248:. This worked well with low-speed early engines and had the benefit of being very simple and cheap, but the weak spring was unable to close the valve fast enough as engine speed increased. This required stronger springs, which in turn required direct mechanical action to open, as the atmospheric pressure of 15 PSI limits the total force available from creating a pressure differential, meaning that a 15 pounds (6.8 kg) spring is theoretical limit while for practical purposes, lighter springs were typically used. When the limits of this system were reached, the design was improved without substantial changes to the head casting by adding a mechanical system to open the inlet valves and stronger springs to close them. In both cases, the exhaust valves were in the block and were opened by contact with a camshaft through a tappet or valve lifter and closed by springs.
270:
261:
engine, which affects combustion rates and can create hot spots in the piston head, and inferior valve location, which hinders efficient scavenging. Due to the added complications of rocker arms and pushrods, it is also more complex and expensive to make than a sidevalve engine, as well as being physically larger due to the rocker arms being placed over the cylinder head, and it requires an inlet valve and ports in the cylinder head, while the cylinder of a sidevalve engine is simply a closed-end cylinder.
36:
133:
178:, initially with the inlet valve being operated by engine suction instead of a cam-activated valvetrain. When the suction-operated inlet valves reached their limits as engine speeds increased, the manufacturers modified the designs by adding a mechanical valvetrain for the inlet valve. A few automobile manufacturers, including
289:" design. The spark plug was centrally mounted and this, together with the turbulence generated by the squish, provided a short flame path. The thinness of the gas layer between piston and inlet valve was so confined as to reduce the risk of detonation on poor fuel, one factor that kept it in service with
280:
used a more advanced form of IOE engine. It was designed by Jack Swaine in the mid-late 1940s and was in production from 1948 to the early 1990s. Unlike the conventional F-head IOE, this had an efficient combustion chamber designed for good combustion, rather than simple manufacture. The top surface
260:
engine. Its advantages over the sidevalve/flathead also include a compact combustion chamber, a well-located spark plug, and a cooling effect from the mixture swirl, along with better intake mixture flow. Disadvantages include a combustion chamber of more complex shape than that of an overhead valve
307:
The unusual combustion chamber arrangement with its angled valves also led to an unusual valve train. The block-mounted camshaft operates small wedge shaped rockers, one for each valve. In early models the camshaft acts on a simple pad on the rocker, but for later models this pad was replaced by a
477:
In 1936 and 1937, the Indian Four had the valve positions reversed, with the exhaust valve in the head and the inlet valve in the block. In theory, this would improve fuel vaporization, and the engine was actually more powerful. However, the new system made the cylinder head very hot. The exhaust
221:
so that the intake valves open downward into the combustion chamber. The exhaust manifold and its valves are located beside or as part of the cylinders, in the block. The exhaust valves are either roughly or exactly parallel with the pistons; their faces point upwards and they are not operated by
586:
The exhaust valve was below the intake valve, so the design was called intake over exhaust, or IOE. The valves were off to one side of the cylinder bore, so the same design was called the pocket valve. In a poetic way, the valvetrain forms sort of an F shape, especially later with a pushrod and
235:
type engines, the inlet valve operating via pushrod and rocker arm and opening downward like an overhead valve engine, while the exhaust valve is offset from the cylinder and opens upward via an integrated pushrod/valve stem directly actuated by the camshaft, much like the valves in a flathead
308:
roller follower. The exhaust rockers act directly on the valves, whilst the inlet rockers act on pushrods running up to a second set of longer flat rockers operating the inlet valves. The Rover engine, like many 1940s and earlier
British designs, was a small bore, long stroke (
226:
through the tappet or valve lifter and an integrated valve stem/pushrod. The valves were offset to one side, forming what seemed to be a pocket, leading to the term "pocket valve" being used for IOE engines. An F-head engine combines features from both
457:
by Morris Motors)for military vehicles, fire appliances and even buses. A more advanced shorter stroke passenger car development the FB60 engine, a straight-six IOE engine displacing 3909cc and producing a claimed 175 , was used by BMC in the
453:. From this engine Rolls-Royce derived the B series engines for British Army combat vehicles which were produced in four, six and eight cylinder versions(the B40, B60 and B80) by Rolls-Royce (and in the case of the B40 used in the
424:
In Europe in the same period Humber
Limited of Coventry, England produced a full range of cars using IOE engines, these were however phased out at the end of the 1920s in favour of models using cheaper L head engines shared with
316:
rating as low as possible, thus keeping the road tax as low as possible. The IOE layout enabled Rover to use larger valves than would normally be possible in a small bore engine, allowing better breathing and better performance.
348:
saloon cars it was added to long-wheelbase Land Rover models from 1963 in the 2A Forward
Control models, then in 1967 in the bonneted 109", and remained an optional fitment until 1980 when it was replaced by the
1193:
Only the bore and stroke dimensions were shared with the pre-war overhead-valve Wraith engine, the major advantage of this 'F-head' layout being its large valves and generous water jacketing around the valve
285:' to the combustion chamber itself, offset to the side by half a cylinder diameter. The resultant combustion chamber shape was a near-ideal hemisphere, although inverted and tilted from the usual "
649:
In 1911 the V-twin went back into production, same general idea except that this time it came with a belt tensioner and with proper cam lobes and rockers and springs for the intake valves.
244:
The earliest IOE layouts used atmospheric inlet valves which were held closed with a weak spring and were opened by the pressure differential created when the piston went down on the
621:
Inlet over exhaust. Valve layout in which the inlet valve is placed directly over the (side) exhaust valve. Common on early engines, a development of atmospheric valve engines.
281:
of the block was machined at an angle, with the piston crowns angled in a "pitched roof" to match. At TDC, the piston almost touched the angled inlet valve and provided good '
361:
The shape of the combustion chamber as an "inverted hemi-head", along with the angled cylinder head joint and pitched-roof piston crowns, had earlier been used in the 1930
340:
models. Adapted versions of the 1.6 and 2.0 IOE engines were used in early version of the Land Rover as well. Power outputs ranged from 50bhp (Land Rover 1.6) to 134bhp (
558:
The main advantage of this type of layout was that larger inlet valves could be used, but being heavier they also placed limitations on maximum allowable engine speed.
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For 1927, Hudson replaced its L-head inline Six (289 CID and 76 brake horsepower) with a new F-head inline Six, also with 289 CID, but generating 92 brake horsepower.
398:
used IOE valvetrains on all of their four-cylinder bikes except those built in 1936 and 1937. Other
American motorcycle manufacturers that used IOE engines included
470:
Some engines have been made with the reverse configuration, having the exhaust valve located in the cylinder head and the intake valve in the block. The
421:
used an IOE inline-four engine in its Essex line of cars from 1919 to 1923 and an IOE straight-six engine in its Hudson line of cars from 1927 to 1929.
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A dual-carb setup, offered in 1937, didn't help, and by 1938, the "upside-down" Four was discontinued, replaced by a new "rightside-up" design.
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began production with an engine of this configuration, but this was changed to an overhead valve engine before production ended.
273:
Closeup of two cylinders in a 3-litre Rover IOE Engine. You can see the combustion chamber, angled piston top, and exhaust valve.
1114:. Motorbooks Workshop Series. Vol. 242 (Second ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota, United States: MBI Publishing. p. 193.
911:
For the 1930 season, Harley-Davidson replaced the last of the F-head engines with a 1,200-cc (74-cubic inches) flathead design.
848:
This was the design DeDion used in France, which was imported to the US and adapted by Harley and Indian and countless others.
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328:(2.1-, 2.2-, 2.3-, 2.4-, 2.6- and 3.0-litres) engines and powered much of the company's post-war range in the form of the
100:
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The engine was a four-cylinder F-head inline desigh, with overhead intake valves and exhaust valves in the engine block.
394:
used IOE engines with atmospheric inlet valves until 1912, and with mechanically driven inlet valves from 1911 to 1929.
72:
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manufactured inline four and six cylinder engines with a particularly efficient version of the IOE induction system.
119:
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386:
The IOE valvetrain layout was used extensively in early
American motorcycles, mainly based on a French design by
344:
3 litre MkII & III). The 2.6 6-cylinder IOE engine had a particularly long career. After being used in Rover
57:
309:
17:
835:
678:. Motor manuals. Vol. 1 (First Indian ed.). New Delhi, India: B. I. Publications. pp. 108–110
86:
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valve linkage required frequent adjustment. The design returned to the original IOE configuration in 1938.
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A few designs with the reverse system, exhaust over inlet (EOI), have been manufactured, such as the
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it also allowed Rover to run higher compression ratios than many competitors with the more usual
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used an IOE straight-six engine originally designed immediately prior to WW2 in their post-war
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574:. Motorbooks Classic. Photographs by Ron Hussey. MotorBooks International. pp. 13–16.
403:
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V12 engine, although in this case the valves were both in the block as side valves and the
293:
for so long. During the late 1940s and early 1950s when the only petrol available was low
8:
1066:"Five: The Founding of the Hudson Motor Car Company and the Roy D. Chapin Era, 1909—1936"
1026:"Five: The Founding of the Hudson Motor Car Company and the Roy D. Chapin Era, 1909—1936"
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637:. Motorbooks Classic. Photographs by Ron Hussey. MotorBooks International. p. 29.
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Girdler, Allan; Hussey, Ron (2003). "Chapter 1: 1909 Model 5 - The One That Worked".
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above the cylinders, and are operated by rocker arms which reverse the motion of the
149:
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Girdler, Allan; Hussey, Ron (2003). "Chapter 2: 1909 Model 5D - The First V-Twin".
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The IOE design allows the use of larger valves than a sidevalve (or L-head) or
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Complete Harley
Davidson: A Model-by-Model History of the American Motorcycle
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1206:"Autocar road test 1989 – Vanden Plas Princess 4-litre R 3,909 c.c.".
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Girdler, Allan (March 1996). Edwards, David (ed.). "The Miller
Mystery".
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1174:"113: 1954 Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith 4½-Litre Touring Limousine CLW26"
962:
Greg, Harrison, ed. (August 1991). "Classics: 1937 Indian Model 437".
606:. Photography by Dave King. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 188.
286:
132:
970:(8). Westerville, Ohio, USA: American Motorcyclist Association: 71.
35:
1074:. Detroit, MI USA: Wayne State University Press. pp. 124–125.
1034:. Detroit, MI USA: Wayne State University Press. pp. 119–121.
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Storied
Independent Automakers: Nash, Hudson, and American Motors
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Storied
Independent Automakers: Nash, Hudson, and American Motors
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was poorly placed at the extremity of the combustion chamber.
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also made IOE engines for both cars and military vehicles.
1145:"Atwell-Wilson Motor Museum - Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith 1"
893:. St. Paul, MN USA: MotorBooks International. p. 56.
933:. American Motorcyclist Association. 2010. Archived from
705:. Dorchester, UK: Veloce Publishing. pp. 23, 41–42.
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rocker arm, so the system has been known as the F head.
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803:. Sparkford, Yeovil: Haynes Publishing. p. 114.
540:(Fourth ed.). Oxford, UK: Elsevier. p. 48.
860:
Rafferty, Tod (2001). "Chapter One: The
Beginning".
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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746:(4th ed.). Glasgow: Blackie. pp. 91–92.
670:"Chapter II The Petrol Engine and its Components"
509:, 4th edition, Standly Thornes, Cheltenham 1991,
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773:Land Rover Series II and IIa Specification Guide
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1132:1950–1971 F134 "Hurricane" Four-Cylinder F-head
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532:"1 The reciprocating piston petrol engine"
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744:The High-Speed Internal Combustion Engine
222:separate pushrods, but by contact with a
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1106:"Chapter 10 GO POWER Engine Performance"
884:
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635:Harley-Davidson: The American Motorcycle
572:Harley-Davidson: The American Motorcycle
507:Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology
320:The Rover IOE engine family encompassed
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1302:Cam-in-block valvetrain configurations
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1271:. London: Dorling Kindersley. p.
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1236:. London: Dorling Kindersley. p.
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174:IOE engines were widely used in early
167:within the cylinder head and exhaust
144:, or "IOE" engine, known in the US as
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
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24:
1269:The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle
1234:The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle
997:The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle
537:Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology
213:and its valves are located in the
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602:Wilson, Hugo (1993). "Glossary".
1317:Engine valvetrain configurations
927:"1936 Indian "Upside-Down" Four"
529:
34:
1064:Hyde, Charles K. (2009-11-15).
1024:Hyde, Charles K. (2009-11-15).
885:Hatfield, Jerry (2004-10-23) .
699:Bobbit, Malcolm (2002-11-11) .
488:Harley-Davidson engine timeline
45:needs additional citations for
1264:"The Directory of Motorcycles"
931:Motorcycle Hall of Fame Museum
864:. MBI Publishing. p. 21.
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460:Vanden Plas Princess 4-litre R
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1:
1111:Jeep 4x4 Performance Handbook
889:. In Darwin Holmstrom (ed.).
836:Hachette Filipacchi Magazines
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357:Similar Packard cylinder head
1337:Piston engine configurations
604:The Ultimate Motorcycle Book
252:Advantages and disadvantages
209:In a F-head/IOE engine, the
7:
891:The Harley-Davidson Century
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304:or overhead valve designs.
10:
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1212:: 406–410. 28 August 1964.
1149:Atwell-Wilson Motor Museum
1104:Allen, Jim (2007-10-15) .
1003:. pp. 11, 58–59, 78.
668:Judge, Arthur W. (1983) .
324:(1.6- and 2.0-litres) and
153:internal combustion engine
27:Type of combustion engines
466:Exhaust over intake (EOI)
312:) engine to keep the RAC
239:
171:within the engine block.
142:intake/inlet over exhaust
136:Yale IOE engine from 1911
1229:"The A-Z of Motorcycles"
992:"The A-Z of Motorcycles"
1322:Harley-Davidson engines
530:Nunney, M. J. (2007) .
441:Willys Hurricane engine
439:, used variants of the
1151:. 2008. Archived from
771:Taylor, James (2010).
740:Ricardo, Harry R., Sir
274:
137:
1261:Wilson, Hugo (1995).
1226:Wilson, Hugo (1995).
1180:(Auction catalogue).
989:Wilson, Hugo (1995).
964:American Motorcyclist
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435:, and its successor
54:improve this article
443:from 1950 to 1971.
1327:Motorcycle engines
1001:Dorling Kindersley
937:on 11 January 2011
887:"The Flathead Era"
675:Automobile Engines
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1312:Engine technology
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18:F-Head Engine
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110:January 2011
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69:"IOE engine"
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1178:Bonhams.com
827:Cycle World
447:Rolls-Royce
437:Kaiser-Jeep
414:Automobiles
382:Motorcycles
377:Other users
310:undersquare
205:Description
184:Rolls-Royce
176:motorcycles
169:side-valves
150:four-stroke
1296:Categories
1188:2013-01-08
1159:2011-01-14
1127:2013-01-01
1087:2013-01-02
1047:2013-01-02
999:. London:
941:13 January
906:2013-01-02
718:2013-01-02
682:2013-01-09
553:2013-01-09
517:, p. 39+40
494:References
371:spark plug
365:-designed
326:straight-6
322:straight-4
291:Land Rover
159:comprises
157:valvetrain
80:newspapers
976:0277-9358
844:0011-4286
838:: 54 58.
752:cite book
431:Post WW2
404:Henderson
400:Excelsior
363:Van Ranst
287:hemi-head
201:of 1896.
799:(2005).
742:(1953).
702:Rover P4
482:See also
351:Rover V8
236:engine.
233:flathead
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188:Humber
180:Willys
165:valves
163:inlet
155:whose
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101:JSTOR
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