684:
184:
957:
163:
1369:
1379:
850:
292:
While the IUCN mostly only assesses the global conservation status of species or subspecies, in some older cases it also assessed the risks to certain stocks and populations, in some cases these populations may be genetically distinct. In all, 119 stocks or subpopulations across 69 species had been
109:
when the sea level rose, and these islands most likely had the same complement of species as found on the mainland, counting the species which still survive at present on a statistically large enough amount of islands will give the parameters with which certain groups of species such as plants or
110:
birds will become less biodiverse on a given island over a given period of time, depending on its size. The same calculations can also be applied to determine when species will disappear from nature parks ('islands' in many senses), mountain tops and mesas (see
100:
event in North
America. During this period, most of the native North American species of earthworm were killed in places covered by glaciation. This left them open for colonization by European earthworms brought over in soil from Europe.
104:
Species naturally become extirpated from islands over time. The number of species an island can support is limited by its geographical size. Because many islands were relatively recently formed due to climate change at the end of the
264:
When the local population of a certain species disappears from a certain geographical delimitation, whether fish in a drying pond or an entire ocean, it can be said to be extirpated or locally extinct in that pond or ocean.
114:), forest remnants or other such distributional patches. This research also demonstrates that certain species are more prone to extinction than others, a species has an intrinsic extinction-ability (incidence function).
268:
A particular total world population can be more or less arbitrarily divided into 'stocks' or 'subpopulations', defined by political or other geographical delimitations. For example, the
Cetacean Specialist Group of the
199:
exceeded 23 °C (73 °F), which was well above normal. Air temperatures were also high, exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). These high temperatures, coupled with small wave height, led to the local extinction of
256:) in the United States in the late 1980s and also grey wolves in Yellowstone National Park in the mid-1990s. There have been talks of reintroducing wolves in Scotland, Japan, and Mexico.
364:
The IUCN also lists countries where assessed species, subspecies or geographic populations are found, and from which countries they have been extirpated or reintroduced.
545:
293:
assessed by the IUCN in 2006. If a local stock or population becomes extinct, the species as a whole has not become extinct, but extirpated from that local area.
706:
Thomsen, Mads S.; Mondardini, Luca; Alestra, Tommaso; Gerrity, Shawn; Tait, Leigh; South, Paul M.; Lilley, Stacie A. & Schiel, David R. (March 2019).
233:
289:, which only assesses the conservation status of wildlife in Canada, even assesses Canadian species that occur in the United States or other countries.
125:, and are characterised by highly fluctuating population numbers and shifting distributional patterns. Many natural ecosystems cycle through a standard
662:
1296:
270:
1353:
1130:
1178:
1140:
1280:
1125:
794:"Boundaries of the wolf and the wild: a conceptual examination of the relationship between rewilding and animal reintroduction"
1238:
1120:
419:
296:
Examples of stocks and subdivisions of world populations assessed separately by the IUCN for their conservation status are:
878:
1311:
1060:
172:
Major environmental events, such as volcanic eruptions, may lead to large numbers of local extinctions, such as with the
1233:
52:) in a chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere. Local extinctions are contrasted with global
1198:
63:
of an area. It has sometimes been followed by a replacement of the species taken from other locations, such as with
1332:
1301:
537:
1110:
1007:
611:
441:
987:
173:
1337:
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901:
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17:
1243:
221:
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141:
1275:
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1163:
1115:
871:
538:"Biogeographic Kinetics: Estimation of Relaxation Times for Avifaunas of Southwest Pacific Islands"
246:
Local extinctions can be reversed, in some cases artificially. Wolves are a species that have been
1213:
373:
192:
148:, chose not to intervene as a population disappeared from an area in order to study the process.
612:"The Island Dilemma: Lessons of Modern Biogeographic Srudies for the Design of Natural Reserves"
1080:
1032:
411:
1203:
1158:
1037:
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88:
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1306:
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183:
8:
1403:
1372:
1135:
1017:
1012:
1002:
921:
864:
383:
191:
Heat waves can lead to local extinction. In New
Zealand, during the summer of 2017–2018,
152:
64:
809:
630:
558:
829:
515:
463:
436:
378:
334:
227:
219:, has lost almost 70% of the local fish species over the last 150 years. These include
577:
1342:
1228:
1218:
971:
931:
821:
774:
733:
638:
582:
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507:
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239:
162:
833:
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1027:
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813:
764:
723:
634:
572:
562:
499:
458:
450:
278:
134:
1055:
992:
666:
159:), which has been extirpated from Vietnam, Thailand, Java, and many other areas.
151:
Many crocodilian species have experienced localized extinction, particularly the
145:
130:
1208:
1183:
247:
93:
84:
80:
1248:
751:
Pompeu, Paulo dos Santos; Alves, Carlos
Bernardo Mascarenhas (December 2003).
1397:
1085:
936:
911:
846:
825:
778:
737:
728:
707:
607:
533:
511:
454:
326:
312:
567:
1327:
906:
586:
472:
196:
96:
is one factor that leads to local extinction. This was the case during the
76:
1188:
1173:
956:
340:
250:
into parts of their historical range. This has happened with red wolves (
122:
106:
435:
Smith-Patten, Brenda D.; Bridge, Eli S.; et al. (14 January 2015).
887:
306:
300:
237:. This could be caused by the introduction of non-native species, like
201:
177:
111:
53:
817:
1193:
274:
121:
habitats, such as vernal pools, a human gut, or burnt woodland after
487:
1223:
503:
252:
140:
A local extinction can be useful for research: in the case of the
286:
243:, into the lagoon, changes in water level and organic pollution.
60:
45:
31:
27:
Termination of a taxon in a region which it previously inhabited
705:
434:
133:
disappear from a region as the ecosystem matures and reaches a
856:
320:
49:
30:
For the excision or surgical destruction of a body part, see
333:, Mississippi & Missouri Basins population assessed as
753:"Local fish extinction in a small tropical lake in Brazil"
546:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the USA
319:(five populations assessed, from critically endangered to
671:
Population
Viability Analysis: Bay Checkerspot Butterfly
792:
Arts, Koen; Fischer, Anke; Wal, René van der (2016).
402:Ladle, Richard; Whittaker, Robert J., eds. (2011).
273:(IUCN) has assessed the conservation status of the
683:Webb, Grahame; Manolis, S; Brien, Matthew (2010).
1395:
682:
1297:International Union for Conservation of Nature
791:
428:
401:
271:International Union for Conservation of Nature
872:
117:Some species exploit or require transient or
849:, search for only stocks and subpopulations
259:
750:
360:population and Western Kimberly population)
1354:The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
879:
865:
768:
727:
576:
566:
462:
309:, North Pacific and North Atlantic stocks
652:
182:
161:
606:
532:
59:Local extinctions mark a change in the
14:
1396:
860:
485:
1378:
1312:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
1061:Extinction risk from climate change
24:
347:(distribution in the River Danube)
285:) that touches six countries, and
25:
1415:
699:
410:. John Wiley & Sons. p.
1377:
1368:
1367:
1333:Decline in amphibian populations
1302:IUCN Species Survival Commission
955:
708:"Local Extinction of Bull Kelp (
1008:Human impact on the environment
840:
785:
770:10.1590/S1679-62252003000200008
712:spp.) Due to a Marine Heatwave"
673:. URL accessed August 11, 2006.
442:Public Understanding of Science
215:Lagoa Santa, a lake located in
988:Climate variability and change
886:
744:
695:. Crocodiles. pp. 99–113.
676:
600:
526:
479:
395:
174:1980 Mount St. Helens eruption
13:
1:
1338:Decline in insect populations
1281:IUCN Red List extinct species
389:
70:
639:10.1016/0006-3207(75)90052-X
303:(three populations assessed)
7:
716:Frontiers in Marine Science
488:"Miscellanea Megadrilogica"
367:
10:
1420:
902:Background extinction rate
351:Black-flanked rock-wallaby
74:
44:, is the termination of a
29:
1363:
1320:
1289:
1266:
1224:End-Jurassic or Tithonian
1151:
1103:
1094:
1046:
980:
964:
953:
894:
486:Gates, G. E. (May 1949).
406:Conservation Biogeography
260:Subpopulations and stocks
222:Acestrorhynchus lacustris
142:bay checkerspot butterfly
1276:Lists of extinct species
729:10.3389/fmars.2019.00084
455:10.1177/0963662515571489
437:"Is extinction forever?"
193:sea surface temperatures
144:, scientists, including
757:Neotropical Ichthyology
619:Biological Conservation
568:10.1073/pnas.69.11.3199
492:The American Naturalist
374:List of extinct animals
1081:Latent extinction risk
188:
169:
98:Pleistocene glaciation
1038:Paradox of enrichment
927:Functional extinction
917:Ecological extinction
186:
165:
89:Habitat fragmentation
1307:Extinction Rebellion
1249:Pliocene–Pleistocene
1131:Cretaceous–Paleogene
1076:Hypothetical species
1066:Extinction threshold
1023:Overabundant species
686:Saltwater Crocodile
331:Acipenser fulvescens
1234:Cenomanian-Turonian
1179:Cambrian–Ordovician
1111:Ordovician–Silurian
1018:Mutational meltdown
1003:Habitat destruction
922:Extinct in the wild
810:2016ResEc..24...27A
798:Restoration Ecology
658:Holsinger, Kent. "
631:1975BCons...7..129D
559:1972PNAS...69.3199D
384:Extinct in the wild
354:Petrogale lateralis
217:Lagoa Santa, Brazil
153:saltwater crocodile
65:wolf reintroduction
688:Crocodylus porosus
665:2007-03-11 at the
379:Threatened species
317:Balaena mysticetus
228:Astyanax fasciatus
189:
170:
157:Crocodylus porosus
1391:
1390:
1343:Extinction symbol
1262:
1261:
1126:Triassic–Jurassic
1096:Extinction events
972:Extinction vortex
932:Genetic pollution
818:10.1111/rec.12309
608:Diamond, Jared M.
553:(11): 3199–3203.
536:(November 1972).
534:Diamond, Jared M.
421:978-1-4443-9811-3
358:MacDonnell Ranges
283:Phocoena phocoena
234:Characidium zebra
176:, which led to a
16:(Redirected from
1411:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1348:Human extinction
1239:Eocene–Oligocene
1121:Permian–Triassic
1101:
1100:
1071:Field of Bullets
1028:Overexploitation
1013:Muller's ratchet
998:Invasive species
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947:Pseudoextinction
942:Local extinction
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498:(810): 139–152.
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279:harbour porpoise
240:Talapia rendalli
195:around parts of
135:climax community
38:Local extinction
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1159:Great Oxidation
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1056:Extinction debt
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993:Genetic erosion
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146:Paul R. Ehrlich
131:pioneer species
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1209:End-Capitanian
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81:Metapopulation
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847:IUCN Red List
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313:Bowhead whale
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1328:Anthropocene
1169:End-Botomian
1049:and concepts
941:
907:Coextinction
842:
804:(1): 27–34.
801:
797:
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642:. Retrieved
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590:. Retrieved
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248:reintroduced
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197:South Island
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180:extinction.
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123:forest fires
116:
103:
92:
77:Biogeography
58:
41:
37:
36:
1174:Dresbachian
644:21 November
592:21 November
341:common carp
253:Canis rufus
202:bull kelp (
167:Canis lupus
112:sky islands
107:Pleistocene
54:extinctions
42:extirpation
1404:Extinction
1254:Quaternary
888:Extinction
710:Durvillaea
390:References
335:vulnerable
307:Blue whale
301:Marsh deer
204:Durvillaea
178:fern spike
127:succession
94:Glaciation
75:See also:
71:Discussion
48:(or other
18:Extirpated
1033:Overshoot
895:Phenomena
826:1526-100X
779:1679-6225
738:2296-7745
520:222328616
512:0003-0147
277:stock of
275:Black Sea
187:Bull Kelp
119:disturbed
1398:Category
1373:Category
1321:See also
1219:Toarcian
1184:Ireviken
1141:Timeline
1136:Holocene
1047:Theories
834:86338008
663:Archived
610:(1975).
587:16592024
473:25711479
368:See also
210:Pile Bay
1383:Commons
1204:Olson's
806:Bibcode
627:Bibcode
555:Bibcode
464:4404403
287:COSEWIC
61:ecology
46:species
40:, also
32:Surgery
1229:Aptian
981:Causes
965:Models
832:
824:
777:
736:
585:
578:389735
575:
518:
510:
471:
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418:
231:, and
87:, and
1189:Mulde
1152:Other
1104:Major
830:S2CID
693:(PDF)
615:(PDF)
541:(PDF)
516:S2CID
339:Wild
321:LR/cd
208:from
206:spp.)
50:taxon
822:ISSN
775:ISSN
734:ISSN
646:2021
594:2021
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