaps the most significant development in the early history of FORTRAN was the decision by the
2185:
1461:
766:
443:
7361:
4400:
Shared DO-loop termination or termination with a statement other than END DO or CONTINUE
3472:
Transfer of control out of and back into the range of a DO loop (also known as "Extended Range")
3220:
After the release of the FORTRAN 66 standard, compiler vendors introduced several extensions to
11190:
10880:
10633:
10404:
10220:
9922:
5650:
5594:
5175:
4912:
3253:
3190:
1390:
578:
517:
489:
393:
232:
155:
55:
51:
47:
7466:
7216:
6857:
735:
11165:
10649:
10614:
10240:
10199:
9830:
9491:
9045:
7240:
The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM : Preliminary Operator's Manual
6922:
6449:
5362:
5167:
5155:
5151:
4956:
Sub-modules – additional structuring facilities for modules; supersedes ISO/IEC TR 19767:2005
720:
435:
423:
404:
260:
6633:
5191:
4592:
4271:
New data type declaration syntax, to specify the data type and other attributes of variables
1032:
were offered that would correctly print the re-purposed special characters used in FORTRAN.
10809:
10469:
10379:
10333:
10328:
10134:
9932:
9877:
9860:
9703:
8100:
7837:
ISO/IEC TS 29113:2012 – Information technology – Further interoperability of Fortran with C
7387:
7063:
5659:
5394:
5331:
4966:
4916:
4751:
4263:
3261:
loop extensions, including parameter expressions, negative increments, and zero trip counts
1078:
716:
581:
for Fortran have referred to the language as "Fortran" with initial caps since Fortran 90.
396:
38:
8899:
8:
10885:
10643:
10505:
10440:
10245:
10188:
10154:
8759:
4982:
4243:
3197:
1183:), allowing blanks to be retained within the character string. Miscounts were a problem.
757:
were specifically motivated by the need to generate efficient code for Fortran programs.
501:
497:
63:
9581:
8104:
7823:
N1830, Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language
7067:
628:. Its concepts included easier entry of equations into a computer, an idea developed by
10618:
10593:
10493:
10475:
10139:
9516:
9432:
9157:
8932:
8747:
8353:
7021:
6751:
The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM: Programmer's Reference Manual
6729:
6359:
4895:
4856:
4777:
4667:
Several features noted in Fortran 90 to be "obsolescent" were removed from Fortran 95:
4132:
3387:
3364:
2411:
2317:
2118:
2102:
IBM began development of FORTRAN IV starting in 1961, as a result of customer demands.
1473:
1176:
961:
629:
613:
400:
170:
86:
8088:
4135:
removed the need to skip the first six character positions before entering statements.
2206:
were created to simplify the complex compile and link processes of earlier compilers.
10865:
10730:
10677:
10571:
10566:
10430:
10354:
9949:
9917:
9825:
9757:
9742:
9649:
9596:, Computer Science Corporation El Segundo, California (April 1970). NASA (N70-25287).
9482:
9382:
9361:
9338:
9310:
9289:
9268:
9261:
9245:
9226:
9202:
9183:
9164:
9141:
9124:
9114:
9097:
9087:
9068:
9049:
9022:
9012:
8993:
8973:
8963:
8944:
8739:
8345:
8305:
8268:
8247:
8220:
8195:
8116:
7642:
7446:
7437:
7029:
7011:
6926:
6667:
6558:
5389:) added extensions to Fortran to take advantage of special hardware features such as
5382:
5327:
5270:
it was not until after the 1977 standard, when the National Bureau of Standards (now
5195:
4862:
4855:, dynamic type allocation, and type-bound procedures, providing complete support for
4852:
4831:
4150:
whole, partial and masked array assignment statements and array expressions, such as
2111:
685:
662:
606:
523:
493:
389:
256:
244:
67:
9436:
8693:
8605:
8490:
8357:
7578:
7079:
5408:
to keep multiple internal arithmetic units busy simultaneously. Another example is
5290:
standard for binary floating-point arithmetic has essentially removed this problem.
11120:
10660:
10463:
10455:
10384:
10286:
10214:
9815:
9772:
9767:
9545:
9469:
9424:
9415:
Allen, F.E. (September 1981). "A History of Language Processor Technology in IBM".
8751:
8729:
8337:
8297:
8108:
7792:
7691:
7153:
7071:
6988:
6820:
6733:
6594:
5230:
4882:
4872:
4636:
Default initialization of derived type components, including pointer initialization
4342:
4093:
3391:
2130:
2090:
728:
470:
415:
351:
9392:
5086:
Flow around a cylinder computed in Fortran with OpenCL (University of Bristol, UK)
4908:
4-byte characters and choice of decimal or comma in numeric formatted input/output
10638:
10551:
10374:
10313:
9959:
9882:
9752:
9629:
8112:
8043:
6846:
6844:
5043:
4976:
4959:
4816:
2192:
1398:
439:
163:
74:
8847:
8817:
8697:
Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language
8675:
Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language
8645:
Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language
7923:
7851:
7768:
7736:
6885:
457:
10687:
10561:
10556:
10517:
10445:
10399:
10318:
10027:
9907:
9681:
9673:
8682:
7606:
6757:. New York, USA: Applied Science Division and Programming Research Department,
6458:
5799:
5774:
5218:
4799:
which, together, compose the multi-part International Standard (ISO/IEC 1539).
4302:
4254:
2242:. The resulting two standards, approved in March 1966, defined two languages,
2160:
9128:
8136:"Scientific computing's future: Can any coding language top a 1950s behemoth?"
7580:
MIL-STD 1753 - FORTRAN, DoD Supplement To American National Standard X3.9-1978
6582:
4989:
The Final Draft international Standard (FDIS) is available as document N1830.
418:
have been written to support scientific and engineering applications, such as
11114:
10984:
10536:
10511:
10481:
10267:
9988:
9927:
9835:
9810:
9725:
9285:
9101:
9041:
9026:
8743:
8349:
8341:
8301:
8160:
7553:
7033:
6918:
5424:. IBM Research Labs also developed an extended FORTRAN-based language called
5287:
5139:
5131:
5112:
5011:
Fortran 2018 incorporates two previously published Technical Specifications:
4888:
4770:
4381:
3417:
Reading into an H edit (Hollerith field) descriptor in a FORMAT specification
787:
478:
462:
9473:
9304:
8977:
6992:
6598:
6479:
1397:. The COMMON statement provided a way for subroutines to access common (or
11036:
10875:
10705:
10499:
10487:
10092:
10087:
10066:
9642:
9381:. Computers and their applications (2nd ed.). Chichester: E. Horwood.
7025:
5641:-like languages, outputting preprocessed code in standard FORTRAN 66. The
5589:
5402:
5323:
5301:
5171:
2211:
1025:
1001:
252:
9443:
9282:
FORTRAN 77 for Engineers and Scientists with an Introduction to Fortran 90
9199:
Classical Fortran: Programming for Engineering and Scientific Applications
8734:
8120:
7835:
7144:
Haines, L. H. (1965). "Serial compilation and the 1401 FORTRAN compiler".
7101:
6962:
3284:
statement, to override implicit conventions that undeclared variables are
956:
loop might run. The first FORTRAN compiler used this weighting to perform
739:
10715:
10576:
10546:
10369:
10257:
9981:
9976:
9747:
9452:
9444:
9334:
Numerical Recipes in Fortran 90: The Art of Parallel Scientific Computing
9332:
6971:
6963:
6799:
6745:
6741:
6736:; Herrick, Harlan L.; Hughes, R. A.; Mitchell, L. B.; Nelson, Robert A.;
6699:
6377:
that if it were less than two, then there would be no reason for a loop.
5843:! As written, if there are no data points, an average of zero is returned
5572:) arithmetic. Appendix A of the manual included wiring diagrams for the
5449:
4747:
3380:
1137:
because the zero in column 6 is treated as if it were a space (!), while
996:
974:
811:
732:
625:
598:
532:
484:
Fortran has evolved through numerous versions and dialects. In 1966, the
273:
220:
159:
150:
91:
79:
10778:
9569:
9549:
9428:
8625:
8336:(1). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 111–124.
7126:
7075:
6744:; Sheridan, Peter B.; Stern, Harold; Ziller, Irving (October 15, 1956).
5361:
produced by the vendors of high-performance scientific computers (e.g.,
2159:
Between 1966 and 1968, IBM offered several FORTRAN IV compilers for its
531:
Since April 2024, Fortran has ranked among the top ten languages in the
10944:
10298:
10291:
10225:
9971:
9792:
9782:
9448:
8292:
P. A. Fox (1977). "Port — A portable mathematical subroutine library".
7157:
6967:
5435:
5187:
4639:
Expanded the ability to use initialization expressions for data objects
4247:
649:(October 15, 1956), the first programmer's reference manual for Fortran
621:
548:
431:
8476:
8450:
8272:
7213:"Subject: GOTRAN ON THE IBM 1316 DISK STORAGE PACK (Serial No. K7402)"
6824:
6612:
5846:! While this may not be desired behavior, it keeps this example simple
4347:
Portable specification of numerical precision under the user's control
11041:
10056:
10049:
9865:
9787:
9777:
8296:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 57. pp. 165–177.
8062:
7901:
6691:
6029:! Take the average by summing points and dividing by number_of_points
5780:
5577:
5413:
5390:
5374:
5135:
4837:
From that article, the major enhancements for this revision include:
4783:
3186:
3178:
2292:
715:
computer by an innovative 63-phase compiler that ran entirely in its
639:
571:
567:
248:
6396:
5597:, variable names longer than six characters, additional data types,
2246:(based on FORTRAN IV, which had served as a de facto standard), and
1008:
661:
delivered in April 1957. Fortran produced efficient enough code for
10672:
10420:
10364:
10129:
10114:
10097:
9942:
9870:
9840:
9456:
9357:
7363:
Reference Manual, FORTRAN II for the IBM 704 Data Processing System
7127:"FORTRAN – The First Programming Language for Numeric Calculations"
6975:
6737:
5397:, and vector arrays. For example, one of IBM's FORTRAN compilers (
5349:
5210:
5120:
5023:
4935:
4879:
statement, regularization of keywords, and access to error messages
4750:. In addition, elements of allocatable arrays are contiguous, and
4528:
COMMON and EQUIVALENCE statements, and the BLOCK DATA program unit
3213:
2196:
2142:
2138:
2134:
1450:
1071:
1029:
1021:
1013:
754:
743:
712:
704:
700:
658:
617:
474:
285:
8629:
American National Standard – Programming Language Fortran Extended
8192:
Large Eddy Simulation of Complex Engineering and Geophysical Flows
6419:
4591:"F95" redirects here. For the Düsseldorf-based football club, see
1173:. Note the slight visual difference between a comma and a period.
952:
statement. It could also be used to suggest how many iterations a
10934:
10682:
10124:
10119:
10061:
9820:
8632:. American National Standards Institute / ISO/IEC. Archived from
5618:
5573:
5214:
5194:) are written in Fortran. Math algorithms are well documented in
4972:
The CONTIGUOUS attribute – to specify storage layout restrictions
4301:
statement to facilitate the creation and manipulation of dynamic
1454:
1067:
1058:
941:
later overcome by "logical" facilities introduced in FORTRAN IV.
696:
692:
677:
645:
610:
236:
9612:, by Reinhold Bader, Nisarg Patel, Leibniz Supercomputing Centre
9509:"FORTRAN – Backus et al high-level compiler (Computer Language)"
9272:
7721:
5798:
Lahey and Fujitsu teamed up to create Fortran for the Microsoft
5082:
3562:
C MUST BE GREATER THAN THE THIRD SIDE, SO WE CHECK FOR THAT, TOO
3517:
C INPUT ERROR DISPLAY ERROR OUTPUT CODE 1 IN JOB CONTROL LISTING
2535:
C MUST BE GREATER THAN THE THIRD SIDE, SO WE CHECK FOR THAT, TOO
2472:
C INPUT ERROR DISPLAY ERROR OUTPUT CODE 1 IN JOB CONTROL LISTING
2450:
type conversion functions. Though not required, the arithmetic
1553:
C MUST BE GREATER THAN THE THIRD SIDE, SO WE CHECK FOR THAT, TOO
1490:
C INPUT ERROR DISPLAY ERROR OUTPUT CODE 1 IN JOB CONTROL LISTING
589:
11001:
10969:
10853:
10109:
10082:
10039:
10017:
9937:
9163:(3rd ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
8086:
6425:
5663:
5654:
5634:
5630:
5614:
5442:
5386:
5234:
5159:
4911:
Enhanced integration with the host operating system: access to
4652:
arrays are automatically deallocated when they go out of scope.
3201:
2203:
2181:
451:
333:
321:
313:
4120:
The much-delayed successor to FORTRAN 77, informally known as
2106:
removed the machine-dependent features of FORTRAN II (such as
10909:
10899:
10870:
10848:
9730:
9214:
9136:
Ellis, T. M. R.; Phillips, Ivor R.; Lahey, Thomas M. (1994).
8931:
7105:
6947:
5770:
capability. This capability is often referred to as "CoCo".
5412:, a special variant of FORTRAN designed specifically for the
5226:
5206:
5202:
5107:
5018:
ISO/IEC TS 18508:2015 Additional Parallel Features in Fortran
4792:
Varying length character strings (ISO/IEC 1539-2 : 2000)
4656:
A number of intrinsic functions were extended (for example a
4108:
3361:
3225:
450:
and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's
325:
289:
9602:
A self-study course in FORTRAN programing—Volume II—workbook
9575:
7522:"DECSYSTEM-10 FORTRAN IV (F40) Programmers Reference Manual"
7507:
from the original on October 29, 2021 – via bitsavers.
5095:
4096:
intrinsic functions, based on similar functions included in
765:
The initial release of FORTRAN for the IBM 704 contained 32
360:
130:
Fortran 2023 (ISO/IEC 1539:2023) / November 17, 2023
10991:
9954:
9897:
9593:
A self-study course in FORTRAN programing—Volume I—textbook
9563:
8788:. European Computer Manufacturers Association. April 1965.
7612:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6641:
5802:. Silverfrost FTN95 is also capable of creating .NET code.
5417:
5370:
4230:
user-defined array-valued functions and array constructors.
3808:'Sum of two sides must be greater than third side.'
829:
317:
216:
194:
8694:
ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010 (Final Draft International Standard).
5130:
It is the primary language for some of the most intensive
4985:– as an alternative to recursive pointers in derived types
4979:– can contain declarations of objects with construct scope
2148:
By 1965, FORTRAN IV was supposed to be compliant with the
2129:
FORTRAN IV was eventually released in 1962, first for the
1433:
Over the next few years, FORTRAN II added support for the
1004:, showing the specialized uses of columns 1–5, 6 and 73–80
11026:
10996:
9665:
8875:
8843:
8601:
American National Standard – Programming Language FORTRAN
7188:
Fortran Specifications and Operating Procedures, IBM 1401
6862:
6410:
6381:
or asterisk ("*"), while others favored the colon (":").
6074:! Now form average over positive and negative points only
5378:
4969:
construct – for loop iterations with no interdependencies
3508:
C AREA OF A TRIANGLE WITH A STANDARD SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION
3481:
statements with quoted strings. It also uses structured
3209:
2463:
C AREA OF A TRIANGLE WITH A STANDARD SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION
2458:
statements and expressions in a more structured fashion.
2184:
from 1967 to 1975. Compilers were also available for the
1481:
C AREA OF A TRIANGLE WITH A STANDARD SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION
602:
411:
369:
228:
224:
95:
9483:"Compiler support for Fortran 2008 & 2018 standards"
9111:
Modern Fortran: building efficient parallel applications
8428:. Computation Center, Carnegie Institute of Technology.
8243:
Modern Fortran: Building efficient parallel applications
6781:
6728:
535:, a measure of the popularity of programming languages.
9468:. Western Joint Computer Conference. pp. 188–198.
8604:. American National Standards Institute. Archived from
8577:. American National Standards Institute. Archived from
6987:. Western Joint Computer Conference. pp. 188–198.
4253:
A vastly improved argument-passing mechanism, allowing
1389:
appeared in 1958. The main enhancement was to support
9634:
8219:. North-Holland Publishing Company. pp. Preface.
8217:
Statistical and Computational Methods in Data Analysis
8087:
Kemeny, John G.; Kurtz, Thomas E. (October 11, 1968).
5773:
Many Fortran compilers have integrated subsets of the
5326:
Corp from the early 1970s to the early 1980s, for the
5229:. On the other hand, high-level languages such as the
4050:
3182:
FORTRAN-77 program with compiler output, written on a
9455:; P. B. Sheridan; H. Stern; L. Ziller; R. A. Hughes;
9279:
8987:
8538:
Rules for Data Typing (FORTRAN 77 Language Reference)
6974:; P. B. Sheridan; H. Stern; L. Ziller; R. A. Hughes;
5015:
ISO/IEC TS 29113:2012 Further Interoperability with C
372:
357:
9113:. Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Company.
8988:
Brainerd, W.S.; Goldberg, C.H.; Adams, J.C. (1996).
6454:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
6430:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
6415:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
6392:
5637:. EFL, Ratfor and Ratfiv, for example, implemented
5561:
Up to ten subroutines could be used in one program.
5158:, numerical linear algebra and numerical libraries (
4795:
Conditional compilation (ISO/IEC 1539-3 : 1998)
4553:
4098:
Industrial Real-Time Fortran (ANSI/ISA S61.1 (1976))
3514:
C OUTPUT - DEFAULT STANDARD OUTPUT UNIT, REAL OUTPUT
3511:
C INPUT - DEFAULT STANDARD INPUT UNIT, INTEGER INPUT
691:
By 1960, versions of FORTRAN were available for the
366:
363:
9610:
An introduction to the Fortran programming language
9599:Valmer Norrod, Sheldom Blecher, and Martha Horton:
9480:
9062:
8962:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
8422:
Internal Translator (IT) A Compiler for the IBM 650
6655:
4757:Another important supplement to Fortran 95 was the
3658:'IA, IB, and IC must be greater than zero.'
2133:("Stretch") computer, followed by versions for the
354:
9374:
9260:
9244:. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
9159:Structured FORTRAN 77 for Engineers and Scientists
9156:
9135:
7714:"WG5 Completes Processing Fortran 2003 and the TR"
7494:IBM System/360 Model 50 Functional Characteristics
7436:
7088:origins and inspiration to the Fortran I compiler.
6546:
5401:) had a level of optimization which reordered the
5106:Although a 1968 journal article by the authors of
4784:Conditional compilation and varying length strings
3252:clauses, to provide improved language support for
2214:was divided into four fields, as described above.
8868:IBM System/360 and System/370 Fortran IV Language
8418:
8159:
7992:
7880:"Doctor Fortran in "Eighteen is the new Fifteen""
7852:"Draft of the Technical Specification (TS) 29113"
7666:"Doctor Fortran in "It's a Modern Fortran World""
7303:Reference Manual, IBM 7090 Data Processing System
6689:
4432:Assigned statement numbers and FORMAT specifiers
3559:C FURTHERMORE, THE SUM OF TWO SIDES OF A TRIANGLE
2532:C FURTHERMORE, THE SUM OF TWO SIDES OF A TRIANGLE
1550:C FURTHERMORE, THE SUM OF TWO SIDES OF A TRIANGLE
1401:) variables. Six new statements were introduced:
985:
11112:
9888:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
9535:
9182:(1st ed.). O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
6664:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
6555:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
6461: – Software source code with poor structure
6428: – computer algebra system based on FORTRAN
6422: – Python library for numerical programming
5352:series. The language was based upon FORTRAN IV.
4928:TR-19767: Enhanced module facilities in Fortran.
4923:An important supplement to Fortran 2003 was the
4901:Interoperability with the C programming language
2173:1968 : FORTRAN IV H for OS/360 (256K bytes)
2170:1966 : FORTRAN IV G for OS/360 (128K bytes)
2167:1966 : FORTRAN IV F for DOS/360 (64K bytes)
753:, and many advances in the theory and design of
9352:Ruetsch, Gregory; Fatica, Massimiliano (2013).
8671:
8641:
8419:Perlis, A. J.; Smith, J. W.; Van Zoeren, H. R.
8153:
7872:
7099:
6413: – program to convert Fortran 77 to C code
4392:Non-integer DO parameters or control variables
3341:also accepts arguments of other types, such as
1167:, the assignment of 1.101 to a variable called
655:The IBM Mathematical Formula Translating System
543:The first manual for FORTRAN describes it as a
414:. It first compiled correctly in 1958. Fortran
9605:, NASA CR-1478 (April 1970), NASA (N70-25288).
9375:Sleighthome, Jane; Chivers, Ian David (1990).
8626:ANSI X3.198-1992 (R1997) / ISO/IEC 1539:1991.
8327:
7670:Intel (was DEC) Fortran forum discussion group
6858:"FORTRAN: The Pioneering Programming Language"
5945:"Input number of points to average:"
5605:capabilities. Popular preprocessors included
4994:International Organization for Standardization
4715:An important supplement to Fortran 95 was the
4424:ASSIGN statement and assigned GO TO statement
4260:User-written interfaces for generic procedures
3367:. (These ASCII functions were demanded by the
672:John Backus said during a 1979 interview with
620:, Robert Nelson, Irving Ziller, Harold Stern,
10794:
9650:
9351:
9337:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
8960:Object-oriented programming via Fortran 90/95
8816:. Sun Microsystems, Inc. 1995. Archived from
8718:"Draft standard Industrial Real-Time FORTRAN"
8266:
7734:. It may also be downloaded as a PDF file at
7467:"List of FORTRAN Implementations 1957 – 1967"
6724:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6716:
5762:The Fortran-95 Standard includes an optional
4354:
2425:Identifiers of up to six characters in length
2234:(ANSI)) to form a committee sponsored by the
2180:maintained DECSYSTEM-10 Fortran IV (F40) for
555:. Other sources suggest the name stands for
9496:Journal of Computer Science & Technology
9481:Chivers, Ian D.; Sleightholme, Jane (2022).
9306:Professional Programmer's Guide to Fortran77
9196:
7970:
4996:(ISO) Technical Specification (TS) 29113 on
4480:DATA statements among executable statements
3823:C USING HERON'S FORMULA WE CALCULATE THE
3556:C IA, IB, AND IC MAY NOT BE NEGATIVE OR ZERO
3337:Generic names for intrinsic functions (e.g.
2901:C USING HERON'S FORMULA WE CALCULATE THE
2529:C IA, IB, AND IC MAY NOT BE NEGATIVE OR ZERO
2454:statements can be re-written to use logical
2236:Business Equipment Manufacturers Association
1778:C USING HERON'S FORMULA WE CALCULATE THE
1547:C IA, IB, AND IC MAY NOT BE NEGATIVE OR ZERO
1467:
992:Computer programming in the punched card era
798:Control statements for checking exceptions (
644:The Fortran Automatic Coding System for the
9378:Interactive Fortran 77: A Hands-On Approach
8014:
6958:
6956:
6759:International Business Machines Corporation
5840:! Read in some numbers and take the average
4934:which make Fortran modules more similar to
4904:Support for international usage: access to
4763:TR-15580: Floating-point exception handling
4726:This specification defined enhanced use of
3420:Overindexing of array bounds by subscripts
2469:C OUTPUT - LINE PRINTER UNIT 6, REAL OUTPUT
2466:C INPUT - TAPE READER UNIT 5, INTEGER INPUT
1487:C OUTPUT - LINE PRINTER UNIT 6, REAL OUTPUT
1484:C INPUT - TAPE READER UNIT 5, INTEGER INPUT
810:); and control statements for manipulating
605:to develop a more practical alternative to
11176:Programming languages with an ISO standard
11067:
10801:
10787:
9657:
9643:
8622:1539–1980, informally known as FORTRAN 77.
8597:
8567:
8316:PORT ... written in (PFORT) .. ANS Fortran
8294:A portable mathematical subroutine library
8080:
6713:
5583:
5069:
4998:Further Interoperability of Fortran with C
2422:statements, and as arguments to procedures
749:The development of Fortran paralleled the
10808:
9354:CUDA Fortran for Scientists and Engineers
9309:(June 7, 2005 ed.). London: Pitman.
9258:
9063:Chivers, Ian; Sleightholme, Jane (2018).
8733:
8376:.. discusses .. portability of .. Fortran
8330:IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
8291:
8022:"Doctor Fortran Goes Dutch: Fortran 2015"
7956:"Additional Parallel Features in Fortran"
7434:
7428:
6452: – storage method in computer memory
5438:, and nCUBE, but is no longer supported.
5297:interoperability into the 2003 standard.
4705:statement, and assigned format specifiers
4504:CHARACTER* form of CHARACTER declaration
4408:Branching to END IF from outside a block
601:submitted a proposal to his superiors at
9239:
9177:
9086:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
9065:Introduction to Programming with Fortran
9006:
8189:
8183:
8133:
7585:United States Government Printing Office
7424:from the original on September 23, 2017.
7263:
7201:from the original on September 23, 2017.
7010:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 99.
6953:
6245:! Print result to terminal stdout unit 6
6005:"Enter the points to average:"
5471:Arithmetic assignment statements, e.g.,
5458:C28-4038, Copyright 1957, 1959 by IBM):
5089:
5081:
5073:
4224:statement for selective array assignment
3334:statement for persistent local variables
3196:
3177:
2446:statements, and removal of the unneeded
1007:
995:
638:
588:
522:
456:
9566:—the official home of Fortran standards
9489:
9417:IBM Journal of Research and Development
9280:Nyhoff, Larry; Sanford Leestma (1995).
9220:
9081:
9033:
8396:. CDC. pp. 169–172. Archived from
7948:
7916:
7264:Armstead, Betty Jo (January 21, 2015).
7253:from the original on February 26, 2014.
7005:
6910:
6812:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
6804:"The History of Fortran I, II, and III"
6519:
6472:
6320:'Average of negative points = '
6293:'Average of positive points = '
4769:This specification defined support for
4720:TR-15581: Enhanced Data Type Facilities
4307:Structured looping constructs, with an
4227:array-valued constants and expressions,
2314:statement for specifying initial values
2110:), while adding new features such as a
973:The fundamental unit of program is the
14:
11181:Statically typed programming languages
11113:
9513:The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages
9506:
9447:; R. J. Beeber; S. Best; R. Goldberg;
9108:
8912:from the original on December 14, 2014
8287:
8285:
8239:
8214:
7868:from the original on January 15, 2018.
7781:from the original on January 15, 2018.
7663:
7376:from the original on October 30, 2005.
7316:from the original on December 1, 2008.
7143:
7056:Computing in Science & Engineering
7047:Padua, David (January–February 2000).
6966:; R. J. Beeber; S. Best; R. Goldberg;
6798:
6661:
6552:
6522:"The history of FORTRAN I, II and III"
4536:Specific names for intrinsic function
4350:New and enhanced intrinsic procedures.
3371:, in their conditional approval vote.)
3360:comparison of strings, based upon the
3275:statements for improved I/O capability
1085:was a valid identifier, equivalent to
1054:7 to 72 served as the statement field.
751:early evolution of compiler technology
11171:Programming languages created in 1957
11151:Object-oriented programming languages
10782:
10023:Center for The Business of Government
9638:
9414:
9330:
9154:
9084:Modern Fortran : style and usage
8897:
8715:
8435:from the original on October 2, 2012.
8387:
8000:"Doctor Fortran in "One Door Closes""
7936:from the original on December 1, 2017
7894:
7749:from the original on January 15, 2018
7548:
7546:
7516:
7514:
7329:Fortran II General Information Manual
7273:Denver Museum of Nature & Science
7046:
6492:from the original on February 5, 2016
5428:for processing vectors and matrices.
5247:facilities for inter-operation with C
4403:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F2018
4387:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F2018
4056:historically most important dialect.
2232:American National Standards Institute
1444:Early FORTRAN compilers supported no
1110:was a valid statement, equivalent to
1057:73 to 80 were ignored (the IBM 704's
486:American National Standards Institute
10711:
9302:
9037:Fortran for Scientists and Engineers
8957:
8045:Fortran 2018 Interpretation Document
6914:Fortran for Scientists and Engineers
6583:"The Ideal HPC Programming Language"
6513:
5658:rather than dealing with submission
5307:
5049:
4992:A supplement to Fortran 2008 is the
4311:statement for loop termination, and
566:Early IBM computers did not support
410:Fortran was originally developed by
27:General-purpose programming language
11126:Fortran programming language family
9462:The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System
8381:
8282:
8240:Curcic, Milan (November 24, 2020).
8194:. London: Cambridgey. p. 573.
7793:"Fortran 2008 – Last Working Draft"
7664:Lionel, Steve (December 30, 2013).
7342:from the original on April 26, 2005
7170:
6981:The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System
6732:; Beeber, R. J.; Best, Sheldon F.;
6580:
6440:List of Fortran numerical libraries
5456:FOR TRANSIT Automatic Coding System
4488:Assumed length character functions
4443:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95
4435:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95
4427:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95
4419:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95
4411:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95
4395:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95
4297:attribute, pointer assignment, and
4051:Transition to ANSI Standard Fortran
967:The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System
24:
8556:
8473:"Fortran for .NET Language System"
8394:Advanced scientific Fortran by CDC
8165:"Scientists: FORTRAN vs. Modula-2"
7978:"The New Features of Fortran 2015"
7737:"The New Features of Fortran 2003"
7692:"Fortran 2003– Last Working Draft"
7543:
7511:
7102:"Fortran creator John Backus dies"
6834:from the original on March 3, 2016
6574:
6534:from the original on July 26, 2007
6366:statement as before. (Troublesome
5812:Wikibooks:Fortran/Fortran examples
4319:statements for terminating normal
3328:statement for specifying constants
1453:) or a specific machine register (
25:
11202:
9692:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
9582:History of FORTRAN and Fortran II
9557:
9009:Guide to Fortran 2008 programming
8795:from the original on May 10, 2008
8705:Informally known as Fortran 2008.
8690:Informally known as Fortran 2003.
8447:"F Programming Language Homepage"
7924:"Further Interoperability with C"
7805:from the original on May 12, 2014
7443:A Guide to FORTRAN IV Programming
6768:from the original on July 4, 2022
5588:Prior to FORTRAN 77, a number of
5467:The permissible statements were:
5213:for linear algebra capabilities,
4806:
4323:loop iterations in an orderly way
4112:stream I/O in a portable manner.
11161:High-level programming languages
11156:Procedural programming languages
11095:
11094:
11066:
10721:
10720:
10710:
10701:
10700:
10390:Sabre airline reservation system
10236:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
9140:(1st ed.). Addison Wesley.
8990:Programmer's Guide to Fortran 90
8716:Kneis, Wilfried (October 1981).
7100:Brian Bergstein (May 20, 2007).
6480:"Chapel spec (Acknowledgements)"
6395:
5805:
4983:Recursive allocatable components
4689:statement from outside its block
1370:
1356:
1342:
1328:
1314:
1289:
1275:
1261:
1258:
1247:
1244:
1233:
1230:
1219:
1216:
527:FORTRAN and COBOL genealogy tree
350:
11146:Numerical programming languages
9903:Information Management Software
9451:; H. L. Herrick; R. A. Nelson;
8900:"Modern Fortran Reference Card"
8810:FORTRAN 77 4.0 Reference Manual
8638:Informally known as Fortran 90.
8594:Informally known as FORTRAN 66.
8529:
8514:
8505:
8491:"FTN95: Fortran 95 for Windows"
8483:
8465:
8439:
8412:
8364:
8321:
8260:
8233:
8208:
8127:
8055:
8036:
7844:
7828:
7817:
7785:
7761:
7706:
7684:
7657:
7635:
7626:
7599:
7571:
7531:. Digital Equipment Corporation
7485:
7459:
7417:. IBM. April 1966. C24-3322-2.
7402:
7380:
7354:
7320:
7294:
7257:
7231:
7205:
7179:
7164:
7137:
7119:
7093:
7040:
6999:
6970:; H. L. Herrick; R. A. Nelson;
6939:
6904:
6878:
6850:
6634:"Q13. What are the benchmarks?"
6367:
6363:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5791:
5556:EQUIVALENCE (a,b,c), (d,c), ...
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5520:
5515:
5477:
5100:Barcelona Supercomputing Center
5036:
5003:
4946:
4876:
4863:
4822:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4708:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4661:
4657:
4649:
4643:
4630:
4626:
4622:constructs to aid vectorization
4619:
4615:
4544:FORALL construct and statement
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4293:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4268:Derived (structured) data types
4236:
4221:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4067:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3353:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2112:
2107:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1180:
1086:
1082:
953:
949:
945:
937:
925:
920:
916:
912:
907:
903:
899:
893:
889:
885:
881:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
843:
839:
835:
830:
823:
819:
815:
812:sense switches and sense lights
807:
803:
799:
791:
777:
773:
667:high-level programming language
446:. It is a popular language for
183:
179:
175:
10656:International chess tournament
10436:Globally integrated enterprise
10426:Commercial Processing Workload
9263:A Guide to FORTRAN Programming
9197:Kupferschmid, Michael (2002).
8190:Galperin, Boris (1993). "26".
7720:. May 14, 2004. Archived from
7445:. New York: Wiley. p. v.
6690:TIOBE Software BV (May 2024).
6683:
6666:. Addison-Wesley. p. 18.
6626:
6605:
6557:. Addison-Wesley. p. 16.
6504:
5252:
4938:modules. They are similar to
4919:, and processor error messages
4889:IEEE floating-point arithmetic
4771:IEEE floating-point arithmetic
4642:Initialization of pointers to
2228:American Standards Association
2218:middle of continuation cards.
2156:X3.4.3 FORTRAN Working Group.
2154:American Standards Association
2080:
986:Fixed layout and punched cards
13:
1:
10395:Scanning tunneling microscope
9259:McCracken, Daniel D. (1961).
9201:. Marcel Dekker (CRC Press).
8449:. Fortran.com. Archived from
8134:Phillips, Lee (May 8, 2014).
7435:McCracken, Daniel D. (1965).
6581:Loh, Eugene (June 18, 2010).
6485:. Cray Inc. October 1, 2015.
6465:
6445:List of programming languages
5757:Livermore Time Sharing System
5753:Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
4586:
4257:to be checked at compile time
4115:
3216:for FORTRAN 77 (f77) compiler
3206:Digital Equipment Corporation
3173:
2390:statement and assigned format
2384:statements for sequential I/O
2221:
2178:Digital Equipment Corporation
2097:
1380:
1192:Timeline of Fortran language
1181:26HTHIS IS ALPHANUMERIC DATA.
711:FORTRAN was provided for the
399:that is especially suited to
9242:Unix for FORTRAN Programmers
9221:Lorenzo, Mark Jones (2019).
9034:Chapman, Stephen J. (2018).
8113:10.1126/science.162.3850.223
7471:BCS Fortran Specialist Group
6911:Chapman, Stephen J. (2018).
6527:. Softwarepreservation.org.
5148:computational fluid dynamics
5063:Fortran 95 language features
5056:Fortran 95 language features
5024:IEEE floating-point standard
4962:– a parallel execution model
4847:support: type extension and
4600:Fortran 95 language features
1186:
1077:Within the statement field,
547:, and printed the name with
428:computational fluid dynamics
420:numerical weather prediction
7:
11136:Array programming languages
10263:Canada Head Office Building
10253:Cambridge Scientific Center
10145:Science Research Associates
9913:Mainframe operating systems
9570:Fortran Standards Documents
9492:"The Seven Ages of Fortran"
9225:. Independently published.
6403:Computer programming portal
6388:
5142:, computational chemistry,
4871:Input/output enhancements:
4845:Object-oriented programming
4813:object-oriented programming
4520:Label form of DO statement
4368:Obsolescence and deletions
2352:and arithmetic (three-way)
514:object-oriented programming
467:Argonne National Laboratory
107:; 67 years ago
10:
11207:
10324:Virtual Universe Community
10045:International subsidiaries
9965:Service Automation Manager
9331:Press, William H. (1996).
9067:(4th ed.). Springer.
8992:(3rd ed.). Springer.
8878:. May 1974. Archived from
6662:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
6553:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
5809:
5766:which defines an optional
5416:supercomputer, running at
5053:
4765:, informally known as the
4722:, informally known as the
4711:Hollerith edit descriptor.
4660:argument was added to the
4597:
4590:
4355:Obsolescence and deletions
4138:Lowercase Fortran keywords
4061:U.S. Department of Defense
3369:U.S. Department of Defense
3288:if their name begins with
3244:statements, with optional
989:
760:
653:A draft specification for
584:
545:Formula Translating System
448:high-performance computing
241:Numerical Algorithms Group
11062:
10839:
10816:
10696:
10585:
10527:
10454:
10413:
10342:
10276:
10172:
10075:
10010:
10001:
9853:
9803:
9718:
9711:
9702:
9672:
9628:February 5, 2023, at the
9507:Pigott, Diarmuid (2006).
9490:Metcalf, Michael (2011).
9007:Brainerd, Walter (2015).
8937:The Fortran 2003 Handbook
8521:"The obliteration of O".
8215:Brandt, Siegmund (1970).
7500:. IBM. 1967. A22-6898-1.
6802:(October–December 1998).
6435:List of Fortran compilers
5759:(LTSS) operating system.
5123:, or whatever." In 1993,
5096:https://www.nemo-ocean.eu
4834:/WG5) official Web site.
4815:support and subsequently
4738:arrays are preferable to
4575:"Hello, World!"
4464:Computed GO TO statement
4275:Dynamic memory allocation
4151:
3395:
2324:(e.g., library) functions
2240:American Standard Fortran
2125:as an alternative to the
2089:in 1958 that allowed for
1468:Simple FORTRAN II program
1168:
1153:
1138:
1111:
1090:
928:statement (for providing
634:Laning and Zierler system
538:
284:
279:
272:
267:
211:
203:
189:
169:
149:
145:
123:
119:
101:
85:
73:
37:
10350:Automated teller machine
10304:The Great Mind Challenge
9687:Mergers and acquisitions
9178:Kerrigan, J. F. (1993).
9082:Clerman, Norman (2012).
9048:. pp. xxiv + 1024.
8782:ECMA Standard on FORTRAN
8774:Other reference material
8342:10.1109/tse.1975.6312825
8302:10.1007/3-540-08446-0_42
8089:"Dartmouth Time-Sharing"
7175:. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
7171:Lee, John A. N. (1967).
7049:"The Fortran I Compiler"
6352:
5831:
5668:
5666:and its later versions.
5367:Control Data Corporation
5346:Control Data Corporation
5205:for graph partitioning,
5174:, satellite simulation,
4898:(incorporating TR 15580)
4609:High Performance Fortran
4557:
4448:Vertical format control
3499:
3489:statements, rather than
3421:
2460:
2127:arithmetic IF statement.
1478:
1024:keyboard onto 80-column
1016:operators. Now obsolete.
686:complex number data type
665:programmers to accept a
632:and demonstrated in the
10309:Linux Technology Center
9664:
9590:Valmer Norrod, et al.:
9586:Computer History Museum
9474:10.1145/1455567.1455599
9303:Page, Clive G. (1988).
9240:Loukides, Mike (1990).
9180:Migrating to Fortran 90
8898:Goerz, Michael (2014).
8764:. Geneva, Switzerland:
7006:Mindell, David (2008).
6993:10.1145/1455567.1455599
6890:Encyclopedia Britannica
6599:10.1145/1810226.1820518
5768:conditional compilation
5599:conditional compilation
5584:Fortran-based languages
5432:Object-Oriented Fortran
5144:computational economics
5070:Science and engineering
4554:"Hello, World!" example
4496:Fixed form source code
4036:' square units'
2152:being developed by the
2094:the same disadvantage.
932:hints to the compiler).
800:IF ACCUMULATOR OVERFLOW
444:computational chemistry
424:finite element analysis
132:; 10 months ago
11186:Unix programming tools
10634:Dynamic infrastructure
10599:Big Blue sports teams
10405:Universal Product Code
9215:Supplemental materials
9138:Fortran 90 Programming
9109:Curcic, Milan (2020).
8246:. Simon and Schuster.
7643:"Fortran 95 Reference"
5788:F programming language
5651:University of Waterloo
5595:structured programming
5551:DIMENSION V, V, V, ...
5465:
5225:and more recently, in
5176:structural engineering
5103:
5087:
5079:
4742:-based arrays because
4133:Free-form source input
3826:C AREA OF THE TRIANGLE
3278:Direct-access file I/O
3254:structured programming
3217:
3194:
3191:RWTH Aachen University
2904:C AREA OF THE TRIANGLE
1781:C AREA OF THE TRIANGLE
1391:procedural programming
1061:only used 72 columns).
1017:
1005:
979:
962:Monte Carlo simulation
650:
609:for programming their
594:
577:The official language
528:
518:concurrent programming
490:structured programming
481:
452:fastest supercomputers
10810:Programming languages
10766:Vacuum tube computers
10650:IBM and the Holocaust
10615:Common Public License
10500:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
10283:Academy of Technology
9738:Power microprocessors
9564:ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG5
9155:Etter, D. M. (1990).
9046:McGraw-Hill Education
8837:"FORTRAN Coding Form"
8735:10.1145/947864.947868
8672:ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004.
8642:ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997.
8277:PFORT ... Library ...
8171:(letter). p. 404
7173:Anatomy of a Compiler
6923:McGraw-Hill Education
6761:. pp. 2, 19–20.
6450:Matrix representation
5810:Further information:
5751:was developed at the
5460:
5156:hydrological modeling
5152:computational physics
5093:
5085:
5077:
4930:This report provided
4917:environment variables
4648:Clearly defined that
4547:Obsolescent in F2018
4539:Obsolescent in F2018
4531:Obsolescent in F2018
4523:Obsolescent in F2018
4515:Obsolescent in F2008
3352:A set of intrinsics (
3200:
3181:
2238:(BEMA) to develop an
2085:IBM also developed a
1079:whitespace characters
1011:
999:
971:
783:Assignment statements
725:Anatomy of a Compiler
642:
592:
526:
460:
436:computational physics
261:Oracle Solaris Studio
10380:Magnetic stripe card
10329:World Community Grid
10205:Toronto Software Lab
9861:Carbon Design System
9816:Cell microprocessors
9011:. London: Springer.
8958:Akin, J. E. (2003).
8571:USA Standard FORTRAN
8479:on October 18, 2014.
8390:"Towards FORTRAN VI"
8372:"Portability Issues"
8024:. Software.intel.com
8002:. Software.intel.com
7882:. Software.intel.com
7369:. 1958. C28-6000-2.
7309:. 1961. A22-6528-3.
7282:on December 24, 2019
7219:on February 21, 2006
6266:'Average = '
5777:into their systems.
5660:Job Control Language
5422:Ames Research Center
4925:ISO technical report
4717:ISO technical report
4472:Statement functions
4373:Obsolescent feature
4264:Operator overloading
4124:(and prior to that,
2327:Assignment statement
2141:, and later for the
2123:logical IF statement
1462:Burroughs mainframes
804:IF QUOTIENT OVERFLOW
516:(Fortran 2003), and
405:scientific computing
397:programming language
11131:American inventions
10644:GUIDE International
10506:Samuel J. Palmisano
10365:Electronic keypunch
10189:One Atlantic Center
10159:Weather Underground
10155:The Weather Company
9572:—GFortran standards
9550:10.1147/sj.241.0049
9538:IBM Systems Journal
9429:10.1147/rd.255.0535
9267:. New York: Wiley.
9040:(Fourth ed.).
8722:ACM SIGPLAN Notices
8608:on October 29, 2013
8388:Healy, MJR (1968).
8105:1968Sci...162..223K
7473:. IEEE Annals. 2017
7194:. IBM. C24-1455-2.
7146:IBM Systems Journal
7133:. October 15, 2019.
7076:10.1109/5992.814661
7068:2000CSE.....2a..70P
6917:(Fourth ed.).
6730:Backus, John Warner
6638:Overview – CPU 2017
6314:'(a,g12.4)'
6287:'(a,g12.4)'
6260:'(a,g12.4)'
5745:(line programming)
5344:was distributed by
5268:The PFORT Verifier,
4857:abstract data types
4507:Obsolescent in F90
4499:Obsolescent in F90
4491:Obsolescent in F90
4483:Obsolescent in F90
4475:Obsolescent in F90
4467:Obsolescent in F90
4459:Obsolescent in F90
4369:
4343:multi-way selection
4246:, to group related
3388:Hollerith constants
2412:Hollerith constants
2119:Boolean expressions
1193:
561:Formula Translation
502:generic programming
498:modular programming
401:numeric computation
171:Filename extensions
102:First appeared
34:
11141:Computer standards
10746:Personal computers
10736:Midrange computers
10726:Navigational boxes
10619:IBM Public License
10594:A Boy and His Atom
10552:Michelle J. Howard
10494:John Fellows Akers
10476:T. Vincent Learson
10183:1250 René-Lévesque
9923:Planning Analytics
9618:A coarray tutorial
9523:on October 8, 2009
9517:Murdoch University
8823:on January 5, 2012
8658:on August 18, 2011
8562:Language standards
8453:on January 9, 2015
8051:. October 9, 2018.
7587:. November 9, 1978
7266:"My Years at NASA"
7158:10.1147/sj.41.0073
7085:on June 17, 2020.
6360:Considered Harmful
5576:card reader/punch
5186:benchmarks (e.g.,
5180:weather prediction
5134:tasks, such as in
5104:
5088:
5080:
4896:exception handling
4883:Procedure pointers
4778:exception handling
4593:Fortuna Düsseldorf
4440:H edit descriptor
4367:
4281:attribute and the
4015:' AREA= '
3365:collating sequence
3354:LGE, LGT, LLE, LLT
3218:
3195:
3193:, Germany, in 1987
2186:UNIVAC 1100 series
1472:This program, for
1191:
1018:
1006:
1000:FORTRAN code on a
651:
630:J. Halcombe Laning
614:mainframe computer
595:
557:Formula Translator
529:
506:parallel computing
482:
32:
11108:
11107:
11090:Non-English-based
10776:
10775:
10741:Operating systems
10603:American football
10572:Joseph R. Swedish
10567:Martha E. Pollack
10470:Thomas Watson Jr.
10431:Customer engineer
10355:Cynefin framework
10241:Hakozaki Facility
10200:Rome Software Lab
10168:
10167:
9997:
9996:
9950:Rational Software
9849:
9848:
9831:Personal Computer
9826:Midrange computer
9459:(February 1957).
9395:on March 12, 2014
9388:978-0-13-466764-5
9344:978-0-521-57439-6
9316:978-0-273-02856-7
9295:978-0-13-363003-9
9208:978-0-8247-0802-3
9170:978-0-8053-0051-2
9147:978-0-201-54446-6
9120:978-1-61729-528-7
9093:978-0-521-51453-8
9074:978-3-319-75501-4
9055:978-0-07-338589-1
9018:978-1-4471-6758-7
8999:978-0-387-94570-5
8969:978-0-521-52408-7
8950:978-1-84628-378-9
8710:Related standards
8688:on July 31, 2023.
8493:. Silverfrost.com
8311:978-3-540-08446-4
8253:978-1-61729-528-7
8201:978-0-521-43009-8
8161:Pasachoff, Jay M.
8099:(3850): 223–228.
7724:on August 5, 2004
7452:978-0-471-58281-6
7017:978-0-262-13497-2
6978:(February 1957).
6932:978-0-07-338589-1
6825:10.1109/85.728232
6734:Goldberg, Richard
6375:(tongue-in-cheek)
5391:instruction cache
5383:Texas Instruments
5359:Specific variants
5308:Obsolete variants
5196:Numerical Recipes
5154:, data analysis,
5050:Language features
4832:ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22
4761:technical report
4674:statements using
4551:
4550:
4512:ENTRY statements
4456:Alternate return
4451:Deleted in F2003
3212:, displaying the
1378:
1377:
1206:ISO/IEC Standard
1177:Hollerith strings
880:Unformatted I/O:
868:WRITE OUTPUT TAPE
816:IF (SENSE SWITCH)
663:assembly language
607:assembly language
494:array programming
416:computer programs
343:
342:
239:, Lahey/Fujitsu,
151:Typing discipline
16:(Redirected from
11198:
11098:
11097:
11070:
11069:
10803:
10796:
10789:
10780:
10779:
10724:
10723:
10714:
10713:
10704:
10703:
10464:Thomas J. Watson
10385:Relational model
10334:Think conference
10215:330 North Wabash
10135:Microelectronics
10008:
10007:
9933:Quantum Platform
9878:Cognos Analytics
9716:
9715:
9709:
9708:
9659:
9652:
9645:
9636:
9635:
9576:fortran-lang.org
9553:
9532:
9530:
9528:
9519:. Archived from
9503:
9486:
9477:
9467:
9440:
9404:
9402:
9400:
9391:. Archived from
9371:
9356:(1st ed.).
9348:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9299:
9284:(4th ed.).
9276:
9266:
9255:
9236:
9212:
9193:
9174:
9162:
9151:
9132:
9105:
9078:
9059:
9030:
9003:
8981:
8954:
8939:(1st ed.).
8933:Adams, Jeanne C.
8921:
8919:
8917:
8911:
8904:
8894:
8892:
8890:
8885:on April 6, 2011
8884:
8873:
8862:
8860:
8858:
8852:
8846:. Archived from
8841:
8832:
8830:
8828:
8822:
8815:
8804:
8802:
8800:
8794:
8787:
8769:
8755:
8737:
8704:
8702:
8689:
8687:
8681:. Archived from
8680:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8657:
8651:. Archived from
8650:
8637:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8598:ANSI x3.9-1978.
8593:
8591:
8589:
8583:
8576:
8568:ANSI x3.9-1966.
8550:
8549:
8547:
8545:
8533:
8527:
8526:
8525:. March 3, 1977.
8518:
8512:
8509:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8498:
8487:
8481:
8480:
8475:. Archived from
8469:
8463:
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8460:
8458:
8443:
8437:
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8434:
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8410:
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7334:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7308:
7298:
7292:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7281:
7275:. Archived from
7270:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7245:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7215:. Archived from
7209:
7203:
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7200:
7193:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7168:
7162:
7161:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7084:
7078:. Archived from
7053:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6986:
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6399:
6369:
6365:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6326:negative_average
6324:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6299:positive_average
6297:
6294:
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6267:
6264:
6261:
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6225:
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6219:
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6207:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6194:negative_average
6192:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
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6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6110:positive_average
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6071:number_of_points
6069:
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6045:
6042:
6039:
6038:number_of_points
6036:
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6012:
6009:
6006:
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5994:
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5988:
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5981:number_of_points
5979:
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5966:number_of_points
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5949:
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5943:
5940:
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5934:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5918:negative_average
5916:
5913:
5910:
5909:positive_average
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5897:negative_average
5895:
5892:
5891:positive_average
5889:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5876:number_of_points
5874:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
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5841:
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5793:
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5672:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5496:
5479:
5474:
5348:in 1968 for the
5322:was marketed by
5231:Wolfram Language
5140:climate modeling
4878:
4865:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4688:
4685:Branching to an
4681:
4680:DOUBLE PRECISION
4677:
4673:
4663:
4659:
4651:
4645:
4632:
4628:
4621:
4617:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4416:PAUSE statement
4370:
4366:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4300:
4295:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4277:by means of the
4238:
4223:
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4214:
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4208:
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4202:
4199:
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4184:
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4175:
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4169:
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4160:
4157:
4154:
4094:Bit manipulation
4089:
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4046:
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4028:
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3333:
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3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3222:Standard Fortran
3169:
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3154:
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3136:
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3007:
3004:
3001:
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2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:DOUBLE PRECISION
2279:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2114:
2109:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1440:
1436:
1435:DOUBLE PRECISION
1429:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1084:
955:
951:
947:
939:
927:
922:
918:
914:
909:
905:
901:
895:
891:
887:
883:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
850:
845:
841:
837:
832:
825:
821:
820:IF (SENSE LIGHT)
817:
809:
805:
801:
793:
779:
775:
738:by two decades.
729:machine language
554:
520:(Fortran 2008).
386:third generation
379:
378:
375:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
199:
196:
185:
181:
177:
140:
138:
133:
115:
113:
108:
75:Designed by
35:
31:
21:
11206:
11205:
11201:
11200:
11199:
11197:
11196:
11195:
11111:
11110:
11109:
11104:
11058:
10835:
10812:
10807:
10777:
10772:
10692:
10678:SHARE computing
10639:GlobalFoundries
10581:
10529:
10523:
10450:
10409:
10400:Financial swaps
10375:Hard disk drive
10338:
10272:
10246:Yamato Facility
10164:
10071:
10003:
9993:
9960:Tivoli Software
9845:
9799:
9698:
9668:
9663:
9630:Wayback Machine
9560:
9526:
9524:
9465:
9398:
9396:
9389:
9368:
9360:. p. 338.
9345:
9321:
9319:
9317:
9296:
9252:
9233:
9209:
9190:
9171:
9148:
9121:
9094:
9075:
9056:
9019:
9000:
8970:
8951:
8915:
8913:
8909:
8902:
8888:
8886:
8882:
8871:
8865:
8856:
8854:
8853:on June 8, 2015
8850:
8839:
8835:
8826:
8824:
8820:
8813:
8807:
8798:
8796:
8792:
8785:
8779:
8758:
8700:
8685:
8678:
8661:
8659:
8655:
8648:
8636:on May 1, 2002.
8611:
8609:
8587:
8585:
8584:on May 15, 2011
8581:
8574:
8559:
8557:Further reading
8554:
8553:
8543:
8541:
8535:
8534:
8530:
8523:Computer Weekly
8520:
8519:
8515:
8510:
8506:
8496:
8494:
8489:
8488:
8484:
8471:
8470:
8466:
8456:
8454:
8445:
8444:
8440:
8432:
8425:
8417:
8413:
8403:
8401:
8400:on July 5, 2009
8386:
8382:
8370:
8369:
8365:
8326:
8322:
8312:
8290:
8283:
8265:
8261:
8254:
8238:
8234:
8227:
8213:
8209:
8202:
8188:
8184:
8174:
8172:
8158:
8154:
8144:
8142:
8132:
8128:
8085:
8081:
8071:
8069:
8067:wg5-fortran.org
8061:
8060:
8056:
8048:
8042:
8041:
8037:
8027:
8025:
8020:
8019:
8015:
8005:
8003:
7998:
7997:
7993:
7983:
7981:
7976:
7975:
7971:
7961:
7959:
7954:
7953:
7949:
7939:
7937:
7933:
7926:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7907:
7905:
7900:
7899:
7895:
7885:
7883:
7878:
7877:
7873:
7865:
7859:wg5-fortran.org
7854:
7850:
7849:
7845:
7834:
7833:
7829:
7822:
7818:
7808:
7806:
7802:
7795:
7791:
7790:
7786:
7778:
7771:
7767:
7766:
7762:
7752:
7750:
7746:
7739:
7735:
7727:
7725:
7712:
7711:
7707:
7697:
7695:
7690:
7689:
7685:
7675:
7673:
7662:
7658:
7648:
7646:
7641:
7640:
7636:
7631:
7627:
7617:
7615:
7605:
7604:
7600:
7590:
7588:
7577:
7576:
7572:
7562:
7560:
7552:
7551:
7544:
7534:
7532:
7524:
7520:
7519:
7512:
7504:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7486:
7476:
7474:
7465:
7464:
7460:
7453:
7433:
7429:
7421:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7403:
7393:
7391:
7386:
7385:
7381:
7373:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7355:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7332:
7326:
7325:
7321:
7313:
7306:
7300:
7299:
7295:
7285:
7283:
7279:
7268:
7262:
7258:
7250:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7222:
7220:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7198:
7191:
7185:
7184:
7180:
7169:
7165:
7142:
7138:
7125:
7124:
7120:
7110:
7108:
7098:
7094:
7082:
7051:
7045:
7041:
7018:
7004:
7000:
6984:
6961:
6954:
6944:
6940:
6933:
6909:
6905:
6895:
6893:
6892:. June 14, 2021
6884:
6883:
6879:
6869:
6867:
6866:. March 7, 2012
6856:
6855:
6851:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6806:
6797:
6782:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6754:
6727:
6714:
6704:
6702:
6688:
6684:
6674:
6660:
6656:
6646:
6644:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6579:
6575:
6565:
6551:
6547:
6537:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6518:
6514:
6509:
6505:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6468:
6453:
6429:
6414:
6401:
6394:
6391:
6355:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6094:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5814:
5808:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5586:
5526:DO n i = m1, m2
5525:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5472:
5310:
5255:
5132:super-computing
5072:
5058:
5052:
5044:enumerated type
5039:
5006:
4977:BLOCK construct
4960:Coarray Fortran
4949:
4825:
4817:Coarray Fortran
4809:
4786:
4724:Allocatable TR.
4682:index variables
4611:specification:
4602:
4596:
4589:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4376:Current Status
4357:
4303:data structures
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4144:Inline comments
4118:
4086:variant of the
4053:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4003:' C= '
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3991:' B= '
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
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2501:
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2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2224:
2108:READ INPUT TAPE
2100:
2091:inline assembly
2083:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
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1909:
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1900:
1897:
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1876:
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1597:
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1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1474:Heron's formula
1470:
1383:
1189:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1133:
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1127:
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1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
994:
988:
958:at compile time
936:The arithmetic
864:READ INPUT TAPE
854:Formatted I/O:
842:, and assigned
808:IF DIVIDE CHECK
763:
587:
552:
541:
463:IBM Blue Gene/P
440:crystallography
353:
349:
206:implementations
193:
141:
136:
134:
131:
111:
109:
106:
60:object-oriented
28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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10868:
10863:
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10840:
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10806:
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10718:
10708:
10697:
10694:
10693:
10691:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10663:
10661:Lucifer cipher
10658:
10653:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10612:
10611:
10610:
10605:
10597:
10589:
10587:
10583:
10582:
10580:
10579:
10577:Peter R. Voser
10574:
10569:
10564:
10562:Andrew Liveris
10559:
10557:Arvind Krishna
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10533:
10531:
10525:
10524:
10522:
10521:
10518:Arvind Krishna
10515:
10509:
10503:
10497:
10491:
10485:
10479:
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10458:
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10357:
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10319:Smarter Planet
10316:
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10280:
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10260:
10255:
10250:
10249:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10230:
10229:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10211:IBM Buildings
10209:
10208:
10207:
10202:
10196:Software Labs
10194:
10193:
10192:
10186:
10185:, Montreal, QC
10176:
10174:
10170:
10169:
10166:
10165:
10163:
10162:
10152:
10150:Service Bureau
10147:
10142:
10140:Product Center
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10105:Ambra Computer
10102:
10101:
10100:
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9952:
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9915:
9910:
9908:Lotus Software
9905:
9900:
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9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
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9863:
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9851:
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9615:
9606:
9597:
9588:
9579:
9573:
9567:
9559:
9558:External links
9556:
9555:
9554:
9533:
9504:
9487:
9478:
9441:
9423:(5): 535–548.
9411:
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9406:
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9372:
9366:
9349:
9343:
9328:
9315:
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9294:
9277:
9256:
9250:
9237:
9232:978-1082395949
9231:
9218:
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9152:
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9119:
9106:
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8775:
8771:
8770:
8756:
8712:
8711:
8707:
8706:
8691:
8669:
8639:
8623:
8618:Also known as
8595:
8564:
8563:
8558:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8528:
8513:
8504:
8482:
8464:
8438:
8411:
8380:
8363:
8320:
8310:
8281:
8259:
8252:
8232:
8225:
8207:
8200:
8182:
8163:(April 1984).
8152:
8126:
8079:
8063:"Fortran 2023"
8054:
8035:
8013:
7991:
7969:
7947:
7915:
7902:"Fortran 2018"
7893:
7871:
7843:
7827:
7816:
7784:
7760:
7705:
7683:
7656:
7634:
7625:
7598:
7570:
7542:
7510:
7484:
7458:
7451:
7427:
7401:
7388:"Ibibilio.org"
7379:
7353:
7319:
7293:
7256:
7230:
7204:
7178:
7163:
7136:
7118:
7092:
7039:
7016:
7008:Digital Apollo
6998:
6952:
6950:character set.
6938:
6931:
6925:. p. 13.
6903:
6877:
6849:
6780:
6778:(2+51+1 pages)
6712:
6682:
6672:
6654:
6625:
6604:
6573:
6563:
6545:
6512:
6503:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6459:Spaghetti code
6456:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6423:
6417:
6407:
6406:
6390:
6387:
6354:
6351:
6272:average_points
6050:average_points
5900:average_points
5885:average_points
5832:
5807:
5804:
5800:.NET Framework
5775:C preprocessor
5669:
5585:
5582:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5399:H Extended IUP
5309:
5306:
5254:
5251:
5125:Cecil E. Leith
5071:
5068:
5054:Main article:
5051:
5048:
5038:
5035:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5005:
5002:
4987:
4986:
4980:
4973:
4970:
4963:
4957:
4948:
4945:
4921:
4920:
4909:
4902:
4899:
4893:floating-point
4885:
4880:
4869:
4859:
4842:
4824:
4821:
4808:
4807:Modern Fortran
4805:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4785:
4782:
4775:floating-point
4748:memory leakage
4713:
4712:
4706:
4696:
4690:
4683:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4623:
4598:Main article:
4588:
4585:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4532:
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4389:
4388:
4385:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4341:construct for
4324:
4305:
4290:
4272:
4269:
4266:
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4258:
4251:
4241:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4225:
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4145:
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4136:
4117:
4114:
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4100:
4091:
4081:
4075:
4052:
4049:
3500:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3394:data, such as
3376:
3375:
3372:
3350:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3279:
3276:
3262:
3256:
3175:
3172:
2461:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2409:
2391:
2385:
2363:
2362:loop statement
2357:
2346:
2328:
2325:
2315:
2309:
2295:
2271:
2258:Main program,
2223:
2220:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2099:
2096:
2082:
2079:
1479:
1469:
1466:
1431:
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1425:
1416:
1382:
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1232:
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1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:ANSI Standard
1201:
1200:Informal name
1198:
1188:
1185:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1044:
987:
984:
934:
933:
923:
910:
896:
878:
852:
846:
827:
796:
784:
781:
762:
759:
599:John W. Backus
597:In late 1953,
586:
583:
540:
537:
504:(Fortran 90),
341:
340:
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125:Stable release
121:
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99:
98:
89:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
44:Multi-paradigm
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11203:
11192:
11191:1957 software
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11010:
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11005:
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11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10986:
10985:Object Pascal
10983:
10982:
10981:
10978:
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10968:
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10958:
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10591:
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10588:
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10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10537:Thomas Buberl
10535:
10534:
10532:
10526:
10519:
10516:
10513:
10512:Ginni Rometty
10510:
10507:
10504:
10501:
10498:
10495:
10492:
10489:
10486:
10483:
10482:Frank T. Cary
10480:
10477:
10474:
10471:
10468:
10465:
10462:
10461:
10459:
10457:
10453:
10447:
10444:
10442:
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10424:
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10419:
10418:
10416:
10412:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
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10393:
10391:
10388:
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10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
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10353:
10351:
10348:
10347:
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10341:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
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10300:
10297:
10293:
10290:
10289:
10288:
10285:
10282:
10281:
10279:
10275:
10269:
10268:IBM Rochester
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10233:
10231:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:, Chicago, IL
10216:
10213:
10212:
10210:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10197:
10195:
10191:, Atlanta, GA
10190:
10187:
10184:
10181:
10180:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10171:
10160:
10156:
10153:
10151:
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10031:
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10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10015:
10013:
10009:
10006:
10000:
9990:
9987:
9983:
9980:
9979:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9966:
9963:
9962:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9935:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9918:Mashup Center
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9872:
9869:
9868:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
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9856:
9852:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9808:
9806:
9802:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9765:
9763:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9750:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9743:Power Systems
9741:
9739:
9736:
9732:
9729:
9728:
9727:
9724:
9723:
9721:
9717:
9714:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9701:
9693:
9690:
9689:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9679:
9677:
9675:
9671:
9667:
9660:
9655:
9653:
9648:
9646:
9641:
9640:
9637:
9631:
9627:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9607:
9604:
9603:
9598:
9595:
9594:
9589:
9587:
9583:
9580:
9577:
9574:
9571:
9568:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9539:
9534:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9488:
9484:
9479:
9475:
9471:
9464:
9463:
9458:
9454:
9450:
9446:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9413:
9412:
9408:
9407:
9394:
9390:
9384:
9380:
9379:
9373:
9369:
9367:9780124169708
9363:
9359:
9355:
9350:
9346:
9340:
9336:
9335:
9329:
9318:
9312:
9308:
9307:
9301:
9297:
9291:
9287:
9286:Prentice Hall
9283:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9265:
9264:
9257:
9253:
9251:0-937175-51-X
9247:
9243:
9238:
9234:
9228:
9224:
9219:
9216:
9210:
9204:
9200:
9195:
9191:
9189:1-56592-049-X
9185:
9181:
9176:
9172:
9166:
9161:
9160:
9153:
9149:
9143:
9139:
9134:
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9112:
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9039:
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8986:
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8956:
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8942:
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8934:
8930:
8929:
8925:
8924:
8908:
8901:
8896:
8881:
8877:
8870:
8869:
8864:
8849:
8845:
8838:
8834:
8819:
8812:
8811:
8806:
8791:
8784:
8783:
8778:
8777:
8773:
8772:
8767:
8763:
8762:
8757:
8753:
8749:
8745:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8714:
8713:
8709:
8708:
8699:
8698:
8692:
8684:
8677:
8676:
8670:
8654:
8647:
8646:
8640:
8635:
8631:
8630:
8624:
8621:
8607:
8603:
8602:
8596:
8580:
8573:
8572:
8566:
8565:
8561:
8560:
8544:September 29,
8540:
8539:
8532:
8524:
8517:
8508:
8492:
8486:
8478:
8474:
8468:
8452:
8448:
8442:
8431:
8424:
8423:
8415:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8384:
8377:
8373:
8367:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8324:
8317:
8313:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8288:
8286:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8263:
8255:
8249:
8245:
8244:
8236:
8228:
8226:0-7204-2033-4
8222:
8218:
8211:
8203:
8197:
8193:
8186:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8156:
8141:
8137:
8130:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8083:
8068:
8064:
8058:
8047:
8046:
8039:
8023:
8017:
8006:September 21,
8001:
7995:
7979:
7973:
7957:
7951:
7932:
7925:
7919:
7903:
7897:
7881:
7875:
7864:
7860:
7853:
7847:
7839:
7838:
7831:
7825:
7820:
7801:
7794:
7788:
7777:
7770:
7764:
7745:
7738:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7709:
7693:
7687:
7671:
7667:
7660:
7644:
7638:
7629:
7614:
7610:
7609:
7602:
7586:
7582:
7581:
7574:
7559:
7555:
7549:
7547:
7530:
7523:
7517:
7515:
7503:
7496:
7495:
7488:
7472:
7468:
7462:
7454:
7448:
7444:
7439:
7431:
7420:
7413:
7412:
7405:
7394:September 15,
7390:. Ibiblio.org
7389:
7383:
7372:
7365:
7364:
7357:
7338:
7331:
7330:
7323:
7312:
7305:
7304:
7297:
7278:
7274:
7267:
7260:
7249:
7242:
7241:
7234:
7218:
7214:
7208:
7197:
7190:
7189:
7182:
7174:
7167:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7140:
7132:
7128:
7122:
7107:
7103:
7096:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7050:
7043:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7013:
7009:
7002:
6994:
6990:
6983:
6982:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6957:
6949:
6942:
6934:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6915:
6907:
6891:
6887:
6881:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6845:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6813:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6764:
6760:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6692:"TIOBE Index"
6686:
6679:
6675:
6673:0-201-71012-9
6669:
6665:
6658:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6629:
6614:
6608:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6566:
6564:0-201-71012-9
6560:
6556:
6549:
6530:
6523:
6520:John Backus.
6516:
6507:
6488:
6481:
6475:
6471:
6460:
6457:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6393:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6376:
6371:
6361:
6341:! free memory
5849:implicit none
5830:
5813:
5806:Code examples
5803:
5801:
5796:
5789:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5776:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5647:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5591:
5590:preprocessors
5581:
5579:
5578:control panel
5575:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5554:
5549:
5546:PUNCH n, list
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5498:
5481:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5457:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5444:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5305:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5113:Jay Pasachoff
5109:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5084:
5076:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5057:
5047:
5045:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4967:DO CONCURRENT
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4828:Fortran 2003,
4820:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4707:
4701:and assigned
4697:
4691:
4684:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4625:User-defined
4624:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4594:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4382:Arithmetic IF
4380:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4325:
4306:
4304:
4296:
4291:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4226:
4220:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4084:IMPLICIT NONE
4082:
4076:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4057:
3979:'A= '
3498:
3471:
3419:
3416:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3280:
3277:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3180:
2459:
2430:
2428:Comment lines
2427:
2424:
2413:
2410:
2392:
2386:
2364:
2358:
2347:
2329:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2296:
2294:
2272:
2270:program units
2257:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:Basic FORTRAN
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2105:
2095:
2092:
2088:
1477:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1426:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1373:
1368:Fortran 2023
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1354:Fortran 2018
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1340:Fortran 2008
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1326:Fortran 2003
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:punched cards
1023:
1015:
1010:
1003:
998:
993:
983:
978:
976:
970:
968:
963:
959:
942:
931:
924:
911:
897:
879:
853:
847:
833:
828:
813:
797:
794:
790:
785:
782:
772:
771:
770:
769:, including:
768:
758:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
681:
679:
675:
670:
669:replacement.
668:
664:
660:
656:
648:
647:
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
612:
608:
604:
600:
591:
582:
580:
575:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
550:
546:
536:
534:
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
395:
391:
387:
383:
377:
347:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
275:
271:
268:Influenced by
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
202:
198:
192:
188:
174:
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165:
161:
157:
154:
152:
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144:
128:
126:
122:
118:
104:
100:
97:
93:
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88:
84:
81:
78:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
40:
36:
30:
19:
11166:IBM software
11085:Generational
11075:Alphabetical
11071:
11051:
10924:
10876:Visual Basic
10665:
10648:
10629:Deep Thought
10592:
10520:(since 2020)
10488:John R. Opel
10446:Think slogan
10287:Deep Thunder
10093:Kaleida Labs
10088:AIM alliance
9892:
9773:Q System Two
9768:Q System One
9609:
9601:
9592:
9544:(1): 49–60.
9541:
9537:
9525:. Retrieved
9521:the original
9512:
9499:
9495:
9461:
9445:J. W. Backus
9420:
9416:
9397:. Retrieved
9393:the original
9377:
9353:
9333:
9320:. Retrieved
9305:
9281:
9262:
9241:
9222:
9198:
9179:
9158:
9137:
9110:
9083:
9064:
9036:
9008:
8989:
8959:
8936:
8916:December 14,
8914:. Retrieved
8889:November 17,
8887:. Retrieved
8880:the original
8867:
8857:November 17,
8855:. Retrieved
8848:the original
8827:November 17,
8825:. Retrieved
8818:the original
8809:
8799:November 17,
8797:. Retrieved
8781:
8760:
8728:(7): 45–60.
8725:
8721:
8696:
8683:the original
8674:
8662:December 13,
8660:. Retrieved
8653:the original
8644:
8634:the original
8628:
8612:December 11,
8610:. Retrieved
8606:the original
8600:
8586:. Retrieved
8579:the original
8570:
8542:. Retrieved
8537:
8531:
8522:
8516:
8507:
8497:November 19,
8495:. Retrieved
8485:
8477:the original
8467:
8457:November 19,
8455:. Retrieved
8451:the original
8441:
8421:
8414:
8402:. Retrieved
8398:the original
8393:
8383:
8375:
8366:
8333:
8329:
8323:
8315:
8293:
8276:
8262:
8242:
8235:
8216:
8210:
8191:
8185:
8173:. Retrieved
8168:
8155:
8143:. Retrieved
8140:Ars Technica
8139:
8129:
8096:
8092:
8082:
8072:November 30,
8070:. Retrieved
8066:
8057:
8044:
8038:
8028:November 19,
8026:. Retrieved
8016:
8004:. Retrieved
7994:
7982:. Retrieved
7972:
7962:November 20,
7960:. Retrieved
7950:
7940:November 20,
7938:. Retrieved
7918:
7908:November 30,
7906:. Retrieved
7896:
7886:November 20,
7884:. Retrieved
7874:
7858:
7846:
7836:
7830:
7819:
7807:. Retrieved
7787:
7763:
7751:. Retrieved
7726:. Retrieved
7722:the original
7717:
7708:
7696:. Retrieved
7686:
7674:. Retrieved
7669:
7659:
7647:. Retrieved
7637:
7632:Appendix B.1
7628:
7618:November 24,
7616:. Retrieved
7607:
7601:
7589:. Retrieved
7579:
7573:
7563:December 10,
7561:. Retrieved
7558:WorldCat.org
7557:
7554:"FORTRAN IV"
7533:. Retrieved
7528:
7493:
7487:
7475:. Retrieved
7470:
7461:
7442:
7430:
7410:
7404:
7392:. Retrieved
7382:
7362:
7356:
7346:November 19,
7344:. Retrieved
7328:
7322:
7302:
7296:
7284:. Retrieved
7277:the original
7272:
7259:
7239:
7233:
7221:. Retrieved
7217:the original
7207:
7187:
7181:
7172:
7166:
7152:(1): 73–80.
7149:
7145:
7139:
7130:
7121:
7109:. Retrieved
7095:
7086:
7080:the original
7062:(1): 70–75.
7059:
7055:
7042:
7007:
7001:
6980:
6964:J. W. Backus
6941:
6913:
6906:
6894:. Retrieved
6889:
6880:
6868:. Retrieved
6861:
6852:
6836:. Retrieved
6819:(4): 68–78.
6816:
6810:
6800:Backus, John
6770:. Retrieved
6750:
6746:Sayre, David
6742:Sayre, David
6703:. Retrieved
6695:
6685:
6677:
6663:
6657:
6647:November 13,
6645:. Retrieved
6637:
6628:
6618:February 21,
6616:. Retrieved
6607:
6593:(6): 30–38.
6590:
6586:
6576:
6568:
6554:
6548:
6538:November 19,
6536:. Retrieved
6515:
6506:
6494:. Retrieved
6474:
6383:
6379:
6374:
6372:
6356:
6344:end program
5815:
5797:
5785:
5779:
5772:
5763:
5761:
5747:
5744:
5648:
5587:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5541:READ n, list
5466:
5461:
5455:
5448:
5447:
5440:
5430:
5425:
5409:
5406:instructions
5403:machine code
5398:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5341:
5340:
5324:Data General
5319:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5302:preprocessor
5299:
5295:
5292:
5283:
5280:
5275:
5274:) published
5267:
5256:
5200:
5172:optimization
5129:
5105:
5061:
5059:
5046:capability.
5040:
5037:Fortran 2023
5032:
5028:
5021:
5010:
5007:
5004:Fortran 2018
4997:
4991:
4988:
4950:
4947:Fortran 2008
4932:sub-modules,
4931:
4927:
4922:
4913:command-line
4887:Support for
4873:asynchronous
4853:polymorphism
4836:
4827:
4826:
4823:Fortran 2003
4810:
4801:
4798:
4787:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4666:
4664:intrinsic).
4655:
4604:
4603:
4578:end program
4362:
4358:
4335:CASE DEFAULT
4125:
4121:
4119:
4102:
4058:
4054:
3475:
3377:
3357:
3229:
3221:
3219:
2437:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2208:
2201:
2190:Control Data
2176:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2126:
2122:
2103:
2101:
2086:
2084:
1471:
1457:
1443:
1441:data types.
1432:
1386:
1384:
1374:1539-1:2023
1360:1539-1:2018
1346:1539-1:2010
1332:1539-1:2004
1318:1539-1:1997
1301:X3.198-1992
1242:FORTRAN III
1175:
1152:was instead
1076:
1064:
1048:
1037:
1034:
1019:
1002:punched card
980:
972:
966:
957:
943:
935:
930:optimization
788:
764:
748:
724:
710:
690:
682:
673:
671:
654:
652:
643:
596:
576:
565:
560:
556:
544:
542:
530:
483:
409:
381:
345:
344:
231:XL Fortran,
195:fortran-lang
29:
11080:Categorical
10761:Typewriters
10667:Mathematica
10608:Rugby union
10547:Alex Gorsky
10514:(2012–2020)
10508:(2002–2011)
10502:(1993–2002)
10496:(1985–1993)
10490:(1981–1985)
10484:(1973–1981)
10478:(1971–1973)
10472:(1956–1971)
10466:(1914–1956)
10414:Terminology
10370:Floppy disk
10314:SkillsBuild
10277:Initiatives
10258:IBM Hursley
10232:Facilities
9883:Connections
9753:FlashSystem
9449:L. M. Haibt
8175:February 6,
7798:. Gnu.Org.
7477:October 17,
7111:October 29,
7026:j.ctt5hhn02
6968:L. M. Haibt
6496:January 14,
5858:allocatable
5792:EQUIVALENCE
5737:'s'
5601:, and even
5450:FOR TRANSIT
5276:FIPS PUB 69
5258:Portability
5253:Portability
4915:arguments,
4849:inheritance
4744:ALLOCATABLE
4736:ALLOCATABLE
4732:ALLOCATABLE
4728:ALLOCATABLE
4650:ALLOCATABLE
4618:and nested
4384:-statement
4327:SELECT CASE
4279:ALLOCATABLE
3381:deprecation
2337:, assigned
2333:, computed
2306:EQUIVALENCE
2197:7000 series
2193:6000 series
2087:FORTRAN III
2081:FORTRAN III
1312:Fortran 95
1298:Fortran 90
1284:FORTRAN 77
1270:FORTRAN 66
1256:FORTRAN IV
1228:FORTRAN II
1059:card reader
975:basic block
898:Other I/O:
834:, computed
824:SENSE LIGHT
778:EQUIVALENCE
733:UCSD Pascal
717:core memory
626:David Sayre
533:TIOBE index
380:; formerly
274:Speedcoding
257:Silverfrost
245:Open Watcom
92:John Backus
80:John Backus
11115:Categories
10945:JavaScript
10821:Comparison
10756:System/370
10751:System/360
10542:David Farr
10441:e-business
10343:Inventions
10292:Develothon
10173:Facilities
10033:Promontory
10028:Consulting
9129:1256806439
7131:SciHi Blog
6466:References
6329:deallocate
5820:loops and
5570:bi-quinary
4633:procedures
4605:Fortran 95
4587:Fortran 95
4581:helloworld
4563:helloworld
4339:END SELECT
4289:statements
4287:DEALLOCATE
4255:interfaces
4248:procedures
4240:procedures
4126:Fortran 8X
4122:Fortran 90
4116:Fortran 90
4074:statements
3424:DIMENSION
3316:otherwise)
3230:FORTRAN 77
3174:FORTRAN 77
2408:statements
2356:statements
2345:statements
2308:statements
2293:data types
2268:BLOCK DATA
2260:SUBROUTINE
2252:FORTRAN 66
2222:FORTRAN 66
2161:System/360
2117:, logical
2104:FORTRAN IV
2098:FORTRAN IV
1406:SUBROUTINE
1387:FORTRAN II
1381:FORTRAN II
1304:1539:1991
1287:X3.9-1978
1273:X3.9-1966
1072:Keypunches
990:See also:
894:WRITE DRUM
890:WRITE TAPE
789:arithmetic
786:Three-way
780:statements
767:statements
622:Lois Haibt
549:small caps
510:Fortran 95
432:geophysics
394:imperative
280:Influenced
137:2023-11-17
56:procedural
52:imperative
48:structured
18:FORTRAN II
11042:Smalltalk
10624:Deep Blue
10530:directors
9989:WebSphere
9928:PureQuery
9836:Selectric
9811:Blue Gene
9726:Mainframe
9502:(1): 1–8.
9399:March 12,
9102:776162717
9027:920530344
8744:0362-1340
8404:April 10,
8350:0098-5589
7718:nag.co.uk
7694:. Gnu.Org
7676:April 11,
7645:. Gnu.Org
7591:April 21,
7535:April 15,
7438:"Preface"
7034:228031739
6886:"FORTRAN"
6738:Nutt, Roy
6696:TIOBE.com
6587:ACM Queue
5781:SIMSCRIPT
5627:S-Fortran
5414:ILLIAC IV
5395:pipelines
5375:Honeywell
5363:Burroughs
5342:FORTRAN V
5320:Fortran 5
5136:astronomy
5098:) in the
4906:ISO 10646
4866:attribute
4695:statement
4631:ELEMENTAL
4237:RECURSIVE
4090:statement
4080:statement
3392:Hollerith
3326:PARAMETER
3320:CHARACTER
2374:BACKSPACE
2318:Intrinsic
2302:DIMENSION
2199:systems.
2145:in 1966.
2115:data type
1446:recursion
1395:reference
1187:Evolution
946:FREQUENCY
926:FREQUENCY
908:BACKSPACE
886:READ DRUM
882:READ TAPE
774:DIMENSION
755:compilers
636:of 1952.
579:standards
572:uppercase
568:lowercase
249:PathScale
87:Developer
11100:Category
10866:Assembly
10826:Timeline
10706:Category
10673:IBM Plex
10528:Board of
10421:Big Blue
10221:Honolulu
10130:Merative
10115:EduQuest
10098:Taligent
10067:Research
10004:entities
10002:Business
9943:OpenQASM
9871:Cloudant
9841:ThinkPad
9764:Quantum
9712:Hardware
9704:Products
9626:Archived
9453:D. Sayre
9437:14149353
9409:Articles
9358:Elsevier
9273:61016618
9042:New York
8978:49906306
8941:Springer
8907:Archived
8790:Archived
8430:Archived
8358:16485156
7984:June 23,
7931:Archived
7863:Archived
7800:Archived
7776:Archived
7753:April 3,
7744:Archived
7728:April 3,
7502:Archived
7419:Archived
7371:Archived
7337:Archived
7335:. 1963.
7311:Archived
7286:June 15,
7248:Archived
7223:March 3,
7196:Archived
6972:D. Sayre
6919:New York
6896:July 19,
6870:July 19,
6838:June 17,
6829:Archived
6763:Archived
6529:Archived
6487:Archived
6389:See also
5969:allocate
5834:program
5531:CONTINUE
5500:IF (a) n
5491:, ..., n
5483:GO TO (n
5350:CDC 6600
5288:IEEE 754
5211:Trilinos
5121:Modula-2
4936:Modula-2
4864:VOLATILE
4767:IEEE TR.
4752:aliasing
4560:program
4333:, . . .
4283:ALLOCATE
4088:IMPLICIT
4068:DO WHILE
3502:PROGRAM
3495:CONTINUE
3282:IMPLICIT
3204:for the
2895:CONTINUE
2694:CONTINUE
2348:Logical
2322:EXTERNAL
2264:FUNCTION
2188:and the
2150:standard
2143:IBM 1401
2139:IBM 7094
2135:IBM 7090
2131:IBM 7030
2121:and the
1451:IBM 1130
1410:FUNCTION
1214:FORTRAN
1083:AVG OF X
1030:keypunch
1022:keypunch
1014:keypunch
921:CONTINUE
900:END FILE
744:IBM 1620
721:overlays
713:IBM 1401
659:compiler
618:Roy Nutt
475:Illinois
390:compiled
310:Fortress
286:ALGOL 58
263:, others
221:GFortran
164:manifest
39:Paradigm
11121:Fortran
11053:more...
11032:Scratch
10935:Haskell
10925:Fortran
10881:classic
10831:History
10716:Commons
10683:ScicomP
10226:Seattle
10179:Towers
10125:Lexmark
10120:Kyndryl
10062:Red Hat
10011:Current
9982:Granite
9977:Watsonx
9893:Fortran
9821:PowerPC
9748:Storage
9719:Current
9682:History
9674:History
9578:(2020).
9457:R. Nutt
8768:. 1988.
8752:8662381
8273:5361454
8121:5675464
8101:Bibcode
8093:Science
7929:. ISO.
7809:May 10,
7698:May 10,
7672:. Intel
7649:May 10,
7064:Bibcode
6976:R. Nutt
6772:July 4,
6748:(ed.).
6347:average
5870:integer
5837:average
5749:LRLTRAN
5671:program
5619:MORTRAN
5574:IBM 533
5478:GO to n
5426:VECTRAN
5369:(CDC),
5332:Eclipse
5215:deal.II
5192:CFP2017
5188:CFP2006
4740:POINTER
4299:NULLIFY
4294:POINTER
4244:Modules
4107:1003.9
4078:INCLUDE
3358:lexical
3347:REAL*16
3343:COMPLEX
3286:INTEGER
3273:INQUIRE
3246:ELSE IF
3202:4.3 BSD
2871:GREATER
2673:GREATER
2382:ENDFILE
2290:LOGICAL
2286:COMPLEX
2274:INTEGER
2244:FORTRAN
2113:LOGICAL
1455:IBM 360
1439:COMPLEX
1068:IBM 519
1043:number.
761:FORTRAN
693:IBM 709
678:IBM 701
646:IBM 704
611:IBM 704
585:Origins
553:Fortran
384:) is a
382:FORTRAN
346:Fortran
237:Hitachi
190:Website
135: (
110: (
64:generic
33:Fortran
11072:Lists:
11007:Python
11002:Prolog
10980:Pascal
10970:MATLAB
10955:Kotlin
10915:Erlang
10854:Simula
10688:Unions
10299:Fellow
10110:Cognos
10083:AdStar
10076:Former
10040:Kenexa
10018:Apptio
9972:Watson
9938:Qiskit
9804:Former
9793:Condor
9783:Osprey
9758:DS8000
9527:May 5,
9435:
9385:
9364:
9341:
9322:May 4,
9313:
9292:
9271:
9248:
9229:
9205:
9186:
9167:
9144:
9127:
9117:
9100:
9090:
9071:
9052:
9025:
9015:
8996:
8976:
8966:
8947:
8750:
8742:
8588:May 5,
8356:
8348:
8308:
8271:
8250:
8223:
8198:
8145:May 8,
8119:
7529:Github
7449:
7032:
7024:
7014:
6929:
6705:May 6,
6670:
6561:
6426:FORMAC
6368:FORMAT
6335:points
6233:points
6212:points
6206:points
6173:points
6149:points
6128:points
6122:points
6089:points
6062:points
6026:points
5975:points
5864:points
5764:Part 3
5664:WATFIV
5655:WATFOR
5635:Ratfiv
5633:, and
5631:Ratfor
5623:SFtran
5615:iftran
5443:OpenMP
5393:, CPU
5387:UNIVAC
5385:, and
5334:, and
5263:syntax
5241:, and
5239:Python
5235:MATLAB
5219:FEniCS
5178:, and
5160:LAPACK
5117:Pascal
5102:(2020)
4699:ASSIGN
4687:END IF
4662:maxloc
4644:NULL()
4616:FORALL
4309:END DO
4072:END DO
3973:FORMAT
3817:END IF
3667:END IF
3487:END IF
3479:FORMAT
3406:HHELLO
3356:) for
3271:, and
3242:END IF
3236:Block
3214:manual
3208:(DEC)
3156:SQUARE
3051:FORMAT
2841:FORMAT
2637:FORMAT
2511:FORMAT
2448:FLOATF
2420:FORMAT
2404:, and
2398:RETURN
2388:FORMAT
2380:, and
2378:REWIND
2343:ASSIGN
2341:, and
2304:, and
2298:COMMON
2288:, and
2266:, and
2204:WATFIV
2182:PDP-10
2063:SQUARE
1958:FORMAT
1916:OUTPUT
1913:WRITE
1901:FLOATF
1874:FLOATF
1850:FLOATF
1793:FLOATF
1532:FORMAT
1458:et seq
1428:COMMON
1423:RETURN
1412:, and
1399:global
1385:IBM's
1170:DO101I
1158:DO101I
1143:DO101I
1140:101010
1095:DO101I
1092:101010
1089:, and
1087:AVGOFX
919:, and
906:, and
904:REWIND
892:, and
874:, and
856:FORMAT
840:ASSIGN
822:, and
806:, and
740:GOTRAN
736:P-code
703:, and
624:, and
539:Naming
471:Lemont
334:Ratfor
322:PACT I
314:MATLAB
298:Chapel
213:Absoft
204:Major
160:static
156:strong
11047:Swift
11037:Shell
10950:Julia
10920:Forth
10910:COBOL
10871:BASIC
10849:ALGOL
10586:Other
10057:Press
10050:India
9866:Cloud
9854:Other
9788:Heron
9778:Eagle
9731:IBM Z
9466:(PDF)
9433:S2CID
8926:Books
8910:(PDF)
8903:(PDF)
8883:(PDF)
8872:(PDF)
8851:(PDF)
8840:(PDF)
8821:(PDF)
8814:(PDF)
8793:(PDF)
8786:(PDF)
8748:S2CID
8701:(PDF)
8686:(PDF)
8679:(PDF)
8656:(PDF)
8649:(PDF)
8582:(PDF)
8575:(PDF)
8433:(PDF)
8426:(PDF)
8354:S2CID
8049:(PDF)
7980:. ISO
7958:. ISO
7934:(PDF)
7927:(PDF)
7904:. ISO
7866:(PDF)
7855:(PDF)
7803:(PDF)
7796:(PDF)
7779:(PDF)
7772:(PDF)
7747:(PDF)
7740:(PDF)
7525:(PDF)
7505:(PDF)
7498:(PDF)
7422:(PDF)
7415:(PDF)
7374:(PDF)
7367:(PDF)
7340:(PDF)
7333:(PDF)
7314:(PDF)
7307:(PDF)
7280:(PDF)
7269:(PDF)
7251:(PDF)
7244:(PDF)
7199:(PDF)
7192:(PDF)
7106:MSNBC
7083:(PDF)
7052:(PDF)
7022:JSTOR
6985:(PDF)
6948:ASCII
6832:(PDF)
6807:(PDF)
6766:(PDF)
6755:(PDF)
6700:TIOBE
6532:(PDF)
6525:(PDF)
6490:(PDF)
6483:(PDF)
6364:GO TO
6353:Humor
6302:write
6275:write
6248:write
6227:count
6167:count
6143:count
6083:count
5987:write
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114:)
54:(
20:)
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