Dry eye syndrome - Knowledge

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people may find relief, effectiveness may be inconsistent in different people. Ciclosporin A treatment also comes with risks of adverse effects that are generally not serious but include a burning sensation. Ciclosporin should not be used while wearing contact lenses, during eye infections or in people with a history of herpes virus infections. Side effects include burning sensation (common), redness, discharge, watery eyes, eye pain, foreign body sensation, itching, stinging, and blurred vision. Long term use of ciclosporin at high doses is associated with an increased risk of cancer. Cheaper

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treatment leads to an improvement in the quality of the tear film or the quantity of natural tears. There are also risks to consider with long-term use of topical corticosteroid treatment including an increased risk of ocular hypertension, risk of cataract development, and increased risk of eye infections. For people who may benefit from topical corticosteroid treatment for dry eye syndrome, the ideal treatment regime, formulation of the topical preparations, and balance between potential risks of this medication is not clear.

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eyes can irritate them further, so should be avoided. Dry, drafty environments and those with smoke and dust should be avoided. This includes avoiding hair dryers, heaters, air conditioners or fans, especially when these devices are directed toward the eyes. Wearing glasses or directing gaze downward, for example, by lowering computer screens can be helpful to protect the eyes when aggravating environmental factors cannot be avoided. Using a

889: 310:), driving, or watching television. Symptoms increase in windy, dusty or smoky (including cigarette smoke) areas, in dry environments high altitudes including airplanes, on days with low humidity, and in areas where an air conditioner (especially in a car), fan, heater, or even a hair dryer is being used. Symptoms reduce during cool, rainy, or foggy weather and in humid places, such as in the shower. 1149: 207:. Symptoms include dryness in the eye, irritation, redness, discharge, blurred vision, and easily fatigued eyes. Symptoms range from mild and occasional to severe and continuous. Dry eye syndrome can lead to blurred vision, instability of the tear film, increased risk of damage to the ocular surface such as scarring of the cornea, and changes in the eye including the neurosensory system. 53: 733:. Application requires pulling down the lower eyelid and applying a small amount (0.25 in) inside. Depending on the severity of the condition, it may be applied from every hour to just at bedtime. It should never be used with contact lenses. Specially designed glasses that form a moisture chamber around the eye may be used to create additional humidity. 591:

can measure the amount of moisture bathing the eye. This test is useful for determining the severity of the condition. A five-minute Schirmer's test with and without anesthesia using a Whatman #41 filter paper 5 mm wide by 35 mm long is performed. For this test, wetting under 5 mm with

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Excess screen time on computers, smartphones, tablets, or other digital devices can cause dry eye. "Humans normally blink about 15 times in one minute. However, studies show that we only blink about 5 to 7 times in a minute while using computers and other digital screen devices. Blinking is the eye's

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or tumors, or postradiation fibrosis of the lacrimal glands can also cause this condition. Recent attention has been paid to the composition of tears in normal or dry eye individuals. Only a small fraction of the estimated 1543 proteins in tears are differentially deficient or upregulated in dry eye,

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Symptom assessment is a key component of dry eye diagnosis – to the extent that many believe dry eye syndrome to be a symptom-based disease. Several questionnaires have been developed to determine a score that would allow for a diagnosis. The McMonnies & Ho dry eye questionnaire is often used in

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Aging is one of the most common causes of dry eyes because tear production decreases with age. Several classes of medications (both prescription and OTC) have been hypothesized as a major cause of dry eye, especially in the elderly. Particularly, anticholinergic medications that also cause dry mouth

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There may also be a stringy discharge from the eyes. Although it may seem contradictory, dry eye can cause the eyes to water due to irritation. One may experience excessive tearing such as if something got into the eye. These reflex tears will not necessarily make the eyes feel better since they are

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The presence of the recently described molecule Ap4A, naturally occurring in tears, is abnormally high in different states of ocular dryness. This molecule can be quantified biochemically simply by taking a tear sample with a plain Schirmer test. Utilizing this technique it is possible to determine

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Typical symptoms of dry eye syndrome are dryness, burning and a sandy-gritty eye irritation that gets worse as the day goes on. Symptoms may also be described as itchy, stinging or tired eyes. Other symptoms are pain, redness, a pulling sensation, and pressure behind the eye. There may be a feeling

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Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Artificial tears are usually the first line of treatment. Wrap-around glasses that fit close to the face may decrease tear evaporation. Looking carefully at the medications a person is taking and, if safe, altering the medications may also improve symptoms

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Topical corticosteroids are commonly prescribed for those whose dry eye syndrome symptoms may be caused by inflammation and may lead to a small to moderate improvement in dry-eye symptoms when compared to lubricants or artificial tear drop treatment alone. It is not clear if topical corticosteroid

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Dry eyes can be exacerbated by smoky environments, dust and air conditioning and by our natural tendency to reduce our blink rate when concentrating. Purposefully blinking, especially during computer use and resting tired eyes are basic steps that can be taken to minimise discomfort. Rubbing one's

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Most people who have dry eyes experience mild irritation with no long-term effects. However, if the condition is left untreated or becomes severe, it can produce complications that can cause eye damage, instability of the tear film, neurosensory changes, impaired vision, or (rarely) in the loss of

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and keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with it are present much more commonly in women, with a ratio of 9:1. In addition, milder forms of keratoconjunctivitis sicca also are more common in women. This is partly because hormonal changes, such as those that occur in pregnancy, menstruation, and

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If the results for the Schirmer's test are abnormal, a Schirmer II test can be performed to measure reflex secretion. In this test, the nasal mucosa is irritated with a cotton-tipped applicator, after which tear production is measured with a Whatman #41 filter paper. For this test, wetting under

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About half of all people who wear contact lenses complain of dry eyes. There are two potential connections between contact usage and dry eye. Traditionally, it was believed that soft contact lenses, which float on the tear film that covers the cornea, absorb the tears in the eyes. The connection

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that is commonly used to treat symptoms of dry eye syndrome. The drug decreases surface inflammation with the goal of increasing tear production. Some people find relief and report increased tear production, however, evidence of effectiveness from clinical trials is not strong and although some

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serum (serum taken from the same person's blood and used in an eye drop formulation) are sometimes suggested to help supplement natural tears. The composition of serum has similarities to natural tears may mimic natural tears. Evidence supporting this approach shows that autologous serum may be

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The tear osmolarity test has been proposed as a test for dry eye disease. Tear osmolarity may be a more sensitive method of diagnosing and grading the severity of dry eye compared to corneal and conjunctival staining, tear break-up time, Schirmer test, and meibomian gland grading. Others have

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glycoproteins on the ocular surface. Chitosan-N-acetylcysteine containing eye drops. There are many different types of artificial tear on the market, however, there is no strong evidence to suggest that certain artificial tear formulations are superior to others in treating dry eye.

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Heydari M, Kalani M, Ghasemi Y, Nejabat M (2023). "The Effect of Ophthalmic and Systemic Formulations of Latilactobacillus sakei on Clinical and Immunological Outcomes of Patients With Dry Eye Disease: A Factorial, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, and Triple-masking Clinical Trial".

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857:– little openings that drain tears into the tear ducts. There are methods to partially or completely close the tear ducts. This blocks the flow of tears into the nose, and thus more tears are available to the eyes. Drainage into either one or both puncta in each eye can be blocked. 373:

does not produce sufficient tears to keep the entire conjunctiva and cornea covered by a complete layer. This usually occurs in people who are otherwise healthy. Increased age is associated with decreased tearing. This is the most common type found in postmenopausal women.

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A variety of approaches can be taken to treat dry eye syndrome. Approaches include: avoidance of exacerbating factors (things that make it worse), tear stimulation and supplementation, increasing tear retention, eyelid cleansing, and treatment of eye inflammation.

442:. Topical lacritin promotes tearing in rabbit preclinical studies. Also, topical treatment of eyes of dry eye mice (Aire knockout mouse model of dry eye) restored tearing, and suppressed both corneal staining and the size of inflammatory foci in lacrimal glands. 3723: 936:

When dry eyes symptoms are severe, they can interfere with quality of life. People sometimes feel their vision blurs with use, or severe irritation to the point that they have trouble keeping their eyes open or they may not be able to work or drive.

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Avoiding refractive surgery (LASIK and PRK), limiting contact lens use, limiting computer screen use, and avoiding environmental conditions can decrease symptoms. Complications can be prevented by use of wetting and lubricating drops and ointments.

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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is relatively common within the United States, especially in patients aged 40 or older. 10–20% of adults experience Keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Approximately 1 to 4 million adults (age 65–84) in the US are affected.

691:. These polymers remain for a prolonged period of time on the ocular surface binding high amounts of water. By the covalent attachment of thiol groups to such polymers, their ocular residence time can be even improved, as thiolated polymers ( 3538: 976:

Other names for dry eye include dry eye syndrome, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, dysfunctional tear syndrome, lacrimal keratoconjunctivitis, evaporative tear deficiency, aqueous tear deficiency, and LASIK-induced neurotrophic epitheliopathy.

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such as from tobacco smoke exposure or infection may also lead to the condition. Diagnosis is mostly based on the symptoms, though a number of other tests may be used. Dry eye syndrome occasionally makes wearing contact lenses impossible.

282:. It affects 5–34% of people to some degree depending on the population looked at. Among older people it affects up to 70%. In China it affects about 17% of people. The phrase "keratoconjunctivitis sicca" means "dryness of the cornea and 3349:

Dantal J, Hourmant M, Cantarovich D, Giral M, Blancho G, Dreno B, et al. (February 1998). "Effect of long-term immunosuppression in kidney-graft recipients on cancer incidence: randomised comparison of two cyclosporin regimens".

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60 patients developed cancers, 37 in the normal-dose group and 23 in the low-dose group (p<0.034); 66% were skin cancers (26 vs 17; p<0.05). The low-dose regimen was associated with fewer malignant disorders but more frequent

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are inserted into the puncta to block tear drainage. It is not clear if punctal plugs are effective at reducing dry eye syndrome symptoms. Punctal plugs are thought to be "relatively safe", however, their use may result in

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superior to artificial tears at relieving symptoms in the short-term, however, there is no strong evidence that autologous serum eye drops are better than artificial tears or saline solution for long-term symptom relief.

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shows considerable variance, depending upon the severity of the condition. Most people have mild-to-moderate cases, and can be treated symptomatically with lubricants. This provides an adequate relief of symptoms.

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Because blinking coats the eye with tears, symptoms are worsened by activities in which the rate of blinking is reduced due to prolonged use of the eyes. These activities include prolonged reading, computer usage

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Barber LD, Pflugfelder SC, Tauber J, Foulks GN (October 2005). "Phase III safety evaluation of cyclosporine 0.1% ophthalmic emulsion administered twice daily to dry eye disease patients for up to 3 years".

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of puncti can be performed. In thermal cauterization, a local anesthetic is used, and then a hot wire is applied. This shrinks the drainage area tissues and causes scarring, which closes the tear duct.

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purinergic receptor, is approved in Japan for managing dry eye disease by promoting secretion of fluid and mucin from cells in the conjunctiva, rather than by directly stimulating the lacrimal glands.

433:, antihistamines, nasal decongestants, beta-blockers, phenothiazines, atropine, and pain relieving opiates such as morphine can cause or worsen this condition. Infiltration of the lacrimal glands by 338:

are two sets of oil glands that line the upper and lower eyelids and secrete the oily outer layer of the tear film—the lipid layer. These glands often become clogged due to inflammation caused by

4295: 568:, composed of a diverse community of microorganisms, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of dry eye syndrome, potentially influencing the ocular surface inflammation and homeostasis. 580:

Some tests allow patients to be classified into one of two categories, "aqueous-deficient" or "hyperevaporative". Diagnostic guidelines were published in 2007 by the Dry Eye Workshop. A

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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca can be caused by inadequate tear production from lacrimal hyposecretion. The aqueous tear layer is affected, resulting in aqueous tear deficiency (ATD). The

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that something, such as a speck of dirt, is in the eye. The resultant damage to the eye's surface increases discomfort and sensitivity to bright light. Both eyes usually are affected.

2755: 484:. Dry eye caused by these procedures usually resolves after several months, but it can be permanent. Persons who are thinking about refractive surgery should consider this. 3925: 3516: 4418: 2871: 3724:"Bausch + Lomb and Novaliq Announce FDA Approval of Miebo (Perfluorohexyloctane Ophthalmic Solution) for the Treatment of the Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye Disease" 584:

examination can be performed to diagnose dry eyes and to document any damage to the eye. When realizing this test, the practitioner is testing the eyelid margin.

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Leichner C, Jelkmann M, Bernkop-Schnürch A (2019). "Thiolated polymers: Bioinspired polymers utilizing one of the most important bridging structures in nature".

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can often co-exist and paying particular attention to cleaning the eyelids morning and night with mild soaps and warm compresses can improve both conditions.

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Cantarini L, Vitale A, Brizi MG, Caso F, Frediani B, Punzi L, et al. (February–March 2014). "Diagnosis and classification of relapsing polychondritis".

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While persons with autoimmune diseases have a high likelihood of having dry eyes, most persons with dry eyes do not have an autoimmune disease. Instances of

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New treatment options are under development. Heating systems that try to unblock the oil glands in the eye have some preliminary evidence of benefit.

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the watery tears that are produced in response to injury, irritation, or emotion which lack the lubricating qualities necessary to prevent dry eye.

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Lubricating tear ointments can be used during the day, but they generally are used at bedtime due to poor vision after application. They contain

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Liu SH, Saldanha IJ, Abraham AG, Rittiphairoj T, Hauswirth S, Gregory D, et al. (21 October 2022). Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group (ed.).

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is sometimes suggested every few hours and may provide temporary relief. Most artificial tear fluids contain mucoadhesive polymers such as

506:, diphtheric keratoconjunctivitis, mucocutaneous disorders, and certain topical medications are also causes of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. 2781: 1771: 2821: 1982: 872:

where the tears drain. They are reserved for people with moderate or severe dry eye when other medical treatment has not been adequate.

2817: 1993: 3670:"A randomized, multicenter phase 3 study comparing 2% rebamipide (OPC-12759) with 0.1% sodium hyaluronate in the treatment of dry eye" 1632: 346:, preventing an even distribution of oil. The result is an unstable lipid layer that leads to increased evaporation of the tear film. 2759: 4277:

Surgery for the Dry Eye: Scientific Evidence and Guidelines for the Clinical Management of Dry Eye Associated Ocular Surface Disease

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the concentrations of Ap4A in the tears of patients and in such way diagnose objectively if the samples are indicative of dry eye.

513:(NGF). It is possible that this eye's surface NGF plays an important role in ocular surface inflammation associated with dry eyes. 603:

test measures the time it takes for tears to break up in the eye. The tear breakup time can be determined after placing a drop of

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if these medications are the cause. Some topical medications may be suggested to help treat the condition. The immunosuppressant

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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is uncommon in cats. Most cases seem to be caused by chronic conjunctivitis, especially secondary to

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In areas of the world where malnutrition is common, vitamin A deficiency is a common cause. This is rare in the United States.

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can cause keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Disorders of the eyelid can impair the complex blinking motion required to spread tears.

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Zhou L, Zhao SZ, Koh SK, Chen L, Vaz C, Tanavde V, et al. (July 2012). "In-depth analysis of the human tear proteome".

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Puéchal X, Terrier B, Mouthon L, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Guillevin L, Le Jeunne C (March 2014). "Relapsing polychondritis".

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Any abnormality of any one of the three layers of tears produces an unstable tear film, resulting in symptoms of dry eyes.

5543: 5538: 5425: 4992: 3597: 1765: 2895:"Biopolymers in Mucoadhesive Eye Drops for Treatment of Dry Eye and Allergic Conditions: Application and Perspectives" 1236: 560:

monomer deficiency. Lacritin monomer, active form of lacritin, is selectively decreased in aqueous deficient dry eye,

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transposition is used in some extreme cases where medical treatment has not helped. This redirects the duct from the

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are believed to promote dry eye. Dry eye may also be caused by thermal or chemical burns, or (in epidemic cases) by

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contained within tears. In tears, lysozyme accounts for approximately 20 to 40 percent of total protein content.

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medications are also sometimes helpful to reduce inflammation. Another treatment that is sometimes suggested is

5253: 4982: 4384: 1530:"How goblet cells respond to dry eye: adaptive and pathological roles of voltage-gated calcium channels and P2X 4266: 3619:

Hynnekleiv L, Magno M, Vernhardsdottir RR, Moschowits E, Tønseth KA, Dartt DA, et al. (5 December 2022).

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For mild and moderate cases, supplemental lubrication is the most important part of treatment. Application of

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also cause the disease. Symptoms include eye redness, a yellow or greenish discharge, corneal ulceration,

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Guiliano EA (2013). "Diseases and surgery of the canine lacrimal secretory system". In Gelatt KH (ed.).

5560: 5356: 5330: 5288: 5283: 5148: 5021: 5009: 4965: 393:, and sensory denervation. In rare cases, it may be a symptom of collagen vascular diseases, including 480:, in which the corneal nerves which stimulate tear secretion are cut during the creation of a corneal 6108: 5739: 5627: 5533: 5380: 5225: 5026: 4972: 4432: 4252: 330:

The most common cause of dry eye is increased evaporation of the tear film, typically as a result of

243: 5278: 5249: 4873: 4838: 4485: 2722: 2288:"Lacritin, a novel human tear glycoprotein, promotes sustained basal tearing and is well tolerated" 394: 307: 2286:

Samudre S, Lattanzio FA, Lossen V, Hosseini A, Sheppard JD, McKown RL, et al. (August 2011).

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Inflammation occurring in response to tears film hypertonicity can be suppressed by mild topical

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between a loss in nerve sensitivity and tear production is also the subject of current research.

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cornea, and blood vessels on the cornea. Diagnosis is made by measuring tear production with a

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Kinoshita S, Oshiden K, Awamura S, Suzuki H, Nakamichi N, Yokoi N, et al. (5 June 2013).

2806: 1997: 267:(ciclosporin) may be recommended to increase tear production and, for short term use, topical 5961: 5637: 4370: 4345: 3703: 2337:"Topical administration of lacritin is a novel therapy for aqueous-deficient dry eye disease" 1581:

Tavares F, Fernandes RS, Bernardes TF, Bonfioli AA, Soares EJ (May 2010). "Dry eye disease".

5605: 5734: 5320: 5315: 5273: 5088: 5004: 1624: 839: 537:. Some severe cases result in thickening of the corneal surface, corneal erosion, punctate 398: 349:

In severe cases of MGD, the meibomian glands can atrophy and cease producing oil entirely.

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Reversing Dry Eye Syndrome: Practical Ways to Improve Your Comfort, Vision, and Appearance

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Kaiserman I, Kaiserman N, Nakar S, Vinker S (March 2005). "Dry eye in diabetic patients".

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Vijmasi T, Chen FY, Balasubbu S, Gallup M, McKown RL, Laurie GW, et al. (July 2014).

8: 6039: 5913: 5713: 5596: 5588: 5376: 5340: 5325: 5180: 4960: 4740: 4474: 1939: 1162: 1097: 865: 818: 530: 510: 406: 5669: 950: 561: 410: 227: 129: 5650: 5400: 5308: 5232: 5185: 4997: 4933: 4918: 4778: 4727: 4479: 4076: 4049: 4030: 3981: 3948: 3917: 3908:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 3 July 2018. 3878: 3845: 3821: 3796: 3645: 3620: 3589: 3451: 3424: 3375: 3290: 3257: 3156: 3131: 3107: 3082: 3058: 3033: 3009: 2984: 2965: 2921: 2894: 2647: 2620: 2591: 2564: 2545: 2500:

Mathers WD, Scerra C (2000). "Dry eye; investigators look at syndrome with new model".

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The Dry Eye Remedy: The Complete Guide to Restoring the Health and Beauty of Your Eyes

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are sometimes used to treat secondary infections and inflammation. A surgery known as

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recently questioned the utility of tear osmolarity in monitoring dry eye treatment.

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Am.J.Managed Care - Dry Eye Disease: Pathophysiology, Classification, and Diagnosis

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There is evidence that long‐chain omega‐3 supplementation may be helpful, however,

854: 825: 821:) was approved by the US FDA for the treatment of dry eye disease in October 2021. 672: 426: 335: 159: 2985:"Thiolated Chitosans: A Multi-talented Class of Polymers for Various Applications" 2911: 5848: 5812: 5776: 5395: 5220: 5207: 5141: 5098: 5016: 4828: 4760: 4680: 4665: 4490: 3686: 3669: 3193: 2136: 1594: 1154: 1025: 916:

may be performed where the eyelids are partially sewn together. This reduces the

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American Academy of Ophthalmology Cornea/External Disease Panel (October 2011).

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There are methods that allow both natural and artificial tears to stay longer.

742: 663:, especially in the winter, can help by adding moisture to the dry indoor air. 481: 370: 272: 268: 255: 176: 117: 95: 4464: 2637: 2478: 1434: 1291: 6097: 5998: 5853: 5793: 5510: 5458: 5405: 5335: 5244: 5131: 5108: 5036: 4945: 4750: 4655: 3972: 3869: 3281: 1112: 1049: 1033: 1021:. Less than 15 mm of wetting by tears produced in a minute is abnormal. 1006: 876: 860: 564:

dry eye, contact lens-related dry eye and in blepharitis. The ocular surface

542: 386: 239: 235: 141: 137: 107: 74: 4540: 4407: 3746: 3561: 3147: 5863: 5691: 5072: 4987: 4895: 4773: 4768: 4713: 4708: 4242: 4085: 4026: 3990: 3887: 3830: 3695: 3654: 3585: 3460: 3299: 3201: 3165: 3116: 3067: 3018: 2961: 2930: 2867: 2707: 2656: 2600: 2581: 2541: 2486: 2451: 2370: 2321: 2272: 2239:"Lacritin and the tear proteome as natural replacement therapy for dry eye" 2218: 2183: 2144: 2105: 1740: 1689: 1602: 1567: 1514: 1452: 1396: 1310: 1244: 1045: 913: 869: 784: 754: 418: 414: 215: 46:

Dry eye, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, dry eye disease (DED), keratitis sicca

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The Dry Eye Assessment and Management Study Research Group (3 May 2018).

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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is common in dogs. Most cases are caused by a

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A lactoferrin analysis test provides good correlation with other tests.

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Breeds with a higher risk of dry eye compared to other breeds include:

1057: 1037: 842:(Miebo) was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2023. 833: 811:

was approved by the US FDA for the treatment of the condition in 2016.

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Peral A, Carracedo G, Acosta MC, Gallar J, Pintor J (September 2006).

868:(watery eyes), and more rarely, serious infection and swelling of the 6034: 6008: 5882: 5828: 5816: 5701: 5696: 5681: 5677: 5215: 4913: 4890: 4703: 4650: 4645: 4622: 4520: 4427: 3949:"n−3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease" 3846:"Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids for dry eye disease" 1944: 1102: 929: 897: 730: 688: 680: 581: 509:

Persons with keratoconjunctivitis sicca have elevated levels of tear

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In many cases, aqueous deficient dry eye may have no apparent cause (

223: 125: 78: 2065:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 14 June 2006. 1137:. Diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment are similar to those for dogs. 214:

or when the tears evaporate too quickly. This can be caused by age,

6073: 5838: 5372: 5175: 4806: 3320: 3034:"Over the counter (OTC) artificial tear drops for dry eye syndrome" 1117: 994: 904:) supplements do not appear to be effective in relieving symptoms. 611: 557: 503: 466: 439: 390: 382: 358: 3256:

de Paiva CS, Pflugfelder SC, Ng SM, Akpek EK (13 September 2019).

3132:"Topical ciclosporin in the treatment of ocular surface disorders" 3081:

Pan Q, Angelina A, Marrone M, Stark WJ, Akpek EK (February 2017).

2621:"The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye disease" 1419:"The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye disease" 1060:

should have the condition corrected to help prevent this disease.

1024:

Tear replacers are a mainstay of treatment, preferably containing

985:

Among other animals, dry eye can occur in dogs, cats, and horses.

5900: 5843: 5385: 5192: 5123: 5093: 5083: 4690: 4248:

Dry Eye Disease: The Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis And Treatment

1580: 1082: 1014: 692: 343: 4433:

Nasolacrimal and Lacrimal Apparatus, The Merck Veterinary Manual

2943: 888: 6003: 4905: 4882: 4602: 4459: 4281: 2982: 1760:(9th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1179. 1275:"In pursuit of objective dry eye screening clinical techniques" 1053: 488: 3348: 2285: 1478: 778:(topical ciclosporin A, tCSA) 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion is an 275:

that prevent tears from draining from the surface of the eye.

5975: 3667: 3562:"The role of topical N-acetylcysteine in ocular therapeutics" 3178: 2464: 1949: 928:

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca usually is a chronic problem. Its

696: 592:

or without anesthesia is considered diagnostic for dry eyes.

287: 211: 4050:"Emerging treatment options for meibomian gland dysfunction" 3902:"Fish oil supplements are ineffective for treating dry eyes" 3844:

Downie LE, Ng SM, Lindsley KB, Akpek EK (18 December 2019).

2087: 5055: 4617: 4216:(5th ed.). Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1483. 4212:

Stiles J (2013). "Feline ophthalmology". In Kern TJ (ed.).

4003: 3560:

Eghtedari Y, Oh LJ, Girolamo ND, Watson SL (5 March 2022).

2672:"Increased levels of diadenosine polyphosphates in dry eye" 2518: 2092:[Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye syndrome]. 2090:"[Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye syndrome]" 799: 729:, and similar lubricants. They serve as a lubricant and an 476:

Dry eye also occurs or becomes worse after LASIK and other

417:

are associated with aqueous tear deficiency. Drugs such as

210:

Dry eye occurs when either the eye does not produce enough

204: 4191:(5th ed.). Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 919. 3255: 2723:"2007 Report of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (DEWS)" 2669: 2334: 52: 3559: 3234:"Vevye- cyclosporine ophthalmic solution solution/ Drops" 2413: 1107: 2165: 1184:"Lissamine green staining in keratoconjunctivitis sicca" 695:) form disulfide bonds with cysteine-rich subdomains of 3726:(Press release). Bausch + Lomb Corporation. 18 May 2023 3080: 666: 654:

Avoiding exacerbating factors and environmental control

549:, corneal scarring, corneal thinning, and even corneal 1272: 596:

15 mm after five minutes is considered abnormal.

457:

way of getting the moisture it needs on its surface."

3843: 3621:"Hyaluronic acid in the treatment of dry eye disease" 3541:(Press release). Oyster Point Pharma. 18 October 2021 3258:"Topical cyclosporine A therapy for dry eye syndrome" 836:-based eye drops may also be effective for dry eyes. 4437: 4143:(3rd ed.). Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. 1144: 960:

Racial predilections do not exist for this disease.

875:

If punctal plugs are effective, thermal or electric

5604: 2774:"10 Symptoms of Dry Eye Syndrome + Possible Causes" 2758:. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Archived from 2236: 525:on the surface of the eyes. In advanced cases, the 162:, wrap around glasses, changing certain medications 4337: 2983:Federer C, Kurpiers M, Bernkop-Schnürch A (2021). 465:. A number of studies have found that people with 5549:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION) 4182: 4180: 4092: 3501: 3475:"FDA approves new medication for dry eye disease" 2237:Karnati R, Laurie DE, Laurie GW (December 2013). 1625:"Eye Drops for Dry Eyes | Science-Based Medicine" 6095: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 2801: 2799: 2676:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2341:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2292:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 892:Microwavable warm compresses for daily treatment 498:Abnormalities of the mucin tear layer caused by 487:An eye injury or other problem with the eyes or 4273: 4138: 3129: 3031: 2562: 2414:Fraunfelder FT, Sciubba JJ, Mathers WD (2012). 2232: 2230: 2228: 2196: 2088:Sendecka M, Baryluk A, Polz-Dacewicz M (2004). 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1538:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 3794: 3032:Pucker AD, Ng SM, Nichols JJ (February 2016). 2892: 2159: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 787:alternatives are available in some countries. 4570: 4556: 4157: 2937: 2796: 2499: 1968: 703: 521:Having dry eyes for a while can lead to tiny 5623:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3747:"Eyelid disorders: diagnosis and management" 2976: 2416:"The role of medications in causing dry eye" 2328: 2279: 2225: 2190: 2116: 2012: 1653: 769: 364: 4951:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy 4610: 4362: 4205: 4125: 3850:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3801:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3708:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3390: 3262:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3087:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3038:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2385:"Computers, Digital Devices and Eye Strain" 1857: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1702: 4563: 4549: 4408:Facts About the Cornea and Corneal Disease 4241: 3306: 2886: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2458: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1412: 1410: 1231: 1229: 1036:processes that cause the disease. Topical 760: 610:A tear protein analysis test measures the 469:have an increased risk for the condition. 51: 4075: 4065: 3980: 3877: 3820: 3781: 3685: 3644: 3450: 3440: 3289: 3155: 3106: 3057: 3008: 2920: 2910: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2720: 2697: 2687: 2646: 2636: 2590: 2580: 2441: 2431: 2360: 2311: 2262: 1753: 1730: 1720: 1679: 1557: 1504: 1442: 1300: 1290: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 954:menopause, can decrease tear production. 4186: 3797:"Punctal occlusion for dry eye syndrome" 3795:Ervin AM, Law A, Pucker AD (June 2017). 3416: 3342: 3083:"Autologous serum eye drops for dry eye" 2556: 2493: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1340: 887: 325: 64:staining in a person with severe dry eye 4310: 4047: 3130:Tatlipinar S, Akpek EK (October 2005). 3074: 2618: 2607: 1778: 1485:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1416: 1407: 1374: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 14: 6096: 4335: 4211: 4098: 3928:from the original on 21 September 2022 3744: 3025: 2836: 2743:from the original on 27 February 2012. 2563:Guo Y, Peng R, Feng K, Hong J (2016). 2112:from the original on 22 February 2016. 1774:from the original on 8 September 2017. 1574: 1273:Kanellopoulos AJ, Asimellis G (2016). 1259: 1206: 6060: 5456: 4859: 4588: 4544: 3600:from the original on 27 November 2022 3251: 3249: 3247: 2824:from the original on 19 November 2006 1845:from the original on 12 November 2006 1481:"Topical corticosteroids for dry eye" 716: 529:undergoes pathologic changes, namely 292: 5431:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy 4298:from the original on 28 January 2013 4113:from the original on 31 October 2020 3519:from the original on 23 October 2021 3330:from the original on 5 February 2009 3136:The British Journal of Ophthalmology 2856:The American Journal of Managed Care 2849: 2081: 1703:Liu NN, Liu L, Li J, Sun YZ (2014). 1635:from the original on 4 November 2022 1527: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1317: 790: 667:Tear stimulation and supplementation 445: 5554:non-arteritic anterior (NAION) 5391:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy 4363:Patel S, Blades K (10 April 2003). 4274:Geerling G, Brewitt H (June 2008). 3769:from the original on 29 August 2021 3422: 2395:from the original on 3 October 2020 1841:. Merck & Co. 1 February 2003. 1181: 845: 556:Another contributing factor may be 381:). Other causes include congenital 24: 5426:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis 4234: 3244: 2625:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 2069:from the original on 24 March 2007 1423:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 1194:from the original on 7 August 2016 980: 516: 421:, sedatives, diuretics, tricyclic 238:, and certain medications such as 25: 6135: 5154:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy 4410:The National Eye Institute (NEI). 4401: 4366:The Dry Eye: A Practical Approach 3578:10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.07.008 3489:from the original on 13 July 2016 3216:"Restasis- cyclosporine emulsion" 2818:U.S. National Library of Medicine 2784:from the original on 3 April 2018 2467:American Journal of Ophthalmology 2389:American Academy of Ophthalmology 1994:U.S. National Library of Medicine 1956:from the original on 7 March 2010 1757:Kelley's textbook of rheumatology 1654:Ding J, Sullivan DA (July 2012). 1459: 1389:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 234:, omega-3 fatty acid deficiency, 5259:Central retinal artery occlusion 2874:from the original on 5 June 2012 1996:. 4 October 2006. Archived from 1147: 545:(sterile and infected), corneal 403:granulomatosis with polyangiitis 5264:Branch retinal artery occlusion 4993:Terrien's marginal degeneration 4414:Dry Eye Syndrome on NHS Choices 4041: 3997: 3953:New England Journal of Medicine 3940: 3894: 3837: 3738: 3716: 3661: 3612: 3553: 3531: 3467: 3226: 3208: 3172: 3123: 2852:"Management of dry eye disease" 2766: 2747: 2714: 2663: 2512: 2407: 2377: 1747: 1696: 1647: 1243:. February 2013. Archived from 940: 352: 6119:Disorders of sclera and cornea 6061: 5294:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy 5254:Central retinal vein occlusion 4983:Pellucid marginal degeneration 4007:Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 3862:10.1002/14651858.CD011016.pub2 3813:10.1002/14651858.CD006775.pub3 3274:10.1002/14651858.CD010051.pub2 3099:10.1002/14651858.CD009327.pub3 3050:10.1002/14651858.CD009729.pub2 2522:Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 1838:The Merck Manual, Home Edition 1617: 1521: 1497:10.1002/14651858.CD015070.pub2 1175: 1056:replaces the tears. Dogs with 577:clinical studies of dry eyes. 13: 1: 5347:Vitelliform macular dystrophy 5238:Posterior vitreous detachment 5104:Persistent pupillary membrane 4139:Gelatt, Kirk N., ed. (1999). 3364:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)08496-1 2912:10.3390/pharmaceutics15020470 2893:Račić A, Krajišnik D (2023). 1940:"Keratoconjunctivitis, Sicca" 1168: 1088:Cavalier King Charles Spaniel 912:In severe cases of dry eyes, 736: 628: 278:Dry eye syndrome is a common 200:, is the condition of having 27:Medical condition of dry eyes 5834:Leber's congenital amaurosis 5745:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia 5457: 5436:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease 5421:Persistent fetal vasculature 5352:Leber's congenital amaurosis 3687:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.12.022 3509:"Tyrvaya- varenicline spray" 3481:Food and Drug Administration 3400:. Sun Pharma. Archived from 3194:10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.05.013 2137:10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.01.001 1833:"Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca" 1595:10.3109/08820538.2010.488568 997:predisposition, but chronic 923: 900:, fish- flax- and hemp-oil ( 637: 571: 491:, such as bulging eyes or a 407:systemic lupus erythematosus 361:may cause dry eye syndrome. 7: 6114:Syndromes affecting the eye 4633:Meibomian gland dysfunction 4245:, Lemp MA (November 2006). 2619:Messmer EM (January 2015). 2211:10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.053 1672:10.1016/j.exger.2012.03.020 1656:"Aging and dry eye disease" 1417:Messmer EM (January 2015). 1375:Meadows M (May–June 2005). 1140: 1123:West Highland White Terrier 971: 963: 853:In each eye, there are two 332:meibomian gland dysfunction 248:hormone replacement therapy 220:meibomian gland dysfunction 146:hormone replacement therapy 122:meibomian gland dysfunction 10: 6140: 5357:Birdshot chorioretinopathy 5331:Central serous retinopathy 5149:Focal choroidal excavation 5022:Corneal neovascularization 4839:Subconjunctival hemorrhage 4589: 4311:Latkany R (3 April 2007). 4019:10.1007/s12602-023-10079-1 3734:– via Business Wire. 3001:10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00663 2954:10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.007 2721:Tomlinson A (April 2007). 2534:10.1007/s12602-023-10079-1 2255:10.1016/j.exer.2013.05.020 2176:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.026 1550:10.1152/ajpcell.00086.2020 1190:. The University of Iowa. 907: 704:Autologous serum eye drops 449: 198:keratoconjunctivitis sicca 6069: 6056: 6027: 5974: 5939: 5899: 5824: 5811: 5762: 5740:Convergence insufficiency 5727: 5668: 5636: 5613: 5583: 5524: 5482: 5469: 5465: 5452: 5381:Primary juvenile glaucoma 5365: 5226:Cytomegalovirus retinitis 5206: 5166: 5122: 5063: 5054: 4904: 4881: 4872: 4868: 4860: 4855: 4797: 4759: 4726: 4689: 4641: 4601: 4597: 4584: 4575:Diseases of the human eye 4500: 4441: 4336:Maskin SL (28 May 2007). 4253:Thieme Medical Publishers 3751:American Family Physician 3398:"Sun Pharma Product List" 2638:10.3238/arztebl.2015.0071 2479:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.10.022 2243:Experimental Eye Research 2094:Przeglad Epidemiologiczny 1583:Seminars in Ophthalmology 1435:10.3238/arztebl.2015.0071 1292:10.1186/s40662-015-0032-4 770:Ciclosporin (cyclosporin) 365:Decreased tear production 317: 244:blood pressure medication 183: 166: 155: 113: 101: 84: 68: 59: 50: 42: 37: 6124:Disorders of conjunctiva 5250:Ocular ischemic syndrome 4214:Veterinary Ophthalmology 4189:Veterinary Ophthalmology 4141:Veterinary Ophthalmology 3549:– via PR Newswire. 2569:Journal of Ophthalmology 2420:Journal of Ophthalmology 1709:Journal of Ophthalmology 1660:Experimental Gerontology 1629:sciencebasedmedicine.org 1011:trimethoprim-sulfonamide 883: 601:tear breakup time (TBUT) 395:relapsing polychondritis 308:computer vision syndrome 5750:One and a half syndrome 5504:Foster Kennedy syndrome 4106:Merck Veterinary Manual 4099:Gelatt KN (June 2014). 3745:Carter SR (June 1998). 3566:Survey of Ophthalmology 3148:10.1136/bjo.2005.070888 2168:Journal of Autoimmunity 1128: 1068:American Cocker Spaniel 1030:carboxymethyl cellulose 988: 761:Topical corticosteroids 708:Eye drops that include 5989:Argyll Robertson pupil 4789:Periorbital cellulitis 4054:Clinical Ophthalmology 4048:Qiao J, Yan X (2013). 3429:Clinical Ophthalmology 2850:Lemp MA (April 2008). 2756:"Dry Eye Syndrome PPP" 1377:"Dealing with Dry Eye" 1050:parotid salivary gland 893: 541:, epithelial defects, 90:Dry eyes, irritation, 5962:Scintillating scotoma 5628:Kearns–Sayre syndrome 5571:Toxic and nutritional 5544:posterior (PION) 5027:Kayser–Fleischer ring 4371:Butterworth-Heinemann 4346:Yale University Press 4317:. Hatherleigh Press. 4269:on 24 September 2009. 3965:10.1056/NEJMoa1709691 3914:10.3310/signal-000612 2631:(5): 71–81, quiz 82. 2353:10.1167/iovs.14-13924 2199:Journal of Proteomics 1754:Firestein GS (2013). 1528:Puro DG (June 2020). 1429:(5): 71–81, quiz 82. 1381:FDA Consumer Magazine 1237:"Facts About Dry Eye" 891: 326:Increased evaporation 6104:Syndromes in mammals 5735:Conjugate gaze palsy 5606:Paralytic strabismus 5539:anterior (AION) 5321:Retinitis pigmentosa 5316:Macular degeneration 5089:Intermediate uveitis 5005:Keratoconjunctivitis 3625:Acta Ophthalmologica 2948:. 151–152: 191–221. 2862:(3 Suppl): S88-101. 2814:Medical Encyclopedia 2689:10.1167/iovs.05-0980 2582:10.1155/2016/6210853 2304:10.1167/iovs.10-6220 1990:Medical Encyclopedia 1403:on 23 February 2008. 1005:, and drugs such as 840:Perfluorohexyloctane 798:, an agonist of the 478:refractive surgeries 399:rheumatoid arthritis 232:vitamin A deficiency 134:vitamin A deficiency 6040:Childhood blindness 6019:Parinaud's syndrome 5589:Extraocular muscles 5377:Ocular hypertension 5341:Epiretinal membrane 5326:Retinal haemorrhage 5181:Congenital cataract 4067:10.2147/OPTH.S33182 3608:– via PubMed. 3442:10.2147/OPTH.S69486 3404:on 13 February 2007 2807:"Dry eyes syndrome" 2433:10.1155/2012/285851 1722:10.1155/2014/748654 1163:Conjunctivochalasis 1098:Miniature Schnauzer 819:Oyster Point Pharma 646:Conditions such as 607:in the cul-de-sac. 531:squamous metaplasia 511:nerve growth factor 431:oral contraceptives 415:autoimmune diseases 5566:Leber's hereditary 5233:Retinal detachment 5186:Childhood cataract 4998:Post-LASIK ectasia 4779:Orbital cellulitis 4728:Lacrimal apparatus 4501:External resources 4331:on 6 October 2011. 3423:Koh S (May 2015). 2946:Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2820:. 4 October 2006. 2730:The Ocular Surface 2000:on 6 December 2006 1544:(6): C1305–C1315. 1135:feline herpesvirus 1019:Schirmer tear test 894: 747:immunosuppressants 717:Additional options 547:neovascularization 543:corneal ulceration 452:Computer addiction 293:Signs and symptoms 6091: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6047: 5994:Marcus Gunn pupil 5970: 5969: 5891:Visual impairment 5758: 5757: 5664: 5663: 5651:Fourth-nerve (IV) 5579: 5578: 5516:Optic disc drusen 5448: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5162: 5161: 5050: 5049: 4956:Corneal dystrophy 4851: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4722: 4721: 4538: 4537: 4380:978-0-7506-4978-0 4355:978-0-300-12285-5 4324:978-1-57826-242-7 4291:978-3-8055-8376-3 4262:978-1-58890-412-6 4150:978-0-683-30076-5 3959:(18): 1681–1690. 3757:(11): 2695–2702. 3637:10.1111/aos.15159 3358:(9103): 623–628. 3188:(10): 1790–1794. 3142:(10): 1363–1367. 2989:Biomacromolecules 2205:(13): 3877–3885. 1952:27 January 2010. 918:palpebral fissure 791:Other medications 780:immunosuppressant 685:polyvinyl alcohol 446:Additional causes 427:antihypertensives 389:, lacrimal gland 191: 190: 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 6131: 6109:Overuse injuries 6058: 6057: 5822: 5821: 5813:Vision disorders 5772:Refractive error 5714:Brown's syndrome 5670:Other strabismus 5656:Sixth-nerve (VI) 5646:Oculomotor (III) 5618:Ophthalmoparesis 5611: 5610: 5602: 5601: 5593:Binocular vision 5526:Optic neuropathy 5492:optic papillitis 5480: 5479: 5467: 5466: 5454: 5453: 5343:(Macular pucker) 5061: 5060: 5042:Band keratopathy 4879: 4878: 4870: 4869: 4857: 4856: 4784:Orbital lymphoma 4671:Blepharophimosis 4661:Blepharochalasis 4608: 4607: 4599: 4598: 4586: 4585: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4542: 4541: 4439: 4438: 4424:Dry Eye Syndrome 4396: 4394: 4392: 4383:. Archived from 4359: 4343: 4332: 4327:. Archived from 4307: 4305: 4303: 4270: 4265:. Archived from 4228: 4227: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4184: 4155: 4154: 4136: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4079: 4069: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4013:(3): 1026–1035. 4001: 3995: 3994: 3984: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3881: 3856:(12): CD011016. 3841: 3835: 3834: 3824: 3792: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3707: 3699: 3689: 3680:(6): 1158–1165. 3665: 3659: 3658: 3648: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3485:. 12 July 2016. 3471: 3465: 3464: 3454: 3444: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3329: 3323:. January 2008. 3318: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3293: 3253: 3242: 3241: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3159: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3110: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3061: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3012: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2924: 2914: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2847: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2803: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2778:All About Vision 2770: 2764: 2763: 2762:on 9 March 2012. 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2727: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2701: 2691: 2682:(9): 4053–4058. 2667: 2661: 2660: 2650: 2640: 2616: 2605: 2604: 2594: 2584: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2528:(3): 1026–1035. 2516: 2510: 2509: 2502:Ophthalmol Times 2497: 2491: 2490: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2445: 2435: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2391:. 3 March 2020. 2381: 2375: 2374: 2364: 2347:(8): 5401–5409. 2332: 2326: 2325: 2315: 2298:(9): 6265–6270. 2283: 2277: 2276: 2266: 2234: 2223: 2222: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2170:. 48–49: 53–59. 2163: 2157: 2156: 2125:Joint Bone Spine 2120: 2114: 2113: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2053: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1979: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1936: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1829: 1776: 1775: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1734: 1724: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1683: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1561: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1508: 1491:(10): CD015070. 1476: 1457: 1456: 1446: 1414: 1405: 1404: 1399:. Archived from 1372: 1315: 1314: 1304: 1294: 1270: 1257: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1233: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1179: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1003:canine distemper 951:Sjögren syndrome 846:Conserving tears 826:n-acetylcysteine 745:or with topical 723:white petrolatum 673:artificial tears 562:Sjögren syndrome 438:one of which is 411:Sjögren syndrome 336:meibomian glands 228:Sjögren syndrome 196:, also known as 194:Dry eye syndrome 160:Artificial tears 130:Sjögren syndrome 108:Corneal scarring 55: 38:Dry eye syndrome 35: 34: 21: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6083: 6065: 6044: 6023: 5966: 5935: 5895: 5849:Color blindness 5815: 5807: 5754: 5728:Other binocular 5723: 5660: 5632: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5575: 5520: 5473: 5461: 5440: 5396:Ocular hypotony 5361: 5221:Chorioretinitis 5202: 5158: 5142:Chorioretinitis 5118: 5099:Rubeosis iridis 5077: 5046: 5017:Corneal opacity 4973:Corneal ectasia 4900: 4864: 4843: 4829:Pseudopterygium 4793: 4755: 4718: 4685: 4681:Ankyloblepharon 4637: 4593: 4580: 4579: 4569: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4529:article/1210417 4526:article/1196733 4496: 4495: 4450: 4404: 4399: 4390: 4388: 4381: 4356: 4325: 4301: 4299: 4292: 4263: 4237: 4235:Further reading 4232: 4231: 4224: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4185: 4158: 4151: 4137: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4097: 4093: 4046: 4042: 4002: 3998: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3842: 3838: 3807:(6): CD006775. 3793: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3701: 3700: 3666: 3662: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3347: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3268:(9): CD010051. 3254: 3245: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3177: 3173: 3128: 3124: 3093:(2): CD009327. 3079: 3075: 3044:(2): CD009729. 3030: 3026: 2981: 2977: 2942: 2938: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2848: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2668: 2664: 2617: 2608: 2561: 2557: 2517: 2513: 2498: 2494: 2463: 2459: 2412: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2333: 2329: 2284: 2280: 2235: 2226: 2195: 2191: 2164: 2160: 2121: 2117: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2055: 2054: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1981: 1980: 1969: 1959: 1957: 1938: 1937: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1831: 1830: 1779: 1768: 1752: 1748: 1701: 1697: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1579: 1575: 1533: 1526: 1522: 1477: 1460: 1415: 1408: 1373: 1318: 1271: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1247:on 28 July 2016 1235: 1234: 1207: 1197: 1195: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1155:Medicine portal 1153: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1131: 1083:English Bulldog 1042:corticosteroids 1034:immune-mediated 1026:methylcellulose 991: 983: 981:Veterinary uses 974: 966: 943: 926: 910: 886: 848: 830:hyaluronic acid 803: 793: 772: 763: 743:corticosteroids 739: 719: 706: 683:derivatives or 677:hyaluronic acid 669: 656: 640: 631: 589:Schirmer's test 574: 519: 517:Pathophysiology 493:drooping eyelid 454: 448: 423:antidepressants 367: 355: 328: 320: 295: 252:antidepressants 150:antidepressants 62:lissamine green 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6137: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6079:Onchocerciasis 6076: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5931:Quadrantanopia 5928: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5905: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5876:Oguchi disease 5868: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5791: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5768: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5719:Duane syndrome 5716: 5711: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5689: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5599: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5530: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5487:Optic neuritis 5483: 5477: 5463: 5462: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5416:Phthisis bulbi 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5299:Coats' disease 5296: 5291: 5289:of prematurity 5286: 5281: 5276: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5247: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5212: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5198:Ectopia lentis 5195: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5172: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5134: 5128: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5056:Vascular tunic 5052: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4939:Photokeratitis 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4910: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4887: 4885: 4876: 4866: 4865: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4812:Conjunctivitis 4809: 4803: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4746:Dacryocystitis 4743: 4738: 4736:Dacryoadenitis 4732: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4612: 4605: 4595: 4594: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4545: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4517: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4482: 4467: 4451: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442:Classification 4436: 4435: 4430: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4403: 4402:External links 4400: 4398: 4397: 4387:on 7 June 2011 4379: 4360: 4354: 4333: 4323: 4308: 4290: 4271: 4261: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4222: 4204: 4197: 4156: 4149: 4124: 4091: 4040: 3996: 3939: 3893: 3836: 3780: 3737: 3715: 3660: 3631:(8): 844–860. 3611: 3572:(2): 608–622. 3552: 3530: 3500: 3466: 3415: 3389: 3341: 3305: 3243: 3225: 3207: 3171: 3122: 3073: 3024: 2975: 2936: 2885: 2835: 2795: 2765: 2746: 2713: 2662: 2606: 2555: 2511: 2492: 2473:(3): 498–503. 2457: 2406: 2376: 2327: 2278: 2224: 2189: 2158: 2131:(2): 118–124. 2115: 2100:(1): 227–233. 2080: 2011: 1967: 1856: 1777: 1767:978-1437717389 1766: 1746: 1695: 1666:(7): 483–490. 1646: 1631:. 4 May 2021. 1616: 1573: 1534:purinoceptors" 1531: 1520: 1458: 1406: 1316: 1279:Eye and Vision 1258: 1205: 1173: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1142: 1139: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1078:Boston Terrier 1075: 1070: 999:conjunctivitis 990: 987: 982: 979: 973: 970: 965: 962: 942: 939: 925: 922: 909: 906: 885: 882: 847: 844: 801: 792: 789: 771: 768: 762: 759: 738: 735: 718: 715: 705: 702: 668: 665: 655: 652: 639: 636: 630: 627: 573: 570: 518: 515: 447: 444: 371:lacrimal gland 366: 363: 354: 351: 327: 324: 319: 316: 294: 291: 273:lacrimal plugs 269:corticosteroid 256:conjunctivitis 240:antihistamines 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 170: 164: 163: 157: 153: 152: 142:antihistamines 118:Contact lenses 115: 111: 110: 105: 99: 98: 96:blurred vision 88: 82: 81: 72: 66: 65: 57: 56: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6136: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6059: 6055: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5999:Adie syndrome 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5854:Achromatopsia 5852: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5794:Anisometropia 5792: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5597:Accommodation 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5511:Optic atrophy 5509: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5411:Keratomycosis 5409: 5407: 5406:Globe rupture 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5336:Macular edema 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5245:Retinoschisis 5243: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5132:Choroideremia 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5109:Iridodialysis 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5037:Arcus senilis 5035: 5033: 5032:Haab's striae 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4946:Corneal ulcer 4944: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4924:acanthamoebic 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4874:Fibrous tunic 4871: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4751:Xerophthalmia 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4656:Lagophthalmos 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4341: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4309: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4225: 4223:9780470960400 4219: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4198:9780470960400 4194: 4190: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4060:: 1797–1803. 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3906:NIHR Evidence 3903: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3725: 3719: 3711: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3674:Ophthalmology 3671: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3540: 3534: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3488: 3484: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3182:Ophthalmology 3175: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899:Pharmaceutics 2896: 2889: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2265: 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