3064:
25:
255:
334:
462:, as well as some pressure from the people of the Copper River valley. Eyak and Tlingit culture began to merge along the Gulf Coast, and a number of Eyak-speaking groups were absorbed by the Gulf Coast Tlingit populations. This resulted in the replacement of Eyak by Tlingit among most of the mixed groups after a few generations, as reported in Tlingit oral histories of the area.
414:
Numerous
Tlingit place names along the Gulf Coast are derived from names in Eyak; they have obscure or even nonsensical meanings in Tlingit, but oral tradition has maintained many Eyak etymologies. The existence of Eyak-derived Tlingit names along most of the coast towards southeast Alaska is strong
1370:
In the system developed to represent Eyak in writing, long vowels are represented by characters following the basic vowel: a colon <:> for long vowels, an apostrophe < ’> for glottalized (or creaky voice) vowels, an <h> for breathy voiced (“aspirated”) vowels and an <n> for
2356:
Morphemes in prefix position 2 modify the inceptive imperfective; in position 6 the perfective, optative, and imperative in inceptive, active and neuter; in position 8 the inceptive optative, active perfective and optative, and neuter perfective, imperfective, optative, and imperative; in suffix
506:
The Eyak
Preservation Council received an Alaska Humanities Forum Grant that enabled them to start a website devoted to the preservation of the Eyak Language. Other funding supports the annual Eyak Culture Camp every August in Cordova. The Project provides countless language resources including
2372:
The majority of the Eyak corpus is narrative, with very little spontaneous conversation (and that only when embedded in the narratives). There is a better understanding therefore of the syntax of Eyak narrative style and performance than of natural speech. The basic word order of Eyak is
494:
In June 2011, Leduey returned to Alaska to facilitate Eyak language workshops in
Anchorage and Cordova. He is now regarded as a fluent speaker, translator, and instructor of Eyak. Despite his fluency, Eyak remains classified as "dormant" as there are no native speakers. On the
491:, a noted linguist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Dr. Krauss assisted Leduey with proper Eyak phonological pronunciation and assigned further instruction in grammar and morphology—including morphemic analyses of traditional Eyak stories.
1685:
Postpositions relate directly to an object outside of the verb. Current analysis by Krauss has been phonological rather than semantic, but there is at least one semantically grouped category of postpositions to consider, that of comparatives. This grouping includes
2397:
C, complement subsector: in Eyak syntax a complement is a noun or noun phrase (e.g. not a demonstrative pronoun) and does not have the same meaning as the usual use of 'complement' in ordinary syntax. This is due to traditional classifications of
499:(EGIDS) Eyak is graded a 9 (dormant); the language serves as a reminder of heritage identity for an ethnic community, but no one has more than symbolic proficiency. Currently, Leduey provides instruction and curriculum assistance to the
1666:. The two are grouped together because one morpheme may often be used as the stem in both categories. Preverbals are individual words that occur in conjunction with the verb. These combinations may almost be said to form
1999:
alone thematically refers to an unusually broad selection including but not limited to hunger, sleds, arrows, noises (only certain types), and non-solid round objects (including eggs, severed heads, and
480:, a French college student with an unexpected connection to the Eyak language. Beginning at age 12, he had taught himself Eyak, utilizing print and audio instructional materials he obtained from the
415:
evidence that the prehistoric range of Eyak was once far greater than it was at the time of
European contact. This confirms both Tlingit and Eyak oral histories of migration throughout the region.
2381:" "Johnny shot his (own) hand." Relatively few sentences, however, follow this exact pattern; it is far more common to find SV or OV. The full word order of a transitive sentence is I S O V]:
1594:
With few exceptions, Eyak nouns are morphophonemically invariable. Kinship and anatomical stems are the only noun stems that may take pronominal possessive prefixes, which are as follow:
1791:
The indeterminate is used where there is no specific object (such as in intransitive verbs), while the indefinite is used where there is a specific but unspecified subject or object.
4085:
4146:
4126:
3042:
3037:
3032:
1116:
The nasals and occur in loanwords; in native words, Krauss (1965) suggests that they can be interpreted as /l/ and /w/ (respectively) followed by a nasalized vowel.
1963:"foot". The other morphemes have unlimited, much broader meanings, but tend to concentrate in certain areas. They may be nominal classificatory or verbal thematic.
1126:
All consonants may be found stem-initially, except /h/, which is interpreted as zero. /h/ has the allophone only word-initially or directly following a vowel.
3111:
2385:
I, introductory sector: consists of two parts, a connective (e.g. 'and so,' 'then,' etc.) and one or more adverbs, especially temporal and spatial adverbs.
564:
of central
Siberia. If it proves correct, it will be the first validated genetic link between Old and New World languages. Far less accepted is a possible
2570:
4151:
2611:
3102:
2826:
2543:
496:
2794:
4095:
510:
In June 2014, the Eyak
Language Revitalization Project announced an online program called "dAXunhyuuga'", which means "the words of the people."
2436:
4141:
3991:
1726:
positions after. All positions may be filled with zero, except the stem, which can be filled by any of several hundred morphemes but not zero.
2364:
modes, a repetitive, a customary, and a progressive. The infinitive takes approximately the same form as the imperative, with some variation.
2865:
4121:
2831:
4090:
2771:
1698:"more than P" where P is any postpositional phrase. Eyak lacks conjunctions and many postpositions assume a similar function, creating
580:
equivalents are shown in square brackets. The orthography used by Krauss is also used by the Eyak people. An alternative version uses
438:
and suppression of aboriginal languages are not the only reasons for the decline of the Eyak language. The northward migration of the
4156:
2805:
2784:
2526:
1670:, especially due to the fact that preverbals are rarely if ever used in isolation in natural speech. Preverbals are nearly always
4161:
4131:
3095:
3115:
1682:"hot water bottle" (in it onto self something/someone is kept warm). There are more than 100 Eyak basic preverbal morphemes.
1289:
89:
958:
727:
1543:
begin with an onset, so that no two vowels may occur consecutively. Only vowels can be the nuclei of syllables. Stems are
61:
3964:
2820:
2457:
1865:
Classificatory (nominal) and thematic (verbal) qualifiers: the most variable and characteristically Eyak affix position.
1077:
1047:
885:
356:
2112:
1304:
895:
545:
1977:
appears by itself it refers nominally to basket-roots, thread, or hair, (but not rope), as well as thematically with -
4044:
3088:
2858:
2725:
2705:
2686:
2654:
108:
68:
4100:
1674:
and are phonologically separate from the verb, contrasting with the corresponding class in
Athabaskan which may be
968:
737:
3494:
3463:
1209:
1193:
1185:
577:
346:
296:
2477:
565:
557:
2900:
1201:
556:. There has been extensive comparative reconstruction of a Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak (PAE). A recent proposal of a
500:
75:
46:
42:
2574:
484:. During that time, he never traveled to Alaska or conversed with Marie Smith Jones, the last native speaker.
3080:
2619:
549:
541:
481:
2547:
507:
immersion workshops, an online dictionary with audio samples, and a set of eLearning lessons, among others.
3068:
2851:
1663:
948:
717:
320:
1219:
1215:
601:
589:
57:
3812:
2374:
1675:
1177:
1008:
875:
4136:
4049:
3430:
2003:
This is a very limited sampling of the breadth of the meanings of the possible morphemes in position 5.
1169:
1161:
1057:
998:
707:
2810:
3047:
1812:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1147:
978:
627:
4059:
3910:
3892:
3555:
3138:
2945:
2361:
2136:
2096:
767:
407:. The Eyak–Athabaskan group forms a basic division of the Na-Dené language family, the other being
2700:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 269. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 51–136.
2905:
2882:
2874:
2836:
1558:. It does not use variations in fundamental frequency (i.e. ‘pitch accents’) to convey contrast.
747:
697:
186:
35:
3886:
3844:
3653:
3619:
3337:
3006:
2357:
position 2 the inceptive, active, and neuter perfective; and in suffix position 3, negativity.
1797:
1583:
1579:
865:
1951:
Only in position C. do the morphemes have specified meaning, and only nominally, for example:
4054:
4000:
3919:
3897:
3538:
3420:
2965:
2955:
2665:
1035:
1025:
389:
3952:
3945:
3879:
3727:
3293:
3259:
1559:
1551:
917:
537:
472:
459:
404:
82:
2980:
2930:
1678:
or not. One preverbal is most common, but combinations of two are equally possible, as in
377:
8:
4064:
3903:
3861:
3801:
3780:
3574:
3510:
3453:
3401:
3386:
3359:
3327:
3143:
3011:
2940:
2273:
905:
842:
830:
820:
810:
800:
790:
781:
690:
561:
2781:
3975:
3931:
3855:
3755:
3741:
3671:
3561:
3377:
3321:
3314:
3225:
3209:
2960:
2935:
2118:
1643:
1634:
1566:. In sequences of heavy syllables, the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, as in
1555:
1067:
856:
622:
3198:
2802:
about death of last native speaker, with her picture. (Article date
January 24, 2008).
2401:
P, preverbal subsector: includes preverbals (preverbs and postpositions) and pronouns.
2164:
An artificial but grammatical example presents near-maximum affixal positions filled:
312:
4039:
3981:
3734:
3717:
3692:
3678:
3533:
3396:
3391:
3353:
3236:
2970:
2735:
2721:
2701:
2696:
Krauss, Michael E. (2004). "Athabaskan tone". In Hargus, Sharon; Rice, Keren (eds.).
2682:
2650:
2277:
2269:
2126:
2052:
1816:
1771:
1327:
1149:
1134:
Eyak has five vowel qualities /ɪ e a ə ʊ/, three of which also distinguish duration,
664:
644:
525:
519:
488:
424:
179:
1995:
may nominally refer to matches or logs (but not sticks) or to clouds, among others.
560:
stock has been widely well received by linguists, linking the Dené languages to the
352:
4069:
4014:
4007:
3925:
3866:
3794:
3787:
3706:
3664:
3629:
3587:
3568:
3543:
3504:
3483:
3477:
3440:
3347:
3245:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3156:
3027:
2950:
2915:
2910:
2895:
2512:
2455:
A history of Eyak language documentation and study: Fredericæ de Laguna in
Memoriam
1699:
639:
617:
529:
477:
447:
435:
408:
173:
2799:
2759:
2489:
3872:
3829:
3822:
3699:
3685:
3635:
3549:
3524:
3447:
3413:
3407:
3304:
3270:
3170:
3132:
2990:
2788:
2461:
2265:
2154:
2104:
2066:
1563:
1544:
634:
553:
487:
The month that the article was published, he traveled to Alaska and met with Dr.
443:
428:
393:
198:
156:
2975:
3938:
3770:
3748:
3601:
3580:
3472:
3366:
3286:
3279:
3218:
3163:
2985:
2925:
2890:
1671:
684:
533:
325:
228:
3110:
2454:
552:, also called Apache, spoken mainly in the American Southwest, which includes
4166:
4115:
3642:
3608:
3594:
3149:
2416:
2261:
1237:
1143:
988:
757:
676:
451:
289:
146:
454:
of Alaska. Eyak was also under pressure from its neighbors to the west, the
1846:
This position is filled only in a few verbs of thought or emotion, such as
1139:
1135:
927:
235:
280:
2596:
2412:
1973:
is nominally classificatory and refers to liquid or viscous matter; when
1702:. These postpositions attach to the verb, the most common example being -
1283:
1232:
1155:
381:
166:
1341:
1242:
2843:
206:
2280:, 'active,' or 'neuter', such that the possibilities are as follows:
1722:
positions before the verb (many of which may be subdivided) and four
1715:
1316:
938:
305:
273:
2419:
phrase. All constituents may be filled by zero, excepting the verb.
1123:
Aspirated stops contrast with unaspirated stops only before vowels.
24:
1540:
1019:
657:
364:
135:
2507:
1889:
may occur singly, the rest occur in combinations of two or three.
2816:
2394:
V, verb sector: includes two subsectors in addition to the verb.
2168:"I did not tickle your (plural, emphatically) feet." This gives:
1659:
576:
The following charts are based on the material in Krauss (1965);
540:
covers three distinct geographic areas, forming three subgroups:
455:
439:
360:
2832:"In Alaska, a Frenchman Fights to Revive the Eyak's Dead Tongue"
2529:
1723:
1719:
1667:
385:
260:
2827:
Extinct Alaska Native language draws French student's interest
333:
2795:
2408:
2782:
Wrangell's 1839 Comparative Word-List of Alaskan languages
2776:
524:
Eyak is a part of the Eyak-Athabaskan language family and
363:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2754:
2544:"Extinct Alaska Native language interests French student"
2765:
1658:
Preverbals in Eyak are the category of words made up of
400:) for an Eyak village at the mouth of the Eyak River.
2811:
From Stewards to Shareholders: Eyaks Face Extinction
528:
larger grouping, which includes Eyak-Athabaskan and
4147:
Northern Northwest Coast Sprachbund (North America)
4127:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
2612:"Program seeks to revitalize extinct Eyak language"
2407:The subject and object categories can consist of a
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2437:"Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official"
1146:(‘aspiration’ in Krauss's terminology). The vowel
497:Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale
4113:
2447:
2738:(June 6, 2005). "Last Words, A Language Dies".
532:with a controversial but possible inclusion of
3811:
2712:Based on an unpublished manuscript dated 1979.
2679:In Honor of Eyak: The Art of Anna Nelson Harry
1218:, although most of them can also be nasalized
3096:
2859:
418:
2681:. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
3990:
4152:Northwest Coast Sprachbund (North America)
3103:
3089:
2866:
2852:
2715:
2525:John McWhorter,"No Tears For Dead Tongues"
2255:
446:in precontact times encouraged the use of
427:(May 14, 1918 – January 21, 2008) of
332:
3112:Indigenous language families and isolates
2203:Position 6: ø, negative active perfective
2145:Human subject or object of third person:
1365:
568:stock that has been pursued for decades.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3716:
2434:
2873:
2734:
2718:Athabaskan, Eyak, and Tlingit Sonorants
2716:Krauss, Michael E.; Leer, Jeff (1981).
357:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4114:
2695:
2676:
2663:
2609:
423:The last surviving native speaker was
403:The closest relatives of Eyak are the
134:
4142:Non-tonal languages in tonal families
3084:
2847:
2762:at the Alaska Native Language Archive
1547:, whereas affixes tend to be light.
1214:. Breathy voice vowels are all short
1112:
1110:
1100:
1098:
614:
2644:
1554:to which it is related, Eyak is not
1104:/b/ and /ŋ/ occur only in loanwords.
178:January 21, 2008, with the death of
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2568:
2541:
2490:"Last Alaska language speaker dies"
450:rather than Eyak along much of the
191:Unknown, estimated around late 2019
13:
4122:Extinct languages of North America
2672:. University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
2571:"Preserving Alaska Native culture"
1955:, "berry-like, ball-like, eye" or
1718:take many affixes: there are nine
1616:Third person singular and plural:
1534:
1107:
1095:
513:
14:
4178:
2748:
2720:. Alaska Native Language Center.
2610:Hintze, Heather (June 25, 2014).
2508:How Do You Learn a Dead Language?
2435:Chappell, Bill (April 21, 2014).
1729:
1326:
1303:
1288:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1034:
1024:
1007:
997:
987:
977:
967:
957:
947:
926:
916:
904:
894:
884:
874:
864:
841:
829:
819:
809:
799:
789:
766:
756:
746:
736:
726:
716:
706:
696:
4157:2008 disestablishments in Alaska
3063:
3062:
2768:(official homepage of the Tribe)
2677:Krauss, Michael E., ed. (1982).
338:Pre-contact distribution of Eyak
253:
23:
2755:dAXunhyuu Eyak Language Project
2637:
2603:
598:⟨dj ch sh ts tsʼ⟩
34:needs additional citations for
4162:Languages extinct in the 2000s
4132:Indigenous languages of Alaska
2670:Alaska Native Language Archive
2589:
2562:
2535:
2519:
2500:
2482:
2471:
2428:
2166:dik’ lAXi:qAqi’dAxsLXa’Xch’gLG
1785:Indefinite subject or object:
1562:usually falls on stems and/or
548:in California and Oregon; and
384:, indigenous to south-central
16:Extinct Na-Dené language of US
1:
2777:Alaska Native Language Center
2645:Hund, Andrew (2004). "Eyak".
2422:
1653:
1573:
607:
482:Alaska Native Language Center
392:. The name Eyak comes from a
380:, historically spoken by the
2666:"Eyak: a preliminary report"
1154:only occurs as short and in
571:
7:
2664:Krauss, Michael E. (1965).
2153:(pl.); non-human object of
2063:~ ø (inconclusive function)
1388:‘Aspirated’ (breathy voice)
1142:(i.e. glottalization), and
476:published an article about
10:
4183:
2647:Encyclopedia of the Arctic
2379:Johnny ’uyAqa’ts’ sALxut’L
2344:let it do!, let it become!
1680:’uya’ ’Adq’Ach’ k’udAdAGu’
1378:‘Unmodified’ (modal, oral)
594:⟨j č š c cʼ⟩
517:
465:
419:Current status and revival
4078:
4032:
3963:
3843:
3769:
3652:
3618:
3523:
3493:
3462:
3429:
3376:
3336:
3303:
3269:
3235:
3208:
3122:
3058:
3020:
2999:
2881:
2806:Eyak Preservation Council
2760:Overview of Eyak Language
2367:
1570:/qʼa̤ˈtɪ̰la̤/ “goodbye”.
1452:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1129:
1018:
937:
683:
643:
638:
633:
626:
621:
616:
582:⟨ə ł x̣ g̣⟩
544:in Alaska and the Yukon;
343:
331:
319:
303:
287:
271:
266:
248:Official language in
246:
241:
225:
195:
185:
172:
162:
152:
142:
130:
125:
2330:let it do, let it become
2182:, direct object, you pl.
1709:
1605:Second person singular:
1589:
1158:, without nasalization.
546:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
388:, near the mouth of the
2837:The Wall Street Journal
2453:Michael E. Krauss 2006.
2256:Tense, mood, and aspect
2210:, 1st pers. sg. subject
2189:, emphasizing plurality
1598:First person singular:
586:⟨A L X G⟩
4096:Unclassified languages
3007:American Sign Language
2766:Native Village of Eyak
2649:. Taylor and Francis.
2192:Positions 5C & D:
2047:Tense/aspect/mood B2:
2010:Tense/aspect/mood B1:
1854:Plurality emphasizer:
1628:Second person plural:
1613:, "your (sg.) father")
1418:Long glottalized nasal
1383:Glottal (creaky voice)
1366:Writing vowels in Eyak
1166:can also vary between
345:This article contains
2360:There are also three
2302:is doing, is becoming
2260:There are two moods,
2044:(2 pl.), ø (all else)
1706:"and" or "if, when".
1694:"less than P", and P-
1622:First person plural:
501:Eyak Language Project
2817:The Eyak Corporation
2532:,2/21/2008 @ 6:00PM.
2316:will do, will become
2200:, pertaining to feet
1552:Athabascan languages
1311:ʊ̃ ʊ̃ː ʊ̰̃ ʊ̰̃ː ʊ̤̃
1296:ɪ̃ ɪ̃ː ɪ̰̃ ɪ̰̃ː ɪ̤̃
473:Anchorage Daily News
460:Prince William Sound
405:Athabaskan languages
43:improve this article
4045:Algonquian–Wakashan
2875:Languages of Alaska
2569:Gibbins, Jennifer.
2496:. January 24, 2008.
2466:Arctic Anthropology
2375:subject-object-verb
2268:, and two aspects,
2233:Suffix position 1:
2178:Prefix position 1:
2175:, negative particle
1817:inceptive imperfect
1700:subordinate clauses
1550:Unlike many of the
1371:nasalized vowels.
900:⟨ch’⟩
890:⟨tl’⟩
880:⟨ts’⟩
562:Yeniseian languages
550:Southern Athabaskan
542:Northern Athabaskan
4033:Proposed groupings
3123:Language families
3012:Inuk Sign Language
2787:2012-11-19 at the
2736:Kolbert, Elizabeth
2698:Athabaskan Prosody
2516:, January 28, 2008
2510:", Christine Cyr,
2460:2013-08-31 at the
993:⟨xw⟩
973:⟨sh⟩
922:⟨q’⟩
910:⟨k’⟩
870:⟨t’⟩
825:⟨ch⟩
815:⟨tl⟩
805:⟨ts⟩
762:⟨gw⟩
742:⟨dj⟩
732:⟨dl⟩
722:⟨dz⟩
470:In June 2010, the
4137:Na-Dene languages
4109:
4108:
4091:Extinct languages
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
3839:
3838:
3765:
3764:
3519:
3518:
3495:Takelma–Kalapuyan
3078:
3077:
3048:Ninilchik dialect
2577:on March 27, 2012
2377:, or SOV, as in "
2354:
2353:
2129:); Derivational:
1813:Tense/aspect/mood
1750:(3 sg. and pl.),
1532:
1531:
1408:‘Aspirated’ nasal
1361:
1360:
1190:can vary between
1091:
1090:
1082:⟨w⟩
1072:⟨ŋ⟩
1062:⟨y⟩
1052:⟨l⟩
1040:⟨n⟩
1030:⟨m⟩
1013:⟨h⟩
1003:⟨X⟩
983:⟨x⟩
963:⟨L⟩
953:⟨s⟩
932:⟨'⟩
847:⟨q⟩
835:⟨k⟩
795:⟨t⟩
772:⟨G⟩
752:⟨g⟩
712:⟨d⟩
702:⟨b⟩
602:/t͡ʃt͡ʃʱʃt͡st͡sʼ/
538:Athabaskan family
520:Na-Dene languages
425:Marie Smith Jones
371:
370:
353:rendering support
349:phonetic symbols.
180:Marie Smith Jones
136:[ʔiːjaːq]
119:
118:
111:
93:
4174:
4101:Linguistic areas
3988:
3987:
3809:
3808:
3714:
3713:
3427:
3426:
3206:
3205:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3066:
3065:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2840:, 10 August 2010
2800:BBC News article
2743:
2731:
2711:
2692:
2673:
2660:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2618:. Archived from
2607:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2573:. Archived from
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2550:on June 10, 2011
2546:. Archived from
2539:
2533:
2523:
2517:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2432:
2283:
2282:
1374:
1373:
1330:
1307:
1292:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1153:
1117:
1114:
1105:
1102:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1041:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1014:
1011:
1004:
1001:
994:
991:
984:
981:
974:
971:
964:
961:
954:
951:
933:
930:
923:
920:
911:
908:
901:
898:
891:
888:
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878:
871:
868:
859:
848:
845:
836:
833:
826:
823:
816:
813:
806:
803:
796:
793:
784:
773:
770:
763:
760:
753:
750:
743:
740:
733:
730:
723:
720:
713:
710:
703:
700:
693:
679:
672:
667:
660:
653:
612:
611:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
478:Guillaume Leduey
378:Na-Dené language
336:
315:
299:
283:
276:
259:
257:
256:
231:
201:
138:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4074:
4020:
3986:
3968:linguistic area
3967:
3959:
3848:linguistic area
3847:
3835:
3807:
3761:
3712:
3657:linguistic area
3656:
3648:
3622:linguistic area
3621:
3614:
3515:
3489:
3458:
3425:
3372:
3332:
3299:
3265:
3231:
3204:
3124:
3118:
3109:
3079:
3074:
3054:
3016:
2995:
2946:Upper Kuskokwim
2877:
2872:
2791:(includes Eyak)
2789:Wayback Machine
2772:An Eyak speaker
2751:
2746:
2728:
2708:
2689:
2657:
2640:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2622:on July 5, 2014
2608:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2542:Hopkins, Kyle.
2540:
2536:
2524:
2520:
2505:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2472:
2468:43 (2): 172-217
2462:Wayback Machine
2452:
2448:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2370:
2276:. Verbs may be
2258:
2105:habitual action
2069:classifier: ø,
1782:(indeterminate)
1738:Direct object:
1732:
1712:
1656:
1592:
1576:
1564:heavy syllables
1545:heavy syllables
1537:
1535:Suprasegmentals
1368:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1039:
1029:
1012:
1002:
992:
982:
972:
962:
952:
931:
921:
909:
899:
889:
879:
869:
855:
846:
834:
824:
814:
804:
794:
780:
771:
761:
751:
741:
731:
721:
711:
701:
689:
675:
670:
663:
656:
651:
629:
610:
604:respectively.
597:
593:
585:
581:
574:
522:
516:
514:Language family
468:
421:
394:Chugach Sugpiaq
351:Without proper
339:
311:
295:
292:
279:
272:
254:
252:
249:
242:Official status
232:
227:
221:
211:Athabaskan–Eyak
202:
199:Language family
197:
157:Cordova, Alaska
115:
104:
98:
95:
58:"Eyak language"
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4180:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4086:Classification
4082:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4060:Macro-Chibchan
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3994:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3971:
3969:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3923:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3895:
3893:Tequistlatecan
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3851:
3849:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
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3826:
3818:
3816:
3806:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3774:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3723:
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3711:
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3696:
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3668:
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3613:
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3605:
3598:
3591:
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3565:
3558:
3556:Tequistlatecan
3553:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3500:
3498:
3491:
3490:
3488:
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3469:
3467:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
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3411:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
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3374:
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3370:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3343:
3341:
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3333:
3331:
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3325:
3318:
3310:
3308:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3021:Non-Indigenous
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
3000:Sign languages
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Siberian Yupik
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2824:
2814:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2792:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2750:
2749:External links
2747:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2726:
2713:
2706:
2693:
2687:
2674:
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2641:
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2392:
2389:
2386:
2369:
2366:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2336:let it become
2334:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2296:
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2289:
2286:
2257:
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2245:
2238:
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2224:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2162:
2161:
2143:
2134:
2116:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2064:
2045:
2026:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1986:
1948:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1900:
1895:
1863:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1835:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1798:semitransitive
1794:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1731:
1730:Affix position
1728:
1711:
1708:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1603:
1600:si- (siya:q’e’
1591:
1588:
1575:
1572:
1560:Lexical stress
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1494:
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1450:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1413:Long nasalized
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
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1344:
1338:
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1299:
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1279:
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1254:
1249:
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1235:
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1128:
1119:
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1016:
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1005:
995:
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941:
935:
934:
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914:
912:
902:
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882:
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851:
849:
839:
837:
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817:
807:
797:
787:
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764:
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744:
734:
724:
714:
704:
694:
687:
681:
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673:
668:
661:
654:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
625:
620:
615:
609:
606:
573:
570:
566:Dené–Caucasian
558:Dené–Yeniseian
518:Main article:
515:
512:
489:Michael Krauss
467:
464:
440:Tlingit people
434:The spread of
420:
417:
369:
368:
355:, you may see
341:
340:
337:
329:
328:
323:
317:
316:
309:
301:
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288:
285:
284:
277:
269:
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267:Language codes
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239:
238:
233:
229:Writing system
226:
223:
222:
220:
219:
218:
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205:
203:
196:
193:
192:
189:
183:
182:
176:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
143:Native to
140:
139:
132:
128:
127:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4179:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3934:
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3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
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3846:
3842:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:Calusa–Tunica
3810:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3757:
3753:
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3746:
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3725:
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3719:
3715:
3709:
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3697:
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3628:
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3625:
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3617:
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3509:
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3501:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3486:
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3468:
3465:
3461:
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3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
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3277:
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3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
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3234:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3165:
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3158:
3154:
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3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3116:North America
3113:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3071:
3070:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
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2934:
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2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Central Yupik
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2839:
2838:
2834:Jim Carlton,
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2727:0-933769-35-0
2723:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2707:90-272-4783-8
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2688:0-933769-03-2
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2656:1-57958-436-5
2652:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2592:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2417:demonstrative
2414:
2410:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2313:Imperfective
2312:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:(1 sg.), ø ~
2031:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:postpositions
1661:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1602:, "my aunt ")
1601:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1585:
1584:polysynthetic
1581:
1580:agglutinative
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:Glottal nasal
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:aː a̰ a̰ː a̤
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:ʊː ʊ̰ ʊ̰ː ʊ̤
1306:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:ɪː ɪ̰ ɪ̰ː ɪ̤
1291:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1144:breathy voice
1141:
1137:
1127:
1124:
1113:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1000:
996:
990:
986:
980:
976:
970:
966:
960:
956:
950:
946:
944:
942:
940:
936:
929:
925:
919:
915:
913:
907:
903:
897:
893:
887:
883:
877:
873:
867:
863:
861:
858:
854:
853:
850:
844:
840:
838:
832:
828:
822:
818:
812:
808:
802:
798:
792:
788:
786:
783:
779:
778:
775:
769:
765:
759:
755:
749:
745:
739:
735:
729:
725:
719:
715:
709:
705:
699:
695:
692:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
666:
662:
659:
655:
650:
649:
646:
641:
636:
631:
624:
619:
613:
605:
579:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
521:
511:
508:
504:
503:from France.
502:
498:
492:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
474:
463:
461:
457:
453:
452:Pacific Coast
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
416:
412:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
348:
342:
335:
330:
327:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
308:
307:
302:
298:
294:
291:
290:Linguist List
286:
282:
278:
275:
270:
265:
262:
251:
245:
240:
237:
234:
230:
224:
216:
213:
212:
210:
209:
208:
204:
200:
194:
190:
188:
184:
181:
177:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
147:United States
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:Pronunciation
129:
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4050:Aztec–Tanoan
4013:
4006:
4001:Guanahatabey
3999:
3992:Pre-Arawakan
3974:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3918:
3909:
3902:
3887:Oto-Manguean
3885:
3878:
3871:
3854:
3845:Mesoamerican
3828:
3821:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3654:Coahuiltecan
3641:
3634:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3567:
3560:
3548:
3503:
3482:
3464:Coast Oregon
3446:
3439:
3406:
3365:
3358:
3346:
3338:Macro-Siouan
3320:
3313:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3224:
3217:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3131:
3125:and isolates
3067:
2966:Upper Tanana
2956:Lower Tanana
2920:
2835:
2823:Corporation)
2813:(interview).
2739:
2717:
2697:
2678:
2669:
2646:
2638:Bibliography
2624:. Retrieved
2620:the original
2615:
2605:
2597:"Ethnologue"
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2575:the original
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2548:the original
2537:
2521:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2473:
2465:
2449:
2440:
2430:
2406:
2378:
2371:
2362:derivational
2359:
2355:
2274:imperfective
2259:
2248:
2247:Position 3:
2244:, perfective
2241:
2240:Position 2:
2237:, repetitive
2234:
2227:
2221:
2220:Position 9:
2217:, perfective
2214:
2213:Position 8:
2207:
2206:Position 7:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2185:Position 4:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2130:
2122:
2108:
2100:
2097:Derivational
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1805:
1801:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1713:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1690:"like P", P-
1687:
1684:
1679:
1676:incorporated
1657:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1577:
1567:
1549:
1538:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1398:Glottal long
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1353:ã ãː ã̰ ã̰ː
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1140:creaky voice
1136:nasalization
1133:
1125:
1122:
575:
523:
509:
505:
493:
486:
471:
469:
433:
422:
413:
402:
397:
390:Copper River
373:
372:
344:
304:
214:
120:
105:
99:January 2018
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4055:Macro-Mayan
3920:Uto-Aztecan
3898:Totozoquean
3728:Coahuilteco
3539:Palaihnihan
3421:Tsimshianic
2616:KTVA CBS 11
2413:noun phrase
2350:let it be!
2341:Imperative
2305:did, became
2299:Perfective
2133:(customary)
2113:progressive
2040:) (2 sg.),
1746:(2 sg.), ø~
1578:Eyak is an
1321:eː ḛ ḛː e̤
1156:modal voice
691:unaspirated
596:instead of
584:instead of
382:Eyak people
359:instead of
4116:Categories
3911:Mixe–Zoque
3880:Misumalpan
3802:Chitimacha
3294:Algonquian
3260:Athabaskan
3139:Yuki–Wappo
2941:Holikachuk
2883:Indigenous
2740:New Yorker
2423:References
2388:S, subject
2347:let it do!
2270:perfective
2266:imperative
2251:, negative
2155:imperative
2127:perfective
2119:Aspectival
2067:Verb voice
2053:perfective
1985:, "chase".
1716:verb stems
1660:preverbals
1654:Preverbals
1644:Reciprocal
1635:Indefinite
1586:language.
1574:Morphology
1568:qʼahdiʼlah
1220:/ɪ̤̃ã̤ʊ̤̃/
1216:/ɪ̤e̤a̤ʊ̤/
608:Consonants
458:people of
69:newspapers
4065:Tolatecan
3965:Caribbean
3953:Alagüilac
3946:Purépecha
3932:Cuitlatec
3904:Totonacan
3862:Jicaquean
3781:Muskogean
3756:Mamulique
3742:Comecrudo
3672:Karankawa
3575:Jicaquean
3562:Chimariko
3511:Kalapuyan
3454:Sahaptian
3402:Yok-Utian
3387:Chinookan
3360:Iroquoian
3328:Chimakuan
3144:Chumashan
2991:Tsimshian
2961:Tanacross
2936:Deg Xinag
2391:O, object
2333:let it do
2327:Optative
2288:Inceptive
2278:inceptive
2091:Verb stem
2028:Subject:
1858:(subject
1772:reflexive
1754:(2 pl.),
1742:(1 sg.),
1541:syllables
939:Fricative
782:aspirated
572:Phonology
306:Glottolog
274:ISO 639-3
163:Ethnicity
3976:Arawakan
3856:Chibchan
3735:Cotoname
3693:Quinigua
3679:Maratino
3378:Penutian
3322:Wakashan
3315:Salishan
3226:Eskimoan
3210:Eskaleut
3069:Category
2981:Gwichʼin
2971:Tsetsaut
2931:Denaʼina
2785:Archived
2626:June 28,
2581:July 15,
2554:July 15,
2494:BBC News
2458:Archived
2319:is doing
2262:optative
2230:, tickle
2137:Negative
2000:hearts).
1796:Mark of
1020:Sonorant
857:ejective
658:sibilant
630:alveolar
623:Alveolar
365:Help:IPA
313:eyak1241
297:eya.html
4040:Amerind
4015:Ciguayo
4008:Macorix
3982:Cariban
3956: ?
3815: ?
3795:Atakapa
3788:Natchez
3773: ?
3720: ?
3718:Pakawan
3707:Tonkawa
3665:Aranama
3620:Pueblo
3588:Salinan
3569:Esselen
3534:Shastan
3527: ?
3505:Takelma
3497: ?
3484:Siuslaw
3466: ?
3441:Klamath
3433: ?
3431:Plateau
3397:Maiduan
3392:Wintuan
3380: ?
3354:Caddoan
3340: ?
3307: ?
3246:Tlingit
3237:Na-Dene
3192:Waikuri
3185:Timucua
3178:Kutenai
3157:Beothuk
3043:Russian
3038:Tagalog
3033:Spanish
3028:English
2951:Koyukon
2916:Tlingit
2911:Inupiaq
2896:Alutiiq
2478:ADN.com
2415:, or a
2294:Neuter
2228:Xa’Xch’
2149:(sg.),
1862:object)
1735:Object
1672:unbound
1668:lexemes
1238:Central
665:lateral
645:Glottal
628:Palato-
530:Tlingit
526:Na-Dené
466:Revival
456:Alutiiq
448:Tlingit
444:Yakutat
442:around
436:English
429:Cordova
409:Tlingit
398:Igya'aq
361:Unicode
207:Na-Dené
187:Revival
174:Extinct
83:scholar
4070:Waroid
3926:Xincan
3867:Lencan
3830:Calusa
3823:Tunica
3700:Solano
3686:Naolan
3630:Tanoan
3544:Pomoan
3478:Coosan
3473:Alsean
3448:Molala
3408:Yokuts
3348:Siouan
3199:Pericú
3171:Cayuse
2724:
2704:
2685:
2653:
2530:Forbes
2368:Syntax
2291:Active
2226:Stem:
2049:sA ~ s
2014:, ø ~
1893:GA, gu
1885:, and
1838:’i:lih
1780:’i(dA)
1724:suffix
1720:prefix
1611:’ita:’
1182:, and
1130:Vowels
677:labial
640:Uvular
618:Labial
592:, and
590:/əɬχq/
554:Navajo
536:. The
396:name (
386:Alaska
376:was a
261:Alaska
258:
153:Region
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4079:Lists
3939:Huave
3873:Mayan
3749:Garza
3636:Keres
3602:Washo
3581:Karuk
3550:Yuman
3525:Hokan
3414:Utian
3367:Yuchi
3305:Mosan
3287:Yurok
3280:Wiyot
3271:Algic
3219:Aleut
3164:Bidai
3133:Haida
2986:Haida
2926:Ahtna
2891:Aleut
2821:ANSCA
2513:Slate
2398:Eyak.
2180:lAXi:
2111:~ ø (
1919:k’ush
1752:lAXi:
1714:Eyak
1710:Verbs
1590:Nouns
1556:tonal
1528:u:n’
1499:a:n’
1448:i:n’
1284:Close
1277:Nasal
1267:Nasal
1257:Nasal
1233:Front
1212:]
1208:[
1206:, or
1204:]
1200:[
1196:]
1192:[
1180:]
1176:[
1172:]
1168:[
671:plain
652:plain
635:Velar
534:Haida
236:Latin
90:JSTOR
76:books
4167:Eyak
3771:Gulf
3643:Zuni
3609:Yana
3595:Seri
3253:Eyak
3150:Adai
2921:Eyak
2722:ISBN
2702:ISBN
2683:ISBN
2651:ISBN
2628:2014
2583:2011
2556:2011
2411:, a
2409:noun
2272:and
2264:and
2173:dik’
2151:inu:
2055:), (
1953:lAXA
1927:tsi:
1923:tsin
1915:ku:n
1907:lAXA
1875:lAXA
1848:ilih
1842::lih
1787:k’u’
1704:da:X
1692:’u’X
1662:and
1648:’Ad-
1639:k’u-
1630:lAX-
1624:qa:-
1539:All
1525:u:n
1522:unh
1519:un’
1516:u:’
1496:a:n
1493:anh
1490:an’
1487:a:’
1465:e:’
1445:i:n
1442:inh
1439:in’
1436:i:’
1393:Long
1342:Open
1272:Oral
1262:Oral
1252:Oral
1243:Back
685:Stop
600:for
588:for
374:Eyak
326:Eyak
215:Eyak
167:Eyak
126:Eyak
62:news
3114:of
2976:Hän
2441:NPR
2322:is
2308:is
2194:qi’
2147:inh
2107:),
2042:lAX
1957:qi:
1911:ti:
1903:qi:
1860:and
1833:qi’
1829:qe’
1825:qa’
1821:qu’
1819:):
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