528:
focus of psychological researchers. The psychological consequences directly related to expressive suppression are frequently disputed. Some early 20th-century researchers state that suppressing a physical emotional response while emotionally aroused will increase the emotional experience due to concentration on suppressing that emotion. These researchers argue that common sense tells us emotions become more severe the longer they are bottled up. Other researchers dispute this theory, saying that emotional expression is so significant to the overall emotional response that when suppression occurs, all other responses (e.g. physiological) are weakened. These researchers solidify this argument with the tradition that people are taught to count to ten when emotionally aroused to calm themselves down. If suppressing emotions were to increase the emotional experience, this counting exercise would only intensify a person's reactions. However, it has been deemed to do the opposite. Unfortunately, few studies have been carried out to test these hypotheses. The idea that people have conflicting views on what is better - to bottle up emotions by counting to ten before acting/speaking or to release emotions as bottling them up is bad for your
563:. Many psychotherapists will try to relieve their patients' illness/strain by teaching them expressive techniques in a controlled environment or within the particular relationship in which their suppressed emotions are causing problems. A counter-argument to this idea suggests that expressive suppression is an important part of emotional regulation that needs to be learned due to its beneficial use in adulthood. Adults must learn to successfully suppress certain emotional responses (e.g. those to anger which could have destructive social consequences). However, then the question is whether or not to suppress all anger-related responses or to release those less volatile ones to reduce the risk of contracting physical and mental illnesses. The
432:. We use self-control when handling our emotion-based expressions in public. It is believed that the use of expressive suppression has a negative connection with a human's well-being. Expressive suppression has been found to occur late after the peripheral physiological response or emotion process is triggered. Künh et al. (2011) compare this strategy to vetoing actions. This type of emotion regulation strategy is considered a method that strongly resists various urges and voluntarily inhibits actions. Kühn et al. (2011) also posited the notion that expression suppression may be internally controlled and that emotional responses are targeted by suppression efforts.
540:
emotional suppression as it is assumed that internalizers consciously choose not to express themselves. However, this assumption has gone primarily untested except for a 1979 study by
Notarius and Levenson, whose research found that internalizers are more physiologically reactive to emotional stimuli than externalizers. One explanation for these findings was that when a behavioral emotional response is suppressed it must be released in other ways, in this case, physiological reactions. These findings lend themselves to the suggestion by Cannon (1927) and Jones (1935) that emotional suppression intensifies other reactions.
515:
is underway and response tendencies have already been generated". Response-focused strategies are generally not as successful as antecedent-focused regulation strategies, which refers to "things we do, either consciously or automatically, before emotion-response tendencies have become fully activated". Srivastava and colleagues performed a study in 2009 in which the effectiveness of students' use of expressive suppression was analyzed in the transition period between high school and college. This study concluded that "suppression is an antecedent of poor social functioning" in the domains of
591:
parental behaviors to internalizing problems could be through adolescent expressive suppression". As children age into adolescents, their brain structure changes in the regions and systems of the brain "that are considered pivotal for the regulation of behavior and emotion, and for the perception and evaluation of risk and reward". During adolescence, especially in mid-to-late adolescence, internalizing behavior increases. These significant changes can trigger vulnerability in adolescents, leading to mental health problems.
388:. Specifically, "in one study the subjects were induced to exaggerate or minimize their facial expressions to fool a supposed audience". This idea of covering up an internal experience in front of observers could be the true reason that expressive suppression is utilized in social situations. "In everyday life, suppression may serve to conform individuals' outward appearance to emotional norms in a given situation, and to facilitate social interaction". In this way, hiding negative emotions may cause more successful
582:, low commitment, and other effects which can be detrimental to an employee. The common conception is that expressive suppression in the workplace is beneficial for the organization and dangerous for the employee over long periods. However, in a 2005 study, Cote found that factors contributing to the social dynamics of emotions determine when emotion regulation increases, decreases, or does not affect strain at all. The suppression of unpleasant emotions such as anger contributes to increasing high levels of strain.
452:. Internalizers generally "show more skin conductance deflections and greater heart rate acceleration than do externalizers" when attempting to suppress facial expressions during a potentially emotional event. This signifies that internalizers can successfully employ expressive suppression while experiencing physiological arousal. However, when asked to describe their feelings, internalizers do not usually speak about themselves or specific feelings, which could be a sign of
506:
Modulation refers to the act of showing a different amount of expression than one feels. Qualification requires the addition of an extra (unfelt) emotional expression to the expression of felt emotion. Lastly, falsification has three separate components. Falsification incorporates expressing an unfelt emotion (simulation), expressing no emotion when an emotion is felt (neutralization), or concealing a felt emotion by expressing an unfelt emotion (masking).
578:, or elementary-school teachers suppressing their anger to not upset their young students when teaching them right from wrong. Only in recent studies have researchers begun looking into the effects that continual suppression of emotion in the workplace has on people. Continual suppression causes strain on those utilizing it, especially on those who may be natural externalizers. Strain elicited by such suppression can cause an elevated heart rate, increased
168:
25:
270:
113:
66:
574:-related physiological reactions. Stress occurs because "the social disapproval and punishment of overt emotional expression that causes suppression are itself intimidating and stressful". There are several occupations that require the suppression of positive or negative emotions, such as estate agents masking their happiness when an offer is placed on a house to maintain their
514:
Expressive suppression is an emotion management strategy that works to decrease positive emotional experiences. However, it has not been proven to reduce the experience of negative emotions. This strategy is a response-focused form of emotion regulation, which "refers to things we do once an emotion
619:
However, in a continuation of their original study, Larsen and colleagues found that this relationship between suppression and depression was reversed. Depressive symptoms occurred after the use of suppression, and suppression did not occur after future depressive symptoms. The authors of this study
505:
behaviors. It is not a controlled action nor does expressive suppression involve the manipulation of voluntary expressions, it is only manifested in the absence of expression. There are three ways in which facial expression displays may be influenced: modulation, qualification, and falsification.
478:
individuals. This suppression is a result of "the punishment and consequent conditioned inhibition of all expression of a given emotion". If a masculine individual expresses an undesirable emotion and society responds by punishing that behavior, that masculine individual will learn to suppress the
420:
Different forms of emotional regulation affect our response trajectory of emotions. We target situations for regulation by the process of selecting the situations we are exposed to or by modifying the situation we are in. Emotion suppression relates to the behavioral component of emotion. Expressive
379:
in participants and self-reports did not reflect that suppression affected the disgust experience. While it is unclear from Gross and
Levenson's study whether suppression successfully diminishes the experience of emotions, it can be concluded that expressive suppression does not completely inhibit
651:
and uninterested in forming legitimate social relationships. Lastly, expressive suppression is hard work and therefore requires more cognitive processing than freely communicating emotions. If a suppressor is unable to devote full attention to social interactions because they are using cognitive
527:
Suppressing the expression of emotion is one of the most frequent emotion-regulation strategies utilized by human beings. Clinical traditions state that a person's psychological health is based upon how affective impulses are regulated; the consequences of affective regulation have become the main
496:
are examples of a controlled form of expression management and "involve the learned manipulation of facial expression to agree with cultural conventions and interpersonal expectations in the pursuit of tactical and/or strategic social ends" The utilization of display rules differs from expressive
646:
or sharing in collective positive and negative emotions that "facilitate social bonding". Secondly, expressive suppression is not always fully successful. If a suppressor accidentally shows signs of concealed feelings, others may perceive that the suppressor is covering up true emotions and may
590:
While it is thought that the way that a child is parented is crucial in determining whether or not they will develop tendencies to internalize their problems, "...mechanisms linking parental practices to adolescents’ internalizing problems remain poorly understood. "A potential pathway connecting
642:, it alters behavior in a way that is visible and undesirable to others. The act of suppressing facial expressions prohibits others in the social world from gaining information about a suppressor's emotional state. This can prevent a suppressor from receiving social-emotional benefits such as
460:
in 1972 and it means "having no words for emotions". Those who can consistently suppress their facial expressions (e.g. internalizers) may be experiencing symptoms of alexithymia. On the other hand, externalizers employ less expressive suppression in response to emotional experiences or other
539:
section above) that people tend to be either emotionally expressive (externalizers) or inexpressive (internalizers). The habitual use of one expressive technique over the other leads to different psychological and physiological consequences over time. Expressive behavior is directly related to
607:
strategy that is guided by people's beliefs and potentially by abstract theories about emotion regulation. In a 2012 study by Larsen and colleagues, the researchers looked at the positive association between expressive suppression and depressive symptoms among adults and adolescents which are
435:
One of the characteristics of expressive suppression, a response-based strategy, is that it occurs after an activated response. Larsen et al. (2013) claim expressive suppression to be one of the less effective emotion regulation strategies. These researchers label expressive suppression as an
416:
studies. Individuals who suppress their emotions seek to control their actions and maintain a positive social image. Expressive suppression involves reducing facial expression and controlling positive and negative feelings of emotion. This type of emotion regulation strategy can have negative
417:
emotional and psychological effects on individuals. Emotional suppression reduces expressive behavior significantly. As many researchers have concluded, though emotional suppression decreases outward expressive emotions, it does not decrease our negative feelings and emotional arousal.
483:
individuals do not experience the same societal pressure to the same extent to suppress their emotional expressions. Because feminine individuals are not as pressured to keep their emotions concealed, most do not feel the need to suppress them. However, there are exceptions.
1355:
Larsen, J., Vermulst, A., Eisinga, R., English, T., Gross, J., Hofman, E., & Engels, R. (2012). Social coping by masking? Parental support and peer victimization as mediators of the relationship between depressive symptoms and expressive suppression in adolescents.
370:
decreased the experience of pain in participants. However, "there is little evidence that the suppression of spontaneous emotional expression leads to a decrease in emotional experience and physiological arousal apart from the manipulation of the pain expressions".
624:
costs. Some evidence says that "depressed people judge their negative emotions as less socially acceptable" than non-depressed people. "Appraising one's emotions as unacceptable mediates the relationship between negative emotion intensity and use of suppression".
473:
differences can be traced back to social norms that are taught to children at a young age. At a young age, boys are implicitly taught that having emotional reactions makes them weak, which is a lesson that encourages the suppression of emotional behavior in
633:
An appropriate level of expressive suppression is vital for physiological and psychological health. However, excessive use of expressive suppression can negatively affect social interactions. While expressive suppression may seem like an easier way of
383:
It may be that expressive suppression serves more of a social purpose than it serves a purpose for the individual. In a study done by Kleck and colleagues in 1976, participants were told to suppress facial expressions of pain during the reception of
380:
all facial movements and expressions (e.g. blinking of the eyes). Niedenthal argues that expressive suppression works to decrease the experience of positive emotions whereas it does not successfully decrease the experience of negative emotions.
497:
suppression because when display rules are enacted, the action to manage expression is voluntary, controlled, and incorporates certain types of expressive behavior. Conversely, expressive suppression is involuntary and is the result of
616:. Depressive symptoms followed decreased perception of parental support one year later. They found that initial suppression occurred after increases in depressive symptoms one year later, yet depression did not occur after suppression.
374:
According to Gross and
Levenson's 1993 study in which subjects watched a disgusting film while suppressing or not suppressing their expressions, suppression produced increased blinking. However, suppression also produced a decreased
828:
Larsen, J. K., Vermulst, A. A., Geenen, R., van
Middendorp, H., English, T., Gross, J. J., & Engels, R. E. (2013). Emotion regulation in adolescence: A prospective study of expressive suppression and depressive symptoms.
532:- is of constant interest to researchers in the field of emotion. These differing views on such commonplace human behavior suggest that expressive suppression is one of the more complicated emotion-regulation techniques.
412:. This strategy involves an individual voluntarily suppressing their outward emotional expressions. Expressive suppression has a direct relationship to our emotional experiences and is significant in
362:). Simply suppressing the facial expressions that accompany certain emotions can affect "the individual's experience of emotion" According to a 1974 study done by Kopel and Arkowitz, repressing the
469:
Men and women do not equally utilize expressive suppression. Typically, men show less facial expression and employ more expressive suppression than women do. This behavior difference rooted in
570:
While expressive suppression may be socially acceptable in certain situations, it cannot be considered a healthy practice at all times. Concealing and suppressing expressions can cause
567:
implies that there is an optimum level between total suppression and total expression which, during adulthood, a person must find to protect their physical and psychological being.
905:
Srivastava, S., Tamir, M., McGonigal, K. M., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2009). The social costs of emotional suppression: A prospective study of the transition to college.
797:
Dan-Glauser, E. S., & Gross, J. J. (2011). The temporal dynamics of two response-focused forms of emotion regulation: Experiential, expressive, and autonomic consequences.
612:. They found a reciprocal relationship between parental support and depressive symptoms. The same was not true for the relationship between peer victimization and depressive
753:
Kopel, S. A., & Arkowitz, H. S. (1974). Role-playing as a source of self-observation and behavior change. Journal of
Personality & Social Psychology, 29(5), 677-686.
543:
It has also been suggested that illness and disease are increased by continued emotional suppression, especially the suppression of intensely aggressive emotions such as
444:
Regarding emotion regulation, specifically expressive suppression, two groups can be characterized by their different response patterns. These two groups are labeled
456:. Alexithymia is defined as the inability to verbally explain an emotional experience or a feeling. Peter Sifneos first used this word in the realm of
189:
182:
564:
354:
behavior, and about the possible means of modifying them" In other words, expressive suppression signifies the act of masking facial giveaways (see
1223:
Petersen, Isaac T.; Lindhiem, Oliver; LeBeau, Brandon; Bates, John E.; Pettit, Gregory S.; Lansford, Jennifer E.; Dodge, Kenneth A. (March 2018).
603:. Though expressive suppression is considered a weak influence on the experience of emotion, it has other functions. Expressive suppression is a
1225:"Development of internalizing problems from adolescence to emerging adulthood: Accounting for heterotypic continuity with vertical scaling"
280:
83:
599:
Expressive suppression, as an emotion regulation strategy, serves different purposes such as supporting goal pursuits and satisfying
232:
204:
38:
75:
211:
346:
Expressive suppression is a concept "based on individuals' emotion knowledge, which includes knowledge about the causes of
131:
123:
1128:"Indirect Effects of Parenting Practices on Internalizing Problems among Adolescents: The Role of Expressive Suppression"
218:
1091:
Gross, J. J., Levenson, R. W. (1997), Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion.
819:: Structural correlates of expressive suppression of emotions. PLoS ONE 6(1): e16569. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016569
1280:
Maciejewski, Dominique F.; van Lier, Pol A. C.; Branje, Susan J. T.; Meeus, Wim H. J.; Koot, Hans M. (January 2017).
771:
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1993). Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior.
492:
Complete expressive suppression means that no facial expressions are visible to exemplify a given emotion. However,
319:
301:
251:
149:
52:
652:
power to suppress, the suppressor will not be able to remain engaged nor put in the work to maintain relationships.
200:
421:
suppression has physiological influences such as decreasing heart rate, increasing blood pressure, and increasing
1282:"A daily diary study on adolescent emotional experiences: Measurement invariance and developmental trajectories"
881:
863:
Buck, R. (2003). Emotional expression, suppression, and control: Nonverbal communication in cultural context.
449:
445:
921:
Cannon, W. B. ( 1927). The James-Lange theory of emotion: A critical examination and alternative theory.
44:
422:
225:
1030:
Compare, Angelo; Zarbo, Cristina; Shonin, Edo; Van Gordon, William; Marconi, Chiara (2014-06-22).
1177:
1109:
Cote, S. (2005). A social-interaction model of the effects of emotion regulation on work strain.
691:
552:
178:
87:
984:
679:
571:
397:
389:
8:
700:
635:
359:
937:
Jones, H. E. (1935). The galvanic skin reflex is related to overt emotional expression.
1327:
1281:
1257:
1224:
1205:
1155:
1066:
1031:
639:
609:
600:
396:, stifling the spread of negative emotions, and protecting an individual from negative
393:
340:
1127:
1319:
1311:
1262:
1244:
1197:
1159:
1147:
1071:
1053:
1012:
1004:
560:
385:
363:
355:
336:
1209:
1375:
1331:
1301:
1293:
1252:
1236:
1189:
1139:
1061:
1043:
996:
556:
535:
As a solution to these opposing ideas, it has been suggested (and mentioned in the
1126:
Balan, Raluca; Dobrean, Anca; Roman, Gabriela D.; Balazsi, Robert (January 2017).
1032:"Emotional Regulation and Depression: A Potential Mediator between Heart and Mind"
575:
555:. As well as physical illness, expressive suppression is said to be the cause of
498:
1193:
1000:
516:
351:
1143:
1369:
1315:
1248:
1151:
1057:
1008:
604:
529:
493:
413:
882:
http://homepages.spa.umn.edu/~larry/CLASS/NOTHING/READINGS/NoStorytoTell.pdf
738:
Psychology of emotion: Interpersonal, experiential, and cognitive approaches
1323:
1266:
1201:
1075:
548:
502:
429:
1048:
1016:
969:
Tomkins, S. (1984). Affect theory. In K. R.Scherer & P.Ekman ( Eds.),
475:
453:
876:
Muller, R. J. (2000). When a patient has no story to tell: Alexithymia.
1306:
1297:
1240:
480:
457:
376:
661:
648:
621:
985:"Hostility and health: Current status of a psychosomatic hypothesis"
167:
673:
667:
643:
620:
support that expressive suppression has physiological, social, and
613:
409:
685:
579:
347:
408:
Expressive suppression is a response-focused emotion regulation
470:
461:
external stimuli and do not usually struggle with alexithymia.
1279:
544:
1029:
736:
Niedenthal, P. M., Ric, F., & Krauth-Gruber, S. (2006).
1222:
367:
638:
with emotions in society or of becoming more likable in a
1125:
801:, 48(9), 1309-1322. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01191.x
585:
696:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
670: – Stoic concept of being undisturbed by passions
1178:"Cognitive and affective development in adolescence"
536:
479:
socially unacceptable behavior. On the other hand,
1360:, 41(12), 1628-1642. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9782-7
1171:
1169:
833:, 33(2), 184-200. doi:10.1177/0272431611432712>
439:
955:The expression of the emotions in man and animals
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
703: – Conscious effort to discontinue a thought
436:inhibition of the behavioral display of emotion.
1367:
1166:
965:
963:
865:Journal of Intercultural Communication Research
744:, pp. 155-194). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
628:
335:is defined as the intentional reduction of the
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
949:
947:
917:
915:
773:Journal of Personality & Social Psychology
713:
682: – Attempts to avoid internal experiences
509:
1087:
1085:
933:
931:
522:
358:) to hide an underlying emotional state (see
1105:
1103:
1101:
960:
907:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
859:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
1338:
944:
912:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
811:
809:
807:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1082:
928:
822:
688: – Renunciation of desire in Buddhism
1305:
1256:
1175:
1098:
1065:
1047:
756:
676: – Concept in Hellenistic philosophy
320:Learn how and when to remove this message
302:Learn how and when to remove this message
252:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
886:
836:
804:
1036:Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology
791:
594:
1368:
909:, 96(4), 883-897. doi:10.1037/a0014755
815:Kühn S., Gallinat J., Brass M. (2011)
519:, closeness, and social satisfaction.
188:Please improve this article by adding
16:Willful curtailing of emotional visage
1176:Steinberg, Laurence (February 2005).
1121:
1119:
982:
694: – Unconscious defense mechanism
586:Expressive Suppression in Adolescents
464:
1095:, Vol 106(1), Feb, 1997. pp. 95-103.
788:. New York: Oxford University Press.
487:
350:, about their bodily sensations and
339:of an emotion. It is a component of
286:Please help consolidate the article.
263:
161:
106:
88:move details into the article's body
59:
18:
1132:Journal of Child and Family Studies
973:(163– 195). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
664: – Drug which reduces appetite
608:influenced by parental support and
13:
1358:Journal of Youth & Adolescence
1116:
122:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
1387:
34:This article has multiple issues.
786:Feelings: The perception of self
547:and hostility which can lead to
428:Expressive suppression requires
268:
166:
132:guide to writing better articles
111:
64:
23:
1273:
1216:
1023:
976:
537:Externalizers vs. Internalizers
440:Externalizers vs. Internalizers
42:or discuss these issues on the
1093:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
939:American Journal of Psychology
923:American Journal of Psychology
870:
778:
747:
647:assume that the suppressor is
1:
707:
190:secondary or tertiary sources
1182:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
831:Journal of Early Adolescence
629:Negative social consequences
403:
7:
655:
510:A response-focused strategy
10:
1392:
1194:10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005
1001:10.1037/0278-6133.11.3.139
983:Smith, Timothy W. (1992).
523:Psychological consequences
1144:10.1007/s10826-016-0532-4
1111:The Academy of Management
1286:Psychological Assessment
1229:Developmental Psychology
281:too many section headers
201:"Expressive suppression"
692:Repression (psychology)
817:Keep calm and carry on
742:Regulation of Emotions
680:Experiential avoidance
553:coronary heart-disease
423:sympathetic activation
333:Expressive suppression
177:relies excessively on
971:Approaches to emotion
784:Laird, J. D. (2007).
595:Link with depression
390:social relationships
1049:10.1155/2014/324374
953:Darwin, C. (1872).
701:Thought suppression
1298:10.1037/pas0000312
1241:10.1037/dev0000449
640:social environment
610:peer victimization
465:Gender differences
364:facial expressions
341:emotion regulation
1113:, 30(3), 509-530.
989:Health Psychology
957:. London: Murray.
878:Psychiatric Times
775:, 64(6), 970-986.
488:Vs. display rules
356:facial expression
337:facial expression
330:
329:
322:
312:
311:
304:
262:
261:
254:
236:
160:
159:
152:
126:used on Knowledge
124:encyclopedic tone
105:
104:
84:length guidelines
57:
1383:
1361:
1353:
1336:
1335:
1309:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1123:
1114:
1107:
1096:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1051:
1027:
1021:
1020:
980:
974:
967:
958:
951:
942:
935:
926:
919:
910:
903:
884:
874:
868:
867:, 32(1), 47-65."
861:
834:
826:
820:
813:
802:
799:Psychophysiology
795:
789:
782:
776:
769:
754:
751:
745:
734:
697:
557:mental illnesses
499:social pressures
400:made by others.
366:associated with
325:
318:
307:
300:
296:
293:
287:
272:
271:
264:
257:
250:
246:
243:
237:
235:
194:
170:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
134:for suggestions.
130:See Knowledge's
115:
114:
107:
100:
97:
91:
82:Please read the
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1339:
1278:
1274:
1221:
1217:
1174:
1167:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1083:
1028:
1024:
981:
977:
968:
961:
952:
945:
936:
929:
925:, 39, 106– 124.
920:
913:
904:
887:
875:
871:
862:
837:
827:
823:
814:
805:
796:
792:
783:
779:
770:
757:
752:
748:
735:
714:
710:
695:
658:
631:
597:
588:
576:professionalism
565:Clinical Theory
525:
512:
490:
467:
442:
406:
386:electric shocks
326:
315:
314:
313:
308:
297:
291:
288:
285:
273:
269:
258:
247:
241:
238:
195:
193:
187:
183:primary sources
171:
156:
145:
139:
136:
129:
120:This article's
116:
112:
101:
95:
92:
81:
78:may be too long
73:This article's
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1389:
1379:
1378:
1363:
1362:
1337:
1272:
1235:(3): 586–599.
1215:
1165:
1115:
1097:
1081:
1022:
995:(3): 139–150.
975:
959:
943:
941:, 47, 241–251.
927:
911:
885:
880:, 17(7), 1-6.
869:
835:
821:
803:
790:
777:
755:
746:
711:
709:
706:
705:
704:
698:
689:
683:
677:
671:
665:
657:
654:
630:
627:
596:
593:
587:
584:
524:
521:
517:social support
511:
508:
489:
486:
466:
463:
441:
438:
405:
402:
392:by preventing
328:
327:
310:
309:
292:September 2022
276:
274:
267:
260:
259:
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
119:
117:
110:
103:
102:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1388:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
972:
966:
964:
956:
950:
948:
940:
934:
932:
924:
918:
916:
908:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
883:
879:
873:
866:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
832:
825:
818:
812:
810:
808:
800:
794:
787:
781:
774:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
750:
743:
739:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
712:
702:
699:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
659:
653:
650:
645:
641:
637:
626:
623:
617:
615:
611:
606:
605:goal-oriented
602:
601:hedonic needs
592:
583:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
538:
533:
531:
530:mental health
520:
518:
507:
504:
500:
495:
494:display rules
485:
482:
477:
472:
462:
459:
455:
451:
450:internalizers
447:
446:externalizers
437:
433:
431:
426:
424:
418:
415:
414:communication
411:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
381:
378:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
324:
321:
306:
303:
295:
283:
282:
277:This article
275:
266:
265:
256:
253:
245:
242:November 2020
234:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
210:
206:
203: –
202:
198:
197:Find sources:
191:
185:
184:
180:
175:This article
173:
169:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
140:November 2020
133:
127:
125:
118:
109:
108:
99:
96:February 2018
89:
85:
79:
77:
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1357:
1292:(1): 35–49.
1289:
1285:
1275:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1188:(2): 69–74.
1185:
1181:
1138:(1): 40–47.
1135:
1131:
1110:
1092:
1039:
1035:
1025:
992:
988:
978:
970:
954:
938:
922:
906:
877:
872:
864:
830:
824:
816:
798:
793:
785:
780:
772:
749:
741:
740:(Chapter 5,
737:
632:
618:
598:
589:
569:
549:hypertension
542:
534:
526:
513:
503:subconscious
491:
468:
443:
434:
430:self-control
427:
419:
407:
382:
373:
345:
332:
331:
316:
298:
289:
278:
248:
239:
229:
222:
215:
208:
196:
176:
146:
137:
121:
93:
76:lead section
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1307:1874/386743
501:that shape
454:alexithymia
708:References
561:depression
458:psychiatry
377:heart rate
352:expressive
212:newspapers
179:references
39:improve it
1316:1939-134X
1249:1939-0599
1160:254596543
1152:1062-1024
1058:2090-0163
1009:1930-7810
662:Anorectic
649:insincere
622:cognitive
476:masculine
404:Component
398:judgments
279:may have
86:and help
45:talk page
1370:Category
1324:27099977
1267:29154652
1210:14367456
1202:15668099
1076:25050177
1042:: 1–10.
674:Ataraxia
668:Apatheia
656:See also
644:sympathy
614:symptoms
559:such as
481:feminine
410:strategy
394:conflict
1376:Emotion
1332:9590568
1258:5826815
1067:4090567
1017:1618168
686:Nirodha
580:Anxiety
348:emotion
226:scholar
1330:
1322:
1314:
1265:
1255:
1247:
1208:
1200:
1158:
1150:
1074:
1064:
1056:
1015:
1007:
636:coping
572:stress
471:gender
360:affect
228:
221:
214:
207:
199:
1328:S2CID
1206:S2CID
1156:S2CID
545:anger
233:JSTOR
219:books
1320:PMID
1312:ISSN
1263:PMID
1245:ISSN
1198:PMID
1148:ISSN
1072:PMID
1054:ISSN
1040:2014
1013:PMID
1005:ISSN
551:and
448:and
368:pain
205:news
1302:hdl
1294:doi
1253:PMC
1237:doi
1190:doi
1140:doi
1062:PMC
1044:doi
997:doi
181:to
1372::
1340:^
1326:.
1318:.
1310:.
1300:.
1290:29
1288:.
1284:.
1261:.
1251:.
1243:.
1233:54
1231:.
1227:.
1204:.
1196:.
1184:.
1180:.
1168:^
1154:.
1146:.
1136:26
1134:.
1130:.
1118:^
1100:^
1084:^
1070:.
1060:.
1052:.
1038:.
1034:.
1011:.
1003:.
993:11
991:.
987:.
962:^
946:^
930:^
914:^
888:^
838:^
806:^
758:^
715:^
425:.
343:.
192:.
48:.
1334:.
1304::
1296::
1269:.
1239::
1212:.
1192::
1186:9
1162:.
1142::
1078:.
1046::
1019:.
999::
323:)
317:(
305:)
299:(
294:)
290:(
284:.
255:)
249:(
244:)
240:(
230:·
223:·
216:·
209:·
186:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:.
98:)
94:(
90:.
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.