5378:
Services. From this we learn that, although Pius's defenders still say that he paid a golden ransom in a vain effort to save Rome's Jews from transportation to the death camps, the most he did was indicate a willingness to chip in if the Jews could not raise the sum demanded. He also shows that no individual Jews were spared, as is often claimed, after Pius personally intervened with the Nazis. Moreover, Katz reveals that those who did escape the Nazi round-up and found sanctuary in church buildings in Rome did so in the face of explicit opposition from the
Vatican. The real heroes and heroines were the priests and nuns who refused to bow to Pius's officials and hand over the desperate people whom they were hiding. The main problem with writing about Pius's wartime is that in effect, he did nothing. Facing the murders of six million people, he remained silent. As Jews were taken away from the ghetto that sat right alongside St Peter's, he may have agonised, but he did not intervene. When he did raise his voice with the German occupiers, it was either to ensure that the Vatican City state would not be compromised—that is to say, he would be safe—or to emphasise his own neutrality in a conflict which, for many, became a battle between good and evil. His unrealistic hope was that the Catholic Church could emerge as the peacemaker across Europe. Instead, both the American and British leaderships, as Katz shows, regarded the papacy as tainted by its association with Nazism and irrelevant in the post-1945 reshaping of the continent. Both had urged Pius to speak up against the Holocaust and so drew their own conclusions about him. Far from being a saint, then, he was at best a fool, perhaps an anti-Semite and probably a coward.
4221:
3281:"Hour of Darkness"... in which the spirit of violence and of discord brings indescribable suffering on mankind... The nations swept into the tragic whirlpool of war are perhaps as yet only at the "beginnings of sorrows"... but even now there reigns in thousands of families death and desolation, lamentation and misery. The blood of countless human beings, even noncombatants, raises a piteous dirge over a nation such as Our dear Poland, which, for its fidelity to the Church, for its services in the defense of Christian civilization, written in indelible characters in the annals of history, has a right to the generous and brotherly sympathy of the whole world, while it awaits, relying on the powerful intercession of Mary, Help of Christians, the hour of a resurrection in harmony with the principles of justice and true peace.
3686:
3768:, and other world leaders. But his insistence on Vatican neutrality and avoidance of naming the Nazis as the evildoers of the conflict became the foundation for contemporary and later criticisms from some quarters. His strongest public condemnation of genocide was considered inadequate by the Allied Powers, while the Nazis viewed him as an Allied sympathizer who had dishonoured his policy of Vatican neutrality. Hitler biographer John Toland, while scathing of Pius's cautious public comments in relation to the mistreatment of Jews, concluded that the Allies' own record of action against the Holocaust was "shameful", while "The Church, under the Pope's guidance, had already saved the lives of more Jews than all other churches, religious institutions and rescue organizations combined".
60:
1426:
3178:
1851:
5363:, which was largely written by Eugenio Pacelli. (b) Fourteen questions dealt with themes of individual volumes, such as the question how Pius viewed the role of the church during the war. (c) Six general questions, such as the absence of any anti-communist sentiments in the documents. The disagreement between members over additional documents locked up under the Holy See's 70-year rule resulted in a discontinuation of the commission in 2001 on friendly terms. Unsatisfied with the findings, Michael Marrus, one of the three Jewish members of the commission, said the commission "ran up against a brick wall .... It would have been really helpful to have had support from the Holy See on this issue."
1484:
1929:, signed on 20 July 1933, between Germany and the Holy See, while thus a part of an overall Vatican policy, was controversial from its beginning. It remains the most important of Pacelli's concordats. It is debated, not because of its content, which is still valid today, but because of its timing. A national concordat with Germany was one of Pacelli's main objectives as secretary of state, because he had hoped to strengthen the legal position of the church. Pacelli, who knew German conditions well, emphasized in particular protection for Catholic associations (§31), freedom for education and Catholic schools, and freedom for publications.
5189:—wrote that Dalin's work was "an essential contribution to our understanding of the reality of Pope Pius XII's support for Jews at their time of greatest danger. Hopefully, his account will replace the divisively harmful version of papal neglect, and even collaboration, that has held the field for far too long". Dalin's book also argued that Cornwell and others were liberal Catholics and ex-Catholics who "exploit the tragedy of the Jewish people during the Holocaust to foster their own political agenda of forcing changes on the Catholic Church today" and that Pius XII was responsible for saving the lives of many thousands of Jews.
1513:
3720:
16678:
16603:
4477:. However, his condition suitably improved until 8 October when he suffered a second stroke. By the mid-afternoon, his doctors had reported that Pius XII was suffering from a severe cardio-pulmonary collapse and by 15:00 CET (14:00 GMT) believed that his death was imminent. Just before sunset, Pius XII contracted pneumonia and doctors immediately moved to bring in oxygen and blood plasma. His last words were reportedly, "Pray. Pray that this regrettable situation for the church may end". When Pius XII was interred, the small crucifix and rosary that he held in his hands as he died were buried with him.
2382:
2923:
1835:
4582:
10870:, is once again about the Pope's silence about the murder of Jews in Europe -the papal archives could provide information about Vatican diplomacy between 1933 and 1945; however, the Vatican remains the only European state that withholds free access to its archives from contemporary historians. The archives of these years are crucial if many questions about the Holocaust and the Second World War are to be answered and if the many uncertainties concerning Nazi refugee assistance by the Vatican are to be removed." (Gerald Steinacher:Nazis on the Run, p. 105)
338:
2521:
4248:, issued on 2 June 1951 and 21 April 1957, respectively, increased the local decision-making of Catholic missions, many of which became independent dioceses. Pius XII demanded recognition of local cultures as fully equal to European culture. Though his language retained old conceptions – Africa, for example, merited special attention since the church there worked 'to forward her work among the heathen multitudes' – in 1956 he expressed solidarity with the 'non-Europeans who aspire to full political independence'.
1392:
to her that the nunciature was obliged to pay homage in order to proceed Levien is a young man, also
Russian and a Jew. Pale, dirty, with drugged eyes, vulgar, repulsive ..." John Cornwell alleges that a worrying impression of anti-Semitism is discernible in the "catalogue of epithets describing their physical and moral repulsiveness" and Pacelli's "constant harping on the Jewishness of this party of power usurpers" chimed with the "growing and widespread belief among Germans that the Jews were the instigators of the
2170:." On 15 December 1937, during his last consistory, Pius XI strongly hinted to the cardinals that he expected Pacelli to be his successor, saying "He is in your midst." He had previously been quoted as saying: "When today the Pope dies, you'll get another one tomorrow, because the Church continues. It would be a much bigger tragedy, if Cardinal Pacelli dies, because there is only one. I pray every day, God may send another one into one of our seminaries, but as of today, there is only one in this world."
2104:
1571:
4446:
4085:(to avoid worse) ... seem to advise caution. Here lies one of the reasons, why We impose self-restraint on Ourselves in our speeches; the experience, that we made in 1942 with papal addresses, which We authorized to be forwarded to the Believers, justifies our opinion, as far as We see. ... The Holy See has done whatever was in its power, with charitable, financial and moral assistance. To say nothing of the substantial sums which we spent in American money for the fares of immigrants."
3341:, Polish ambassador to the Vatican, complained that Pius had failed to condemn the recent wave of atrocities in Poland; when Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione replied that the Vatican could not document individual atrocities, Papée declared, "when something becomes notorious, proof is not required". Although Pius XII received frequent reports about atrocities committed by and/or against Catholics, his knowledge was incomplete; for example, he wept after the war on learning that Cardinal
2194:. After the death of Maglione in 1944, Pius left the position open and named Tardini head of its foreign section and Montini head of the internal section. Tardini and Montini continued serving there until 1953, when Pius XII decided to appoint them cardinals, an honor which both turned down. They were then later appointed to be Pro-Secretary with the privilege to wear Episcopal Insignia. Tardini continued to be a close co-worker of the Pope until the death of Pius XII, while Montini became
2435:/Codex Iuris Canonici (CIC) reform. In its new constitutions, Eastern Patriarchs were made almost independent from Rome (CIC Orientalis, 1957) Eastern marriage law (CIC Orientalis, 1949), civil law (CIC Orientalis, 1950), laws governing religious associations (CIC Orientalis, 1952) property law (CIC Orientalis, 1952) and other laws. These reforms and writings of Pius XII were intended to establish Eastern Orientals as equal parts of the mystical body of Christ, as explained in the
2261:
3700:
350:
15327:
3592:
race, have been consigned to death or to a slow decline". According to
Rittner, the speech remains a "lightning rod" in debates about Pius XII. The Nazis themselves responded to the speech by stating that it was "one long attack on everything we stand for. ... He is clearly speaking on behalf of the Jews. ... He is virtually accusing the German people of injustice toward the Jews, and makes himself the mouthpiece of the Jewish war criminals."
1400:
3860:. The forgetting of solidarity "imposed by our common origin and by the equality of rational nature in all men" was called "pernicious error". Catholics everywhere were called upon to offer "compassion and help" to the victims of the war. The Pope declared determination to work to hasten the return of peace and trust in prayers for justice, love and mercy, to prevail against the scourge of war. The letter also decried the deaths of noncombatants.
15339:
1132:
4709:
2767:
1265:
16740:
16654:
16615:
16723:
3944:), who confirmed the plan ... he dared to tell me—he who makes such a show of his Catholicism—that he saw nothing inhuman or un-Christian in it ... the deportation of 80,000 persons to Poland, is equivalent to condemning a great number of them to certain death." The Vatican protested to the Slovak government that it "deplore(s) these... measures which gravely hurt the natural human rights of persons, merely because of their race."
12898:
16757:
10439:"Lapide was in the 1960s an Israeli consul in Milan and was attempting, at the time he made his inflated estimates, to secure Vatican recognition for the state of Israel. Similar motives explain statements made in the immediate postwar period by Meir and Moshe Sharett, foreign ministers of the new state of Israel. Had these statements been accurate within even an order of magnitude, Pius would perhaps deserve to be honored by
2057:
4677:
documentary, the cause's vice-postulator Marc
Lindeijer stated that several miracles attributed to the late pope are reported to the postulation every year but the individuals related to the healings do not come forward to enact diocesan proceedings of investigation. Lindeijer explained that this was the reason that the cause has stalled in the past as none have come forward to assist the postulation in their investigations.
1067:
3921:, was "embarrassed" when he learned of this publicly from Pétain and personally checked the information with Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione who confirmed the Vatican's position. In June 1942, Pius XII personally protested against the mass deportations of Jews from France, ordering the papal nuncio to protest to Pétain against "the inhuman arrests and deportations of Jews". In September 1941, Pius XII objected to a
6812:
myth of blood and soil; it decried its neopaganism, its war of annihilation against the Church, and even described the Führer himself as a 'mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance'. The Nazis were infuriated, and in retaliation closed and sealed all the presses that had printed it and took numerous vindictive measures against the Church, including staging a long series of immorality trials of the
Catholic clergy."
4519:
16666:
3471:, Pius preached in his homily: "may the whirlwinds, that in the light of day or the dark of night, scatter terror, fire, destruction, and slaughter on helpless folk cease. May justice and charity on one side and on the other be in perfect balance, so that all injustice be repaired, the reign of right restored". Later he appealed to the Allies to spare Rome from aerial bombing, and visited wounded victims of the
1641:. It was permitted only so long as it developed "its activity outside every political party and in direct dependence upon the Church hierarchy for the dissemination and implementation of Catholic principles". Such concordats allowed the Catholic Church to organize youth groups, make ecclesiastical appointments, run schools, hospitals, and charities, or even conduct religious services. They also ensured that
16706:
3268:(1937), Pius wrote against "anti-Christian movements" and needing to bring back to the church those who were following "a false standard ... misled by error, passion, temptation and prejudice, have strayed away from faith in the true God". Pius wrote of "Christians unfortunately more in name than in fact" having shown "cowardice" in the face of persecution by these creeds, and endorsed resistance:
901:
4941:
4073:
another 4,238 were protected in Roman monasteries and convents. Eighty percent of Roman Jews were saved from deportation. Phayer argues that the German diplomats in Rome were the "initiators of the effort to save the city's Jews", but holds that Pius XII "cooperated in this attempt at rescue", while agreeing with
Zuccotti that the Pope "did not give orders" for any Catholic institution to hide Jews.
2637:
4434:
4041:. In his 1942 Christmas Eve message, he expressed concern for "those hundreds of thousands, who ... sometimes only by reason of their nationality or race, are marked down for death or progressive extinction. On 7 April 1943, Msgr. Tardini, one of Pius XII's closest advisors, advised Pius XII that it would be politically advantageous after the war to take steps to help Slovak Jews.
4991:. Lewy's conclusion was that "the Pope and his advisers—influenced by the long tradition of moderate anti-Semitism so widely accepted in Vatican circles—did not view the plight of the Jews with a real sense of urgency and moral outrage. For this assertion no documentation is possible, but it is a conclusion difficult to avoid". In 2002 the play was adapted into the film,
3297:, establishing the "impartial" public tone which would become controversial in later assessment of his pontificate: "A full statement of the doctrinal stand to be taken in face of the errors of today, if necessary, can be put off to another time unless there is disturbance by calamitous external events; for the moment We limit Ourselves to some fundamental observations."
16642:
4092:, the German Ambassador to the Vatican, telegraphed Berlin that "the Pope has not yet let himself be persuaded to make an official condemnation of the deportation of the Roman Jews. ... Since it is currently thought that the Germans will take no further steps against the Jews in Rome, the question of our relations with the Vatican may be considered closed."
3273:
practice neglect the vivifying truths and the values inherent in belief in God and in Christ; as he perceives them wantonly break the Tables of God's
Commandments to substitute other tables and other standards stripped of the ethical content of the Revelation on Sinai, standards in which the spirit of the Sermon on the Mount and of the Cross has no place?
4359:. Having decided to encourage the Christian Democrats to consider a political alliance with the Rightist parties as part of an anti-left coalition, he asked the Jesuit, Father Riccardo Lombardi, to speak with de Gasperi to consider such an alliance – an electoral alliance with those even of monarchist and neo-fascist tendencies -including the
2628:. "The most noble office of theology is to show how a doctrine defined by the Church is contained in the sources of revelation, ... in that sense in which it has been defined by the Church." The deposit of faith is authentically interpreted not to each of the faithful, not even to theologians, but only to the teaching authority of the Church.
4465:. The Pope still addressed lay people and groups about a wide range of topics. Sometimes he answered specific moral questions, which were addressed to him. To professional associations he explained specific occupational ethics in light of church teachings. Robert Leiber helped him occasionally with his speeches and publications. Cardinal
3517:—to the cardinalate in 1953. Phayer agrees that Stepinac's was a "show trial", but states "the charge that he supported the Ustaša regime was, of course, true, as everyone knew", and that "if Stepinac had responded to the charges against him, his defense would have inevitably unraveled, exposing the Vatican's support of the
3400:, Hitler said Pius would have wanted the plot to succeed: "he's no friend of mine". In the spring of 1940, a group of German generals seeking to overthrow Hitler and make peace with the British approached Pope Pius XII, who acted as an interlocutor between the British and the abortive plot. According to Toland, Munich lawyer
1116:, the recently appointed undersecretary at the Department of Extraordinary Affairs, had underscored his proposal to Pacelli to work in the "Vatican's equivalent of the Foreign office" by highlighting the "necessity of defending the Church from the onslaughts of secularism and liberalism throughout Europe". Pacelli became an
3337:, mostly German Catholic minorities living in occupied Poland, were more mixed. Phayer argues that Pius XII—both before and during his papacy – consistently "deferred to Germany at the expense of Poland", and saw Germany—not Poland—as critical to "rebuilding a large Catholic presence in Central Europe". In May 1942,
4495:, the Virgin Mary's praise of the Lord, in Latin. His doctor Gaspanini said afterwards: "The Holy Father did not die because of any specific illness. He was completely exhausted. He was overworked beyond limit. His heart was healthy, his lungs were good. He could have lived another 20 years, had he spared himself."
1680:
3247:
error". Catholics everywhere were called upon to offer "compassion and help" to the victims of the war. The Pope declared determination to work to hasten the return of peace and trust in prayers for justice, love and mercy, to prevail against the scourge of war. The letter also decried the deaths of noncombatants.
5502:, dating from 1940 to 1945, which the organisation claims show that Pius XII "worked diligently to save Jews from Nazi tyranny"; the organisation's founder, Krupp, has accused historians of harbouring "private agendas" and having "let down" the public. The foundation's research led to the publication of the book
7018:, the American monsignor, whom he consecrated himself as the first American Bishop in the Vatican curia. Spellman had organized and accompanied Pacelli's American journey and arranged a meeting with President Roosevelt. Only 30 days after his coronation, on 12 April 1939, Pope Pius XII named Spellman as
4830:(London) stated on 10 October, "Adherents of all creeds and parties will recall how Pius XII faced the responsibilities of his exalted office with courage and devotion. Before, during, and after the Second World War, he constantly preached the message of peace. Confronted by the monstrous cruelties of
6811:
was the 'first great official public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism' and 'one of the greatest such condemnations ever issued by the
Vatican'. Smuggled into Germany, it was read from all the Catholic pulpits on Palm Sunday in March 1937. It exposed the fallacy and denounced the Nazi
5303:
came to a similar conclusion about Pius's motives. He suggested that besides seeking to protect his own church and parishioners, Pius feared that speaking out would worsen the plight of the Jews, though he could have hardly made it worse after 1942. Kershaw called the 1942 Christmas message "a missed
4354:
for example – he considered too accommodating to the Left. On the eve of the 1952 local elections in Rome, in which again the
Communist and Socialist parties threatened to win out, he used informal connections to make his views known. Pius XII stated that the war against Communism was a holy war
4036:
called for the sympathy of the whole world towards Poland, where "the blood of countless human beings, even noncombatants" was being spilled. Pius never publicly condemned the Nazi massacre of 1,800,000–1,900,000 Poles, overwhelmingly
Catholic (including 2,935 members of the Catholic clergy). In late
3504:
regime, even possessing a list of clergy members who had "joined in the slaughter", but decided against condemning the regime or taking action against the clergy involved, fearing that it would lead to schism in the Croatian church or undermine the formation of a future Croatian state. Pius XII would
3246:
Pius XII reiterated church teaching on the "principle of equality"—with specific reference to Jews: "there is neither Gentile nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision". The forgetting of solidarity "imposed by our common origin and by the equality of rational nature in all men" was called "pernicious
2895:
The problem is whether one or the other of those nations, of those two Latin sisters with several thousands of years of civilization will continue to learn against the solid rock of Christianity,...or on the contrary do they want to hand over the fate of their future to the impossible omnipotence of
2119:
Pope Pius XI died on 10 February 1939. Several historians have interpreted the conclave to choose his successor as facing a choice between a diplomatic or a spiritual candidate, and they view Pacelli's diplomatic experience, especially with Germany, as one of the deciding factors in his election on 2
1996:
ideology. Pius XI credited its creation and writing to Pacelli. It was the first official denunciation of Nazism made by any major organization and resulted in persecution of the church by the infuriated Nazis who closed all the participating presses and "took numerous vindictive measures against the
1048:
where he studied modern languages and history. At the end of the first academic year however, in the summer of 1895, he dropped out of both the Capranica and the Gregorian University. According to his sister Elisabetta, the food at the Capranica was to blame. Having received a special dispensation he
7454:
Discorsi E Radiomessaggi di sua Santita Pio XII, Vatican City, 1940, p. 407; Discorsi E Radiomessaggi di sua Santita Pio XII, Vatican City, 1942, p. 52; Discorsi E Radiomessaggi di sua Santita Pio XII, Vatican City, 1946, p. 89 Discorsi E Radiomessaggi di sua Santita Pio XII, Vatican City, 1951, pp.
6518:
On 28 January 1939, eleven days before the death of Pius XI, a disappointed Gundlach informed LaFarge, the encyclical's author, "It cannot go on like this". The text had not been forwarded to the Vatican. He had talked to the American assistant to Father General, who promised to look into the matter
4618:
For Venerable status, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints certifies the "heroic virtues" of the candidate. Making Pius XII as Venerable met with various responses, most centered on the papal words and actions during World War II. Benedict's signature on the decree of heroic virtue was regarded
4330:
He was concerned too about the potential spread of Communism in Western Europe and the Americas. As he sought to secure resources from abroad to aid post-war recovery, believing deprivation fuelled political agitation, so he also sought to influence Italian politics. In January 1948, Luigi Gedda, of
3596:
wrote that "The voice of Pius XII is a lonely voice in the silence and darkness enveloping Europe this Christmas. ... In calling for a 'real new order' based on 'liberty, justice and love', ... the Pope put himself squarely against Hitlerism." Historian Michael Phayer claims, however, that
2293:
The first occasion on 18 February 1946 yielded the elevation of a record 32 new cardinals, almost half of the College of Cardinals and reaching the canonical limit of 70 cardinals. In the 1946 consistory, Pius XII, while maintaining the maximum size of the College of Cardinals at 70, named cardinals
1936:
during the 1920s, he had made unsuccessful attempts to obtain German agreement for such a treaty, and between 1930 and 1933 he attempted to initiate negotiations with representatives of successive German governments, but the opposition of Protestant and Socialist parties, the instability of national
1340:
later recalled that the Nuncio was heartbroken that the Kaiser turned a "deaf ear to all his proposals". She later wrote, "Thinking back today on that time, when we Germans still all believed that our weapons would be victorious and the Nuncio was deeply sorry that the chance had been missed to save
7088:
Tardini later thanked him for not appointing him. The Pope replied with a smile. "Monsignore mio, you thank me, for not letting me do what I wanted to do". I replied "Yes Holy Father, I thank you for everything you have done for me, but even more, what you have not done for me". The Pope smiled. In
5549:
on 4 March 2019 that Vatican archival materials pertaining to Pius XII's pontificate will be accessible to scholars beginning on 2 March 2020. While this announcement was welcome by researchers, much of it has been clouded by the role of Pope Pius XII with regard to the Holocaust. However, archival
5352:
The commission was internally divided over the question of access to additional documents from the Holy See, access to the news media by individual commission members, and, questions to be raised in the preliminary report. It was agreed to include all 47 individual questions by the six members, and
4107:
government to moderate its treatment of the Jews. The Pope ordered Rotta and other papal legates to hide and shelter Jews. These protests, along with others from the King of Sweden, the International Red Cross, the United States, and Britain led to the cessation of deportations on 8 July 1944. Also
3731:
During the Second World War, after Nazi Germany commenced its mass-murder of Jews in occupied Soviet territory, Pius XII employed diplomacy to aid victims of the Holocaust and directed the church to provide discreet aid to Jews. Upon his death in 1958, among many Jewish tributes, the Chief Rabbi of
3499:
memo on the subject described Pius as "the greatest moral coward of our age". The Vatican did not officially recognise Pavelić's regime. While Pius XII did not publicly condemn the expulsions and forced conversions to Catholicism perpetrated on Serbs by Pavelić, the Holy See did expressly repudiate
3447:
to headline its report "Jews Rights Defended" and write of "burning words he spoke to Herr Ribbentrop about religious persecution". During the meeting, von Ribbentrop suggested an overall settlement between the Vatican and the Reich government in exchange for Pius XII instructing the German bishops
2841:
might accurately describe the biological origins of the human form, but at the same time criticized those who "imprudently and indiscreetly hold that evolution ... explains the origin of all things". Catholics must believe that the human soul was created immediately by God. Since the soul is a
2814:
To Pius XII, science and religion were heavenly sisters, different manifestations of divine exactness, who could not possibly contradict each other over the long term. Regarding their relation, his advisor Professor Robert Leiber wrote: "Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors prematurely.
2788:
persons, medical lies in face of grave illness, and the rights of family members to make decisions against expert medical advice. Pope Pius XII often reconsidered previously accepted truth, thus he was first to determine that the use of pain medicine in terminally ill patients is justified, even if
1391:
sought power: "the scene was indescribable the confusion totally chaotic in the midst of all this, a gang of young women, of dubious appearance, Jews like the rest of them hanging around the boss of this female rabble was Levien's mistress, a young Russian woman, a Jew and a divorcée and it was
5321:
would have become more excited and would have intensified its inquisitions. If the Pope had protested, Rome would have become the center of attention. It was better that the Pope said nothing. We all shared this opinion at the time, and this is still our conviction today." There were examples when
5112:
that "errors of fact and ignorance of context appear on almost every page". Paul O'Shea summarized the work by saying it was "disappointing because of its many inaccuracies, selective use of sources, and claims that do not bear any scrutiny. However, has rendered a service by insisting Pacelli be
4780:
for opposing Nazi anti-Semitism and aggression. According to Paul O'Shea, "The Nazis demonised the Pope as the agent of international Jewry; the Americans and British were continually frustrated because he would not condemn Nazi aggression; and the Russians accused him of being an agent of Fascism
4685:
Reports from 2014 indicate a potential miracle from the United States attributed to the intercession of the late pope that was reported to the postulation. The miracle pertains to a male plagued with severe influenza and pneumonia that could have proven to be fatal; the individual was said to have
2368:
But it is His will, that the worship He instituted and practised during His life on earth shall continue ever afterwards without intermission. For He has not left mankind an orphan. He still offers us the support of His powerful, unfailing intercession, acting as our "advocate with the Father". He
4181:
from their Jewish family in an ultimately failed attempt to keep them Catholic after their secret baptism done against the wishes of their family. The French Catholic Church received very bad press from the affair, and several nuns and monks were jailed for the kidnapping before the children were
3971:
Cardinal Maglione handed Harold Tittmann a response to the letter on 10 October. The note thanked Washington for passing on the intelligence, and confirmed that reports of severe measures against the Jews had reached the Vatican from other sources, though it had not been possible to "verify their
3440:
When, in 1940, the Nazi Foreign Minister von Ribbentrop led the only senior Nazi delegation permitted an audience with Pius XII and asked why the Pope had sided with the Allies, Pius replied with a list of recent Nazi atrocities and religious persecutions committed against Christians and Jews, in
3218:
Pius XII had genuine affection for Germany, though not the criminal element into whose hands it had fallen; he feared Bolshevism, an ideology dedicated to the annihilation of the church of which he was head, but his sympathies lay with the Allies and the democracies, especially the United States,
6921:
Pacelli’s assertion was factually incorrect. Pacelli, born in 1876, was elected Pope at the age of 63. For 33 of those 63 years, the Pope was not named Pius. Leo XIII was Pope from 1878 to 1903, including the day in 1899 when Pacelli was ordained a priest. Benedict XV was Pope from 1914 to 1922,
5457:
regime, the genocides in Poland, the finances of the wartime church, the deportation of the Roman Jews, and the ratlines for Nazis and fascists fleeing Europe. According to Phayer, "the face of Pope Pius that we see in these documents is not the same face we see in the eleven volumes the Vatican
4326:
than in any other part of the Church' and resolved to make the postwar German crisis a top priority – 'its refugee crisis, poverty, hunger and disease, the fate of prisoners-of-war and accused war criminals, the disruption to the internal organization and communal life of German Catholicism, and
4140:
published a document dated 20 November 1946 on the subject of Jewish children baptized in war-time France. The document ordered that baptized children, if orphaned, should be kept in Catholic custody and stated that the decision "has been approved by the Holy Father". Nuncio Angelo Roncalli (who
3987:
In December 1942, when Tittmann asked Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione if Pius would issue a proclamation similar to the Allied declaration "German Policy of Extermination of the Jewish Race", Maglione replied that the Vatican was "unable to denounce publicly particular atrocities". Pius XII
3591:
and the murder of innocents based on race. The majority of the speech spoke generally about human rights and civil society; at the very end of the speech, Pius XII mentioned "the hundreds of thousands of persons who, without any fault on their part, sometimes only because of their nationality or
3416:
Pius warned the Allies of the planned German invasion of the Low Countries in 1940. In Rome in 1942, U.S. envoy Myron C. Taylor, thanked the Holy See for the "forthright and heroic expressions of indignation made by Pope Pius XII when Germany invaded the Low countries". After Germany invaded the
3272:
Who among "the Soldiers of Christ" – ecclesiastic or layman – does not feel himself incited and spurred on to a greater vigilance, to a more determined resistance, by the sight of the ever-increasing host of Christ's enemies; as he perceives the spokesmen of these tendencies deny or in
2783:
Pius XII delivered numerous speeches to medical professionals and researchers. He addressed doctors, nurses, midwives, to detail all aspects of rights and dignity of patients, medical responsibilities, moral implications of psychological illnesses and the uses of psycho pharmaca. He also took on
4398:, the most important in 1954 when Pius was gravely ill. Side-effects of the treatment included hallucinations, from which the Pope suffered in his last years. "These years were also plagued by horrific nightmares. Pacelli's blood-curdling screams could be heard throughout the papal apartments."
3452:
2858:
When it is a question of the execution of a condemned man, the State does not dispose of the individual's right to life. In this case it is reserved to the public power to deprive the condemned person of the enjoyment of life in expiation of his crime when, by his crime, he has already disposed
2797:
Pope Pius XII developed an extensive theology of the family, taking issue with family roles, sharing of household duties, education of children, conflict resolution, financial dilemmas, psychological problems, illness, taking care of older generations, unemployment, marital holiness and virtue,
2313:
and Giovanni Montini would be elevated and Pius XII informed the assembled cardinals that both of them were originally on the top of his list, but they had turned down the offer, and were rewarded instead with other promotions. Both Montini and Tardini would become Cardinals shortly after Pius'
4979:, defended Pius XII's actions during the war. Lichten labelled any criticism of the Pope's actions during World War II as "a stupefying paradox" and said, "no one who reads the record of Pius XII's actions on behalf of Jews can subscribe to Hochhuth's accusation". Critical scholarly works like
4072:
recounts in his memoir that he was selected to go to the Vatican and seek help. The Vatican offered to loan 15 kilos, but the offer proved unnecessary when the Jews received an extension. Soon afterward, when deportations from Italy were imminent, 477 Jews were hidden in the Vatican itself and
395:
4907:
that Pius "was instrumental in saving at least 700,000 but probably as many as 860,000 Jews from certain death at Nazi hands". Some historians have questioned this often cited number, which Lapide reached by "deducting all reasonable claims of rescue" by non-Catholics from the total number of
5377:
still refuses to open all its files from the period—which seems to me to be a conclusive admission of guilt—but Katz has winkled various papers out of God's business address on earth to add to the stash of new information he has uncovered in America in the archives of the Office of Strategic
3388:
as his personal representative. Pius warmly welcomed Roosevelt's envoy and peace initiative, calling it "an exemplary act of fraternal and hearty solidarity... in defence against the chilling breath of aggressive and deadly godless anti-Christian tendencies". American correspondence spoke of
2619:
This theological investigative freedom does not, however, extend to all aspects of theology. According to Pius, theologians, employed by the Catholic Church, are assistants, to teach the official teachings of the church and not their own private thoughts. They are free to engage in empirical
4669:, Pope Francis stated that the late pope would not be beatified because the cause has stalled. Pope Francis stated that he checked the progress of the cause for Pius XII and said that there were no miracles attributed to his intercession, which was the main reason that the cause had halted.
4545:, used an atypical approach with the embalming procedure. In a controversial press conference, Galeazzi-Lisi described in great detail the embalming of the body of the late pontiff. He claimed to have used the same system of oils and resins with which the body of Jesus Christ was preserved.
4676:
stated, on a 12 January 2016 documentary on the late pope, that there was consultation of the Vatican Secret Archives which were carried out in secret; in short it means that there are no controversies surrounding the late pontiff that could impede the potential beatification. In that same
1899:
Weimar constitution gave the German states authority in the area of education and culture and thus diminished the authority of the churches in these areas; this diminution of church authority was a primary concern of the Vatican. As Bavarian nuncio, Pacelli negotiated successfully with the
1788:, which he titled "On the Unity of Human Society". His various positions on church and policy issues during his tenure as Cardinal Secretary of State were made public by the Holy See in 1939. Most noteworthy among the 50 speeches is his review of Church-State issues in Budapest in 1938.
4060:
and said: "Every word We address to the competent authority on this subject, and all Our public utterances have to be carefully weighed and measured by Us in the interests of the victims themselves, lest, contrary to Our intentions, We make their situation worse and harder to bear".
5353:
use them as Preliminary Report. In addition to the 47 questions, the commission issued no findings of its own. It stated that it was not their task to sit in judgment of the Pope and his advisors but to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the papacy during the Holocaust.
4826:, Israel's Foreign Minister, said, "When fearful martyrdom came to our people in the decade of Nazi terror, the voice of the Pope was raised for the victims. The life of our times was enriched by a voice speaking out on the great moral truths above the tumult of daily conflict."
3855:
reiterated Catholic teaching against racial persecution and rejected antisemitism, quoting scripture singling out the "principle of equality"—with specific reference to Jews: "there is neither Gentile nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision" and direct affirmation of the Jewish
1736:
was 'an untrustworthy scoundrel and fundamentally wicked person', to quote Klieforth, who also wrote that Pacelli 'did not believe Hitler capable of moderation, and ... fully supported the German bishops in their anti-Nazi stand'. This was matched with the discovery of Pacelli's
3404:
made a clandestine trip to Rome in October 1939, met with Pius XII and found him willing to act as intermediary. The Vatican agreed to send a letter outlining the bases for peace with England and the participation of the Pope was used to try to persuade senior German Generals
1558:, the archbishop of Cologne, describing the Nazis as "false prophets with the pride of Lucifer". and as "bearers of a new faith and a new Evangile" who were attempting to create "a mendacious antimony between faithfulness to the Church and the Fatherland". Two years later at
7438:: Addresses given to the Italian Catholic Union of Midwives 29 October 1951, and 26 November 1951 to the National Congress of the Family Front and the Association of Large Families, National Catholic Welfare Conference, Washington, D.C.. Text of the speeches available from
2863:
The church regards criminal penalties as both "medicinal", preventing the criminal from re-offending, and "vindictive", providing retribution for the offense committed. Pius defended the authority of the State to carry out punishment, up to and including the death penalty.
2369:
aids us likewise through His Church, where He is present indefectibly as the ages run their course: through the Church which He constituted "the pillar of truth" and dispenser of grace, and which by His sacrifice on the cross, He founded, consecrated and confirmed forever.
3763:
at the murder of "hundreds of thousands" of "faultless" people because of their "nationality or race" and intervened to attempt to block Nazi deportations of Jews in various countries. Upon his death in 1958, Pius was praised emphatically by the Israeli Foreign Minister
4842:, he repeatedly proclaimed the virtues of humanity and compassion." In the Canadian Jewish Chronicle (17 October), Rabbi J. Stern stated that Pius XII "made it possible for thousands of Jewish victims of Nazism and Fascism to be hidden away..." In 6 November edition of
4657:
to scholars so that an evaluation of the late pontiff's role in the war can be determined before canonization. This has been met with praise by the Jewish community. However, it was said that it could take up to a year to gather all the documents and then analyze them.
1937:
governments and the care of the individual states to guard their autonomy thwarted this aim. In particular, the questions of denominational schools and pastoral work in the armed forces prevented any agreement on the national level, despite talks in the winter of 1932.
3433:. When Mussolini learned of the warnings and the telegrams of sympathy, he took them as a personal affront and had his ambassador to the Vatican file an official protest, charging that Pius XII had taken sides against Italy's ally Germany. Mussolini's foreign minister
396:
4386:. Afterwards, changes in his work habit became noticeable. The Pope avoided long ceremonies, canonizations and consistories and displayed hesitancy in personnel matters. He found it increasingly difficult to chastise subordinates and appointees such as his physician,
2112:
8794:
5097:
criticised Pius XII for his actions and inactions during the Holocaust. Cornwell argued that Pius XII subordinated opposition to the Nazis to his goal of increasing and centralising the power of the Papacy. Further, Cornwell accused Pius XII of anti-Semitism. The
3827:, and approval by the Brazilian Propaganda Office in Berlin. The program was cancelled 14 months later, after fewer than 1,000 visas had been issued, amid suspicions of "improper conduct" (i.e., continuing to practice Judaism) among those who had received visas.
2846:, stating that scientific evidence now seemed to favour the evolutionary theory, upheld the distinction of Pius XII regarding the human soul. "Even if the human body originates from pre-existent living matter, the spiritual soul is spontaneously created by God."
2005:, in Bavaria: "The history of the Reichskonkordat shows, that the other side lacked the most basic prerequisites to accept minimal freedoms and rights of the Church, without which the Church simply cannot live and operate, formal agreements notwithstanding".
1348:
For the remainder of the Great War, Pacelli concentrated on Benedict's humanitarian efforts especially among Allied POWs in German custody. In the upheaval following the Armistice, a disconcerted Pacelli sought Benedict XV's permission to leave Munich, where
5304:
opportunity", adding: "Having decided to refer to the genocide, Pius ought to have followed this with a condemnation that was loud, plain and unequivocal." However, he doubted that condemnation from the Pope would have led to Nazi Germany changing course.
4173:
was misleading, as the document had originated in the French Catholic Church archives rather than the Vatican archives and strictly concerned itself with children without living blood relatives who were supposed to be handed over to Jewish organizations.
1230:. Pius X died on 20 August 1914. His successor Benedict XV named Gasparri as secretary of state and Gasparri took Pacelli with him into the Secretariat of State, making him undersecretary. During World War I, Pacelli maintained the Vatican's registry of
7373:
4390:, who after numerous indiscretions was excluded from Papal service for the last years, but, keeping his title, was able to enter the papal apartments to make photos of the dying Pope, which he sold to French magazines. Pius underwent three courses of
8126:
108: "In the midst of this world which today presents such a sharp contrast to "The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ", the Church and her faithful are in times and in years of trial such as have rarely been known in her history of struggle and
2896:
a material state without extraterrestrial ideals, without religion, and without God. One of these two alternatives shall occur according to whether the names of the champions or the destroyers of Christian civilization emerge victorious from the urns
3659:, who was visiting Rome. At their meeting, the Pope acknowledged the justice of punishing war criminals, but expressed a hope that the people of Italy would not be punished, preferring that they be made "full allies" in the remaining war effort.
2555:
opened the doors for biblical research. His magisterium was far larger and is difficult to summarize. In numerous speeches Catholic teaching is related to various aspects of life, education, medicine, politics, war and peace, the life of saints,
5516:
that Pius XII was involved in plots to overthrow Hitler from mid-October 1939 and was prepared to mediate a peace between the Allies and the Axis in the event of a regime change in Germany. The courier between the resistance group under Admiral
5414:
had intervened with Pope Pius XII to put an end to these illegal activities. Furthermore, he discovered "that the Pope secretly pleaded with Washington and London on behalf of notorious criminals and Nazi collaborators". Suzanne Brown-Fleming's
1049:
continued his studies from home and so spent most of his seminary years as an external student. In 1899 he completed his education in Sacred Theology with a doctoral degree awarded on the basis of a short dissertation and an oral examination in
3323:, a critic of Pius XII, assesses his policy as having been to "refuse to censure" the "German" invasion and annexation of Poland. This, Phayer wrote, was regarded as a "betrayal" by many Polish Catholics and clergy, who saw his appointment of
3908:
if the Vatican objected to antisemitic laws, Pius responded that the church condemned antisemitism, but would not comment on specific rules. Similarly, when Pétain's regime adopted the "Jewish statutes", the Vichy ambassador to the Vatican,
3736:, said: "Jews will always remember what the Catholic Church did for them by order of the Pope during the Second World War. When the war was raging, Pius spoke out very often to condemn the false race theory." This is disputed by commentator
2944:
during his pontificate—more than all his successors in the past 50 years taken together—along with many other writings and speeches. The pontificate of Pius XII was the first in Vatican history that published papal speeches and addresses in
7119:
For example, Padellaro: "Church history will memorize with special letters the secret conclave of 1946, and the cosmopolitan Pius XII, who called men of all races into the Senate of the Church", Nazareno Padellaro, Pio XII Torino, 1956, p.
1955:, the outgoing chairman of the Centre Party, negotiated first drafts of the terms with von Papen. The concordat was finally signed, by Pacelli for the Vatican and von Papen for Germany, on 20 July and ratified on 10 September 1933. Bishop
4568:
His funeral procession into Rome was the largest congregation of Romans as of that date. Romans mourned "their" pope, who was born in their own city, especially as a hero in the time of war. Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (later to be
3967:
were being systematically "butchered". Taylor asked if the Vatican might have any information that might "tend to confirm the reports", and, if so, what the Pope might be able to do to influence public opinion against the "barbarities".
2872:
Pius XII taught that the masses were a threat to true democracy. In such a democracy, liberty is the individual's moral duty and equality is the right of all people to honorably live in the place and station that God has assigned them.
10854:"brief phases of reassurance about the role of the Pope were followed by waves of critical literature and counteracted the process of exoneration that had been underway for some years. The focus of recent analyses by John Cornwell via
3130:. Pelletier had a reputation for opening new ways for Catholic charities, helping people in difficulties with the law, who had been neglected by the system and the church. Galgani was a virtuous woman in her twenties, said to have the
5558:
announced that he had discovered in the Vatican archives evidence that Pius XII had personally saved at least 15,000 Jews from extermination, and that he had sent a report on the Holocaust to the American government shortly after the
5007:. It was on Moscow Radio, on 2 June 1945, that the first accusation directly against Pius XII of refusing to speak out against the exterminations in Nazi concentration camps. It was also the first medium to call him "Hitler's Pope".
4540:
Pope Pius XII did not want the vital organs removed from his body, demanding instead that it be kept in the same condition "in which God created it". According to Galeazzi-Lisi, this was the reason why he and Nuzzi, an embalmer from
6563:
On 16 March four days after coronation, Gundlach informed LaFarge that the documents had been given to Pius XI shortly before his death, but that the new Pope had so far had no opportunity to learn about it. Passelecq, Suchecky. p.
5755:
4548:
Galeazzi-Lisi asserted that the new process would "preserve the body indefinitely in its natural state". However, whatever chance the new embalming process had of efficaciously preserving the body was obliterated by intense heat in
2708:, namely that she "having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory". To date this is the last time full papal infallibility has been used. The dogma was preceded by the 1946 encyclical
2497:
means to be above average, to be a living example of Christian virtue. The strict norms governing their lives are meant to make them models of Christian perfection for lay people. Bishops are encouraged to look at model saints like
3929:, a U.S. delegate to the Vatican, asked the Pope to condemn the atrocities against Jews; Pius replied that the Vatican wished to remain "neutral", reiterating the neutrality policy that Pius had invoked as early as September 1940.
3746:, argues that the Pope was weak and vacillating in his approach to Nazism. Cornwell asserts that the Pope did little to challenge the progressing holocaust of the Jews out of fear of provoking the Nazis into invading Vatican City.
3319:. In April 1940, the Vatican advised the U.S. government that its efforts to provide humanitarian aid had been blocked by the Germans and that the Holy See had been forced to seek indirect channels through which to direct its aid.
10443:
and celebrated by Rabbi Dalin as a righteous gentile. They were not. Whatever was thus gained diplomatically by these statements—in the short run, precious little—was purchased at the cost of considerable historical untruth." in
5336:
In 1999, in an attempt to address some of this controversy, the International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission (Historical Commission), a group of three Catholic and three Jewish scholars was appointed, respectively, by the
5288:, in God's eyes "there is neither Gentile nor Jew". In saying this, the Pope affirmed that Jews were full members of the human community—which is Goldhagen's own criterion for establishing 'dissent from the anti-Semitic creed'."
3352:(Nazi-occupied Polish zone), complained to the representatives of the Catholic Church. The church's attempted intervention caused the Nazis to retaliate by arresting rabbis and deporting them to the death camp. Subsequently, the
4080:
of Berlin to say: "We give to the pastors who are working on the local level the duty of determining if and to what degree the danger of reprisals and of various forms of oppression occasioned by episcopal declarations ...
3043:, originally given in two parts to members of the Italian cinema industry, offered a "sophisticated analysis of the film industry and the role of cinema in modern society". Compared to his predecessor's teaching, the encyclical
5578:, promoted by Hitler himself with the intention of improving his relations with the Vatican. For his part, Pius XII concentrated his efforts on protecting and improving the situation of the Church in Germany in the face of the
2373:
The church has, therefore, according to Pius XII, a common aim with Christ himself, teaching all men the truth, and offering to God a pleasing and acceptable sacrifice. This way, the church re-establishes the unity between the
737:
and his leadership of the Catholic Church during the war remain the subject of controversy—including allegations of public silence and inaction concerning the fate of the Jews. Pius employed diplomacy to aid the victims of the
5472:
On 9 October 2008, the 50th anniversary of Pius XII's death, Benedict XVI celebrated pontifical Mass in his memory. Shortly before and after the Mass, dialectics continued between the Jewish hierarchy and the Vatican as Rabbi
1524:
ordered them to be discontinued in 1927. Pacelli supported German diplomatic activity aimed at rejection of punitive measures from victorious former enemies. He blocked French attempts for an ecclesiastical separation of the
4318:, Wilhelm Hentrich and Ivo Zeiger. His personal confessor Augustin Bea was a German Jesuit and Mother Pascalina Lehnert and the other German speaking sisters of the papal household added to this element. The American bishop
3206:
In 1939, Pius XII turned the Vatican into a centre of aid which he organized from various parts of the world. At the request of the Pope, an information office for prisoners of war and refugees operated in the Vatican under
8798:
4858:
columnist, wrote that no other leader "did more to help the Jews in their hour of greatest tragedy, during the Nazi occupation of Europe, than the late Pope". Other prominent Jewish figures, such as Israeli Prime Minister
1396:, their principal aim being the destruction of Christian civilization". Also according to Cornwell, Pacelli informed Gasparri that "the capital of Bavaria, is suffering under a harsh Jewish-Russian revolutionary tyranny".
4472:
On Monday, 6 October 1958, at around 8:30 CET (7:30 GMT), he suffered a stroke, weakening him greatly in addition to his other maladies, after having taken ill the previous day after a series of meetings. He received the
1656:, who frankly told Pacelli he believed that he "misunderstood the political situation in Germany and the real character of the Nazis". Following Brüning's resignation in May 1932 Pacelli, like the new Catholic chancellor
2483:
to ensure that they are capable of a life of celibacy and service. Pius XII added one year to the theological formation of future priests. He included a "pastoral year", an introduction into the practise of parish work.
1782:. Historians Passelecq and Suchecky have argued that Pacelli learned about the existence of the draft only after the death of Pius XI and did not promulgate it as Pope. He did use parts of it in his inaugural encyclical
5034:
of the church and Christianity in the west. Pacepa indicated that he was involved in contacting eastern bloc agents close the Vatican in order to fabricate the story to be used for the attack against the wartime pope.
394:
3243:—the "dread tempest of war is already raging despite all Our efforts to avert it". The papal letter denounced antisemitism, war, totalitarianism, the attack on Catholic Poland and the Nazi persecution of the church.
3238:
was the first papal encyclical issued by Pope Pius XII, in October 1939 and established some of the themes of his pontificate. During the drafting of the letter, the Second World War commenced with the German/Soviet
2132:). According to rumours, he asked for another ballot to be taken to ensure the validity of his election. After his election was indeed confirmed, he chose the name Pius XII in honour of his immediate predecessor.
7769:
Helmuth Rolfes, "Inter Mirifica and What Followed: The Second Vatican Council as the Beginning of a New Era in the Relationship Between the Church and the Media", in Helmuth Rolfes and Angela Ann Zukowski, eds.,
5553:
The Vatican archives have provided many millions of pages and it is expected to take many years to process the findings. As of May 2021, the study of the archive has been inconclusive. In January 2022, historian
4235:
After World War II, Pope Pius XII focused on material aid to war-torn Europe, an internal internationalization of the Catholic Church, and the development of its worldwide diplomatic relations. His encyclicals,
7381:
4573:) wrote in his diary on Saturday, 11 October 1958 that probably no Roman emperor had enjoyed such a triumph, which he viewed as a reflection of the spiritual majesty and religious dignity of the late Pius XII.
2245:
as nuncio to Germany. For the first time, numerous young Europeans, Asians and "Americans were trained in various congregations and secretariats within the Vatican for eventual service throughout the world".
1770:("On the Unity of the Human Race") was ready in September 1938 but, according to those responsible for an edition of the document and other sources, it was not forwarded to the Holy See by the Jesuit General
1411:. Once, in a violation of international law, the Bavarian Revolutionary Government attempted to confiscate the Nunciature's car at gunpoint. Despite their demands, however, Pacelli refused to leave his post.
5742:
he established the Vatican Information Service to provide aid to, and information about, thousands of war refugees and instructed the church to provide discreet aid to Jews, which quietly saved thousands of
5356:
The 47 questions by the six scholars were grouped into three parts: (a) 27 specific questions on existing documents, mostly asking for background and additional information such as drafts of the encyclical
1549:
were numbered. Pacelli was summoned back to Rome at this time—the call coming by telegram when he was resting at his favourite retreat, the Rorschach convent sanatorium. He left Berlin on 10 December 1929.
6573:
Encyclical of Pope Pius on the unity of human society to our venerable brethren: The Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and other ordinaries in peace and the communion with the Apostolic see (AAS
13566:
5061:
5046:
3625:
4792:, presented an amount of money to the Pope, "in recognition of the work of the Holy See in rescuing Jews from Fascist and Nazi persecutions." After the war, in the autumn of 1945, Harry Greenstein from
3211:, which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost 10 million (9,891,497) information requests and produced over 11 million (11,293,511) answers about missing persons.
5429:
5270:
asserted that Pius XII "chose again and again not to mention the Jews publicly.... public statements by Pius XII ... any mention of the Jews is conspicuously absent." In a review of Goldhagen's book,
5317:
A Berlin Jewish couple, Mr. and Mrs. Wolfsson, argued in defense of the pope: "None of us wanted the Pope to take an open stand. We were all fugitives, and fugitives do not wish to be pointed at. The
1605:
As Cardinal Secretary of State, Pacelli signed concordats with a number of countries and states. Immediately on becoming Cardinal Secretary of State, Pacelli and Ludwig Kaas took up negotiations on a
4363:. Adopting a domino theory he warned that, if "the Communists win in Rome, in Italy, it will cast a shadow on the entire world: France would become Communist, and then Spain and then all of Europe."
5465:
held a reception for conference participants during which he praised Pius XII as a pope who made every effort to save Jews during the war. A second conference was held from 6–8 November 2008 by the
2564:, things eternal and contemporary. Theologically, Pius XII specified the nature of the teaching authority of the Catholic Church. He also gave a new freedom to engage in theological investigations.
1660:, wondered if the Centre Party should look to the Right for a coalition, "that would correspond to their principles". He made many diplomatic visits throughout Europe and the Americas, including an
3579:
The Pope employed the new technology of radio and a series of Christmas messages to preach against selfish nationalism and the evils of modern warfare and offer sympathy to the victims of the war.
3028:
were sent to the bishops in the East. On 13 May 1956, Pope Pius addressed all bishops of the Eastern Rite. Mary, the mother of God, was the subject of encyclical letters to the people of Russia in
11397:
5121:, that Pius XII had so little scope of action that it is impossible to judge the motives for his silence during the war, while Rome was under the heel of Mussolini and later occupied by Germany".
2587:, published in 1943, emphasized the role of the Bible. Pius XII freed biblical research from previous limitations. He encouraged Christian theologians to revisit original versions of the Bible in
3380:
With Poland overrun, but France and the Low Countries yet to be attacked, Pius continued to hope for a negotiated peace to prevent the spread of the conflict. The similarly minded U.S. President
1120:, an apprentice, in Gasparri's department. In January 1901 he was also chosen, by Pope Leo XIII himself, according to an official account, to deliver condolences on behalf of the Vatican to King
3955:
warned Pius that the Vatican's "moral prestige" was being injured by silence on European atrocities, a warning that was echoed simultaneously by representatives from the United Kingdom, Brazil,
5763:
9013:
8977:
8138:
8101:
8071:
8048:
8016:
7986:
7965:
7933:
5299:
dismissed accusations that Pius was "anti-semitic" or "pro-Nazi", but accused him of "silence" based on fear of retaliation and wrote that "Hitler played the Pope with consummate expertise".
4556:
Galeazzi-Lisi reported that heat in the halls, where the body of the late Pope lay in state, caused chemical reactions which required it to be treated twice after the original preparation.
3356:
abandoned direct intervention, instead focusing on organizing underground aid, with huge international support orchestrated by Pope Pius XII and his Holy See. The Pope was informed about
4003:, the Pope's private secretary and a liaison to the Resistance, to inform him that his sources had confirmed approximately 6,000 Polish and Jewish people were being killed every day in "
3885:
on 11 March, repeatedly protesting against the treatment of Jews. In 1940, Pius asked members of the clergy, on Vatican letterhead, to do whatever they could on behalf of interned Jews.
1554:
wrote "of the forty-four speeches Pacelli gave in Germany as papal nuncio between 1917 and 1929, forty denounced some aspect of the emerging Nazi ideology". In 1935 he wrote a letter to
5314:
accused Pius of turning a blind eye to the activities of Vatican priests assisting "denazification through conversion", which he said helped ex-Nazi anti-communists to escape justice.
12697:
6807:
Bokenkotter, pp. 389–92, quote "And when Hitler showed increasing belligerance toward the Church, Pius met the challenge with a decisiveness that astonished the world. His encyclical
5574:. Kertzer, with the support of thousands of unpublished documents, uncovered the existence of secret negotiations between Hitler and Pius XII already a few weeks after the end of the
4965:, released in English in 1964) portrayed Pope Pius XII as a hypocrite who remained silent about the Holocaust. The depiction is described as lacking "credible substantiation" by the
4068:, Nazi officials gave Jewish leaders in Rome 36 hours to produce 50 kilograms (110 lb) of gold (or the equivalent), threatening to take 300 hostages. Then Chief Rabbi of Rome
2854:
In an address given on 14 September 1952, Pope Pius XII said that the church does not regard the execution of criminals as a violation by the State of the universal right to life:
2282:, in contrast to Pius XI, who had done so 17 times in as many years. Pius XII chose not to name new cardinals during World War II, and the number of cardinals shrank to 38, with
16391:
13405:
10779:
4161:(ADL), who had himself been baptized as a child and had undergone a custody battle afterwards, called for an immediate freeze on Pius's beatification process until the relevant
2658:
1171:, became the means by which the Holy See was to establish and sustain the new, unequal, and unprecedented power relationship that had arisen between the papacy and the Church".
3984:"told the British envoy to the Vatican in mid-December that the Pope couldn't speak out about Nazi atrocities because the Vatican hadn't been able to verify the information".
3819:
Catholics". However, over the next 18 months, Brazil's Conselho de Imigração e Colonização (CIC) continued to tighten the restrictions on their issuance, including requiring a
3277:
Pius wrote of a persecuted church and a time requiring "charity" for victims who had a "right" to compassion. Against the invasion of Poland and killing of civilians he wrote:
1943:
was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933 and sought to gain international respectability and to remove internal opposition by representatives of the church and the Catholic
12394:
11221:
5225:
5134:
4350:, considering the party indecisive and fractious – reformist currents within it particularly, which tended to the moderate Left – represented by the Sicilian priest
3576:, Hsieh Shou-kang, was only able to arrive at the Vatican in January 1943, due to difficulties of travel resulting from the war. He remained in that position until late 1946.
2182:
his successor as Cardinal Secretary of State. Cardinal Maglione, a seasoned Vatican diplomat, had reestablished diplomatic relations with Switzerland and was for twelve years
397:
10085:
5198:
5059:
authorized Jesuit scholars to access the Vatican State Secretariat Archives, which are normally not opened for seventy-five years. Original documents in French and Italian,
2663:
As a young boy and in later life, Pacelli was an ardent follower of the Virgin Mary. He was consecrated as a bishop on 13 May 1917, the very first day of the apparitions of
1718:. Pacelli made reference to the Jews "whose lips curse and whose hearts reject him even today". This traditional adversarial relationship with Judaism would be reversed in
5185:
in 2005. He reaffirmed previous accounts of Pius having been a saviour of thousands of Europe's Jews. In a review of the book, another Jewish scholar—Churchill biographer,
5466:
3972:
accuracy". Nevertheless, Maglione stated, "every opportunity is being taken by the Holy See, however, to mitigate the suffering of these unfortunate people". According to
3771:
In 1939, the newly elected Pope Pius XII appointed several prominent Jewish scholars to posts at the Vatican after they had been dismissed from Italian universities under
2842:
spiritual substance, it is not brought into being through transformation of matter, but directly by God, whence the special uniqueness of each person. Fifty years later,
387:
10106:
3936:
told Pius that Slovak Jews were being sent to concentration camps. On 11 March 1942, several days before the first transport was due to leave, the chargé d'affaires in
4800:, told Pius XII how grateful Jews were for all he had done for them. "My only regret", the Pope replied, "is not to have been able to save a greater number of Jews".
3609:
recalled that the Pope's voice had been "broken by emotion" as he "deplored the situation" with a "clear reference to the deportation and extermination of the Jews".
16887:
16280:
5445:. These documents include diplomatic correspondence, American espionage, and decryptions of German communications. Relevant documents have also been released by the
3193:" and its divine mission. Pius XII lobbied world leaders to prevent the outbreak of World War II and then expressed his dismay that war had come in his October 1939
4480:
On the last full day of his life, his temperature rose steadily and his breathing became difficult. At 3:52 CET (2:52 GMT) on Thursday, 9 October, a Feast of Saint
15377:
12228:
8720:
3526:
5345:(Holy See's Commission) and the International Jewish Committee for Interreligious Consultations (IJCIC), to whom a preliminary report was issued in October 2000.
13260:
11141:
10535:
9373:
Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre mondiale/éd. par Pierre Blet, Angelo Martini, Burkhart Schneider and Robert Graham (7 April 1943).
6538:
6931:"Medius vestrum stetit quem vos nescetis. Everybody knew what the Pope meant". Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960, p. 105
16587:
16582:
13228:
6922:
including the day in 1917 when Pacelli was consecrated a bishop. Pius XII, quoted in Joseph Brosch, Pius XII, Lehrer der Wahrheit, Kreuzring, Trier,1968, p. 45
5296:
3500:
the forced conversions in a memorandum dated 25 January 1942, from the Vatican Secretariat of State to the Yugoslavian Legation. The Pope was well informed of
2378:
and His creatures. The Sacrifice of the Altar, being Christ's own actions, conveys and dispenses divine grace from Christ to the members of the Mystical Body.
10028:
9208:
1752:
Historian Walter Bussmann argued that Pacelli, as Cardinal Secretary of State, dissuaded Pope Pius XI – who was nearing death at the time—from condemning the
16902:
10128:
4299:
of India – the first indigenous Catholics of their respective nations to sit in the College of Cardinals. Italian Papal diplomat Angelo Roncalli (later
2325:
With few exceptions, Italian prelates accepted the changes positively; there was no protest movement or open opposition to the internationalization efforts.
928:
5603:’s crimes, including sexual abuse of seminarians and drug abuse, before action was taken. The Vatican apparently knew of Rev. Maciel’s crimes for 50 years.
5402:
described how the Argentinian government dealt with war criminals who entered Argentina. However, during his research Goñi accidentally stumbled on British
2225:
from a minor to a major role in the church. After World War II, Pius XII appointed more non-Italians than any Pope before him. American appointees included
16907:
16797:
12863:
9931:
6378:
2120:
March 1939, his 63rd birthday, after only one day of deliberation and three ballots. He was the first cardinal Secretary of State to be elected pope since
1661:
1652:
As the decade began Pacelli wanted the Centre Party in Germany to turn away from the socialists. In the summer of 1931 he clashed with Catholic Chancellor
5128:
process as well as to many documents from Pacelli's nunciature which had just been opened under the 75-year rule by the Vatican State Secretary archives.
3389:"parallel endeavours for peace and the alleviation of suffering". Despite the early collapse of peace hopes, the Taylor mission continued at the Vatican.
2186:. Yet, Maglione did not exercise the influence of his predecessor Pacelli, who as Pope continued his close relation with Giovanni Battista Montini (later
13579:
13223:
11804:
5331:
11163:
8202:
Report by the Polish Ambassador to the Holy See on the Situation in German-occupied Poland, Memorandum No. 79, 29 May 1942, Myron Taylor's papers, NARA.
4774:
more knowingly, devoutly and authoritatively, and for a longer time, than any other organised power". During the war he was also praised editorially by
4619:
by some as a public relations blunder, though acceptance of Pius XII as a saviour of Europe's Jews is regarded as 'proof of fidelity to the Church, the
1345:
with his finger on a map, he said sadly, 'No doubt this will be lost as well'. I did not want to believe it, but here, too, he was to be proved right."
15931:
15411:
13325:
13235:
13108:
13101:
10867:
6420:
4191:
1959:
cautioned against compromise with the new regime, against those who saw the Nazi persecution of the church as an aberration that Hitler would correct.
1509:, who rejected any kind of religious education, the ordination of priests and bishops, but offered agreements without the points vital to the Vatican.
15275:
3655:
leaders in an effort to prevent what he perceived to be the mistakes made at the end of World War I. On 23 August 1944, he met British Prime Minister
3077:
had been offered to Pius XII who approved the medal and the devotion based on it. The general devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus had been approved by
16892:
16306:
13185:
9017:
8981:
8745:
8142:
8105:
8075:
8041:
8020:
7990:
7958:
7937:
3708:
3357:
3316:
3045:
3039:
2603:. The encyclical demands a much better understanding of ancient Hebrew history and traditions. It requires bishops throughout the church to initiate
917:
5804:
3643:
In 1944, Pius XII issued a Christmas message in which he warned against rule by the masses and against secular conceptions of liberty and equality.
1444:– his nunciature was moved to Berlin in August 1925. Many of Pacelli's Munich staff stayed with him for the rest of his life, including his advisor
16842:
16381:
13337:
7190:
7079:
Pio XII, La Allocuzione nel concistorio Segreto del 12 Gennaio 1953 in Pio XII, Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di Sua Santità, Vatican City, 1953, p. 455
5342:
4635:, said: "How can one venerate a man who ... seemed to give his passive permission to the Nazis as the Jews were prised from his doorstep in Rome?"
4195:
3573:
1505:. He negotiated food shipments for Russia, where the Catholic Church was persecuted. He met with Soviet representatives including Foreign Minister
1422:
troops, the Nuncio focused on, according to Lehnert, "alleviating the distress of the postwar period, consoling, supporting all in word and deed".
770:
10484:
3959:, Belgium, and Poland. Myron C. Taylor passed a U.S. Government memorandum to Pius on 26 September 1942, outlining intelligence received from the
3755:
first papal encyclical, Pius reiterated Catholic teaching against racial persecution and antisemitism and affirmed the ethical principles of the "
3289:
not yet an ally of Hitler in the war, Italians were called upon to remain faithful to the Catholic Church. Pius avoided explicit denunciations of
16857:
13421:
10859:
5169:
1997:
Church, including staging a long series of immorality trials of the Catholic clergy". On 10 June 1941, the Pope commented on the problems of the
1103:
703:
122:
6832:"Accessed 4 December 2014; "La Presse et L'apostolat: discours prononce au College Angelique le 17 Avril, 1936" Paris : Bonne Presse, 1936"
6676:
1928, Portugal I 1928, Italy I 1929, Italy II 1929, Portugal II 1929, Romania I 1927, Prussia 1929, Romania II 1932, Baden 1932, Germany 1933,
13265:
9555:
5018:
alleged in 2007 that Hochhuth's play and numerous publications attacking Pius XII as a Nazi sympathizer were fabrications that were part of a
4211:
3501:
1372:" with the 24-year-old Sister Pascalina Lehnert – she would soon be transferred to Munich when Pacelli "pulled strings at the highest level".
16822:
15691:
15418:
12670:
11371:
11278:
8616:
8400:
5785:
5664:
surpassed this number on 21 February 2001, elevating 44 cardinals. By that time, the limit had been suspended and over 120 cardinals existed.
5382:
Katz's book also discusses how the Pope's view of the anti-Nazi resistance—as harbingers of Communism—meant he chose not to intervene in the
5212:
1984:
of official Catholic Church documents. Secretly distributed by an army of motorcyclists and read from every German Catholic Church pulpit on
1908:
showed interest in negotiations only after the Bavarian concordat. However, Pacelli obtained less favorable conditions for the church in the
1633:(1929) were concluded before Pacelli became Secretary of State. Catholicism had become the sole recognized religion; the powerful democratic
10216:
9457:
Letter of Pius XII of 30 April 1943 to the Bischop of Berlin, Graf von Preysing, published in "Documentation catholique" of 2 February 1964.
9265:
6831:
2599:, the encyclical reversed Pope Leo XIII's encyclical, which had only advocated going back to the original texts to resolve ambiguity in the
15370:
12753:
12513:
11326:
9608:
9300:
8673:
5458:
published of World War II documents, a collection which, though valuable, is nonetheless critically flawed because of its many omissions".
4229:
4220:
2166:. He was quoted as saying "I call myself Pius; my whole life was under Popes with this name, but especially as a sign of gratitude towards
1606:
16817:
997:
Together with his brother Francesco (1872–1935) and his two sisters, Giuseppina (1874–1955) and Elisabetta (1880–1970), he grew up in the
15964:
15457:
15144:
7515:"The Moral Limits of Medical Research Treatment: Address to the First International Congress on the Histopathology of the Nervous System"
2014:
1637:, in many ways similar to the Centre Party in Germany, had been disbanded, and in place of political Catholicism the Holy See encouraged
1341:
what there was to save, it occurs to me over and over again how clearly he foresaw what was to come. Once as he traced the course of the
305:
9990:
4120:, states that the Pope was somehow a conspirator, specifically naming Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII), as being a party in the attempt.
2607:
for lay people. The Pontiff also requests a reorientation of Catholic teaching and education, relying much more on sacred scriptures in
641:
16346:
15645:
4308:
4252:
4108:
in 1944, Pius appealed to 13 Latin American governments to accept "emergency passports", although it also took the intervention of the
2148:
781:
himself was still open to coordinating with Pius XII on the struggle against persecution of the Catholic church. He explicitly invoked
742:
during the war and, through directing the church to provide discreet aid to Jews and others, saved thousands of lives. Pius maintained
10774:
4818:
After Pius XII's death on 9 October 1958 many Jewish organisations and newspapers around the world paid tribute to his legacy. At the
4553:
during the embalming process. As a result, the body decomposed rapidly and the viewing of the faithful had to be terminated abruptly.
3437:
claimed that Pius XII was "ready to let himself be deported to a concentration camp, rather than do anything against his conscience".
2884:. While he did not directly mention monarchy or republicanism, given the context, his speech was nonetheless widely seen as endorsing
1501:
In post-war Germany, in the absence of a nuncio in Moscow, Pacelli worked also on diplomatic arrangements between the Vatican and the
13599:
13395:
13280:
11263:
10063:
5627:
5348:
The Commission did not discover any documents, but had the agreed-upon task to review the existing Vatican volumes, that make up the
5148:
3760:
3580:
2557:
2532:
1001:
district in the centre of Rome. Soon after the family had moved to Via Vetrina in 1880, he began school at the convent of the French
10728:
10150:
3495:(rather than the diplomatic audience Pavelić had wanted). Pius was criticised for his reception of Pavelić: an unattributed British
1198:), and secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs in February 1914. On 24 June 1914, just four days before
16099:
12461:
Il Cardinale Giuseppe Siri, Arcivescovo di Genova dal 1946 al 1987 : la vita, l'insegnamento, l'eredità spirituale, le memorie
10045:
4044:
In January 1943, Pius XII declined to denounce publicly the Nazi discrimination against the Jews, following requests to do so from
3685:
1041:
7624:
5419:(2006) underlines Goñi's findings. Brown-Fleming stated how Pius XII allegedly intervened on behalf of German war criminals (e.g.
4413:", who worked full-time in factories and joined political parties and unions. He continued to defend the theological tradition of
3025:
1468:(national gatherings of the faithful), and delivered some 50 sermons and speeches to the German people. In Berlin he lived in the
16872:
16802:
15363:
15138:
13245:
12793:
7418:
6597:
5591:
published a newly discovered documentation from the Vatican Secret Archive showing that a German Jesuit had informed the Pope of
5482:
2714:, which requested all Catholic bishops to express their opinion on a possible dogmatization. On 8 September 1953, the encyclical
2347:
1094:. Shortly after ordination he began postgraduate studies in canon law at Sant'Apollinaire. He received his first assignment as a
743:
16827:
15793:
15735:
7894:
McGoldrick, Patricia M. (2012). "New Perspectives on Pius XII and Vatican Financial Transactions during the Second World War".
6905:
3430:
2152:
1456:, who was known for his expertise in Church-state relations and was a full-time politician, politically active in the Catholic
3368:(Hitler's foreign affairs adviser) when Pope was "listing the date, place, and precise details of each crime" as described by
16897:
16812:
16807:
15203:
13390:
12237:
12189:
11871:
11857:
11354:
11313:
10356:
9892:
5411:
4639:
4596:
3568:
of China. This step was envisaged earlier, but delayed due to Japanese pressure to establish relations with the pro-Japanese
2877:
2422:
2318:. The two consistories of 1946 and 1953 brought an end to over five hundred years of Italians constituting a majority of the
1379:, he informed Gasparri-using Schioppa's eye-witness testimony of the chaotic scene at the former royal palace as the trio of
1151:, he prepared digests of reports that had been sent to the Secretariat from all over the world and in the same year became a
1022:
11469:
11449:
8358:"Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – "Statement by Myron C. Taylor to Pope Pius XII, 19 September 1942""
7487:
16867:
15603:
15499:
13426:
13285:
13275:
12536:
11190:
9588:
9235:
3613:
2913:
2904:"...that it would have been far preferable for Italy to remain a monarchy, but he also noted that what was done was done".
2799:
2543:
Pius XII explained the Catholic faith in 41 encyclicals and almost 1000 messages and speeches during his long pontificate.
1609:
which continued until the spring and summer of 1932. Papal fiat appointed a supporter of Pacelli and his concordat policy,
810:
12580:
10269:
8646:
4537:, reported that the pontiff's body was embalmed in the room where he died using a novel process invented by Oreste Nuzzi.
4453:
With frequent absences from work, Pope Pius XII had come to depend heavily on a few close colleagues, especially his aide
4056:
of Berlin. According to Toland, in June 1943, Pius XII addressed the issue of mistreatment of Jews at a conference of the
746:, and shared intelligence with the Allies. His strongest public condemnation of genocide was considered inadequate by the
16694:
16465:
16363:
16250:
15305:
13385:
13250:
11167:
9271:
6821:
74.A l'Eveque de Passau, in "Lettres de Pie XII aux Eveques Allemands 1939–1944, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1967, p. 416
4921:
4027:, said that König urged the Holy See to withhold this information to protect the lives of his sources in the resistance.
3925:
Jewish Code, which, unlike the earlier Vichy codes, prohibited intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews. In October 1941,
2410:
2339:
2125:
1920:
in 1933. A total of 16 concordats and treaties with European states had been concluded in the ten-year period 1922–1932.
1599:
1199:
830:
12496:
The Vatican & the Holocaust: 860,000 Lives Saved – The Truth About Pius XII & the Jews by Robert A. Graham, S.J.
8717:
5550:
research of this period should inform a much broader shift within global Christianity, from Europe to the global South.
3199:
encyclical. He followed a strict public policy of Vatican neutrality for the duration of the conflict mirroring that of
16503:
15805:
15556:
15281:
13305:
13255:
13240:
8600:
6498:
3676:
3164:
2539:, so today We consecrate and in a most special manner We entrust all the peoples of Russia to this Immaculate Heart..."
2230:
1791:
A year before his papal election, on 26 January 1938, the Cardinal Secretary of State officiated at the baptism of the
1695:
1175:
11044:
10465:
9811:
6542:
5065:, were published in eleven volumes between 1965 and 1981. Pierre Blet also published a summary of the eleven volumes.
1895:
Pacelli concluded on behalf of the Vatican with German States. The state concordats were necessary because the German
1239:
15635:
13370:
12468:
12432:
12403:
12383:
12351:
12332:
12300:
12278:
12260:
12174:
12157:
12136:
12125:
12086:
12071:
12049:
12023:
12008:
11993:
11978:
11963:
11941:
11923:
11826:
11775:
11749:
11730:
11716:
11698:
11682:
11667:
11637:
11604:
11580:
11534:
11248:
11070:
10839:
10330:
Poliakov, Leon; November (1950). "The Vatican and the 'Jewish Question': The Record of the Hitler Period—and After".
8386:
7860:
7815:
7795:
7657:
7107:
7002:
6880:
6790:
Pham, p. 45, quote: "When Pius XI was complimented on the publication, in 1937, of his encyclical denouncing Nazism,
6640:
6405:
6386:
6323:
6184:
5844:
5701:
4751:
4215:
4109:
3463:
At a special mass at St Peters for the victims of the war, held in November 1940, soon after the commencement of the
3348:
There was a well-known case of Jewish rabbis who, seeking support against the Nazi persecution of Polish Jews in the
3090:
2761:
2406:
11297:
10879:
10532:
8430:
6598:"85 años del bautizo de Juan Carlos de Borbón (y el tenso reencuentro de los reyes Alfonso XIII y Victoria Eugenia)"
5003:
in March 2009 indicated the accusations that Hochhuth's play made widely known originated not among Jews but in the
1562:
he named Germany as "that noble and powerful nation whom bad shepherds would lead astray into an ideology of race".
16832:
16406:
15886:
15776:
13431:
13313:
10025:
4631:
said "there would be a great distortion of history" if Pius XII were canonized. Rabbi Jeremy Lawrence, the head of
3988:
directly explained to Tittman that he could not name the Nazis without at the same time mentioning the Bolsheviks.
3177:
3168:
3158:
1634:
714:, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with various European and Latin American nations, including the
10194:
5522:
3401:
15901:
15825:
15445:
15423:
13656:
13492:
13400:
13295:
13218:
12588:
5534:
4718:
4469:
was his personal confessor. Sister Pascalina was for forty years his "housekeeper, muse and lifelong companion".
4177:
Writings from released Vatican records revealed that Pius XII was personally but secretly involved in hiding the
4096:
3922:
3668:
3472:
3094:
2999:
2900:
After the referendum was successful and the Italian monarchy was abolished, Pius privately agreed with his envoy
2238:
1591:
1425:
1187:
1037:
300:
156:
149:
17:
10383:
9939:
1850:
1206:, Pacelli, together with Cardinal Merry del Val, represented the Vatican when the Serbian Concordat was signed.
16140:
15759:
15406:
15398:
15386:
13710:
12366:
12245:
12218:
11843:
11566:
11424:
6285:
5506:, authored by Krupp; the book reproduces 225 pages of the new documents produced by the foundation's research.
5449:
and the British Foreign Office. Other information sources have become available, including the diary of Bishop
5423:). Brown-Fleming's main source was the archive of Pope Pius XII's representative in post-war Germany, Cardinal
5113:
re-examined thoroughly and placed firmly within the context of his times". Five years after the publication of
4104:
3918:
3792:
2183:
1715:
1376:
1107:
1075:
1045:
3940:
reported to the Vatican: "I have been assured that this atrocious plan is the handwork of ... Prime Minister (
3779:'s racial laws. In 1939, the Pope employed a Jewish cartographer, Roberto Almagia, to work on old maps in the
1483:
337:
59:
16435:
16014:
15989:
15598:
13482:
12961:
12888:
12858:
11766:
11346:
5612:
5322:
the Catholic Church reaction to Nazi brutality only intensified SS persecutions of both Jews and the church.
4590:
4409:, 38 years), one of his last appointees in 1958. He took a firm stand against pastoral experiments, such as "
4336:
4264:
3422:
2255:
2139:
took place on 12 March 1939. Upon being elected pope he was also formally the Grand Master of the Equestrian
1326:
1259:
8222:"The Vatican & the Holocaust: A Question of Judgment – Pius XII & the Jews by Dr. Joseph L. Lichten"
6417:
5406:
documents relating to the involvement of Vatican personnel in the smuggling of war criminals, the so-called
1951:, a Catholic nobleman, to Rome to offer negotiations about a Reichskonkordat. On behalf of Pacelli, Prelate
1672:
in December 1939, re-establishing a diplomatic tradition that had been broken since 1870 when the Pope lost
750:, while the Nazis viewed him as an Allied sympathizer who had dishonoured his policy of Vatican neutrality.
16475:
15994:
15984:
15440:
15299:
13592:
13290:
13210:
13024:
12490:
11658:
10905:
9630:
8914:"30Giorni | "Leggete il libro di padre Blet su Pio XII" (Intervista con Pierre Blet di Stefano Maria Paci)"
8221:
5181:
5084:
4038:
4016:
3542:
of Pope Pius XI, which forbade Catholics to help Communists, as not applying to military assistance to the
3525:
sent letters of protest to Pius XII asking him to use all possible means to stop the massacres against the
3522:
3492:
1520:
Despite Vatican pessimism and a lack of visible progress, Pacelli continued the secret negotiations, until
1002:
791:
12495:
12491:
The Vatican & the Holocaust: A Question of Judgment – Pius XII & the Jews by Dr. Joseph L. Lichten
9843:
9486:
5237:
silent". Other important works challenging the negative characterization of Pius's legacy were written by
16877:
16440:
15810:
15583:
15128:
12873:
12853:
12827:
12786:
12702:
12643:
12532:
7169:
6673:
5280:, published on 20 October 1939. "There Pius insisted that all human beings be treated charitably—for, as
4377:
4347:
4150:
4057:
3992:
3960:
3863:
3784:
3633:
3605:
genocide he was referring to". Speaking on the 50th anniversary of Pius's death in 2008, the German Pope
2475:, to the pastoral training of future priests. Pius XII emphasised the need to systematically analyze the
2306:
and increased the number of Cardinals from the Americas, proportionally lessening the Italian influence.
2140:
1595:
1448:
and Sister Pascalina Lehnert—housekeeper, cook, friend, and adviser for 41 years. In Berlin, Pacelli was
1437:
1329:, who replied positively to the Papal initiative. However, Bethmann Hollweg was forced to resign and the
1276:
1160:
1091:
895:
711:
707:
310:
201:
162:
143:
131:
13178:
6539:"Nostra aetate: Transforming the Catholic-Jewish Relationship: Jewish-Catholic Relationship Transformed"
5861:
5805:"Stalin for Cooperation With Pope, Free Worship, Orlemanski Says; U.S. PRIEST QUOTES STALIN ON RELIGION"
5437:'s 1997 executive order declassifying wartime and postwar documents, many of which are currently at the
1916:
was completed by Pacelli in 1932, after he had moved to Rome. There he also negotiated a concordat with
1594:
on 16 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI, and within a few months, on 7 February 1930, Pius XI appointed him
1218:
in 1912 had increased the number of Catholics within greater Serbia. At this time Serbia, encouraged by
16632:
16449:
15474:
13705:
13375:
13270:
12968:
12883:
12064:
La Popessa: The Controversial Biography of Sister Pascalina, the Most Powerful Woman in Vatican History
10481:
9829:
9777:
8261:"Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – "Letter from Pius XII to FDR, 7 January 1940""
7566:
7539:
4615:
did so on 19 December 2009, simultaneously making the same declaration in regard to Pope John Paul II.
4418:
4323:
4129:
4049:
4045:
2994:
2199:
1587:
1269:
415:
11741:
A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair
5736:
5100:
4967:
1598:, responsible for foreign policy and state relations throughout the world. In 1935, Pacelli was named
1190:. Pacelli became the under-secretary in 1911, adjunct-secretary in 1912 (a position he received under
16852:
16508:
16210:
15521:
13685:
13380:
13362:
12837:
11819:
The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe, 1943–1950
11470:"Vatican's Pius XII archives shed light on another contentious chapter: The Legion of Christ scandal"
11450:"Vatican's Pius XII archives shed light on another contentious chapter: The Legion of Christ scandal"
11425:"Letter showing Pope Pius XII had detailed information from German Jesuit about Nazi crimes revealed"
11088:
The Battle for Rome: The Germans, the Allies, the Partisans, and the Pope, September 1943 – June 1944
10924:
9338:
9325:
9301:"Letter showing Pope Pius XII had detailed information from German Jesuit about Nazi crimes revealed"
6375:
Christian responses to the Holocaust: moral and ethical issues: Religion, theology, and the Holocaust
5632:
5442:
4844:
4288:
4024:
4020:
3704:
3672:
3514:
3353:
3208:
2971:
2679:
2515:
2428:
2064:
1901:
1542:
1441:
1247:
1099:
1006:
349:
172:
9181:
Diplomatic Correspondence: US Undersecretary of State Summner Wells to Vatican Envoy Myron C. Taylor
4182:
discovered and spirited away to Israel. Only recently was the Pope's personal involvement revealed.
3384:
re-established American diplomatic relations with the Vatican after a 70-year hiatus and dispatched
3364:. Those intelligence materials were used by Pius XII on 11 March 1940 during a formal audience with
1017:
from 1886. In 1886 too he was sent to the private school of Professor Giuseppe Marchi, close to the
938:
had been Under-Secretary in the Papal Ministry of Finances and then Secretary of the Interior under
16882:
16341:
15916:
15433:
13559:
13352:
13347:
13192:
13066:
12982:
12940:
12485:
12016:
Three Popes and the Cardinal: The Church of Pius, John and Paul in its Encounter with Human History
11907:
10634:
9550:
5617:
4903:
4632:
4207:
4199:
3123:
2928:
2736:
2710:
2675:
2545:
2440:
2156:
1526:
1408:
815:
754:
8624:
4999:
2967:, not all documents exist today. In 1944, a number of papal documents were burned or "walled in".
2789:
this may shorten the life of the patient, as long as life shortening is not the objective itself.
16847:
15959:
15815:
15542:
13690:
13436:
13342:
13331:
12947:
12616:
12598:
12131:
Passelecq, Georges and Bernard Suchecky, 1997. The hidden encyclical of Pius XI. Harcourt Brace.
11587:
The Holocaust and Catholic Conscience. Cardinal Aloisius Muench and the Guilt Question in Germany
11398:"Papa Pio XII sapeva della Shoah: la prova in una lettera scritta nel 1942 da un gesuita tedesco"
11113:
Brown-Fleming, 2006, Chapter 4: "Granting Absolution: Muench and the Catholic Clemency Campaign".
7276:
6838:
5546:
5490:
5417:
The Holocaust and Catholic Conscience: Cardinal Aloisius Muench and the Guilt Question in Germany
5104:
described Cornwell's depiction of Pius XII as anti-Semitic as lacking "credible substantiation".
4916:, has interpreted this and other praise from prominent Jewish leaders, including that offered by
4654:
4628:
4360:
4356:
4203:
4162:
3951:), saying "the massacres of the Jews reach frightening proportions and forms". Later that month,
3724:
3410:
2917:
2578:
2551:
2309:
In his second consistory on 12 January 1953, it was expected that his closest co-workers, Msgrs.
2283:
1917:
1618:
1512:
1407:
According to Sister Pascalina Lehnert, the Nuncio was repeatedly threatened by emissaries of the
1033:
944:
820:
601:
515:
295:
12441:
Kertzer, David. "The Life & Pontificate of Pope Pius XII. Between History and Controversy".
10516:
10172:
9605:
8677:
4875:
Some early works echoed the favourable sentiments of the war period, including Polish historian
4089:
3933:
3719:
3189:
During World War II Pius saw his primary obligation as being to ensure the continuation of the "
1771:
1147:
and the function of canon law when a concordat falls into abeyance. Promoted to the position of
912:
into an upper class family of intense Catholic piety with a history of ties to the papacy (the "
16837:
16782:
16712:
16430:
16316:
16029:
15343:
13585:
13505:
13477:
13017:
12878:
12779:
12518:
12288:, in Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique, Louvain, vol. 99 (3–4), hul.–dec. 2004, pp. 758–766.
11623:
10955:
The Vatican and the Holocaust, Presentation to the Dominican House of Studies, Washington, D.C.
10544:
10453:
10238:
10086:"Pope May Open Holocaust Era Vatican Archives, Possibly Shedding Light On Pope Pius XII's Role"
8861:
7019:
5474:
5424:
5090:
4722:
4604:
4534:
4387:
4272:
4225:
4158:
4012:
3926:
3913:(a French politician), was told that the legislation did not conflict with Catholic teachings.
3882:
3737:
3693:
3652:
3565:
3426:
3365:
2955:
2922:
2691:
2671:
2531:: "Just as a few years ago We consecrated the entire human race to the Immaculate Heart of the
2453:
2279:
2242:
2163:
1944:
1729:
1725:
1673:
1614:
1534:
1457:
1164:
1136:
933:
867:
804:
799:
747:
10705:
9882:
8404:
7850:
7443:
5691:
4037:
1942, Pius XII advised German and Hungarian bishops to speak out against the massacres on the
2998:, issued in 1945 on the 350th anniversary of the reunion, is a call to continued unity of the
2381:
16326:
16311:
16024:
15881:
15788:
15588:
15571:
15484:
15428:
15119:
13143:
11474:
11454:
11234:
9266:"Wartime Pope Pius XII likely knew about Nazi gas chambers in the Holocaust as early as 1942"
7772:
6669:
6174:
5450:
4789:
4785:
4503:
declared three days of mourning and the closure of offices and schools as a sign of respect;
3874:
3558:
3381:
3315:
and expressed hope for the "resurrection" of that country. The Nazis and Soviets commenced a
2992:
Churches. Pius XII asks for prayer for better understanding and unification of the churches.
2881:
2721:
1967:
1905:
1834:
1766:
1742:
1665:
1622:
1358:
1354:
1330:
1318:
908:
Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli was born on the second day of Lent, 2 March 1876, in
16376:
9180:
9168:
4581:
3448:
to refrain from political criticism of the German government, but no agreement was reached.
2664:
1291:
16792:
16787:
16558:
16553:
16548:
16543:
16538:
16533:
16528:
16523:
16518:
16485:
16412:
16255:
16215:
16034:
15936:
15911:
15850:
15655:
15630:
15566:
13080:
12954:
12868:
12608:
12450:
Reigniting a controversy: Studies of Pius XII and the Shoah in the United States since 1999
10796:
9994:
8442:
8281:
8260:
8163:
5446:
5438:
5359:
5193:
4391:
4256:
3897:
3393:
3328:
3258:
3142:
3009:
2985:
2976:
2744:. On 15 August 1954, the Feast of the Assumption, he initiated the practice of leading the
2319:
1976:
1904:. He expected the concordat with Catholic Bavaria to be the model for the rest of Germany.
1829:
1179:
848:
8357:
7777:, Festschrift for Franz-Josef Eilers (Kassel, Germany: Kassel University Press, 2007), 11.
6794:, his response was to point to his Secretary of State and say bluntly, 'The credit is his.
5731:
5117:, Cornwell stated: "I would now argue, in the light of the debates and evidence following
4733:
4280:
1966:. Most notably, early in 1937, Pacelli asked several German cardinals, including Cardinal
1317:, he conveyed the papal initiative to end the war to German authorities. He met with King
1306:
or Germany at the time, Pacelli was, for all practical purposes, the nuncio to all of the
8:
16682:
16658:
16607:
16331:
16321:
16270:
16128:
16114:
15974:
15716:
15479:
14984:
14367:
13649:
13073:
13059:
12680:
12626:
12055:
Morsey, Rudolf. 1986. "Eugenio Pacelli als Nuntius in Deutschland" in Herbert Schambeck,
11687:
11091:
10723:
9973:
9672:
6966:
Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs and Congregation of Ordinary Affairs
5587:
5555:
5105:
4854:
4292:
4284:
4268:
4238:
4136:
4113:
4077:
4053:
3871:
3805:
3588:
3569:
3324:
3252:
3219:
into whose war economy he had transferred and invested the Vatican's considerable assets.
2981:
2960:
2771:
2701:
2668:
2624:
and religion, they are subjected to the teaching office and authority of the church, the
2506:. Priests were encouraged to be living examples of the love of Christ and his sacrifice.
2394:
2234:
2195:
2034:
1956:
1559:
1555:
1530:
1473:
1469:
1168:
1036:, and in November of the same year, registered to take a philosophy course at the Jesuit
787:
699:
13452:
11704:
4314:
A German contingent dominated his inner circle at this period – the German Jesuits
4304:
3839:
2524:
1684:
1653:
1464:'s resignation in October 1928. While in Germany, he travelled to all regions, attended
1295:
16746:
16619:
16396:
16165:
16089:
16057:
15876:
15845:
15682:
15670:
15531:
15469:
15263:
15257:
15152:
15004:
14999:
14964:
14833:
14813:
14733:
14632:
14607:
14597:
14497:
14482:
14006:
13734:
13727:
13606:
12919:
12424:
The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe
11327:"Feldkamp: Pope Pius XII knew early about Holocaust and saved many Jews - Vatican News"
11195:
11142:"Address at the conclusion of the symposium organized by the "Pave the Way Foundation""
10740:
9552:
Pave the Way Foundation Reveals Evidence of Pope Pius XII's Active Opposition to Hitler
7911:
7628:
7195:
5560:
5407:
5383:
5276:
4776:
4484:, he gave a smile, lowered his head and died. The cause of death was recorded as acute
4383:
4032:
3851:
3797:
3751:
3534:
3443:
3397:
3361:
3349:
3312:
3307:
3264:
3240:
3234:
3195:
3182:
3058:
2705:
2695:
1909:
1784:
1646:
1538:
1452:
and active in diplomatic and many social activities. He was aided by the German priest
1393:
1299:
922:
795:
659:
16185:
7415:
6278:
Controversial Concordats: The Vatican's Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler
4560:
stationed around Pius XII's body were reported to have become ill during their vigil.
3905:
3487:
from joining Hitler in the war. In April 1941, Pius XII granted a private audience to
3338:
16565:
16470:
16245:
16231:
16205:
16190:
16094:
16079:
16009:
15999:
15868:
15800:
15701:
15665:
15561:
15338:
15171:
15104:
15099:
15019:
15014:
14989:
14923:
14898:
14878:
14838:
14788:
14753:
14708:
14673:
14663:
14653:
14637:
14622:
14582:
14567:
14537:
14462:
14442:
14402:
14287:
14141:
14086:
13940:
13525:
13515:
13115:
13087:
12474:
12464:
12428:
12399:
12379:
12362:
12347:
12328:
12296:
12274:
12266:
12256:
12241:
12233:
12214:
12185:
12170:
12153:
12132:
12121:
12100:
12082:
12067:
12045:
12019:
12004:
11989:
11974:
11959:
11937:
11919:
11878:
A Special Mission: Hitler's Secret Plot to Seize the Vatican and Kidnap Pope Pius XII
11867:
11853:
11839:
11822:
11785:
11771:
11745:
11740:
11726:
11712:
11694:
11678:
11663:
11633:
11600:
11576:
11562:
11530:
11350:
11244:
11066:
10835:
10579:
9888:
9851:
9638:
8820:
8596:
8491:
8467:
8382:
8340:
7915:
7856:
7811:
7791:
7653:
7608:
7200:
7103:
6998:
6876:
6677:
6665:
6661:
6636:
6401:
6382:
6319:
6281:
6180:
5840:
5812:
5697:
5661:
5642:
5462:
5307:
5262:
5220:
4815:
either out of "Germanophilia" or the hope that Hitler would defeat Communist Russia.
4612:
4526:
4462:
4438:
4406:
4343:
4165:
and baptismal records were opened. Two Italian scholars, Matteo Luigi Napolitano and
4008:
3759:". At Christmas 1942, once evidence of the mass-murder of Jews had emerged, Pius XII
3656:
3506:
3456:
3369:
3331:
in May 1942, an "implicit recognition" of the breakup of Poland; the opinions of the
2843:
2731:
2472:
2398:
1913:
1877:
1873:
1839:
1741:
report, written the following year for President Roosevelt and filed with Ambassador
1477:
1375:
When he returned to Munich, following Eisner's assassination by Bavarian nationalist
1337:
1207:
1183:
1152:
968:
879:
875:
583:
179:
7514:
6902:
5923:
4449:
Photograph of Pius XII on his deathbed in Castel Gandolfo, taken on 10 October 1958.
4402:
3808:
2159:. There was however a Cardinal-Secretary to run these bodies on a day-to-day basis.
1838:
Pius XI (center) with Cardinal Pacelli (front left), the radio transmission pioneer
1575:
1159:. From 1904 until 1916, he assisted Cardinal Pietro Gasparri in his codification of
1032:
In 1894, aged 18, Pacelli began his theology studies at Rome's oldest seminary, the
16646:
16455:
16260:
16240:
16160:
16145:
16044:
15946:
15820:
15660:
15618:
15613:
15593:
15576:
15489:
15158:
15094:
15069:
15049:
15024:
15009:
14979:
14918:
14913:
14863:
14793:
14783:
14763:
14738:
14728:
14723:
14718:
14668:
14627:
14577:
14572:
14562:
14542:
14532:
14492:
14437:
14412:
14387:
14362:
14352:
14342:
14327:
14226:
14206:
14196:
14161:
14096:
14091:
14071:
14031:
13971:
13910:
13895:
13890:
13825:
13810:
13785:
13775:
13573:
13535:
13530:
13467:
13171:
13150:
13122:
13010:
12989:
12926:
12456:
11888:
11735:
11628:
10922:
10906:"The Vatican & the Holocaust: A Question of Judgment – Pius XII & the Jews"
10887:
10863:
10676:
10107:"Report: Pope Francis to examine Pius' wartime record before deciding on sainthood"
9916:
8866:
7903:
7439:
7374:"In history the violence of the arrogant takes its toll, but God does not leave us"
7015:
5717:
5267:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5192:
A number of other scholars replied with favourable accounts of Pius XII, including
5153:
5152:(2008) provided further critical, though more scholarly analysis of Pius's legacy.
5080:
5015:
4913:
4454:
4296:
4276:
4166:
3981:
3910:
3889:
3788:
3776:
3756:
3742:
3651:
As the war was approaching its end in 1945, Pius advocated a lenient policy by the
3629:
3484:
3200:
3138:
3122:. The first canonizations were two women, the founder of a congregation for women,
3119:
3020:
was issued in 1952 and addressed to the Eastern Churches, protesting the continued
2933:
2880:
on whether to abolish or keep the Italian monarchy, Pius XII delivered a sermon on
2726:
2604:
2520:
2397:, a long-time critic of Pius XII's policies during World War II and an opponent of
2386:
2357:
2310:
2275:
2226:
2222:
2191:
2136:
2002:
1792:
1626:
1506:
1211:
1195:
1156:
987:
686:
631:
485:
260:
16729:
12507:
10360:
9418:
8913:
8238:
3049:(1957) shows a "high regard for the importance of cinema, television, and radio".
2949:
language on a systematic basis. Until then, papal documents were issued mainly in
1610:
1143:
By 1904 Pacelli received his doctorate. The theme of his thesis was the nature of
128:
Secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs (1914–1917)
16513:
16480:
16424:
16418:
16275:
16180:
16084:
15896:
15390:
15355:
15197:
15164:
15084:
14994:
14969:
14959:
14954:
14949:
14873:
14808:
14773:
14758:
14693:
14683:
14658:
14612:
14592:
14557:
14547:
14527:
14512:
14507:
14502:
14477:
14472:
14422:
14407:
14332:
14312:
14292:
14277:
14272:
14252:
14216:
14201:
14121:
14106:
14101:
14066:
14056:
14041:
14001:
13991:
13976:
13966:
13956:
13820:
13765:
13669:
13472:
13318:
13199:
13157:
13136:
13003:
12933:
12636:
12545:
12528:
12486:
Chief Rabbi of Rome, Israel Anton Zolli on Pope Pius XII role during World War II
12422:
11643:
11340:
11283:
10783:
10732:
10539:
10488:
10032:
9612:
9592:
9559:
8724:
8647:"Envoy to Vatican named; Tokyo Reports Choice of Harada Under De Facto Relations"
8052:
7969:
7491:
7422:
7174:
6988:
Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960, p. 157
6909:
6502:
6424:
5538:
5518:
5031:
4771:
4766:
4570:
4550:
4496:
4332:
4319:
4300:
4142:
4065:
3831:
3824:
3812:
3780:
3772:
3712:
3689:
3617:
3554:
3385:
3107:—"both were determined to stamp out, as far as possible, all traces of dangerous
3074:
3004:
2803:
2749:
2592:
2460:
2402:
2218:
2162:
Pacelli took the same papal name as his predecessor, a title used exclusively by
2121:
1948:
1925:
1912:
of 1929, which excluded educational issues. A concordat with the German state of
1881:
1869:
1860:
1825:
1657:
1638:
1546:
1388:
1231:
1223:
1113:
1026:
1010:
949:
855:
733:
716:
691:
365:
277:
73:
9581:
7014:
In the Secretariat of State he had actively supported "foreigners", for example
5570:, one of the first historians to have analyzed the archives, published his book
5453:. These documents reveal new information about Pius XII's actions regarding the
4623:
and the Tradition' by neoconservative Catholic groups. On the other hand, Rabbi
3996:
3947:
On 18 September 1942, Pius XII received a letter from Monsignor Montini (future
3488:
2409:
by Pius XII on 2 July 1945. He later established a schismatic group called the "
1668:, who appointed a personal envoy—who did not require Senate confirmation—to the
168:
Prefect of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs (1930–1939)
16862:
16576:
16401:
16195:
16170:
16134:
16074:
16067:
16062:
16052:
15906:
15891:
15830:
15706:
15696:
15452:
15331:
15287:
15269:
15238:
15232:
15224:
15218:
15212:
15044:
14974:
14908:
14858:
14848:
14828:
14803:
14748:
14743:
14713:
14688:
14617:
14602:
14587:
14522:
14467:
14457:
14432:
14317:
14307:
14302:
14297:
14267:
14262:
14257:
14191:
14176:
14111:
14076:
14046:
14016:
14011:
13996:
13930:
13905:
13880:
13870:
13865:
13860:
13850:
13770:
13760:
13642:
13634:
13457:
13129:
13094:
13052:
13045:
13038:
12653:
12570:
12389:
12162:
11902:
11794:
11653:
10855:
10736:
10273:
9991:"CNS STORY: Sainthood congregation recommends Pope Pius XII be named venerable"
9754:
9209:"Letter suggests Pope Pius XII knew of mass gassings of Jews and Poles in 1942"
7270:
5600:
5420:
5403:
5366:
5186:
5139:
5129:
5023:
5004:
4890:
4819:
4481:
4445:
4422:
4015:
and is now part of western Ukraine. It also referenced the Nazi death camps at
3914:
3496:
3434:
3320:
3190:
3062:
3030:
2828:
2785:
2716:
2588:
2179:
2103:
1579:
1570:
1551:
1287:
1280:
1219:
1215:
1125:
1018:
991:
983:
913:
871:
835:
762:
621:
51:
15769:
7907:
5718:
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Reflections on the Holocaust: Further Reading
5485:
and expressed his disappointment towards Pius XII's "silence" during the war.
3804:
Pius later engineered an agreement—formally approved on 23 June 1939—with the
3791:'s antisemitic legislation of 1938. The Pope's appointment of two Jews to the
2107:
Pope Pius XII appears on the central loggia after his election on 2 March 1939
1333:, hoping for a military victory, delayed the German reply until 20 September.
16776:
16460:
16352:
16336:
16296:
15979:
15954:
15730:
15640:
15625:
15547:
15059:
15034:
14903:
14868:
14843:
14798:
14778:
14703:
14698:
14678:
14552:
14487:
14447:
14427:
14417:
14322:
14231:
14186:
14136:
14131:
14126:
14081:
14061:
14051:
14026:
13986:
13935:
13925:
13920:
13900:
13855:
13815:
13800:
13780:
13722:
13680:
13520:
12712:
12663:
12418:
12223:
11831:
11592:
10711:
9855:
9662:
Audience for the directors of mission activities in 1944 A.A.S., 1944, p. 208
9642:
8239:"Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – "The Vatican Files""
7204:
7089:
Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960 157
6979:
in Pio XII, Discorsi e Radiomessagi di Sua Santita Vatican City, 1953, p. 455
5816:
5622:
5592:
5579:
5567:
5509:
5271:
5161:
5125:
4952:
4909:
4876:
4860:
4804:
4607:. In May 2007, the congregation recommended that Pius XII should be declared
4485:
4458:
4410:
4315:
4260:
4178:
4000:
3973:
3849:
Following the German/Soviet invasion of Poland, the Pope's first encyclical,
3621:
3584:
3546:. This interpretation assuaged American Catholics who had previously opposed
3418:
3333:
3286:
3127:
3116:
3112:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3037:
Pius XII made two substantial interventions on the media. His 1955 discourse
2600:
2561:
2536:
2489:
2476:
2375:
2129:
1843:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1754:
1720:
1630:
1489:
1465:
1445:
1307:
1283:
1083:
953:
927:(1837–1916) and Virginia (née Graziosi) Pacelli (1844–1920). His grandfather
778:
611:
137:
39:
12478:
6495:
5172:
and José Sanchez wrote less critical assessments of Pius XII's pontificate.
5124:
Cornwell's work was the first to have access to testimonies from Pius XII's
4322:
wrote in November 1948 that Pius XII was 'more interested in affairs of the
3311:, Pius expressed dismay at the killing of non-combatants in the Nazi/Soviet
1758:
in November 1938, when he was informed of it by the papal nuncio in Berlin.
16670:
16570:
16445:
16301:
16265:
16004:
15926:
15770:
15516:
15511:
15506:
15494:
15293:
15109:
15089:
15074:
15054:
15039:
15029:
14888:
14883:
14823:
14818:
14768:
14452:
14397:
14392:
14347:
14337:
14236:
14211:
14181:
14116:
14036:
13961:
13875:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13790:
13500:
13462:
12996:
12811:
Born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958
12371:
12286:
Les 'silences' du pape Pie XII : genèse et critique d'un procès biaisé
11929:
11613:(Catholic University of America Press; 2013) 306 pages; scholarly biography
11526:
11048:
10891:
9582:"ADL to Vatican: 'Open Baptismal Records and Put Pius Beatification on Hold
8425:
Conway, Prof. John S., "The Meeting between Pope Pius XII and Ribbentrop",
8171:
5542:
5434:
5217:
Pius XII and the Second World War, According to the Archives of the Vatican
5056:
4980:
4864:
4812:
4808:
4673:
4666:
4643:
4600:
4466:
4395:
4351:
4169:, confirmed that the memorandum was genuine, although the reporting by the
4117:
4100:
4069:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3901:
3606:
3543:
3464:
3406:
3342:
3100:
3002:, threatened in its very existence by the authorities of the Soviet Union.
2901:
2361:
2343:
2315:
2287:
2214:
2187:
2069:
2013:
Cardinal Pacelli gave a lecture entitled "La Presse et L'Apostolat" at the
1940:
1779:
1746:
1733:
1711:
1699:
1691:
1502:
1461:
1384:
1234:
and worked to implement papal relief initiatives. In 1915, he travelled to
979:
939:
863:
859:
843:
to adhere to episcopal teaching and allowed that the human body might have
825:
774:
728:
721:
695:
538:
11618:
The Policies and Politics of Pope Pius XII: Between Diplomacy and Morality
11611:
The Life and Pontificate of Pope Pius XII: Between History and Controversy
10866:, and Giovanni Miccoli, as well as works by authors Matteo Napolitano and
9467:
Lang, Berel (Fall 2001). "Not Enough vs. Plenty: Which did Pius XII do?".
8506:
Minutes of 7 August 1941. British Public Records Office FO 371/30175 57760
5175:
In specific riposte to Cornwell's criticism, American Rabbi and historian
3069:) for all Catholics. The first medal of the Holy Face, produced by Sister
2260:
1679:
1163:
with the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. According to
123:
Pro-Secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs
16371:
16200:
16175:
16150:
16123:
16110:
16019:
15921:
15608:
15064:
14944:
14939:
14893:
14517:
14382:
14377:
14282:
14221:
14166:
14156:
14151:
14021:
13845:
13795:
13750:
13510:
13164:
12975:
12320:
12197:
Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850–1950
11240:
11164:"Vatican recalls life and teachings of Pius XII 50 years after his death"
11083:
11063:
Fatal Silence: The Pope, the Resistance and the German Occupation of Rome
10827:
6400:, Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn, p. 86, Cambridge University Press, 2005;
5371:
Fatal Silence: The Pope, the Resistance and the German Occupation of Rome
5300:
5238:
5176:
4624:
4557:
4244:
3964:
3867:
3843:
3699:
3637:
3104:
2625:
2596:
2503:
2303:
2206:
1985:
1952:
1775:
1545:, the beginnings of a world economic slump appeared, and the days of the
1453:
1350:
1191:
1079:
960:
783:
214:
12523:
11754:
11659:
The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis
10448:, "Judging Pius XII" by Kevin Madigan. 14 March 2001, pp. 6–7; see also
10357:"The Good Samaritan. Jewish Praise for Pope Pius XII by Dimitri Cavalli"
9169:
Diplomatic Correspondence: US Envoy Myron C. Taylor to Cardinal Maglione
8379:
The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis
5599:
The archives have also demonstrated that Pope Pius XII had knowledge of
5399:
5182:
The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis
4417:
as worthy of continued reform, and as superior to modern trends such as
3692:, Pius XII's nuncio to Germany throughout World War II, with Hitler and
2806:, although only in limited circumstances, within the context of family.
16155:
15740:
15178:
14853:
14372:
14357:
14171:
14146:
13981:
13885:
13805:
13755:
13697:
13552:
13031:
12833:
12821:
12763:
12731:
12150:
Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession
12104:
11814:
11789:
11029:
Melissa Radler. "Vatican Blocks Panel's Access to Holocaust Archives".
10949:
10947:
10440:
5285:
5281:
5062:
Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale
5047:
Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale
5011:
4957:
4935:
4917:
4823:
4490:
4474:
4154:
4146:
3937:
3765:
3733:
3632:
each concluded such claims were an intentional creation of the British
3547:
3539:
3185:, in audience with Pope Pius XII, following the 1944 Liberation of Rome
3108:
3013:
2946:
2941:
2885:
2480:
2468:
2436:
1962:
Between 1933 and 1939, Pacelli issued 55 protests of violations of the
1896:
1762:
1419:
1380:
1322:
1144:
1121:
1087:
964:
957:
109:
12524:
Pope Pius XII ("Sotto il cielo di Roma") 2010 2-Episode TV Documentary
11759:
The Real Odessa. How Peron Brought the Nazi War Criminals to Argentina
11342:
The Pope at War: The Secret History of Pius XII, Mussolini, and Hitler
9812:"Gevonden in Delpher - de Tijd : Godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad"
9195:
The Pope at War: The Secret History of Pius XII, Mussolini, and Hitler
6519:
in December 1938, but did not report back. Passelecq, Suchecky. p. 121
5396:
The Real Odessa: How Peron Brought the Nazi War Criminals to Argentina
5325:
4653:
Pope Francis also announced his intention in January 2014 to open the
4116:
Report to Hitler, dated 29 November 1944, against the backdrop of the
2888:
in the referendum, with it being difficult to misunderstand his plea.
1399:
1074:
While all other candidates from the Rome diocese were ordained in the
13915:
13623:
11836:
The Pope at War. The Secret History of Pius XII, Mussolini and Hitler
10129:"Report: Pope Secret Vatican archives on Pius not ready to be opened"
9419:"The role of the Roman Catholic Church in the Shoah (Nazi Holocaust)"
5637:
4839:
4797:
4793:
4662:
4608:
4510:
The Testament of Pope Pius XII was published the month of his death.
3878:
3680:
3468:
3294:
3290:
3172:
3021:
2964:
2838:
2766:
2741:
2720:
announced a Marian year for 1954, the centennial of the Dogma of the
2652:
2549:
clarified membership and participation in the church. The encyclical
2464:
2432:
2144:
2095:
1892:
1738:
1703:
1642:
1487:
Nuncio Pacelli visits the coal mine Dorstfeld on the occasion of the
1415:
1264:
1131:
1014:
975:
883:
844:
766:
758:
375:
36:
11523:
Wartime Correspondence Between President Roosevelt and Pope Pius XII
10944:
7726:
Apostolic Letters to the bishops in the East. AAS, 1956, pp. 260–64.
5454:
4729:
4441:, Pius XII's housekeeper and confidant for 41 years, until his death
3510:
3081:
in 1885 before the image on the Turin Shroud had been photographed.
1429:
Nuncio Pacelli in July 1924 at the 900th anniversary of the City of
16614:
15969:
15723:
15711:
13717:
10596:
6280:, Ed Frank J. Coppa, Catholic University of America Press, P. 173,
5575:
5495:
5338:
4849:
3640:
published a work in which he establishes that the plot was a fact.
3518:
3451:
3131:
2926:
In 1939 Pius XII placed his pontificate under the maternal care of
2621:
2499:
1989:
1774:. The draft encyclical contained an open and clear condemnation of
1707:
1669:
1494:
1203:
1086:, 2 April 1899, alone in the private chapel of a family friend the
840:
16763:
4646:
is considering canonization without a miracle, "us the formula of
3620:
in 1943 (Vatican City itself was not occupied); British historian
3553:
In March 1942, Pius XII established diplomatic relations with the
2640:
On 1 November 1950, Pius XII defined the dogma of the Assumption (
2620:
research, which the church generously supports, but in matters of
1135:
The Serbian Concordat, 24 June 1914. Present for the Vatican were
1066:
16653:
16226:
15840:
15462:
12897:
12746:
12690:
11673:
Falconi, Carlo. 1970 (translated from the 1965 Italian edition).
10613:
Paul O'Shea; A Cross Too Heavy; Rosenberg Publishing; 2008; p. 38
10064:"St. Pius XII? Pope Francis Mulling It Over, Says Vatican Source"
9830:"Library : Newspaper Accounts of the Death of Pope Pius XII"
9277:
7758:
Post-War Italian Cinema: American Intervention, Vatican Interests
7581:
Modern Italy's Founding Fathers: The Making of a Postwar Republic
7416:
Pope Pius XII, The Moral Limits of Medical Research and Treatment
6635:
Donald J. Dietrich, p. 92, Syracuse University Press, 2003;
5318:
5027:
4835:
4529:, added by John Paul II in 1982, hangs over the tomb of Pius XII.
4518:
4414:
3956:
3835:
3820:
3483:
Pius attempted, unsuccessfully, to dissuade the Italian dictator
3459:
were critical to the financing of the papacy during World War II.
2816:
2815:
He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of
2745:
2494:
2167:
2056:
1645:
would be recognized within some spheres (e.g., church decrees of
1521:
1472:
quarter and threw parties for the official and diplomatic elite.
1430:
1303:
1227:
998:
227:
99:
12771:
10151:"Pope Francis: 'Pius XII's Cause for beatification has stalled'"
5274:
counters that Pius used the word "Jew" in his first encyclical,
2221:. He also supported the elevation of Americans such as Cardinal
698:
State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. Before
690:; 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958) was head of the
16392:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
15835:
15745:
15650:
12560:
7610:
The Italian Monarchy, The State, The Church and the Holy Shroud
7100:
Selecting the Pope: Uncovering the Mysteries of Papal Elections
6693:
Ludwig Volk, "Die Kirche in den deutschsprachigen Ländern" in:
6450:
Bussmann, Walter (1969). "Pius XII an die deutschen Bischöfe".
6314:
Fahlbusch, Erwin (ed.). Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (trans.) (2005).
4944:
A rare 1899 handwriting sample of Eugenio Pacelli with text in
4894:
4831:
4687:
4542:
3893:
3008:
was issued in 1951 on the 1500th anniversary of the Ecumenical
2932:
and composed a prayer to her. This 19th-century painting is by
2798:
common prayer, religious discussions and more. He accepted the
2659:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
2641:
2608:
2210:
1993:
1933:
1414:
After the Bavarian Soviet Republic was defeated and toppled by
1314:
1243:
1235:
1095:
739:
12395:
Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy
10528:
10526:
10015:
Paul O'Shea, A Cross too Heavy, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 2
9130:
Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews during the Holocaust, 1939–1943
8233:
8231:
6997:
Giulio Nicolini, Il Cardinale Domenico Tardini, Padova, 1980;
5862:"Pope John Paul II and Pope Pius XII move closer to sainthood"
5135:
Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy
5068:
4940:
1745:, which declared that the church regarded compromise with the
900:
847:
from earlier forms. He eliminated the Italian majority in the
16688:
12343:
6622:
Ludwig Volk, Die Kirche in den deutschsprachigen Ländern in:
6268:, David G. Dalin, Joseph Bottum, Lexington Books, 2010, p. 17
5521:
and the Pope was the Bavarian lawyer and Catholic politician
5499:
5478:
4993:
4945:
4898:
4500:
3816:
3564:
In June 1942, diplomatic relations were established with the
2989:
2950:
2636:
2528:
2299:
2295:
2149:
prefect of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office
1981:
1617:, and the treaty was signed in August 1932. Others followed:
1565:
1449:
1361:, and a tranquil Swiss sanatorium run by nuns. Schioppa, the
1342:
1050:
972:
569:
Bishops consecrated by Pope Pius XII as principal consecrator
281:
11314:"No 'smoking gun' yet in Pius XII archives, researchers say"
10923:
International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission (2000).
9487:"860,000 Lives Saved: The Truth About Pius XII and the Jews"
7747:
Papal letter to the People of Russia, AAS, 1952, pp. 505–11.
7587:
5924:"Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, aka Pope Pius XII"
5494:
announced that it would release 2,300 pages of documents in
4433:
3421:
during 1940, Pius XII sent expressions of sympathy to Queen
2631:
2153:
prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Churches
2128:
immediately prior to being elected as pope (the other being
2124:
in 1667. He was one of only two men known to have served as
1533:
and aided the reintegration of German priests expelled from
942:
from 1851 to 1870 and helped found the Vatican's newspaper,
13665:
12815:
12721:
11949:
Pope Pius XII and the Jews: What's True and What's Fiction?
10523:
8671:
8228:
6261:
6259:
5689:
5373:(written by Robert Katz; Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003):
4504:
3509:—a Croatian archbishop convicted of collaborating with the
2959:
since 1909. Because of the novelty of it all, and a feared
2704:
for the first time since 1854 by defining the dogma of the
1813:
1807:
1174:
In 1908, Pacelli served as a Vatican representative on the
909:
519:
256:
12295:. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press.
8978:"Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 7 & 48; October 1939"
8939:
Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question
8882:: "Roman Catholicism – the period of the world wars".
7512:
6977:
La Allocuzione nel consistorio Segreto del 12 Gennaio 1953
6723:
volume 1: especially Part 1, chapter 10; part 2, chapter 2
5582:
policies of the Nazis, although no agreement was reached.
5229:(2000). Ecclesiastical historian William Doino (author of
4807:
wrote in 1950 that Pius XII had been a tacit supporter of
4401:
Pius XII often elevated young priests as bishops, such as
3823:
dated before 1933, a substantial monetary transfer to the
3561:, who remained in that position until the end of the war.
2427:
Decentralized authority and increased independence of the
2111:
16281:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
12293:
Pius XII and the Holocaust: Understanding the Controversy
11516:
Pio XII, Discorsi e Radio Messaggi di Sua Santita Pio XII
11104:
Goñi, afterword to the revised 2003 edition, pp. 327–348.
8431:
archives from papers stored at the University of Manitoba
7669:
Communication, Father Robert Graham, SJ, 10 November 1992
7597:, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966 p. 114
5528:
5019:
4811:'s anti-Semitic laws, calling him "less forthright" than
4693:
4638:
On 1 August 2013, an anonymous "source who works for the
4030:
Following the Nazi/Soviet invasion of Poland, Pius XII's
3801:
in the editions of 11 November 1939 and 10 January 1940.
3012:. It included a call to oriental communities adhering to
2980:
was issued in 1944 on the 15th centenary of the death of
2682:
on the feast day of Our Lady of Fátima, 13 October 1958.
1980:. The encyclical was written in German and not the usual
1529:, supported the appointment of a papal administrator for
10677:"Encyclopædia Britannica's Reflections on the Holocaust"
8468:"Encyclopædia Britannica's Reflections on the Holocaust"
8282:
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum –
8164:
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum –
6256:
4770:
credited Pius XII and the Catholic Church for "fighting
4382:
A long illness in late 1954 caused the Pope to consider
4291:. In 1946 and 1953, respectively, he named as cardinals
2527:
Statue of Pope Pius XII, who consecrated Russia and the
2493:
that the call to constant interior reform and Christian
1970:, to help him write a protest of Nazi violations of the
1480:, and other members of the Cabinet were regular guests.
403:
Message of Pope Pius XII at the opening of the Holy Year
10217:"Amazing Miracle Story for Pope Pius XII Canonization?"
10195:"Pio XII come Papa Francesco amava incontrare la gente"
7434:
Two speeches on 29 October 1951, and 26 November 1951:
6682:
Concordata Regnante Sanctissimo Domino Pio PP.XI. Inita
4004:
3396:, following the November 1939 assassination attempt by
3145:
on 16 January 1946 while conferring upon him the title
2678:
in 1942. His remains were to be buried in the crypt of
2264:
One of the first official color portraits of Pius XII,
1578:(at Pacelli's right shoulder) and other dignitaries in
11222:"Foundation says documents will show Pius helped Jews"
10701:
10699:
10697:
10270:"New York Times 25 December 1941 and 25 December 1942"
10026:
Wiesenthal Center shocked at pope Pius sainthood moves
9510:
Gutman, Israel, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p. 1138
9080:
9078:
6473:
Gutman, Israel, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p. 1136
2748:
every Sunday before address to the crowd assembled at
854:
After he died in 1958, Pope Pius XII was succeeded by
687:[euˈdʒɛːnjomaˈriːadʒuˈzɛppedʒoˈvannipaˈtʃɛlli]
16630:
16312:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
12229:
Church of Spies: The Pope's Secret War Against Hitler
11897:
Ich durfte Ihm dienen, Erinneringen an Papst Pius XII
11725:. London: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.
11589:. University of Notre Dame Press: Notre Dame, Indiana
11236:
Church of Spies: The Pope's Secret War Against Hitler
10925:"The Vatican and the Holocaust: A Preliminary Report"
9631:"The Pope, the Jews, and the Secrets in the Archives"
8323:
8321:
8319:
7540:"Library : The Legitimacy of Capital Punishment"
6955:
Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII
6942:
Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII
5723:
5369:, a Catholic journalist and writer, wrote, regarding
4920:, as less than sincere, an attempt to secure Vatican
3034:, as well as a papal letter to the people of Russia.
2907:
1868:: German prelate Ludwig Kaas, German Vice-Chancellor
1104:
Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs
11986:
Shepherd of Souls: A Pictorial Life of Pope Pius XII
8727:", Weekly Standard, Vol. 6, No. 23, 16 February 2001
5504:
Pope Pius XII and World War II: the documented truth
3636:. However, in 2007, subsequently to those accounts,
1872:, Secretary of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs
1574:
Secretary of State Pacelli with Brazilian president
13580:
International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission
12211:
The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators (1922–1945)
11892:, Freiburg i Br. Vol 163, 1958–1959, pp. 81 ff
11850:
Warum der Papst schwieg. Pius XII und der Holocaust
11809:
The Vatican and the Holocaust: A Preliminary Report
10694:
9260:
9258:
9075:
9014:"Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 111; October 1939"
8952:
Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution
8797:. Trumanlibrary.org. 29 August 1944. Archived from
8072:"Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 106; October 1939"
8017:"Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 109; October 1939"
5982:
5980:
5748:
5332:
International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission
5326:
International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission
4784:On 21 September 1945, the general secretary of the
3084:
2205:Pius XII slowly eroded the Italian monopoly on the
1298:. After his consecration, Eugenio Pacelli left for
27:
Head of the Roman Catholic Church from 1939 to 1958
15385:
11971:Consensus and Controversy: Defending Pope Pius XII
11770:, vol. 3. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
10450:The Pius war: responses to the critics of Pius XII
9778:"Newspaper Accounts of the Death of Pope Pius XII"
8316:
7987:"Pius XII, 0Summi Pontificatus"; 35; October 1939"
7775:, Challenge of Theology and Ministry in the Church
7627:. Campus.udayton.edu. 30 July 2009. Archived from
7191:"Ex-Priest's 'Sainthood' Irks Catholics in Brazil"
6266:The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII
6010:
5693:The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII
5231:The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII
5209:Consensus and Controversy: Defending Pope Pius XII
4803:Pius XII was also criticised during his lifetime.
4192:Pope Pius XII foreign relations after World War II
3881:Jews about to be deported to Germany. Pius called
3795:as well as the hiring of Almagia were reported by
3529:in the Croat state, however Pius XII did nothing.
2685:
2653:World consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
2274:Only twice in his pontificate did Pius XII hold a
1070:Pacelli on the day of his ordination: 2 April 1899
1005:in the Piazza Fiammetta. The family worshipped at
753:During his papacy, the Catholic Church issued the
704:Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs
11265:Pope Francis: Pius XII archives to open next year
10384:"A Righteous Gentile: Pope Pius XII and the Jews"
10381:
9876:
9874:
9872:
8065:
8063:
8061:
7595:Italy After Fascism A Political History 1943–1965
5786:"Roman Catholicism: the period of the world wars"
5433:(2008) utilized documents that were released via
3345:had banned German liturgical services in Poland.
3214:McGoldrick (2012) concludes that during the war:
3057:In 1958, Pope Pius XII declared the Feast of the
1440:on 23 June 1920, and – after the completion of a
858:. In the process toward sainthood, his cause for
16888:Grand Masters of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
16774:
16382:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
13664:
12167:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965
11529:. Kessinger Publishing (1947, reprinted, 2005).
10386:. Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights
10329:
9255:
8962:
8960:
7578:
7513:His Holiness Pope Pius XII (14 September 1952).
6343:Cornwell, p. 128. Pacelli, quoted in Scholder's
5977:
5343:Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews
5201:: Memoirs of Jews and Catholics in Wartime Italy
5144:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965
5051:In the aftermath of the controversy surrounding
4958:Der Stellvertreter. Ein christliches Trauerspiel
4366:
4275:Pius selected other resistors: Dutch Archbishop
4251:In the immediate aftermath of the war, Pius XII
4196:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
4112:for those countries to honor the documents. The
3877:in the spring of 1940 to intercede on behalf of
3375:
1974:; this was to become Pius XI's 1937 encyclical,
1732:, Pacelli in 1937 "warned A. W. Klieforth, that
1714:laws were in the process of being formulated in
773:and mass deportations of Catholic clergy in the
727:While the Vatican was officially neutral during
12398:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
12001:Man of Peace: An Abridged Life of Pope Pius XII
10671:
10669:
10046:Rabbi hits out at Pope's Veneration of Pius XII
9980:(revised edition), HarperCollins: Glasgow. 1994
9541:Perl, William, The Holocaust Conspiracy, p. 176
9343:, Catholic Culture. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
9141:Perl, William, The Holocaust Conspiracy, p. 206
9072:Perl, William, The Holocaust Conspiracy, p. 200
8908:
8906:
8813:
5994:
5992:
5904:Gerard Noel, Pius XII:The Hound of Hitler, p. 5
5533:On the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the
4339:of Italy's post-fascist republic was underway.
3360:by both officials of the Polish Church and the
2157:prefect of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation
1025:, a state school situated in what had been the
1021:. In 1891 Pacelli's father sent Eugenio to the
12251:Ritner, Carol and Roth, John K. (eds.). 2002.
12143:The Vatican Picture Book: A Picture Pilgrimage
12062:Murphy, Paul I. and Arlington, R. Rene. 1983.
10797:"Mark Riebling, "Jesus, Jews, and the Shoah",
10765:Genesis Press, Columbus, MS: 2000, pp. 401 ff.
9910:
9908:
9906:
9904:
9869:
9816:De Tijd : Godsdienstig-Staatkundig Dagblad
9806:
9804:
9685:Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p.282-283
9093:Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton, 1981,
9056:
9054:
9052:
9050:
8462:
8460:
8058:
7927:
7925:
7606:
6801:
6038:
6036:
6034:
5803:TIMES, Special to THE NEW YORK (13 May 1944).
5545:announced during an audience for staff of the
4867:expressed their public gratitude to Pius XII.
4371:
2822:
1842:(back left) and others at the inauguration of
1802:from 1975 to 2014), in a ceremony held at the
1253:
1186:. In 1911, he represented the Holy See at the
1013:at this church and Eugenio served there as an
15371:
13650:
12787:
12671:Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals
11709:Pius XII and the Third Reich: A Documentation
11629:Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII
11521:Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Myron C. Taylor, ed.
9914:"Pope's Body Embalmed with Special Process",
9068:
9066:
9038:
8957:
8941:. University of California Press. pp. 151–68.
8746:Vatican Archive – Homily by Pope Benedict XVI
8381:. Regnery Publishing: Washington, D.C. 2005;
8311:The Vatican, the Nazis and Pursuit of Justice
6684:Pontificia Universita Gregoriana, Roma, 1934.
6469:
6467:
6465:
6176:Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII
6172:
6024:
6022:
4123:
3703:Polish prisoners toast their liberation from
2674:'s requests, he consecrated the world to the
2015:Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas,
499:Giovanni Battista Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano
16903:People who rescued Jews during the Holocaust
11723:Pius XII, The Holocaust and the Revisionists
11243:. 29 September 2015. pp. 47–49, 62–64.
10666:
10061:
8903:
7980:
7978:
7562:
7560:
5989:
4870:
4230:Office of Military Government, United States
3317:persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland
1662:extensive visit to the United States in 1936
1246:to Vienna, in his negotiations with Emperor
1009:. Eugenio and the other children made their
16908:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles
16798:20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
12204:PIUS XII: The Life and Work of a Great Pope
11821:. Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press.
10822:
10820:
10514:, Jaca Book, Milan 2006, p. 214, quoted in
10512:Il Novecento tra genocidi, paure e speranze
9901:
9801:
9504:
9047:
8457:
8095:
8093:
7922:
7760:(New York and London: Routledge, 2009), 22.
6672:I., 1926, France II. 1926, Lithuania 1927,
6103:
6031:
5947:Paul O'Shea, A Cross Too Heavy, 2011, p. 79
4901:in the 1960s, estimated controversially in
4335:movement, was called to the Vatican as the
4271:of Berlin. From elsewhere in the liberated
4255:of high-profile resistors of Nazism to the
4212:Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše
4076:On 30 April 1943, Pius XII wrote to Bishop
3707:. Nazi persecution of Catholics was at its
3502:Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše
3016:theology to return to the Catholic Church.
2008:
1683:A smiling Pacelli with Argentine president
1292:first apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary
802:
323:
16397:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
16347:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
15378:
15364:
13657:
13643:
12794:
12780:
12378:. Roman Catholic Books (Reprint edition).
12184:. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
12169:. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
12099:. Dutton; 1st American ed edition (1957).
12037:. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company.
11372:"The Pope's Secret Back Channel to Hitler"
9721:Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p.246
9712:Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p.242
9703:Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p.240
9063:
8674:"A Lover of His Church and of His Country"
8566:
8102:""SUMMI PONTIFICATUS" – Section 6 & 7"
7893:
7583:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 108–109.
6462:
6398:A dictionary of Jewish-Christian relations
6381:, p. 92, Syracuse University Press, 2003;
6019:
5563:, although they did not believe the pope.
4796:, a close friend of Chief Rabbi Herzog of
4732:. Please do not remove this message until
4461:, and his long-serving housekeeper Sister
4337:election campaign for the first parliament
3838:, Pius XII ended his predecessor's ban on
2567:
2028:
1566:Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo
1541:was signed on 14 June 1929. Following the
348:
336:
58:
13600:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War
12182:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War
11911:. London and Southampton: Souvenir Press.
11899:, Würzburg, Verlag Johann Wolhelm Naumann
11799:Crown of Glory, The Life of Pope Pius XII
11693:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
9929:
9324:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,
9032:
8445:. Docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu. 27 May 2004
8263:. Docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu. 27 May 2004
7975:
7848:
7557:
7428:
7406:compiles 700 pages of specific addresses.
7353:
6775:
6490:
6488:
5628:List of saints canonized by Pope Pius XII
5430:Pius XII, the Holocaust, and the Cold War
5233:), concluded that Pius was "emphatically
5149:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War
4752:Learn how and when to remove this message
4576:
2867:
2632:Mariology and the dogma of the Assumption
1124:of the United Kingdom after the death of
1029:, the premier Jesuit university in Rome.
904:Eugenio Pacelli at the age of six in 1882
771:The church experienced severe persecution
16893:Venerated Catholics by Pope Benedict XVI
12648:9 February 1930 – 10 February 1939
12255:. New York: Leicester University Press.
11782:Pius XII: Eugenio Pacelli: Pope of peace
11573:A Concise History of the Catholic Church
11422:
11299:The Shift in the Vatican Secret Archives
11042:
10817:
10351:
10349:
10347:
10345:
9408:Israel Pocket Library, Holocaust, p. 133
9382:Israel Pocket Library, Holocaust, p. 134
9352:Israel Pocket Library, Holocaust, p. 136
9298:
9011:
8975:
8403:. The American Spectator. Archived from
8287:FDR letter to Pius XII; 14 February 1940
8136:
8099:
8090:
8069:
8014:
8010:
8008:
7984:
7931:
7852:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies
7059:Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli, Pope of Peace
7046:Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli, Pope of Peace
6695:Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Band VII
6680:. See P. Joanne M.Restrepo Restrepo SJ.
6624:Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Band VII
6449:
5410:. Goñi found out that the British Envoy
5350:Actes et Documents du Saint Siège (ADSS)
4987:(1964) also followed the publication of
4939:
4881:Pius XII: Eugenio Pacelli: Pope of peace
4728:Relevant discussion may be found on the
4661:On 26 May 2014 on his way back from the
4585:Commemorative portrait of Pius XII, 1958
4580:
4517:
4444:
4432:
4219:
3718:
3698:
3684:
3450:
3176:
2921:
2765:
2635:
2519:
2447:
2380:
2259:
2110:
2102:
1849:
1833:
1678:
1569:
1511:
1482:
1424:
1398:
1263:
1130:
1065:
1042:Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare
899:
642:Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant
306:Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare
16843:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church
12529:Newspaper clippings about Pope Pius XII
12463:. Bologna: Edizioni Studio Domenicano.
12455:
12417:
11951:. Amazon.com. Kindle. ASIN: B006KLOARW.
11510:Guide to the Documents of Pope Pius XII
11395:
11369:
11338:
11188:
10826:
10776:Sparks fly at Pius XII debate in London
10298:; Rosenberg Publishing; 2008; pp. 40–41
9880:
9192:
8954:, 1997, New York: HarperCollins, p. 223
8593:Genocide in Satellite Croatia 1941–1945
8331:; Wordsworth Editions; 1997 Edn; p. 760
8300:; Wordsworth Editions; 1997 Edn; p. 594
5855:
5853:
5716:Gerard Noel, The Hound of Hitler, p. 3
4327:Germany's uncertain political future'.
4259:in 1946, among them the German Bishops
4118:20 July 1944 Plot to assassinate Hitler
3991:On 14 December 1942, German Jesuit and
3963:, which said that Jews from across the
3866:Luigi Maglione received a request from
3830:In April 1939, after the submission of
3327:as the apostolic administrator for the
3052:
2809:
2792:
2403:use of Latin as language of the liturgy
2348:General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII
2115:The signature of Pius XII never changed
1061:
757:, declaring that Catholics who profess
679:Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli
243:Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli
14:
16858:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
16775:
12754:Sovereign of the State of Vatican City
12565:23 April 1917 – 16 December 1929
12452:. Rassegna Mensile di Israel, 681–694.
12206:. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
11539:Utz, A. F., and Gröner, J. F. (eds.).
11423:Winfield, Nicole (16 September 2023).
11396:Carioti, Antonio (16 September 2023).
11311:
11043:Stanford, Peter J. (13 October 2003).
10916:
10382:Rabbi David Dalin (26 February 2001).
10038:
9299:Winfield, Nicole (16 September 2023).
7436:Moral Questions Affecting Married Life
6784:
6604:(in European Spanish). 25 January 2023
6587:; Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1939
6485:
6410:
5690:Joseph Bottum; David G. Dalin (2004).
5529:Opening of the Vatican Secret Archives
5389:
4694:Views, interpretations and scholarship
4011:" located in an area of what was then
3834:and the intervention of the Carmel of
3431:Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
3073:de Micheli, based on the image on the
1279:on 23 April 1917, consecrating him as
1275:Pope Benedict XV appointed Pacelli as
1226:'s sphere of influence throughout the
15359:
13638:
12775:
12593:19 December 1929 – 2 March 1939
12340:Das Reichskonkordat vom 20. Juli 1933
12113:, London and Bristol, Burleigh Press,
10342:
10173:"Dalla Teche Rai un Pio XII inatteso"
10044:Jacqueline Maley. 24 December 2009. "
9108:Les Eglises et la Persécution raciale
8617:"Religion: Rising Sun at the Vatican"
8590:
8005:
6708:Das Reichskonkordat vom 20. Juli 1933
5859:
5839:by Frank K. Flinn, J. Gordon Melton;
5802:
5729:
4640:Congregation for the Causes of Saints
4228:, Pius XII's post-war liaison to the
4023:. Giovanni Coco, an archivist in the
3900:. Later that year, when asked by the
3300:
3228:
2878:1946 Italian institutional referendum
2849:
2700:On 1 November 1950, Pius XII invoked
2423:Eastern canonical reforms of Pius XII
2290:being the only living U.S. cardinal.
1023:Ennio Quirino Visconti Liceo Ginnasio
685:
16823:Camerlengos of the Holy Roman Church
16695:
12325:The Catholic Church Through the Ages
11934:The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany
11082:
10786:; Catholic Herald; 23 November 2012.
10408:, 1967, quoted in Dalin, 2005, p. 11
10272:. Catholicleague.org. Archived from
10239:"Questa malattia non è per la morte"
10062:Gagliarducci, Andrea (August 2013).
10018:
9571:Jerusalem Report, (7 February 2005).
9466:
9250:The Destruction of the European Jews
9236:The Destruction of the European Jews
8769:
8766:Alvarez and Graham, 1997, pp. 86–88.
8398:
7934:""SUMMI PONTIFICATUS" – Section 106"
7849:Hayes, Peter; Roth, John K. (2012).
7842:
7188:
6770:Catholic Theologians in Nazi Germany
6616:
5850:
5696:. Lexington Books. pp. 224–27.
4985:The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany
4702:
4680:
4513:
4428:
4405:(35 years) and Karol Wojtyła (later
4185:
4064:On 26 September 1943, following the
3550:arrangements with the Soviet Union.
3478:
2914:List of encyclicals of Pope Pius XII
2784:issues like the uses of medicine in
2572:
2416:
1290:on 13 May 1917, the same day as the
575:Michel-Joseph Bourguignon d'Herbigny
16251:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
12726:2 March 1939 – 9 October 1958
11864:Pius XII und die Judenrazzia in Rom
10903:
10083:
9932:"THE MAN WHO MADE THE POPE EXPLODE"
9628:
9272:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
8852:; Rosenberg Publishing; 2008; p. 36
8672:Chen Fang-Chung; Lou Tseng-Tsiang.
8139:""SUMMI PONTIFICATUS" – Section 28"
7035:, Doubleday Company, New York, 1962
4342:Pius XII was rather distrustful of
4066:German occupation of northern Italy
3787:since 1915 but was dismissed after
3358:Nazi atrocities committed in Poland
3024:persecution of the church. Several
2876:On 1 June 1946, one day before the
2778:
2755:
2614:
2411:Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church
2340:Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII
1600:Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church
1368:"His recovery began with a 'rapport
1200:Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
24:
15806:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
12896:
12621:25 March 1930 – 2 March 1939
12411:
11956:Pope Pius XII: Architect for Peace
11620:(New York etc., Peter Lang, 2011).
11518:. 1939–1958. Vatican City. 20 vol.
11486:
11189:Donadio, Rachel (9 October 2008).
11073:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2003)
10832:To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949
9993:. Catholicnews.com. Archived from
9252:, (2003) 3rd edition, pp. 1204–05.
9039:Ewers, Justin (24 November 2008).
5205:Pope Pius XII: Architect for Peace
4922:recognition of the State of Israel
4599:was opened on 18 November 1965 by
4355:and excommunicated members of the
3677:Pope Pius XII and the Roman razzia
3223:
3165:Pius XII and the German Resistance
2970:Several encyclicals addressed the
2908:Encyclicals, writings and speeches
2333:
1696:International Eucharistic Congress
1176:International Eucharistic Congress
982:, in which role he negotiated the
862:was opened on 18 November 1965 by
25:
16919:
13422:Apostolic constitutions and bulls
12801:
12707:2 March 1939 – 16 July 1940
12581:Giuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè
12501:
12443:Journal of Modern Italian Studies
11999:Marchione, Sr. Margherita. 2004.
11984:Marchione, Sr. Margherita. 2002.
11969:Marchione, Sr. Margherita. 2002.
11954:Marchione, Sr. Margherita. 2000.
11914:Levillain, Philippe (ed.). 2002.
11677:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co.
11559:The Holy See and Hitler's Germany
11370:Kertzer, David I. (31 May 2022).
11170:from the original on 22 July 2012
10580:Encyclopædia Britannica Online –
10559:Pius XII and the Second World War
10533:"Moscow's Assault on the Vatican"
8676:. Hsstudyc.org.hk. Archived from
8563:Phayer, 2008, pp. 10–15, 147, 150
8492:Encyclopædia Britannica Online –
7567:Pius XII. Christmas message. 1944
7102:. Barnes & Noble Publishing;
7057:Oscar Halecki, James Murray, Jr.
7044:Oscar Halecki, James Murray, Jr.
5860:Pitel, Laura (19 December 2009).
5398:(2002), the Argentine journalist
5022:and Eastern bloc secret services
4971:. Books such as Joseph Lichten's
4507:declared three days of mourning.
4216:Ratlines (World War II aftermath)
4110:United States Department of State
4095:In March 1944, through the papal
3614:alleged a plot to kidnap Pius XII
3581:Pius XII's 1942 Christmas address
3091:Saints canonized by Pope Pius XII
2762:Social teachings of Pope Pius XII
2328:
1710:on 25–30 May 1938. At this time,
1321:on 29 May, and later with Kaiser
956:; his father, Filippo Pacelli, a
952:, was a key financial advisor to
16755:
16738:
16721:
16704:
16676:
16664:
16652:
16640:
16613:
16601:
15932:Fourth Council of Constantinople
15887:Second Council of Constantinople
15337:
15326:
15325:
12308:The Churches and the Third Reich
12059:. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
11462:
11442:
11416:
11389:
11363:
11332:
11320:
11305:
11302:, Historia Domus, 10 March 2019.
11291:
11271:
11257:
11227:
11211:
11182:
11156:
11134:
11125:
11116:
11107:
11098:
11076:
11036:
11023:
11014:
11005:
10996:
10987:
10978:
10969:
10960:
10935:
10897:
10873:
10848:
10834:. Allen Lane. pp. 442–445.
10789:
10768:
10755:
10746:
10717:
10657:
10644:
10628:
10616:
10607:
10588:
10573:
10564:
10551:
10504:
10495:
10473:
10459:
10433:
10424:
10411:
10398:
10375:
10323:
10310:
10301:
10288:
10262:
10253:
10231:
10219:. Roman Catholic Man. 5 May 2015
10209:
10187:
10165:
10143:
10121:
10099:
10077:
10055:
10009:
9983:
9967:
9954:
9923:
9836:
9822:
9792:
9770:
9761:
9746:
9733:
9724:
9715:
9706:
9697:
9688:
9679:
9665:
9656:
9622:
9598:
9574:
9565:
9544:
9535:
9522:
9513:
9479:
9460:
9451:
9442:
9433:
9411:
9402:
9385:
9376:
9364:
9355:
9346:
9331:
9318:
9292:
9242:
9227:
9201:
9186:
9174:
9162:
9153:
9144:
9135:
9122:
9113:
9100:
9087:
9005:
8996:
8969:
8944:
8931:
8894:
8885:
8873:
8855:
8842:
8821:"Encyclopædia Britannica :
8787:
8778:
8760:
8751:
8739:
8730:
8718:Pius XII and the Jews: A defense
8710:
8701:
8692:
8665:
8639:
8609:
8584:
8575:
8557:
8548:
8535:
8522:
8509:
8500:
8485:
8435:
8419:
8392:
8371:
8350:
8334:
8303:
8290:
8275:
8253:
8214:
8205:
8196:
8187:
8178:
8157:
8130:
8120:
8035:
7952:
7887:
7878:
7869:
7829:
7820:
7800:
7780:
7763:
7750:
7741:
7729:
7720:
7708:
7696:
7684:
7672:
7663:
7643:
7617:
7600:
7572:
7532:
7519:Eternal World Television Network
7506:
7488:"Finding God in human evolution"
7480:
7467:
7458:
7448:
7409:
7396:
7380:. 15 August 2017. Archived from
7366:
7344:
7335:
7326:
7314:
7301:
7292:
7283:
7263:
7254:
7245:
7236:
7227:
7218:
7182:
7162:
7149:
7136:
7123:
7113:
7092:
7082:
7073:
7064:
7051:
7038:
6957:. Naumann, Würzburg, 1986, p. 49
6944:. Naumann, Würzburg, 1986, p. 57
6721:The Churches and the Third Reich
6345:The Churches and the Third Reich
6316:The Encyclopedia of Christianity
5730:Coppa, Frank J. (29 June 2006).
5655:
4883:(1954) and Nazareno Padellaro's
4707:
4603:during the final session of the
3441:Germany, and in Poland, leading
3169:Catholic Church and Nazi Germany
3159:Vatican City during World War II
3085:Canonisations and beatifications
2055:
1625:(1935) and Portugal (1940). The
1155:. In 1905 he received the title
1056:
866:during the final session of the
702:, he served as secretary of the
392:
16818:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica
15902:Third Council of Constantinople
15826:First Council of Constantinople
12589:Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio
12253:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
11761:. London-New York: Granta Books
11550:
11495:(AAS). 1939–1958. Vatican City.
11144:. Vatican.va. 19 September 2008
10456:& David Dalin, 2004, p. 190
10197:. Papa Pio XII. 13 January 2016
9978:John XXIII, Pope of the Council
9844:"Religion: Pius XII, 1876-1958"
9097:, New York: Basic Books, p. 202
9043:. U.S. News & World Report.
8429:, volume 35 (1968), pp. 103–16
8224:. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
7837:Pius XII, Ich durfte ihm dienen
7189:Howe, Marvine (3 August 1973).
7025:
7008:
6991:
6982:
6969:
6960:
6947:
6934:
6925:
6915:
6895:
6886:
6865:
6856:
6824:
6815:
6762:
6753:
6744:
6735:
6726:
6713:
6700:
6687:
6654:
6645:
6629:
6590:
6585:Discorsi E Panegirici 1931–1938
6577:
6567:
6557:
6531:
6522:
6512:
6494:Hill, Roland. 1997, 11 August.
6482:Passelecq, Suchecky pp. 113–137
6476:
6443:
6434:
6391:
6368:
6359:
6350:
6337:
6328:
6308:
6299:
6290:
6271:
6247:
6238:
6229:
6220:
6211:
6202:
6193:
6166:
6157:
6148:
6139:
6130:
6121:
6112:
6094:
6085:
6076:
6067:
6058:
6045:
6001:
5968:
5959:
5950:
5941:
5916:
5907:
5898:
5889:
5762:. 13 April 2013. Archived from
4975:(1963), written in response to
4963:The Deputy, a Christian tragedy
4852:, William Zukerman, the former
4698:
4499:declared ten days of mourning;
4157:, the national director of the
3669:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
3646:
3574:Chinese Minister to the Vatican
3521:Pavelić". Throughout 1942, the
3493:newly proclaimed Croatian state
3392:According to Hitler biographer
3152:
3095:Beatifications of Pope Pius XII
3000:Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church
2686:Dogma of the Assumption of Mary
2479:condition of candidates to the
2249:
2209:; he employed German and Dutch
2173:
1592:Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio
1377:Count Anton von Arco auf Valley
1268:Pacelli at the Headquarters of
1188:coronation of George V and Mary
1038:Pontifical Gregorian University
328:("The work of justice peace" )
301:Pontifical Gregorian University
157:Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio
16873:World War II political leaders
16803:Almo Collegio Capranica alumni
16141:Dissolution of the monasteries
15407:History of the Catholic Church
12758:2 March 1939 – 9 October 1958
12357:Wolf, Hubert. 2012 (reprint).
12066:. New York: Warner Books Inc.
11585:Brown-Fleming, Suzanne. 2006.
10175:. Papa Pio XII. 8 January 2016
9930:Peleschuk, Dan (26 May 2019).
8795:"News Release, 28 August 1944"
8623:. 6 April 1942. Archived from
8341:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
7652:by Thomas J. Craughwell 2007;
5880:
5830:
5796:
5778:
5710:
5683:
4488:. Domenico Tardini prayed the
3793:Pontifical Academy of Sciences
3532:In 1941, Pius XII interpreted
3473:Allied bombing of 19 July 1943
3250:Following themes addressed in
2833:In 1950, Pius XII promulgated
1947:. He sent his vice chancellor
1706:on 10–14 October 1934, and in
1076:Basilica of Saint John Lateran
1044:. He was also enrolled at the
744:links to the German resistance
13:
1:
16828:Cardinal Secretaries of State
16015:Fourth Council of the Lateran
15990:Second Council of the Lateran
15599:Apostles in the New Testament
12962:Communium interpretes dolorum
12346:: Matthias-Grünewald-Verlag.
12271:Hitler, the War, and the Pope
12199:. Cambridge University Press.
12079:Pius XII: The Hound of Hitler
12018:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
11852:. Düsseldorf: Patoms-Verlag.
11767:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
11721:Gallo, Patrick J., ed. 2006.
11347:Random House Publishing Group
11312:Morris, Julia (20 May 2021).
11268:, Vatican News, 4 March 2019.
11011:Preliminary Report, pp. 13–14
10993:Preliminary Report, pp. 10–13
9741:Pius XII, The Hound of Hitler
9328:. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
9012:Pius XII (11 December 1925).
8976:Pius XII (11 December 1925).
8543:Hitler, the War, and the Pope
8530:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
8515:Mark Aarons and John Loftus.
8399:Hume, Brit (18 August 2006).
8137:Pius XII (11 December 1925).
8100:Pius XII (11 December 1925).
8070:Pius XII (11 December 1925).
8015:Pius XII (11 December 1925).
7985:Pius XII (11 December 1925).
7932:Pius XII (11 December 1925).
5671:
5613:Cardinals created by Pius XII
5293:Pius XII, the Hound of Hitler
4927:
4591:Canonization of Pope Pius XII
4367:Later life, illness and death
3898:Jewish deportations in Vienna
3423:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
3376:Early actions to end conflict
2963:of the Vatican by the German
2859:himself of his right to live.
2265:
2256:Cardinals created by Pius XII
1891:was an integral part of four
1864:on 20 July 1933 in Rome with
1357:, and he left for a while to
1327:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
1260:Nunciature of Eugenio Pacelli
1167:"the text, together with the
1046:State University, La Sapienza
889:
311:State University, La Sapienza
16898:Apostolic Nuncios to Prussia
16813:Apostolic nuncios to Germany
16808:Apostolic Nuncios to Bavaria
16129:Catholic Counter-Reformation
15995:Third Council of the Lateran
15985:First Council of the Lateran
15441:Catholic ecumenical councils
13276:Pontifical Relief Commission
13025:Redemptoris nostri cruciatus
12519:Newsreel footage of Pius XII
12361:. Harvard University Press.
12317:. Roma: Poliglotta Vaticana.
12145:. New York: Greystone Press.
11801:. New York: Hawthorne Books.
11797:, and Walshe, Seamus. 1958.
11784:. Farrar, Straus and Young.
11764:Gutman, Israel (ed.). 1990.
11711:. New York: Alfred A Knopf.
10975:Preliminary Report, pp. 5–10
10884:by Gerald Steinacher—review"
10763:Hitler, the War and the Pope
10582:Reflections on the Holocaust
9016:. Vatican.va. Archived from
8980:. Vatican.va. Archived from
8823:Reflections on the Holocaust
8757:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 256–257.
8707:Rittner and Roth, 2002, p. 4
8494:Reflections on the Holocaust
8345:Reflections on the Holocaust
8241:. Docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu
8141:. Vatican.va. Archived from
8104:. Vatican.va. Archived from
8074:. Vatican.va. Archived from
8019:. Vatican.va. Archived from
7989:. Vatican.va. Archived from
7936:. Vatican.va. Archived from
5676:
5226:Hitler, the War and the Pope
4686:been healed in full after a
3662:
3523:Yugoslav government in exile
2385:Pope Pius XII seated in the
2314:death; Montini later became
2178:After his election, he made
1902:Bavarian authorities in 1924
1450:Dean of the Diplomatic Corps
1302:. As there was no nuncio to
1108:Vatican Secretariat of State
1003:Sisters of Divine Providence
138:Titular Archbishop of Sardes
7:
16868:Italian venerated Catholics
12828:Cardinal Secretary of State
12703:Order of the Holy Sepulchre
12644:Cardinal Secretary of State
12533:20th Century Press Archives
12427:. Oxford University Press.
12152:. Oxford University Press.
12095:Padellaro, Nazareno. 1949.
11916:The Papacy: An Encyclopedia
11571:Bokenkotter, Thomas. 2004.
11525:. Prefaces by Pius XII and
11500:Pio XII, Discorsi Ai Medici
10570:Phayer, 2000, pp. xii–xiii.
10501:Marchione, 2000, pp. 16–17.
10241:. Papa Pio XII. 14 May 2015
9920:(AP), Rome, 11 October 1958
9881:Quigley, Christine (1998).
9629:Kertzer, Story by David I.
7855:. OUP Oxford. p. 363.
7788:Saintly Men of Modern Times
7033:The Cardinal Spellman Story
6416:Joseph Bottum. April 2004.
6217:Volk, 1972; Cornwell, p. 96
5837:Encyclopedia of Catholicism
5606:
5199:Yours Is a Precious Witness
4734:conditions to do so are met
4378:Late years of Pope Pius XII
4372:Late years of Pope Pius XII
4348:Italy's Christian Democrats
4151:Righteous Among the Nations
4058:Sacred College of Cardinals
3961:Jewish Agency for Palestine
3864:Cardinal Secretary of State
3785:Sapienza University of Rome
3634:Political Warfare Executive
3103:numerous people, including
2823:Evolution of the human body
2611:and religious instruction.
2509:
2141:Order of the Holy Sepulchre
1749:as 'out of the question'."
1596:Cardinal Secretary of State
1460:, a party he led following
1438:Apostolic Nuncio to Germany
1254:Archbishop and papal nuncio
1092:Francesco di Paola Cassetta
896:Early life of Pope Pius XII
712:Cardinal Secretary of State
462:Francesco di Paola Cassetta
202:Francesco di Paola Cassetta
163:Cardinal Secretary of State
150:Apostolic Nuncio to Prussia
144:Apostolic Nuncio to Germany
132:Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria
10:
16924:
15475:History of the Roman Curia
13271:Jewish orphans controversy
12969:Orientales omnes Ecclesias
12894:
12445:18, no. 4 (2013): 526–528.
12213:. Hodder + Stoughton 1973
12042:The Defamation of Pius XII
11895:Lehnert, Pascalina. 1983.
11757:. 2003 (revised edition).
11498:Angelini, Fiorenzo. 1959.
11339:Kertzer, David I. (2022).
11166:. Catholicnewsagency.com.
11065:, written by Robert Katz;
10359:. Ewtn.com. Archived from
10318:The Defamation of Pius XII
9798:Lehnert, Pascalina, p. 191
7786:Joan Carroll Cruz (OCDS).
7691:Orientales omnes Ecclesias
6862:Tardini, Pio XII roma 1960
6583:Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli.
6418:"The End of the Pius Wars"
6199:Lehnert (2014), pages 7–8.
6118:Lehnert (2014), pages 5–6.
5467:Pontifical Academy of Life
5329:
5078:
5044:
4933:
4893:, a Jewish theologian and
4845:The Jewish Post & News
4627:, founder and dean at the
4588:
4563:
4394:treatment administered by
4375:
4189:
4153:) ignored this directive.
4130:Jewish orphans controversy
4127:
4124:Jewish orphans controversy
4050:Polish government-in-exile
3783:. Almagia had been at the
3666:
3616:by the Nazis during their
3162:
3156:
3088:
2995:Orientales omnes Ecclesias
2911:
2837:, which acknowledged that
2826:
2759:
2689:
2667:. Based on the Portuguese
2656:
2576:
2513:
2420:
2337:
2253:
2200:Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster
2032:
1823:
1649:in the area of marriage).
1257:
1102:. In 1901, he entered the
893:
769:from the Christian faith.
700:his election to the papacy
651:Francesco Benedetto Cialeo
16596:
16496:
16362:
16289:
16224:
16211:European wars of religion
16108:
16043:
15945:
15867:
15758:
15681:
15541:
15530:
15522:Eastern Catholic Churches
15397:
15321:
15248:
15188:
15127:
15118:
14932:
14646:
14245:
13949:
13743:
13676:
13616:
13593:The Myth of Hitler's Pope
13544:
13491:
13445:
13414:
13361:
13304:
13209:
12907:
12847:
12809:
12760:
12751:
12743:
12738:
12728:
12719:
12709:
12695:
12687:
12677:
12675:1937 – 2 March 1939
12668:
12660:
12650:
12641:
12633:
12623:
12613:
12605:
12595:
12585:
12577:
12567:
12557:
12551:
12544:
12313:Tardini, Domenico. 1960.
12109:O'Brien, Felicity. 2000,
12029:McDermott, Thomas. 1946.
12014:Martin, Malachi B. 1972.
11936:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
11866:. Berlin: epubli-Verlag.
11597:A History of Christianity
10597:The Case Against Pius Xii
9558:12 September 2009 at the
9095:Vichy France and the Jews
7908:10.1017/S0018246X12000416
7884:Corrado Pallenberg, p. 71
7756:Daniela Treveri Gennari,
7579:White, Steven F. (2020).
6541:. Adl.org. Archived from
5633:Pius XII Memorial Library
5443:Holocaust Memorial Museum
5166:The Pope Against the Jews
5085:The Myth of Hitler's Pope
5074:The Myth of Hitler's Pope
4871:Early historical accounts
4025:Vatican Apostolic Archive
3673:Pope Pius XII and Judaism
3515:Yugoslav Communist regime
3513:by the newly established
3354:Catholic Church in Poland
3209:Giovanni Battista Montini
2972:Eastern Catholic Churches
2595:. Noting improvements in
2516:Theology of Pope Pius XII
2213:advisors, Robert Leiber,
2091:
2083:
2075:
2063:
2054:
2041:
2023:
1778:, racial persecution and
1543:Wall Street Crash of 1929
1442:Bavarian Concordat (1924)
1248:Franz Joseph I of Austria
1139:and next to him, Pacelli.
990:, bringing an end to the
978:and the legal advisor to
839:, in which he instructed
658:
650:
640:
630:
620:
610:
600:
592:
582:
574:
567:
560:
556:
544:
532:
525:
511:
503:
491:
481:
474:
466:
456:
449:
442:
438:
425:
414:
381:
371:
361:
356:
344:
332:
319:
288:
267:
238:
233:
220:
207:
194:
189:
115:
105:
95:
87:
79:
69:
57:
50:
34:
16342:Mary of the Divine Heart
15965:Clash against the empire
15917:Second Council of Nicaea
15811:Old St. Peter's Basilica
13560:Three Popes and the Jews
13193:Ad Apostolorum principis
13179:Le pèlerinage de Lourdes
13067:Sempiternus Rex Christus
12983:Deiparae Virginis Mariae
12941:Mystici Corporis Christi
12148:Pham, John Peter. 2006.
12044:. St Augustine's Press.
11947:Mallory, Marilyn. 2012.
11908:Three Popes and the Jews
11691:Pius XII und Deutschland
11512:. Westminster, Maryland.
11122:Phayer, 2008, pp. xi–xvi
10966:Preliminary Report, p. 5
10941:Preliminary Report, p. 2
10406:Three Popes and the Jews
10031:22 November 2011 at the
10024:AFP. 22 December 2009. "
9580:Anti-Defamation League.
9421:. Religioustolerance.org
9159:Phayer, 2000, pp. 27–28.
7839:, Würzburg, 1982, p. 163
7705:, AAS, 1951, pp. 625–44.
7361:Mystici Corporis Christi
7170:"Religion: Rebel in Rio"
7070:Levillain, 2002, p. 1136
6873:Pius XII und Deutschland
6431:; retrieved 1 July 2009.
6235:Stehle, 1975, pp. 139–41
6091:Levillain, 2002, p. 1211
5648:
5618:List of people from Rome
5512:argued in his 2015 book
5108:stated in his review in
5089:In 1999, British author
5038:
5010:The former high-ranking
4908:European Jews surviving
4904:Three Popes and the Jews
4633:Sydney's Great Synagogue
4307:were others among those
4303:) and Polish Archbishop
4287:; and French Archbishop
4208:Pope Pius XII and Poland
4200:Pope Pius XII and Russia
4145:, and was recognized by
3557:and received ambassador
3181:Members of the Canadian
3126:, and a young laywoman,
3124:Mary Euphrasia Pelletier
2929:Our Lady of Good Counsel
2774:by Pope Pius XII in 1954
2737:Mystici Corporis Christi
2711:Deiparae Virginis Mariae
2676:Immaculate Heart of Mary
2546:Mystici Corporis Christi
2441:Mystici Corporis Christi
2009:Relations with the media
1621:(1933), Germany (1933),
1409:Bavarian Soviet Republic
1403:Pacelli in Bavaria, 1922
1182:to London, where he met
816:Mystici Corporis Christi
755:Decree against Communism
16833:Italian anti-communists
16608:Vatican City portal
15960:Investiture Controversy
15816:First Council of Nicaea
15139:During the Roman Empire
13286:Alleged kidnapping plot
12948:Divino afflante Spiritu
12599:Francis Joseph Spellman
12306:Scholder, Klaus. 1987.
12291:Sánchez, José M. 2002.
12209:Rhodes, Anthony. 1973.
12202:Pfister, Pierre. 1955.
12195:Pollard, John F. 2005.
12180:Phayer, Michael. 2008.
12040:McInerny, Ralph. 2001.
12035:A Life of Pope Pius XII
11862:Kühlwein, Klaus. 2013.
11848:Kühlwein, Klaus. 2008.
11675:The Silence of Pius XII
11557:Besier, Gerhard. 2007.
10782:5 November 2018 at the
10538:5 February 2007 at the
10482:A Question of Judgement
10307:McInerney, 2001, p. 155
9397:Why I Became a Catholic
9193:Kertzer, David (2022).
9132:, New York: KTAV, p. 75
8937:Lesser, Jeffrey. 1995.
8880:Encyclopædia Britannica
8784:Kent, 2002, pp. 87–100.
8595:. King's. p. 220.
8443:"Harold Taylor 9/30/42"
8309:Conway, Prof. John S.,
7738:, AAS, 1953, pp. 577–93
7693:, AAS, 1946, pp. 33–63.
7544:www.catholicculture.org
7277:Divino afflante Spiritu
6208:Lehnert (2014), page 8.
6179:. Penguin. p. 78.
6100:Fatoni, 1992, pp. 45–85
5998:Marchione, 2000, p. 193
5790:Encyclopædia Britannica
5737:Encyclopædia Britannica
5547:Vatican Secret Archives
5491:Pave the Way Foundation
5101:Encyclopædia Britannica
4968:Encyclopædia Britannica
4955:'s controversial drama
4655:Vatican Secret Archives
4629:Simon Wiesenthal Center
4361:Italian Social Movement
4357:Italian Communist Party
4204:Pope Pius XII and China
4163:Vatican Secret Archives
3597:"it is still not clear
3413:to act against Hitler.
3411:Walther von Brauchitsch
2918:Magisterium of Pius XII
2585:Divino afflante Spiritu
2579:Divino afflante Spiritu
2568:Theological orientation
2552:Divino afflante Spiritu
2284:Dennis Joseph Dougherty
2029:Election and coronation
1664:where he met President
1516:Eugenio Pacelli in 1927
1034:Almo Collegio Capranica
821:Mystical Body of Christ
819:, on the Church as the
708:papal nuncio to Germany
602:Francis Joseph Spellman
416:Other popes named Pius
296:Almo Collegio Capranica
16620:Catholicism portal
16431:Second Vatican Council
16317:Our Lady of La Salette
16124:Protestant Reformation
16111:Protestant Reformation
16030:Second Council of Lyon
15419:Ecclesiastical history
15344:Catholic Church Portal
15204:Conflicts with the HRE
13586:Under His Very Windows
13281:1942 Christmas address
13018:In multiplicibus curis
12901:
12838:Saint Peter's Basilica
12559:Titular Archbishop of
12546:Catholic Church titles
12273:. Our Sunday Visitor.
11780:Halecki, Oskar. 1954.
11599:. Barnes & Noble.
11561:. Palgrave Macmillan.
11541:Soziale Summe Pius XII
11493:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
10929:Jewish Virtual Library
10910:Jewish Virtual Library
10545:National Review Online
10417:e.g. Gilbert, Martin.
9887:. McFarland & Co.
9591:4 January 2009 at the
9519:Dalin, 2005, pp. 87–89
9491:Jewish Virtual Library
9439:Dalin, 2005, pp. 82–85
9395:. Reissued in 1997 as
9337:Craughwell, Thomas J.
9128:John F. Morley, 1980,
8966:McInerney, 2001, p. 49
8900:McInerney, 2001, p. 47
8723:5 January 2014 at the
8591:Paris, Edmond (1961).
8554:Phayer, 2008, pp. 9–16
7717:. AAS, 1953, pp. 5–15.
7421:21 August 2010 at the
7020:archbishop of New York
6892:Dalin, 2005, pp. 69–70
6365:Marchione, 2002, p. 22
6356:Dalin, 2005, pp. 58–59
6173:John Cornwell (2000).
6109:Marchione, 2004, p. 11
6042:Marchione, 2004, p. 10
5732:"Pius XII: Assessment"
5461:On 19 September 2008,
5425:Aloisius Joseph Muench
5380:
5295:, Catholic journalist
5168:denounced Pius, while
4973:A Question of Judgment
4948:
4912:. A Catholic scholar,
4605:Second Vatican Council
4586:
4577:Cause for canonisation
4535:Riccardo Galeazzi-Lisi
4533:Pius XII's physician,
4530:
4450:
4442:
4388:Riccardo Galeazzi-Lisi
4232:
4226:Aloisius Joseph Muench
4159:Anti-Defamation League
4083:ad maiora mala vitanda
4013:German-occupied Poland
3927:Harold H. Tittmann Jr.
3883:Joachim von Ribbentrop
3728:
3716:
3696:
3694:Joachim von Ribbentrop
3566:Nationalist government
3460:
3427:Leopold III of Belgium
3366:Joachim von Ribbentrop
3283:
3275:
3221:
3186:
2956:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
2937:
2898:
2868:Democracy and monarchy
2861:
2775:
2692:Munificentissimus Deus
2680:Saint Peter's Basilica
2672:Alexandrina of Balazar
2649:
2648:(1516–1518) pictured).
2540:
2454:Apostolic constitution
2390:
2371:
2360:with the last will of
2271:
2243:Aloisius Joseph Muench
2231:nunciature in Belgrade
2116:
2108:
1884:
1858:at the signing of the
1847:
1726:Second Vatican Council
1687:
1635:Catholic Popular Party
1615:Archbishop of Freiburg
1583:
1517:
1498:
1436:Pacelli was appointed
1433:
1404:
1365:, was left in Munich.
1272:
1140:
1137:Cardinal Merry del Val
1106:, a sub-office of the
1071:
963:, was the dean of the
905:
868:Second Vatican Council
805:Munificentissimus Deus
803:
800:Apostolic constitution
683:Italian pronunciation:
476:Episcopal consecration
324:
173:Saint Peter's Basilica
16327:First Vatican Council
16025:First Council of Lyon
15789:Constantine the Great
15485:Christian monasticism
15120:History of the papacy
13236:Persecution of Church
13144:Luctuosissimi eventus
12900:
12514:Testament of Pius XII
12508:Official Vatican page
12448:Zuccotti, S. (2003).
12120:, Palgrave Macmillan
11475:Associated Press News
11455:Associated Press News
10710:; by Andrew Roberts;
10652:The Pontiff in Winter
10594:Kenneth L. Woodward.
10561:, Paulist Press, 1999
10259:Time. 16 August 1943.
10050:Sydney Morning Herald
9962:Ich durfte ihm dienen
9938:. OZY. Archived from
9448:Phayer, 2008, p. xiii
9340:The Gentile Holocaust
9060:Gutman, 1990, p. 1137
7808:The Holy Man of Tours
7773:Communicatio Socialis
7593:Giuseppe Mammarealla
7098:Tobin, Greg. (2003).
6908:24 April 2006 at the
6903:Pope Pius XII profile
6871:Michael F. Feldkamp.
6528:Humani generis unitas
6496:"The lost encyclical"
6028:Marchione, 2004, p. 9
5895:Marchione, 2004, p. 1
5488:On 16 June 2009, the
5451:Joseph Patrick Hurley
5375:
5000:La Civilità Cattolica
4943:
4790:Aryeh Leon Kubowitzki
4786:World Jewish Congress
4597:cause of canonization
4584:
4521:
4448:
4436:
4392:cellular rejuvenation
4223:
4190:Further information:
4103:, the Pope urged the
4046:Władysław Raczkiewicz
3821:baptismal certificate
3722:
3702:
3688:
3612:Several authors have
3454:
3382:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3279:
3270:
3216:
3180:
2925:
2893:
2856:
2769:
2722:Immaculate Conception
2639:
2523:
2448:Priests and religious
2431:were aimed at in the
2384:
2366:
2263:
2254:Further information:
2198:, after the death of
2114:
2106:
1968:Michael von Faulhaber
1880:, and Reich minister
1853:
1837:
1767:Humani generis unitas
1682:
1666:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1573:
1515:
1486:
1428:
1402:
1355:Free State of Bavaria
1267:
1134:
1069:
948:in 1861. His cousin,
916:"). His parents were
903:
886:on 19 December 2009.
811:forty-one encyclicals
694:and sovereign of the
482:Principal consecrator
428:Ordination history of
388:Pope Pius XII's voice
16504:Sexual abuse scandal
16413:Mit brennender Sorge
16256:Age of Enlightenment
16035:Bernard of Clairvaux
15912:Byzantine Iconoclasm
15851:Council of Chalcedon
15631:Council of Jerusalem
15500:Role in civilization
15480:Religious institutes
15412:By country or region
15282:Revolutionary Papacy
15276:Age of Enlightenment
13081:Orientales Ecclesias
12955:Orientalis Ecclesiae
12617:St. Peter's Basilica
12609:Rafael Merry del Val
12338:Volk, Ludwig. 1972.
12116:O'Shea, Paul. 2011,
12097:Portrait of Pius XII
12077:Noel, Gerard. 2008.
11876:Kurzman, Dan. 2007.
11688:Feldkamp, Michael F.
11092:Simon & Schuster
10953:Fogarty, Gerard P.,
10663:Sanchez, 2002, p. 34
10604:. 27 September 1999.
10517:La Civiltà Cattolica
10487:25 July 2006 at the
10430:Lapide, 1967, p. 269
9974:Hebblethwaite, Peter
9960:Lehnert, Pascalina.
9942:on 26 September 2020
9171:; 26 September 1942.
9150:Lapide, 1980, p. 139
8775:Kurzman, 2007, p. 12
8736:Phayer, 2008, p. xii
8581:Phayer, 2008, p. 152
8572:Phayer, 2008, p. 151
8545:pp. 414–15, note 61.
8528:Israel Gutman (ed.)
7835:Lehnert, Pascalina.
7715:Orientales Ecclesias
7679:Orientalis Ecclesiae
7650:This Saint's for You
7607:Bracaglia, Giorgio.
7224:AAS, 1956, p. 354 ff
6953:Lehnert, Pascalina.
6940:Lehnert, Pascalina.
6809:Mit brennender Sorge
6792:Mit brennender Sorge
6501:30 June 2017 at the
6423:10 June 2011 at the
6253:Cornwell, pp. 103–04
6136:Lehnert (2014), 6–7.
5928:www.familysearch.org
5886:Pollard, 2005, p. 70
5447:Argentine government
5439:US National Archives
5360:Mit brennender Sorge
5253:, Paul Johnson, and
5194:Margherita Marchione
4885:Portrait of Pius XII
4828:The Jewish Chronicle
4289:Jules-Géraud Saliège
4283:; Polish Archbishop
4257:College of Cardinals
4090:Ernst von Weizsäcker
4088:On 28 October 1943,
3932:In 1942, the Slovak
3740:, who, in his book,
3491:, the leader of the
3259:Mit brennender Sorge
3143:Doctor of the Church
3137:Pius XII also named
3065:(the Tuesday before
3053:Feasts and devotions
3018:Orientales Ecclesias
3010:Council of Chalcedon
2986:Eastern Christianity
2984:, a saint common to
2977:Orientalis Ecclesiae
2810:Theology and science
2793:Family and sexuality
2724:. In the encyclical
2320:College of Cardinals
1977:Mit brennender Sorge
1866:(from left to right)
1830:Mit brennender Sorge
1819:Mit brennender Sorge
1772:Wlodimir Ledóchowski
1690:Pacelli presided as
1394:Bolshevik revolution
1284:Archbishop of Sardis
1202:was assassinated in
1180:Rafael Merry del Val
1062:Priest and monsignor
1040:and theology at the
945:L'Osservatore Romano
849:College of Cardinals
777:. Despite all this,
562:Episcopal succession
516:St. Peter's Basilica
16332:Papal infallibility
16322:Our Lady of Lourdes
16271:Shimabara Rebellion
16115:Counter-Reformation
15129:Antiquity and Early
14933:17th–21st centuries
14647:13th–16th centuries
13251:Catholic Resistance
13074:Ingruentium malorum
13060:Evangelii praecones
12681:Federico Tedeschini
12627:Federico Tedeschini
12587:Cardinal-Priest of
11402:Corriere della Sera
11191:"Synod Controversy"
11131:Phayer, 2008, p. xi
11051:on 4 September 2008
10904:Lichten, Joseph L.
10761:Rychlak, Ronald J.
10585:; web 26 April 2013
10470:; web 26 April 2013
9850:. 20 October 1958.
9673:Evangelii praecones
9611:27 May 2008 at the
9280:. 17 September 2023
9215:. 16 September 2023
8950:Friedländer, Saul.
8801:on 21 November 2015
8698:Phayer, 2008, p. 53
8427:CCHA Study Sessions
8193:Phayer, 2008, p. 18
8051:3 July 2013 at the
8046:; 111; October 1939
7968:3 July 2013 at the
7681:, AAS, 1944, p. 129
7494:on 24 February 2012
7444:CatholicCulture.org
6741:Feldkamp, pp. 88–93
6127:Rychlak, 2000, p. 6
5792:. 17 February 2016.
5720:; web 26 April 2013
5588:Corriere della Sera
5585:In September 2023,
5556:Michael F. Feldkamp
5475:She'ar Yashuv Cohen
5408:post-war "ratlines"
5390:Recent developments
5284:had written to the
5106:Kenneth L. Woodward
5030:, to discredit the
4855:The American Hebrew
4721:of this section is
4457:, his speechwriter
4293:Thomas Tien Ken-sin
4285:Adam Stefan Sapieha
4279:; Hungarian Bishop
4269:Konrad von Preysing
4239:Evangelii praecones
4171:Corriere della Sera
4137:Corriere della Sera
4078:Konrad von Preysing
4054:Konrad von Preysing
4048:, president of the
3858:Revelation on Sinai
3806:President of Brazil
3757:Revelation on Sinai
3589:human rights abuses
3570:Wang Jingwei regime
3455:The investments of
3325:Hilarius Breitinger
3253:Non abbiamo bisogno
2982:Cyril of Alexandria
2940:Pius XII issued 41
2802:as a moral form of
2772:Salus Populi Romani
2730:he promulgated the
2702:papal infallibility
2395:Carlos Duarte Costa
2196:archbishop of Milan
2035:1939 papal conclave
2001:in a letter to the
1988:, it condemned the
1957:Konrad von Preysing
1846:on 12 February 1931
1586:Pacelli was made a
1560:Notre Dame de Paris
1556:Karl Joseph Schulte
1474:Paul von Hindenburg
1331:German High Command
1240:Raffaele Scapinelli
1194:and retained under
1169:Anti-Modernist Oath
967:; and his brother,
929:Marcantonio Pacelli
788:papal infallibility
761:doctrine are to be
451:Priestly ordination
155:Cardinal-Priest of
16878:Papal chamberlains
16377:Our Lady of Fátima
16166:Ignatius of Loyola
16090:Catherine of Siena
16058:Pope Boniface VIII
15877:Benedict of Nursia
15846:Council of Ephesus
15683:Ante-Nicene period
15636:Split with Judaism
15470:Crusading movement
15264:Reformation Papacy
15258:Renaissance Papacy
15200:(1012–1044 / 1048)
15153:Ostrogothic Papacy
14246:9th–12th centuries
13567:Actes et documents
13432:Apostolic writings
13406:Fátima and Balazar
13266:Ustaše involvement
13229:conversion of Jews
12920:Summi Pontificatus
12902:
12267:Rychlak, Ronald J.
12141:Paul, Leon. 1957.
12031:Keeper of the Keys
11918:. Routledge (UK).
11508:Claudia, M. 1955.
11196:The New York Times
11031:The Jerusalem Post
10801:, 27 January 2003"
10741:American Spectator
10731:9 May 2013 at the
10707:The Pope was wrong
10641:. 9 December 2004.
10625:, 9 December 2004.
10316:McInerney, Ralph,
9780:. Catholic Culture
9604:Cavalli, Dimitri.
9595:. 13 January 2005.
9361:Dalin, 2005, p. 75
9183:; 21 October 1942.
9119:Dalin, 2005, p. 74
9084:Phayer, 2000, p. 5
9002:Dalin, 2005, p. 73
8891:Dalin, 2005, p. 70
8651:The New York Times
8407:on 27 October 2008
8211:Phayer, 2008, p. 8
8184:Phayer, 2008, p. 6
8044:Summi Pontificatus
7963:; 48; October 1939
7961:Summi Pontificatus
7896:Historical Journal
7404:Discorsi Ai Medici
7196:The New York Times
7110:. pp. xv–xvi, 143.
7031:Gannon, Robert I.
6781:Vidmar, pp. 327–31
6768:Krieg, Robert A.,
6750:Volk, pp. 101, 105
6545:on 30 October 2012
6440:Phayer, 2000, p. 3
6379:Donald J. Dietrich
6082:O'Shea, pp. 86, 88
6073:Dalin, 2005, p. 47
5809:The New York Times
5756:"L'oro di Pio XII"
5561:Wannsee Conference
5384:Ardeatine massacre
5277:Summi Pontificatus
4949:
4777:The New York Times
4587:
4531:
4451:
4443:
4233:
4097:nuncio in Budapest
4033:Summi Pontificatus
3999:wrote to Reverend
3888:In 1941, Cardinal
3852:Summi Pontificatus
3798:The New York Times
3752:Summi Pontificatus
3729:
3717:
3697:
3618:occupation of Rome
3594:The New York Times
3587:voiced concern at
3535:Divini Redemptoris
3461:
3444:The New York Times
3398:Johann Georg Elser
3362:Polish Underground
3350:General Government
3313:invasion of Poland
3308:Summi Pontificatus
3301:Invasion of Poland
3265:Divini redemptoris
3241:invasion of Poland
3235:Summi Pontificatus
3229:Summi Pontificatus
3196:Summi Pontificatus
3187:
3059:Holy Face of Jesus
2938:
2882:St. Peter's Square
2850:Capital punishment
2776:
2770:Coronation of the
2706:Assumption of Mary
2696:Assumption of Mary
2665:Our Lady of Fátima
2650:
2541:
2487:Pius XII wrote in
2391:
2352:In his encyclical
2272:
2117:
2109:
2020:on 17 April 1936.
1910:Prussian Concordat
1885:
1848:
1785:Summi Pontificatus
1724:issued during the
1688:
1584:
1539:Prussian Concordat
1518:
1499:
1434:
1405:
1273:
1222:, was challenging
1210:'s success in the
1141:
1072:
906:
882:declared Pius XII
796:Assumption of Mary
660:Carlo Confalonieri
325:Opus Justitiae Pax
178:Camerlengo of the
16628:
16627:
16588:COVID-19 pandemic
16566:Pope Benedict XVI
16471:Pope John Paul II
16246:Pope Benedict XIV
16232:French Revolution
16216:Thirty Years' War
16206:Robert Bellarmine
16191:John of the Cross
16095:Pope Alexander VI
16080:Council of Vienne
16010:Francis of Assisi
16000:Pope Innocent III
15869:Early Middle Ages
15863:
15862:
15859:
15858:
15801:Arian controversy
15754:
15753:
15702:Apostolic Fathers
15353:
15352:
15317:
15316:
15209:Wandering Papacy
15172:Saeculum obscurum
15145:Under Constantine
13950:5th–8th centuries
13744:1st–4th centuries
13728:papal resignation
13632:
13631:
13545:Works on Pius XII
13391:Eastern canon law
13326:Post–World War II
13306:Foreign relations
13261:Occupied dioceses
13241:German Resistance
13116:Ad Sinarum gentem
13088:Doctor Mellifluus
12879:Illness and death
12770:
12769:
12761:Succeeded by
12729:Succeeded by
12710:Succeeded by
12678:Succeeded by
12651:Succeeded by
12624:Succeeded by
12596:Succeeded by
12568:Succeeded by
12457:Spiazzi, Raimondo
12419:Kertzer, David I.
12327:. Paulist Press.
12238:978-0-465-02229-8
12190:978-0-253-34930-9
12118:A Cross Too Heavy
12003:. Paulist Press.
11988:. Paulist Press.
11973:. Paulist Press.
11958:. Paulist Press.
11872:978-3-8442-7035-8
11858:978-3-491-72527-0
11736:Goldhagen, Daniel
11705:Friedländer, Saul
11356:978-0-8129-8995-3
10957:, 9 December 2000
10752:Dalin, 2005, p. 3
10548:, 25 January 2007
10446:Christian Century
10404:Lapide, Pinchas.
10363:on 23 August 2018
10296:A Cross Too Heavy
10131:. 20 January 2014
10109:. 19 January 2014
9894:978-0-7864-0492-6
9818:. 9 October 1958.
9606:"Pius's Children"
9528:Gilbert, Martin,
9041:Sainthood on Hold
8850:A Cross Too Heavy
8716:Dalin, David G. "
8541:Rychlak, Ronald.
8284:The Vatican Files
8166:The Vatican Files
7806:Dorothy Scallan.
7455:28, 221, 413, 574
7384:on 20 August 2017
7332:AAS, 1950, p. 753
7298:AAS, 1943, p. 305
7289:AAS, 1943, p. 297
7242:AAS, 1950, p. 657
7233:AAS, 1956, p. 357
6651:Volk, pp. 539–544
6296:Kent, 2002, p. 24
5643:Operation Seat 12
5463:Pope Benedict XVI
5427:. Then, Phayer's
5308:Gerald Steinacher
5263:A Moral Reckoning
5260:In his 2003 book
5221:Ronald J. Rychlak
5158:A Moral Reckoning
4983:'s controversial
4762:
4761:
4754:
4681:Potential miracle
4613:Pope Benedict XVI
4527:Madonna and Child
4514:Botched embalming
4493:Anima mea dominum
4463:Pascalina Lehnert
4439:Pascalina Lehnert
4429:Illness and death
4407:Pope John Paul II
4344:Alcide de Gasperi
4324:Church in Germany
4281:József Mindszenty
4265:Clemens von Galen
4253:elevated a number
4186:Post–World War II
3993:German resistance
3934:chargé d'affaires
3896:informed Pius of
3723:Pope Pius XII by
3657:Winston Churchill
3507:Aloysius Stepinac
3479:Widening conflict
3457:Bernardino Nogara
3370:Joseph L. Lichten
3183:Royal 22 Regiment
3147:Doctor evangelius
3026:Apostolic Letters
2844:Pope John Paul II
2732:Queenship of Mary
2573:Biblical research
2473:social psychology
2459:, Pius XII added
2417:Canon law reforms
2399:clerical celibacy
2356:, Pius XII links
2239:nuncio to Romania
2229:as regent of the
2101:
2100:
1878:Alfredo Ottaviani
1874:Giuseppe Pizzardo
1840:Guglielmo Marconi
1478:Gustav Stresemann
1338:Pascalina Lehnert
1277:nuncio to Bavaria
1250:regarding Italy.
1184:Winston Churchill
1153:papal chamberlain
969:Francesco Pacelli
672:
671:
668:
667:
636:13 September 1936
584:Giuseppe Pizzardo
552:
551:
421:
420:
398:
180:Apostolic Chamber
16:(Redirected from
16915:
16853:Clergy from Rome
16768:
16760:
16759:
16758:
16751:
16743:
16742:
16741:
16734:
16726:
16725:
16724:
16717:
16709:
16708:
16707:
16697:
16681:
16680:
16679:
16669:
16668:
16667:
16657:
16656:
16645:
16644:
16643:
16636:
16618:
16617:
16606:
16605:
16604:
16583:Patriarch Kirill
16456:Pope John Paul I
16261:Anti-clericalism
16241:Pope Innocent XI
16161:Society of Jesus
16146:Council of Trent
16100:Age of Discovery
16045:Late Middle Ages
15947:High Middle Ages
15937:East–West Schism
15821:Pope Sylvester I
15767:
15766:
15756:
15755:
15666:General epistles
15661:Pauline epistles
15594:John the Baptist
15577:Great Commission
15539:
15538:
15490:Catholic culture
15380:
15373:
15366:
15357:
15356:
15341:
15329:
15328:
15249:Early Modern and
15159:Byzantine Papacy
15125:
15124:
13659:
13652:
13645:
13636:
13635:
13371:Social teachings
13172:Invicti athletae
13151:Laetamur admodum
13123:Ad Caeli Reginam
13109:Ecclesiae fastos
13102:Sacra virginitas
13011:Auspicia quaedam
12990:Fulgens radiatur
12927:Sertum laetitiae
12796:
12789:
12782:
12773:
12772:
12744:Preceded by
12688:Preceded by
12661:Preceded by
12634:Preceded by
12606:Preceded by
12578:Preceded by
12552:Preceded by
12542:
12541:
12482:
12438:
12094:
11889:Stimmen der Zeit
11883:Leiber, Robert.
11880:. Da Capo Press.
11838:. Random House.
11744:. Little, Brown
11650:. Paulist Press.
11644:Cushing, Richard
11616:Coppa, Frank J.
11609:Coppa, Frank J.
11545:
11504:
11480:
11479:
11466:
11460:
11459:
11446:
11440:
11439:
11437:
11435:
11420:
11414:
11413:
11411:
11409:
11393:
11387:
11386:
11384:
11382:
11367:
11361:
11360:
11336:
11330:
11329:. February 2022.
11324:
11318:
11317:
11309:
11303:
11295:
11289:
11288:
11275:
11269:
11261:
11255:
11254:
11231:
11225:
11220:. 2009, 17 June
11215:
11209:
11208:
11206:
11204:
11186:
11180:
11179:
11177:
11175:
11160:
11154:
11153:
11151:
11149:
11138:
11132:
11129:
11123:
11120:
11114:
11111:
11105:
11102:
11096:
11095:
11094:. p. 249ff.
11080:
11074:
11060:
11058:
11056:
11047:. Archived from
11045:"Catholic guilt"
11040:
11034:
11027:
11021:
11018:
11012:
11009:
11003:
11000:
10994:
10991:
10985:
10982:
10976:
10973:
10967:
10964:
10958:
10951:
10942:
10939:
10933:
10932:
10920:
10914:
10913:
10901:
10895:
10888:Richard J. Evans
10882:Nazis on the Run
10877:
10871:
10868:Andrea Torniello
10864:Daniel Goldhagen
10852:
10846:
10845:
10824:
10815:
10814:
10812:
10810:
10805:
10793:
10787:
10772:
10766:
10759:
10753:
10750:
10744:
10721:
10715:
10703:
10692:
10691:
10689:
10687:
10673:
10664:
10661:
10655:
10648:
10642:
10635:"For God's sake"
10632:
10626:
10620:
10614:
10611:
10605:
10592:
10586:
10577:
10571:
10568:
10562:
10555:
10549:
10530:
10521:
10508:
10502:
10499:
10493:
10477:
10471:
10463:
10457:
10437:
10431:
10428:
10422:
10415:
10409:
10402:
10396:
10395:
10393:
10391:
10379:
10373:
10372:
10370:
10368:
10353:
10340:
10339:
10327:
10321:
10314:
10308:
10305:
10299:
10292:
10286:
10285:
10283:
10281:
10266:
10260:
10257:
10251:
10250:
10248:
10246:
10235:
10229:
10228:
10226:
10224:
10213:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10202:
10191:
10185:
10184:
10182:
10180:
10169:
10163:
10162:
10160:
10158:
10147:
10141:
10140:
10138:
10136:
10125:
10119:
10118:
10116:
10114:
10103:
10097:
10096:
10094:
10092:
10084:Ben-zvi, Gidon.
10081:
10075:
10074:
10072:
10070:
10059:
10053:
10042:
10036:
10022:
10016:
10013:
10007:
10006:
10004:
10002:
9987:
9981:
9971:
9965:
9958:
9952:
9951:
9949:
9947:
9927:
9921:
9917:Associated Press
9912:
9899:
9898:
9878:
9867:
9866:
9864:
9862:
9840:
9834:
9833:
9826:
9820:
9819:
9808:
9799:
9796:
9790:
9789:
9787:
9785:
9774:
9768:
9765:
9759:
9750:
9744:
9737:
9731:
9730:Schneider, p. 80
9728:
9722:
9719:
9713:
9710:
9704:
9701:
9695:
9694:Ventresca, p.284
9692:
9686:
9683:
9677:
9669:
9663:
9660:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9649:
9626:
9620:
9602:
9596:
9585:
9578:
9572:
9569:
9563:
9548:
9542:
9539:
9533:
9526:
9520:
9517:
9511:
9508:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9497:
9483:
9477:
9476:
9464:
9458:
9455:
9449:
9446:
9440:
9437:
9431:
9430:
9428:
9426:
9415:
9409:
9406:
9400:
9391:Zolli, Eugenio.
9389:
9383:
9380:
9374:
9372:
9368:
9362:
9359:
9353:
9350:
9344:
9335:
9329:
9322:
9316:
9315:
9313:
9311:
9305:Associated Press
9296:
9290:
9289:
9287:
9285:
9262:
9253:
9246:
9240:
9231:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9220:
9205:
9199:
9198:
9190:
9184:
9178:
9172:
9166:
9160:
9157:
9151:
9148:
9142:
9139:
9133:
9126:
9120:
9117:
9111:
9104:
9098:
9091:
9085:
9082:
9073:
9070:
9061:
9058:
9045:
9044:
9036:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9009:
9003:
9000:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8989:
8973:
8967:
8964:
8955:
8948:
8942:
8935:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8910:
8901:
8898:
8892:
8889:
8883:
8877:
8871:
8859:
8853:
8846:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8817:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8806:
8791:
8785:
8782:
8776:
8773:
8767:
8764:
8758:
8755:
8749:
8748:; 9 October 2008
8743:
8737:
8734:
8728:
8714:
8708:
8705:
8699:
8696:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8685:
8680:on 23 March 2012
8669:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8643:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8632:
8627:on 2 August 2008
8613:
8607:
8606:
8588:
8582:
8579:
8573:
8570:
8564:
8561:
8555:
8552:
8546:
8539:
8533:
8526:
8520:
8513:
8507:
8504:
8498:
8497:; web April 2013
8489:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8478:
8464:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8450:
8439:
8433:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8401:"Hitler's Pope?"
8396:
8390:
8377:Dalin, David G.
8375:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8354:
8348:
8347:; web April 2013
8338:
8332:
8325:
8314:
8307:
8301:
8294:
8288:
8279:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8268:
8257:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8246:
8235:
8226:
8225:
8218:
8212:
8209:
8203:
8200:
8194:
8191:
8185:
8182:
8176:
8161:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8150:
8134:
8128:
8124:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8097:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8083:
8067:
8056:
8039:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8028:
8012:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7998:
7982:
7973:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7945:
7929:
7920:
7919:
7891:
7885:
7882:
7876:
7873:
7867:
7866:
7846:
7840:
7833:
7827:
7824:
7818:
7804:
7798:
7784:
7778:
7767:
7761:
7754:
7748:
7745:
7739:
7733:
7727:
7724:
7718:
7712:
7706:
7700:
7694:
7688:
7682:
7676:
7670:
7667:
7661:
7647:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7636:
7625:"Univ of Dayton"
7621:
7615:
7614:
7604:
7598:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7576:
7570:
7564:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7499:
7490:. Archived from
7484:
7478:
7471:
7465:
7462:
7456:
7452:
7446:
7432:
7426:
7413:
7407:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7370:
7364:
7357:
7351:
7350:AAS 1954, p. 625
7348:
7342:
7341:AAS 1953, p. 577
7339:
7333:
7330:
7324:
7318:
7312:
7305:
7299:
7296:
7290:
7287:
7281:
7267:
7261:
7260:AAS 1957, p. 272
7258:
7252:
7249:
7243:
7240:
7234:
7231:
7225:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7166:
7160:
7153:
7147:
7140:
7134:
7127:
7121:
7117:
7111:
7096:
7090:
7086:
7080:
7077:
7071:
7068:
7062:
7055:
7049:
7042:
7036:
7029:
7023:
7016:Francis Spellman
7012:
7006:
6995:
6989:
6986:
6980:
6973:
6967:
6964:
6958:
6951:
6945:
6938:
6932:
6929:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6901:Catholic Forum.
6899:
6893:
6890:
6884:
6869:
6863:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6843:
6837:. Archived from
6836:
6828:
6822:
6819:
6813:
6805:
6799:
6797:
6788:
6782:
6779:
6773:
6766:
6760:
6757:
6751:
6748:
6742:
6739:
6733:
6732:Volk, pp. 98–101
6730:
6724:
6717:
6711:
6710:, pp. 34f, 45–58
6704:
6698:
6691:
6685:
6664:, Bavaria 1924,
6658:
6652:
6649:
6643:
6633:
6627:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6594:
6588:
6581:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6535:
6529:
6526:
6520:
6516:
6510:
6492:
6483:
6480:
6474:
6471:
6460:
6459:
6447:
6441:
6438:
6432:
6414:
6408:
6395:
6389:
6372:
6366:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6348:
6341:
6335:
6334:Cornwell, p. 121
6332:
6326:
6312:
6306:
6305:Cornwell, p. 115
6303:
6297:
6294:
6288:
6275:
6269:
6263:
6254:
6251:
6245:
6242:
6236:
6233:
6227:
6224:
6218:
6215:
6209:
6206:
6200:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6170:
6164:
6161:
6155:
6152:
6146:
6143:
6137:
6134:
6128:
6125:
6119:
6116:
6110:
6107:
6101:
6098:
6092:
6089:
6083:
6080:
6074:
6071:
6065:
6062:
6056:
6049:
6043:
6040:
6029:
6026:
6017:
6014:
6008:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5987:
5984:
5975:
5972:
5966:
5963:
5957:
5954:
5948:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5905:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5887:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5857:
5848:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5766:on 13 April 2013
5752:
5746:
5745:
5727:
5721:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5687:
5665:
5659:
5483:Synod of Bishops
5312:Nazis on the Run
5268:Daniel Goldhagen
5255:Denis Mack Smith
5251:Michael Burleigh
5247:Cardinal Winning
5243:Clifford Longley
5154:Daniel Goldhagen
5026:campaign, named
5016:Ion Mihai Pacepa
4997:. An article in
4914:Kevin J. Madigan
4863:and Chief Rabbi
4781:and the Nazis."
4764:During the war,
4757:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4737:
4711:
4710:
4703:
4595:Pope Pius XII's
4523:The Pope of Mary
4455:Domenico Tardini
4309:elevated in 1953
4305:Stefan Wyszyński
4297:Valerian Gracias
4277:Johannes de Jong
4167:Andrea Tornielli
3982:Domenico Tardini
3919:nuncio to France
3890:Theodor Innitzer
3840:Action Française
3789:Benito Mussolini
3777:Benito Mussolini
3630:Robert A. Graham
3485:Benito Mussolini
3201:Pope Benedict XV
3139:Anthony of Padua
3120:Pope Innocent XI
2934:Pasquale Sarullo
2779:Medical theology
2756:Social teachings
2727:Ad caeli reginam
2615:Role of theology
2605:biblical studies
2457:Sedis Sapientiae
2387:Sedia gestatoria
2311:Domenico Tardini
2270:
2269: 1939 – 40
2267:
2235:Gerald P. O'Hara
2227:Joseph P. Hurley
2223:Francis Spellman
2192:Domenico Tardini
2092:Posthumous style
2059:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2003:Bishop of Passau
1856:(seated, center)
1685:Agustín P. Justo
1654:Heinrich Brüning
1627:Lateran treaties
1507:Georgi Chicherin
1371:
1296:Fatima, Portugal
1232:prisoners of war
1212:First Balkan War
1196:Pope Benedict XV
1157:domestic prelate
988:Benito Mussolini
937:
926:
870:. He was made a
808:
720:treaty with the
689:
684:
632:Maurilio Silvani
606:8 September 1932
596:14 February 1932
563:
558:
557:
548:16 December 1929
535:
497:Agostino Zampini
494:
486:Pope Benedict XV
459:
445:
440:
439:
433:
429:
423:
422:
400:
399:
352:
340:
327:
274:
261:Kingdom of Italy
252:
250:
234:Personal details
224:16 December 1929
221:Created cardinal
116:Previous post(s)
64:Pius XII in 1951
62:
32:
31:
21:
16923:
16922:
16918:
16917:
16916:
16914:
16913:
16912:
16883:Venerated popes
16773:
16772:
16771:
16761:
16756:
16754:
16750:from Wikisource
16744:
16739:
16737:
16727:
16722:
16720:
16710:
16705:
16703:
16700:
16696:sister projects
16693:at Knowledge's
16687:
16677:
16675:
16665:
16663:
16651:
16641:
16639:
16631:
16629:
16624:
16612:
16602:
16600:
16592:
16514:World Youth Day
16492:
16481:World Youth Day
16425:Pacem in terris
16419:Pope John XXIII
16358:
16285:
16276:Edict of Nantes
16234:
16230:
16220:
16186:Teresa of Ávila
16181:Tridentine Mass
16117:
16113:
16104:
16085:Knights Templar
16039:
15941:
15897:Gregorian chant
15855:
15781:
15778:
15775:
15773:
15762:
15750:
15677:
15546:
15534:
15526:
15393:
15391:Catholic Church
15384:
15354:
15349:
15313:
15296:(1929–present)
15250:
15244:
15198:Tusculan Papacy
15190:
15184:
15165:Frankish Papacy
15130:
15114:
14928:
14642:
14241:
13945:
13739:
13672:
13670:Catholic Church
13663:
13633:
13628:
13612:
13607:The Pope's Jews
13540:
13487:
13441:
13410:
13357:
13319:Reichskonkordat
13300:
13296:Bombing of Rome
13246:Nazi euthanasia
13205:
13200:Meminisse iuvat
13186:Miranda prorsus
13158:Datis nuperrime
13137:Haurietis aquas
13004:Optatissima pax
12934:Saeculo exeunte
12911:
12909:
12903:
12892:
12843:
12812:
12805:
12800:
12766:
12757:
12749:
12734:
12725:
12715:
12706:
12700:
12693:
12683:
12674:
12666:
12656:
12647:
12639:
12637:Pietro Gasparri
12629:
12620:
12611:
12601:
12592:
12583:
12573:
12564:
12555:
12554:Giuseppe Aversa
12504:
12471:
12435:
12414:
12412:Further reading
12409:
12390:Zuccotti, Susan
12376:Before the Dawn
12284:Rota, Olivier.
12232:. Basic Books.
12163:Phayer, Michael
12092:
11903:Lapide, Pinchas
11553:
11543:
11502:
11489:
11487:Primary sources
11484:
11483:
11478:. 21 July 2024.
11468:
11467:
11463:
11458:. 21 July 2024.
11448:
11447:
11443:
11433:
11431:
11429:The Independent
11421:
11417:
11407:
11405:
11394:
11390:
11380:
11378:
11368:
11364:
11357:
11337:
11333:
11325:
11321:
11310:
11306:
11296:
11292:
11287:. 4 March 2019.
11284:TheGuardian.com
11277:
11276:
11272:
11262:
11258:
11251:
11233:
11232:
11228:
11216:
11212:
11202:
11200:
11187:
11183:
11173:
11171:
11162:
11161:
11157:
11147:
11145:
11140:
11139:
11135:
11130:
11126:
11121:
11117:
11112:
11108:
11103:
11099:
11081:
11077:
11054:
11052:
11041:
11037:
11033:. 24 July 2001.
11028:
11024:
11019:
11015:
11010:
11006:
11001:
10997:
10992:
10988:
10983:
10979:
10974:
10970:
10965:
10961:
10952:
10945:
10940:
10936:
10921:
10917:
10902:
10898:
10878:
10874:
10853:
10849:
10842:
10825:
10818:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10799:National Review
10795:
10794:
10790:
10784:Wayback Machine
10773:
10769:
10760:
10756:
10751:
10747:
10733:Wayback Machine
10722:
10718:
10704:
10695:
10685:
10683:
10675:
10674:
10667:
10662:
10658:
10650:John Cornwell,
10649:
10645:
10633:
10629:
10621:
10617:
10612:
10608:
10593:
10589:
10578:
10574:
10569:
10565:
10556:
10552:
10540:Wayback Machine
10531:
10524:
10510:Giovanni Sale,
10509:
10505:
10500:
10496:
10489:Wayback Machine
10479:Lichten, 1963,
10478:
10474:
10464:
10460:
10438:
10434:
10429:
10425:
10416:
10412:
10403:
10399:
10389:
10387:
10380:
10376:
10366:
10364:
10355:
10354:
10343:
10328:
10324:
10315:
10311:
10306:
10302:
10293:
10289:
10279:
10277:
10276:on 31 July 2010
10268:
10267:
10263:
10258:
10254:
10244:
10242:
10237:
10236:
10232:
10222:
10220:
10215:
10214:
10210:
10200:
10198:
10193:
10192:
10188:
10178:
10176:
10171:
10170:
10166:
10156:
10154:
10149:
10148:
10144:
10134:
10132:
10127:
10126:
10122:
10112:
10110:
10105:
10104:
10100:
10090:
10088:
10082:
10078:
10068:
10066:
10060:
10056:
10043:
10039:
10033:Wayback Machine
10023:
10019:
10014:
10010:
10000:
9998:
9997:on 12 June 2007
9989:
9988:
9984:
9972:
9968:
9959:
9955:
9945:
9943:
9928:
9924:
9913:
9902:
9895:
9879:
9870:
9860:
9858:
9842:
9841:
9837:
9828:
9827:
9823:
9810:
9809:
9802:
9797:
9793:
9783:
9781:
9776:
9775:
9771:
9766:
9762:
9751:
9747:
9738:
9734:
9729:
9725:
9720:
9716:
9711:
9707:
9702:
9698:
9693:
9689:
9684:
9680:
9670:
9666:
9661:
9657:
9647:
9645:
9627:
9623:
9619:. 1 April 2006.
9613:Wayback Machine
9603:
9599:
9593:Wayback Machine
9583:
9579:
9575:
9570:
9566:
9560:Wayback Machine
9549:
9545:
9540:
9536:
9527:
9523:
9518:
9514:
9509:
9505:
9495:
9493:
9485:
9484:
9480:
9465:
9461:
9456:
9452:
9447:
9443:
9438:
9434:
9424:
9422:
9417:
9416:
9412:
9407:
9403:
9393:Before the Dawn
9390:
9386:
9381:
9377:
9370:
9369:
9365:
9360:
9356:
9351:
9347:
9336:
9332:
9323:
9319:
9309:
9307:
9297:
9293:
9283:
9281:
9264:
9263:
9256:
9248:Hilberg, Raul,
9247:
9243:
9233:Hilberg, Raul,
9232:
9228:
9218:
9216:
9207:
9206:
9202:
9197:. Random House.
9191:
9187:
9179:
9175:
9167:
9163:
9158:
9154:
9149:
9145:
9140:
9136:
9127:
9123:
9118:
9114:
9105:
9101:
9092:
9088:
9083:
9076:
9071:
9064:
9059:
9048:
9037:
9033:
9023:
9021:
9010:
9006:
9001:
8997:
8987:
8985:
8974:
8970:
8965:
8958:
8949:
8945:
8936:
8932:
8922:
8920:
8918:www.30giorni.it
8912:
8911:
8904:
8899:
8895:
8890:
8886:
8878:
8874:
8860:
8856:
8847:
8843:
8833:
8831:
8819:
8818:
8814:
8804:
8802:
8793:
8792:
8788:
8783:
8779:
8774:
8770:
8765:
8761:
8756:
8752:
8744:
8740:
8735:
8731:
8725:Wayback Machine
8715:
8711:
8706:
8702:
8697:
8693:
8683:
8681:
8670:
8666:
8656:
8654:
8653:. 27 March 1942
8645:
8644:
8640:
8630:
8628:
8615:
8614:
8610:
8603:
8589:
8585:
8580:
8576:
8571:
8567:
8562:
8558:
8553:
8549:
8540:
8536:
8527:
8523:
8514:
8510:
8505:
8501:
8490:
8486:
8476:
8474:
8466:
8465:
8458:
8448:
8446:
8441:
8440:
8436:
8424:
8420:
8410:
8408:
8397:
8393:
8376:
8372:
8362:
8360:
8356:
8355:
8351:
8339:
8335:
8326:
8317:
8308:
8304:
8295:
8291:
8280:
8276:
8266:
8264:
8259:
8258:
8254:
8244:
8242:
8237:
8236:
8229:
8220:
8219:
8215:
8210:
8206:
8201:
8197:
8192:
8188:
8183:
8179:
8175:, 26 April 1940
8162:
8158:
8148:
8146:
8135:
8131:
8125:
8121:
8111:
8109:
8098:
8091:
8081:
8079:
8068:
8059:
8053:Wayback Machine
8040:
8036:
8026:
8024:
8013:
8006:
7996:
7994:
7983:
7976:
7970:Wayback Machine
7957:
7953:
7943:
7941:
7930:
7923:
7892:
7888:
7883:
7879:
7874:
7870:
7863:
7847:
7843:
7834:
7830:
7825:
7821:
7805:
7801:
7785:
7781:
7768:
7764:
7755:
7751:
7746:
7742:
7734:
7730:
7725:
7721:
7713:
7709:
7703:Sempiternus Rex
7701:
7697:
7689:
7685:
7677:
7673:
7668:
7664:
7648:
7644:
7634:
7632:
7623:
7622:
7618:
7605:
7601:
7592:
7588:
7577:
7573:
7565:
7558:
7548:
7546:
7538:
7537:
7533:
7523:
7521:
7511:
7507:
7497:
7495:
7486:
7485:
7481:
7473:Pius XII, Enc.
7472:
7468:
7463:
7459:
7453:
7449:
7433:
7429:
7423:Wayback Machine
7414:
7410:
7401:
7397:
7387:
7385:
7372:
7371:
7367:
7359:Pius XII, Enc.
7358:
7354:
7349:
7345:
7340:
7336:
7331:
7327:
7319:
7315:
7307:Pius XII, Enc.
7306:
7302:
7297:
7293:
7288:
7284:
7268:
7264:
7259:
7255:
7251:AAS 1954 p. 313
7250:
7246:
7241:
7237:
7232:
7228:
7223:
7219:
7209:
7207:
7187:
7183:
7178:. 23 July 1945.
7168:
7167:
7163:
7154:
7150:
7141:
7137:
7128:
7124:
7118:
7114:
7097:
7093:
7087:
7083:
7078:
7074:
7069:
7065:
7056:
7052:
7043:
7039:
7030:
7026:
7013:
7009:
6996:
6992:
6987:
6983:
6974:
6970:
6965:
6961:
6952:
6948:
6939:
6935:
6930:
6926:
6920:
6916:
6910:Wayback Machine
6900:
6896:
6891:
6887:
6870:
6866:
6861:
6857:
6847:
6845:
6844:on 4 March 2016
6841:
6834:
6830:
6829:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6806:
6802:
6795:
6789:
6785:
6780:
6776:
6767:
6763:
6758:
6754:
6749:
6745:
6740:
6736:
6731:
6727:
6719:Klaus Scholder
6718:
6714:
6705:
6701:
6692:
6688:
6660:They included:
6659:
6655:
6650:
6646:
6634:
6630:
6621:
6617:
6607:
6605:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6582:
6578:
6572:
6568:
6562:
6558:
6548:
6546:
6537:
6536:
6532:
6527:
6523:
6517:
6513:
6503:Wayback Machine
6493:
6486:
6481:
6477:
6472:
6463:
6448:
6444:
6439:
6435:
6425:Wayback Machine
6415:
6411:
6396:
6392:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6360:
6355:
6351:
6342:
6338:
6333:
6329:
6313:
6309:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6276:
6272:
6264:
6257:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6225:
6221:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6203:
6198:
6194:
6187:
6171:
6167:
6163:Cornwell, p. 75
6162:
6158:
6153:
6149:
6145:Cornwell, p. 73
6144:
6140:
6135:
6131:
6126:
6122:
6117:
6113:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6095:
6090:
6086:
6081:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6064:Cornwell, p. 32
6063:
6059:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6032:
6027:
6020:
6015:
6011:
6006:
6002:
5997:
5990:
5985:
5978:
5974:Cornwell, p. 23
5973:
5969:
5965:Cornwell, p. 22
5964:
5960:
5955:
5951:
5946:
5942:
5932:
5930:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5912:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5871:
5869:
5858:
5851:
5835:
5831:
5821:
5819:
5801:
5797:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5769:
5767:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5728:
5724:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5660:
5656:
5651:
5609:
5598:
5572:The Pope at War
5537:of Pius XII as
5531:
5519:Wilhelm Canaris
5514:Church of Spies
5392:
5334:
5328:
5087:
5079:Main articles:
5077:
5049:
5043:
5032:moral authority
4938:
4932:
4873:
4772:totalitarianism
4758:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4727:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4696:
4683:
4593:
4579:
4571:Pope John XXIII
4566:
4551:Castel Gandolfo
4516:
4431:
4380:
4374:
4369:
4333:Catholic Action
4320:Aloisius Muench
4301:Pope John XXIII
4267:of Münster and
4218:
4188:
4179:Finaly children
4143:Pope John XXIII
4132:
4126:
3978:The Pope at War
3906:Philippe Pétain
3842:, a virulently
3832:Charles Maurras
3825:Banco do Brasil
3811:to issue 3,000
3781:Vatican Library
3713:occupied Poland
3690:Cesare Orsenigo
3683:
3667:Main articles:
3665:
3649:
3624:and the Jesuit
3555:Empire of Japan
3481:
3467:bombing by the
3386:Myron C. Taylor
3378:
3339:Kazimierz Papée
3303:
3231:
3226:
3224:Outbreak of war
3175:
3161:
3155:
3097:
3089:Main articles:
3087:
3075:Shroud of Turin
3055:
3046:Miranda Prorsus
3040:The Ideal Movie
3005:Sempiternus Rex
2920:
2912:Main articles:
2910:
2870:
2852:
2831:
2825:
2812:
2804:family planning
2795:
2781:
2764:
2758:
2750:Castel Gandolfo
2740:summarizes his
2698:
2690:Main articles:
2688:
2661:
2655:
2634:
2617:
2583:The encyclical
2581:
2575:
2570:
2518:
2512:
2461:social sciences
2450:
2429:Uniate Churches
2425:
2419:
2350:
2338:Main articles:
2336:
2334:Liturgy reforms
2331:
2268:
2258:
2252:
2219:Sebastian Tromp
2184:nuncio in Paris
2176:
2084:Religious style
2065:Reference style
2047:
2045:
2043:Papal styles of
2042:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2011:
1999:Reichskonkordat
1972:Reichskonkordat
1964:Reichskonkordat
1949:Franz von Papen
1926:Reichskonkordat
1889:Reichskonkordat
1882:Rudolf Buttmann
1870:Franz von Papen
1861:Reichskonkordat
1832:
1826:Reichskonkordat
1822:
1815:Reichskonkordat
1728:. According to
1658:Franz von Papen
1639:Catholic Action
1607:Baden Concordat
1588:Cardinal-Priest
1568:
1547:Weimar Republic
1497:in 1927 Germany
1389:Tobias Akselrod
1369:
1353:had formed the
1325:and Chancellor
1262:
1256:
1224:Austria-Hungary
1178:, accompanying
1114:Pietro Gasparri
1064:
1059:
1027:Collegio Romano
1011:First Communion
950:Ernesto Pacelli
931:
920:
918:Filippo Pacelli
898:
892:
734:Reichskonkordat
717:Reichskonkordat
692:Catholic Church
682:
654:29 October 1939
616:4 February 1934
570:
561:
533:
528:
498:
493:Co-consecrators
492:
477:
457:
452:
443:
434:
431:
430:
427:
410:
409:
408:
407:
406:
404:
401:
393:
390:
366:Catholic Church
315:
278:Castel Gandolfo
276:
272:
263:
254:
248:
246:
245:
244:
225:
212:
199:
185:
74:Catholic Church
65:
46:
43:
42:
28:
23:
22:
18:Eugenio Pacelli
15:
12:
11:
5:
16921:
16911:
16910:
16905:
16900:
16895:
16890:
16885:
16880:
16875:
16870:
16865:
16860:
16855:
16850:
16848:Pacelli family
16845:
16840:
16835:
16830:
16825:
16820:
16815:
16810:
16805:
16800:
16795:
16790:
16785:
16770:
16769:
16752:
16735:
16733:from Wikiquote
16718:
16689:
16686:
16685:
16673:
16661:
16649:
16626:
16625:
16623:
16622:
16610:
16597:
16594:
16593:
16591:
16590:
16585:
16580:
16573:
16568:
16563:
16562:
16561:
16556:
16551:
16546:
16541:
16536:
16531:
16526:
16521:
16511:
16506:
16500:
16498:
16494:
16493:
16491:
16490:
16489:
16488:
16478:
16473:
16468:
16463:
16458:
16453:
16443:
16438:
16433:
16428:
16421:
16416:
16409:
16404:
16402:Lateran Treaty
16399:
16394:
16389:
16384:
16379:
16374:
16368:
16366:
16360:
16359:
16357:
16356:
16349:
16344:
16339:
16334:
16329:
16324:
16319:
16314:
16309:
16304:
16299:
16293:
16291:
16287:
16286:
16284:
16283:
16278:
16273:
16268:
16263:
16258:
16253:
16248:
16243:
16237:
16235:
16227:Baroque period
16225:
16222:
16221:
16219:
16218:
16213:
16208:
16203:
16198:
16196:Peter Canisius
16193:
16188:
16183:
16178:
16173:
16171:Francis Xavier
16168:
16163:
16158:
16153:
16148:
16143:
16138:
16135:Exsurge Domine
16131:
16126:
16120:
16118:
16109:
16106:
16105:
16103:
16102:
16097:
16092:
16087:
16082:
16077:
16075:Pope Clement V
16072:
16071:
16070:
16068:Avignon Papacy
16063:Western Schism
16060:
16055:
16053:Thomas Aquinas
16049:
16047:
16041:
16040:
16038:
16037:
16032:
16027:
16022:
16017:
16012:
16007:
16002:
15997:
15992:
15987:
15982:
15977:
15972:
15967:
15962:
15957:
15951:
15949:
15943:
15942:
15940:
15939:
15934:
15929:
15924:
15919:
15914:
15909:
15907:Saint Boniface
15904:
15899:
15894:
15892:Pope Gregory I
15889:
15884:
15879:
15873:
15871:
15865:
15864:
15861:
15860:
15857:
15856:
15854:
15853:
15848:
15843:
15838:
15833:
15831:Biblical canon
15828:
15823:
15818:
15813:
15808:
15803:
15798:
15797:
15796:
15785:
15783:
15764:
15760:Late antiquity
15752:
15751:
15749:
15748:
15743:
15738:
15733:
15728:
15727:
15726:
15721:
15720:
15719:
15714:
15709:
15707:Pope Clement I
15697:Church Fathers
15694:
15688:
15686:
15679:
15678:
15676:
15675:
15674:
15673:
15668:
15663:
15658:
15653:
15648:
15638:
15633:
15628:
15623:
15622:
15621:
15616:
15611:
15606:
15596:
15591:
15586:
15581:
15580:
15579:
15574:
15569:
15564:
15553:
15551:
15536:
15528:
15527:
15525:
15524:
15519:
15514:
15509:
15504:
15503:
15502:
15497:
15487:
15482:
15477:
15472:
15467:
15466:
15465:
15460:
15458:Biblical canon
15453:Catholic Bible
15450:
15449:
15448:
15438:
15437:
15436:
15426:
15421:
15416:
15415:
15414:
15403:
15401:
15395:
15394:
15383:
15382:
15375:
15368:
15360:
15351:
15350:
15348:
15347:
15335:
15322:
15319:
15318:
15315:
15314:
15312:
15311:
15310:
15309:
15303:
15291:
15288:Roman Question
15285:
15279:
15278:(c. 1640–1740)
15273:
15270:Baroque Papacy
15267:
15261:
15254:
15252:
15246:
15245:
15243:
15242:
15239:Western Schism
15236:
15233:Avignon Papacy
15230:
15229:
15228:
15222:
15216:
15207:
15201:
15194:
15192:
15186:
15185:
15183:
15182:
15179:Crescentii era
15176:
15168:
15162:
15156:
15150:
15149:
15148:
15135:
15133:
15122:
15116:
15115:
15113:
15112:
15107:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15087:
15082:
15077:
15072:
15067:
15062:
15057:
15052:
15047:
15042:
15037:
15032:
15027:
15022:
15017:
15012:
15007:
15002:
14997:
14992:
14987:
14985:Alexander VIII
14982:
14977:
14972:
14967:
14962:
14957:
14952:
14947:
14942:
14936:
14934:
14930:
14929:
14927:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14911:
14906:
14901:
14896:
14891:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14861:
14856:
14851:
14846:
14841:
14836:
14831:
14826:
14821:
14816:
14811:
14806:
14801:
14796:
14791:
14786:
14781:
14776:
14771:
14766:
14761:
14756:
14751:
14746:
14741:
14736:
14731:
14726:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14650:
14648:
14644:
14643:
14641:
14640:
14635:
14630:
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14590:
14585:
14580:
14575:
14570:
14565:
14560:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14525:
14520:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14500:
14495:
14490:
14485:
14480:
14475:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14440:
14435:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14400:
14395:
14390:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14368:Anastasius III
14365:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14265:
14260:
14255:
14249:
14247:
14243:
14242:
14240:
14239:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14219:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14199:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14179:
14174:
14169:
14164:
14159:
14154:
14149:
14144:
14139:
14134:
14129:
14124:
14119:
14114:
14109:
14104:
14099:
14094:
14089:
14084:
14079:
14074:
14069:
14064:
14059:
14054:
14049:
14044:
14039:
14034:
14029:
14024:
14019:
14014:
14009:
14004:
13999:
13994:
13989:
13984:
13979:
13974:
13969:
13964:
13959:
13953:
13951:
13947:
13946:
13944:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13923:
13918:
13913:
13908:
13903:
13898:
13893:
13888:
13883:
13878:
13873:
13868:
13863:
13858:
13853:
13848:
13843:
13838:
13833:
13828:
13823:
13818:
13813:
13808:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13747:
13745:
13741:
13740:
13738:
13737:
13732:
13731:
13730:
13720:
13715:
13714:
13713:
13708:
13700:
13695:
13694:
13693:
13688:
13677:
13674:
13673:
13662:
13661:
13654:
13647:
13639:
13630:
13629:
13627:
13626:
13620:
13618:
13614:
13613:
13611:
13610:
13603:
13596:
13589:
13582:
13577:
13570:
13563:
13556:
13548:
13546:
13542:
13541:
13539:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13513:
13508:
13503:
13497:
13495:
13489:
13488:
13486:
13485:
13480:
13475:
13470:
13465:
13460:
13455:
13449:
13447:
13443:
13442:
13440:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13418:
13416:
13412:
13411:
13409:
13408:
13403:
13401:Beatifications
13398:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13367:
13365:
13359:
13358:
13356:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13328:
13323:
13310:
13308:
13302:
13301:
13299:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13278:
13273:
13268:
13263:
13258:
13253:
13248:
13243:
13238:
13233:
13232:
13231:
13226:
13215:
13213:
13207:
13206:
13204:
13203:
13196:
13189:
13182:
13175:
13168:
13161:
13154:
13147:
13140:
13133:
13130:Musicae sacrae
13126:
13119:
13112:
13105:
13098:
13095:Fulgens corona
13091:
13084:
13077:
13070:
13063:
13056:
13053:Mirabile illud
13049:
13046:Humani generis
13042:
13039:Summi maeroris
13035:
13028:
13021:
13014:
13007:
13000:
12993:
12986:
12979:
12972:
12965:
12958:
12951:
12944:
12937:
12930:
12923:
12915:
12913:
12908:Encyclicals in
12905:
12904:
12895:
12893:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12849:
12845:
12844:
12842:
12841:
12831:
12825:
12819:
12810:
12807:
12806:
12799:
12798:
12791:
12784:
12776:
12768:
12767:
12762:
12759:
12750:
12745:
12741:
12740:
12739:Regnal titles
12736:
12735:
12730:
12727:
12717:
12716:
12711:
12708:
12694:
12689:
12685:
12684:
12679:
12676:
12667:
12662:
12658:
12657:
12654:Luigi Maglione
12652:
12649:
12640:
12635:
12631:
12630:
12625:
12622:
12615:Archpriest of
12612:
12607:
12603:
12602:
12597:
12594:
12584:
12579:
12575:
12574:
12571:Arthur Hinsley
12569:
12566:
12556:
12553:
12549:
12548:
12540:
12539:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12503:
12502:External links
12500:
12499:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12469:
12453:
12446:
12439:
12433:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12407:
12387:
12369:
12359:Pope and Devil
12355:
12336:
12318:
12311:
12304:
12289:
12282:
12264:
12249:
12224:Riebling, Mark
12221:
12207:
12200:
12193:
12178:
12160:
12146:
12139:
12129:
12114:
12107:
12090:
12075:
12060:
12053:
12038:
12027:
12012:
11997:
11982:
11967:
11952:
11945:
11927:
11912:
11900:
11893:
11881:
11874:
11860:
11846:
11832:Kertzer, David
11829:
11812:
11802:
11792:
11778:
11762:
11752:
11733:
11719:
11702:
11685:
11671:
11654:Dalin, David G
11651:
11641:
11624:Cornwell, John
11621:
11614:
11607:
11593:Chadwick, Owen
11590:
11583:
11569:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11548:
11547:
11537:
11519:
11513:
11506:
11496:
11488:
11485:
11482:
11481:
11461:
11441:
11415:
11388:
11362:
11355:
11331:
11319:
11304:
11290:
11279:"The Guardian"
11270:
11256:
11249:
11226:
11218:Jerusalem Post
11210:
11181:
11155:
11133:
11124:
11115:
11106:
11097:
11075:
11035:
11022:
11013:
11004:
10995:
10986:
10977:
10968:
10959:
10943:
10934:
10915:
10896:
10894:; 24 June 2011
10872:
10856:Michael Phayer
10847:
10840:
10816:
10788:
10767:
10754:
10745:
10737:Martin Gilbert
10725:Hitler's Pope?
10716:
10714:; 16 July 2008
10693:
10681:Britannica.com
10665:
10656:
10654:(2004), p. 193
10643:
10627:
10615:
10606:
10587:
10572:
10563:
10557:Blet, Pierre.
10550:
10522:
10503:
10494:
10472:
10458:
10432:
10423:
10410:
10397:
10374:
10341:
10322:
10309:
10300:
10287:
10261:
10252:
10230:
10208:
10186:
10164:
10142:
10120:
10098:
10076:
10054:
10037:
10017:
10008:
9982:
9966:
9953:
9922:
9900:
9893:
9884:Modern Mummies
9868:
9835:
9821:
9800:
9791:
9769:
9760:
9755:Humani generis
9745:
9732:
9723:
9714:
9705:
9696:
9687:
9678:
9664:
9655:
9621:
9597:
9573:
9564:
9562:, 24 June 2009
9543:
9534:
9521:
9512:
9503:
9478:
9459:
9450:
9441:
9432:
9410:
9401:
9384:
9375:
9363:
9354:
9345:
9330:
9326:Polish Victims
9317:
9291:
9254:
9241:
9226:
9200:
9185:
9173:
9161:
9152:
9143:
9134:
9121:
9112:
9099:
9086:
9074:
9062:
9046:
9031:
9020:on 3 July 2013
9004:
8995:
8984:on 3 July 2013
8968:
8956:
8943:
8930:
8902:
8893:
8884:
8872:
8862:Cornwell, John
8854:
8841:
8829:Britannica.com
8812:
8786:
8777:
8768:
8759:
8750:
8738:
8729:
8709:
8700:
8691:
8664:
8638:
8608:
8602:978-1258163464
8601:
8583:
8574:
8565:
8556:
8547:
8534:
8521:
8517:Unholy Trinity
8508:
8499:
8484:
8472:Britannica.com
8456:
8434:
8418:
8391:
8370:
8349:
8333:
8315:
8302:
8289:
8274:
8252:
8227:
8213:
8204:
8195:
8186:
8177:
8156:
8145:on 3 July 2013
8129:
8119:
8108:on 3 July 2013
8089:
8078:on 3 July 2013
8057:
8034:
8023:on 3 July 2013
8004:
7993:on 3 July 2013
7974:
7951:
7940:on 3 July 2013
7921:
7902:(4): 1029–48.
7886:
7877:
7868:
7861:
7841:
7828:
7819:
7799:
7779:
7762:
7749:
7740:
7736:Fulgens corona
7728:
7719:
7707:
7695:
7683:
7671:
7662:
7642:
7631:on 8 June 2010
7616:
7599:
7586:
7571:
7556:
7531:
7505:
7479:
7475:Humani generis
7466:
7464:Leiber, p. 411
7457:
7447:
7427:
7408:
7395:
7365:
7352:
7343:
7334:
7325:
7321:Humani generis
7313:
7309:Humani generis
7300:
7291:
7282:
7280:(1943), p. 305
7271:Humani generis
7262:
7253:
7244:
7235:
7226:
7217:
7181:
7161:
7148:
7135:
7122:
7112:
7091:
7081:
7072:
7063:
7050:
7037:
7024:
7007:
6990:
6981:
6968:
6959:
6946:
6933:
6924:
6914:
6894:
6885:
6864:
6855:
6823:
6814:
6800:
6783:
6774:
6761:
6752:
6743:
6734:
6725:
6712:
6699:
6686:
6674:Czechoslovakia
6653:
6644:
6628:
6615:
6589:
6576:
6566:
6556:
6530:
6521:
6511:
6484:
6475:
6461:
6442:
6433:
6409:
6390:
6367:
6358:
6349:
6336:
6327:
6307:
6298:
6289:
6270:
6255:
6246:
6244:Morsey, p. 121
6237:
6228:
6219:
6210:
6201:
6192:
6185:
6165:
6156:
6147:
6138:
6129:
6120:
6111:
6102:
6093:
6084:
6075:
6066:
6057:
6044:
6030:
6018:
6009:
6000:
5988:
5976:
5967:
5958:
5949:
5940:
5915:
5906:
5897:
5888:
5879:
5849:
5829:
5795:
5777:
5747:
5722:
5709:
5702:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5608:
5605:
5601:Marcial Maciel
5566:In June 2022,
5539:Bishop of Rome
5530:
5527:
5481:addressed the
5421:Otto Ohlendorf
5412:D'Arcy Osborne
5404:Foreign Office
5391:
5388:
5367:Peter Stanford
5330:Main article:
5327:
5324:
5187:Martin Gilbert
5140:Michael Phayer
5130:Susan Zuccotti
5076:
5067:
5045:Main article:
5042:
5037:
5024:disinformation
5005:Communist bloc
4934:Main article:
4931:
4926:
4891:Pinchas Lapide
4872:
4869:
4820:United Nations
4760:
4759:
4715:
4713:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4682:
4679:
4648:scientia certa
4589:Main article:
4578:
4575:
4565:
4562:
4515:
4512:
4482:Denis of Paris
4430:
4427:
4423:existentialism
4411:worker-priests
4403:Julius Döpfner
4376:Main article:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4187:
4184:
4128:Main article:
4125:
4122:
3915:Valerio Valeri
3904:Head of State
3846:organization.
3809:Getúlio Vargas
3761:voiced concern
3725:Peter McIntyre
3664:
3661:
3648:
3645:
3497:Foreign Office
3480:
3477:
3435:Galeazzo Ciano
3377:
3374:
3372:after others.
3321:Michael Phayer
3302:
3299:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3191:Church visible
3157:Main article:
3154:
3151:
3099:Pope Pius XII
3086:
3083:
3063:Shrove Tuesday
3054:
3051:
3031:Fulgens corona
2909:
2906:
2869:
2866:
2851:
2848:
2835:Humani generis
2829:Humani generis
2827:Main article:
2824:
2821:
2811:
2808:
2794:
2791:
2786:terminally ill
2780:
2777:
2760:Main article:
2757:
2754:
2717:Fulgens corona
2687:
2684:
2657:Main article:
2654:
2651:
2633:
2630:
2616:
2613:
2577:Main article:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2514:Main article:
2511:
2508:
2449:
2446:
2421:Main article:
2418:
2415:
2407:excommunicated
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Church reforms
2327:
2278:to create new
2251:
2248:
2180:Luigi Maglione
2175:
2172:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2033:Main article:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2010:
2007:
1821:
1812:
1743:Joseph Kennedy
1674:temporal power
1580:Rio de Janeiro
1576:Getúlio Vargas
1567:
1564:
1552:David G. Dalin
1288:Sistine Chapel
1258:Main article:
1255:
1252:
1126:Queen Victoria
1078:, Pacelli was
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1019:Piazza Venezia
992:Roman Question
984:Lateran Treaty
914:Black Nobility
894:Main article:
891:
888:
872:Servant of God
836:Humani generis
831:liturgy reform
763:excommunicated
670:
669:
666:
665:
662:
656:
655:
652:
648:
647:
644:
638:
637:
634:
628:
627:
626:11 August 1935
624:
622:Saverio Ritter
618:
617:
614:
608:
607:
604:
598:
597:
594:
590:
589:
586:
580:
579:
576:
572:
571:
568:
565:
564:
554:
553:
550:
549:
546:
542:
541:
536:
530:
529:
526:
523:
522:
513:
509:
508:
505:
501:
500:
495:
489:
488:
483:
479:
478:
475:
472:
471:
468:
464:
463:
460:
454:
453:
450:
447:
446:
436:
435:
426:
419:
418:
412:
411:
402:
391:
386:
385:
384:
383:
382:
379:
378:
373:
372:Title as Saint
369:
368:
363:
359:
358:
354:
353:
346:
342:
341:
334:
330:
329:
321:
317:
316:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
292:
290:
286:
285:
275:(aged 82)
271:9 October 1958
269:
265:
264:
255:
242:
240:
236:
235:
231:
230:
222:
218:
217:
209:
205:
204:
196:
192:
191:
187:
186:
184:
183:
176:
171:Archpriest of
169:
166:
160:
153:
147:
141:
135:
129:
126:
119:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
91:9 October 1958
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
52:Bishop of Rome
48:
47:
44:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16920:
16909:
16906:
16904:
16901:
16899:
16896:
16894:
16891:
16889:
16886:
16884:
16881:
16879:
16876:
16874:
16871:
16869:
16866:
16864:
16861:
16859:
16856:
16854:
16851:
16849:
16846:
16844:
16841:
16839:
16838:Italian popes
16836:
16834:
16831:
16829:
16826:
16824:
16821:
16819:
16816:
16814:
16811:
16809:
16806:
16804:
16801:
16799:
16796:
16794:
16791:
16789:
16786:
16784:
16783:Pope Pius XII
16781:
16780:
16778:
16767:from Wikidata
16766:
16765:
16753:
16749:
16748:
16736:
16732:
16731:
16719:
16715:
16714:
16702:
16701:
16698:
16692:
16691:Pope Pius XII
16684:
16674:
16672:
16662:
16660:
16655:
16650:
16648:
16638:
16637:
16634:
16621:
16616:
16611:
16609:
16599:
16598:
16595:
16589:
16586:
16584:
16581:
16579:
16578:
16574:
16572:
16569:
16567:
16564:
16560:
16557:
16555:
16552:
16550:
16547:
16545:
16542:
16540:
16537:
16535:
16532:
16530:
16527:
16525:
16522:
16520:
16517:
16516:
16515:
16512:
16510:
16507:
16505:
16502:
16501:
16499:
16495:
16487:
16484:
16483:
16482:
16479:
16477:
16474:
16472:
16469:
16467:
16464:
16462:
16461:Mother Teresa
16459:
16457:
16454:
16451:
16447:
16444:
16442:
16439:
16437:
16434:
16432:
16429:
16427:
16426:
16422:
16420:
16417:
16415:
16414:
16410:
16408:
16405:
16403:
16400:
16398:
16395:
16393:
16390:
16388:
16387:Pope Pius XII
16385:
16383:
16380:
16378:
16375:
16373:
16370:
16369:
16367:
16365:
16361:
16355:
16354:
16353:Rerum novarum
16350:
16348:
16345:
16343:
16340:
16338:
16337:Pope Leo XIII
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16307:United States
16305:
16303:
16300:
16298:
16297:Pope Pius VII
16295:
16294:
16292:
16288:
16282:
16279:
16277:
16274:
16272:
16269:
16267:
16264:
16262:
16259:
16257:
16254:
16252:
16249:
16247:
16244:
16242:
16239:
16238:
16236:
16233:
16228:
16223:
16217:
16214:
16212:
16209:
16207:
16204:
16202:
16199:
16197:
16194:
16192:
16189:
16187:
16184:
16182:
16179:
16177:
16174:
16172:
16169:
16167:
16164:
16162:
16159:
16157:
16154:
16152:
16149:
16147:
16144:
16142:
16139:
16137:
16136:
16132:
16130:
16127:
16125:
16122:
16121:
16119:
16116:
16112:
16107:
16101:
16098:
16096:
16093:
16091:
16088:
16086:
16083:
16081:
16078:
16076:
16073:
16069:
16066:
16065:
16064:
16061:
16059:
16056:
16054:
16051:
16050:
16048:
16046:
16042:
16036:
16033:
16031:
16028:
16026:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15993:
15991:
15988:
15986:
15983:
15981:
15980:Scholasticism
15978:
15976:
15973:
15971:
15968:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15956:
15955:Pope Urban II
15953:
15952:
15950:
15948:
15944:
15938:
15935:
15933:
15930:
15928:
15925:
15923:
15920:
15918:
15915:
15913:
15910:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15883:
15880:
15878:
15875:
15874:
15872:
15870:
15866:
15852:
15849:
15847:
15844:
15842:
15839:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15822:
15819:
15817:
15814:
15812:
15809:
15807:
15804:
15802:
15799:
15795:
15792:
15791:
15790:
15787:
15786:
15784:
15780:
15772:
15768:
15765:
15761:
15757:
15747:
15744:
15742:
15739:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15731:Justin Martyr
15729:
15725:
15722:
15718:
15715:
15713:
15710:
15708:
15705:
15704:
15703:
15700:
15699:
15698:
15695:
15693:
15690:
15689:
15687:
15684:
15680:
15672:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15662:
15659:
15657:
15654:
15652:
15649:
15647:
15644:
15643:
15642:
15641:New Testament
15639:
15637:
15634:
15632:
15629:
15627:
15624:
15620:
15617:
15615:
15612:
15610:
15607:
15605:
15604:Commissioning
15602:
15601:
15600:
15597:
15595:
15592:
15590:
15587:
15585:
15582:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15559:
15558:
15555:
15554:
15552:
15549:
15548:Apostolic Age
15544:
15540:
15537:
15533:
15529:
15523:
15520:
15518:
15515:
15513:
15510:
15508:
15505:
15501:
15498:
15496:
15493:
15492:
15491:
15488:
15486:
15483:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15473:
15471:
15468:
15464:
15461:
15459:
15456:
15455:
15454:
15451:
15447:
15444:
15443:
15442:
15439:
15435:
15434:Papal primacy
15432:
15431:
15430:
15427:
15425:
15422:
15420:
15417:
15413:
15410:
15409:
15408:
15405:
15404:
15402:
15400:
15396:
15392:
15388:
15381:
15376:
15374:
15369:
15367:
15362:
15361:
15358:
15346:
15345:
15340:
15336:
15334:
15333:
15324:
15323:
15320:
15307:
15304:
15301:
15298:
15297:
15295:
15292:
15289:
15286:
15283:
15280:
15277:
15274:
15271:
15268:
15265:
15262:
15259:
15256:
15255:
15253:
15247:
15240:
15237:
15234:
15231:
15226:
15223:
15220:
15217:
15214:
15211:
15210:
15208:
15205:
15202:
15199:
15196:
15195:
15193:
15189:High and Late
15187:
15180:
15177:
15174:
15173:
15169:
15166:
15163:
15160:
15157:
15154:
15151:
15146:
15143:
15142:
15140:
15137:
15136:
15134:
15132:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15117:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15051:
15048:
15046:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15008:
15006:
15005:Benedict XIII
15003:
15001:
15000:Innocent XIII
14998:
14996:
14993:
14991:
14988:
14986:
14983:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14965:Alexander VII
14963:
14961:
14958:
14956:
14953:
14951:
14948:
14946:
14943:
14941:
14938:
14937:
14935:
14931:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14900:
14897:
14895:
14892:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14840:
14837:
14835:
14834:Innocent VIII
14832:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14814:Callixtus III
14812:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14787:
14785:
14782:
14780:
14777:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14735:
14734:Boniface VIII
14732:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14651:
14649:
14645:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14633:Celestine III
14631:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14608:Alexander III
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14598:Anastasius IV
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14498:Sylvester III
14496:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14483:Benedict VIII
14481:
14479:
14476:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14401:
14399:
14396:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14311:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14264:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14254:
14251:
14250:
14248:
14244:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14155:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14145:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14135:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14115:
14113:
14110:
14108:
14105:
14103:
14100:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14035:
14033:
14030:
14028:
14025:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14007:Anastasius II
14005:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13973:
13970:
13968:
13965:
13963:
13960:
13958:
13955:
13954:
13952:
13948:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13914:
13912:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13902:
13899:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13884:
13882:
13879:
13877:
13874:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13854:
13852:
13849:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13832:
13829:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13817:
13814:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13748:
13746:
13742:
13736:
13733:
13729:
13726:
13725:
13724:
13723:Pope emeritus
13721:
13719:
13716:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13703:
13701:
13699:
13696:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13683:
13682:
13681:List of popes
13679:
13678:
13675:
13671:
13667:
13660:
13655:
13653:
13648:
13646:
13641:
13640:
13637:
13625:
13622:
13621:
13619:
13615:
13609:
13608:
13604:
13602:
13601:
13597:
13595:
13594:
13590:
13588:
13587:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13575:
13574:Hitler's Pope
13571:
13569:
13568:
13564:
13562:
13561:
13557:
13555:
13554:
13550:
13549:
13547:
13543:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13506:Galeazzi-Lisi
13504:
13502:
13499:
13498:
13496:
13494:
13490:
13484:
13481:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13464:
13461:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13450:
13448:
13444:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13419:
13417:
13413:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13396:Canonizations
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13368:
13366:
13364:
13360:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13333:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13321:
13320:
13315:
13312:
13311:
13309:
13307:
13303:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13221:
13220:
13219:The Holocaust
13217:
13216:
13214:
13212:
13208:
13202:
13201:
13197:
13195:
13194:
13190:
13188:
13187:
13183:
13181:
13180:
13176:
13174:
13173:
13169:
13167:
13166:
13162:
13160:
13159:
13155:
13153:
13152:
13148:
13146:
13145:
13141:
13139:
13138:
13134:
13132:
13131:
13127:
13125:
13124:
13120:
13118:
13117:
13113:
13111:
13110:
13106:
13104:
13103:
13099:
13097:
13096:
13092:
13090:
13089:
13085:
13083:
13082:
13078:
13076:
13075:
13071:
13069:
13068:
13064:
13062:
13061:
13057:
13055:
13054:
13050:
13048:
13047:
13043:
13041:
13040:
13036:
13034:
13033:
13029:
13027:
13026:
13022:
13020:
13019:
13015:
13013:
13012:
13008:
13006:
13005:
13001:
12999:
12998:
12994:
12992:
12991:
12987:
12985:
12984:
12980:
12978:
12977:
12973:
12971:
12970:
12966:
12964:
12963:
12959:
12957:
12956:
12952:
12950:
12949:
12945:
12943:
12942:
12938:
12936:
12935:
12931:
12929:
12928:
12924:
12922:
12921:
12917:
12916:
12914:
12910:chronological
12906:
12899:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12846:
12839:
12835:
12832:
12829:
12826:
12823:
12820:
12817:
12814:
12813:
12808:
12804:
12803:Pope Pius XII
12797:
12792:
12790:
12785:
12783:
12778:
12777:
12774:
12765:
12756:
12755:
12748:
12742:
12737:
12733:
12724:
12723:
12718:
12714:
12713:Nicola Canali
12705:
12704:
12699:
12692:
12686:
12682:
12673:
12672:
12665:
12664:Lorenzo Lauri
12659:
12655:
12646:
12645:
12638:
12632:
12628:
12619:
12618:
12610:
12604:
12600:
12591:
12590:
12582:
12576:
12572:
12563:
12562:
12550:
12547:
12543:
12538:
12534:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12509:
12506:
12505:
12497:
12494:
12492:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12480:
12476:
12472:
12470:88-7094-018-7
12466:
12462:
12458:
12454:
12451:
12447:
12444:
12440:
12436:
12434:9780198716167
12430:
12426:
12425:
12420:
12416:
12415:
12405:
12404:0-300-08487-0
12401:
12397:
12396:
12391:
12388:
12385:
12384:0-912141-46-8
12381:
12377:
12373:
12372:Zolli, Israel
12370:
12368:
12364:
12360:
12356:
12353:
12352:3-7867-0383-3
12349:
12345:
12341:
12337:
12334:
12333:0-8091-4234-1
12330:
12326:
12322:
12319:
12316:
12312:
12309:
12305:
12302:
12301:0-8132-1081-X
12298:
12294:
12290:
12287:
12283:
12280:
12279:0-87973-217-2
12276:
12272:
12268:
12265:
12262:
12261:0-7185-0275-2
12258:
12254:
12250:
12247:
12243:
12239:
12235:
12231:
12230:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12216:
12212:
12208:
12205:
12201:
12198:
12194:
12191:
12187:
12183:
12179:
12176:
12175:0-253-33725-9
12172:
12168:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12158:0-19-517834-3
12155:
12151:
12147:
12144:
12140:
12138:
12137:9780151002443
12134:
12130:
12127:
12126:0-230-11080-0
12123:
12119:
12115:
12112:
12108:
12106:
12102:
12098:
12091:
12088:
12087:1-84706-355-1
12084:
12080:
12076:
12073:
12072:0-446-51258-3
12069:
12065:
12061:
12058:
12054:
12051:
12050:1-890318-66-3
12047:
12043:
12039:
12036:
12032:
12028:
12025:
12024:0-374-27675-7
12021:
12017:
12013:
12010:
12009:0-8091-4245-7
12006:
12002:
11998:
11995:
11994:0-8091-4181-7
11991:
11987:
11983:
11980:
11979:0-8091-4083-7
11976:
11972:
11968:
11965:
11964:0-8091-3912-X
11961:
11957:
11953:
11950:
11946:
11943:
11942:0-306-80931-1
11939:
11935:
11931:
11930:Lewy, Guenter
11928:
11925:
11924:0-415-92228-3
11921:
11917:
11913:
11910:
11909:
11904:
11901:
11898:
11894:
11891:
11890:
11886:
11882:
11879:
11875:
11873:
11869:
11865:
11861:
11859:
11855:
11851:
11847:
11845:
11841:
11837:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11827:0-7735-2326-X
11824:
11820:
11816:
11813:
11810:
11806:
11803:
11800:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11787:
11783:
11779:
11777:
11776:0-02-864529-4
11773:
11769:
11768:
11763:
11760:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11750:0-316-72446-7
11747:
11743:
11742:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11731:0-7864-2374-9
11728:
11724:
11720:
11718:
11717:0-374-92930-0
11714:
11710:
11706:
11703:
11700:
11699:3-525-34026-5
11696:
11692:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11683:0-571-09147-4
11680:
11676:
11672:
11669:
11668:0-89526-034-4
11665:
11661:
11660:
11655:
11652:
11649:
11648:Pope Pius XII
11645:
11642:
11639:
11638:0-670-87620-8
11635:
11631:
11630:
11625:
11622:
11619:
11615:
11612:
11608:
11606:
11605:0-7607-7332-7
11602:
11598:
11594:
11591:
11588:
11584:
11582:
11581:0-385-50584-1
11578:
11575:. Doubleday.
11574:
11570:
11568:
11564:
11560:
11556:
11555:
11542:
11538:
11536:
11535:1-4191-6654-9
11532:
11528:
11524:
11520:
11517:
11514:
11511:
11507:
11501:
11497:
11494:
11491:
11490:
11477:
11476:
11471:
11465:
11457:
11456:
11451:
11445:
11430:
11426:
11419:
11403:
11399:
11392:
11377:
11373:
11366:
11358:
11352:
11348:
11344:
11343:
11335:
11328:
11323:
11315:
11308:
11301:
11300:
11294:
11286:
11285:
11280:
11274:
11267:
11266:
11260:
11252:
11250:9780465061556
11246:
11242:
11238:
11237:
11230:
11223:
11219:
11214:
11198:
11197:
11192:
11185:
11169:
11165:
11159:
11143:
11137:
11128:
11119:
11110:
11101:
11093:
11089:
11085:
11079:
11072:
11071:0-297-84661-2
11068:
11064:
11061:in review of
11050:
11046:
11039:
11032:
11026:
11017:
11008:
10999:
10990:
10981:
10972:
10963:
10956:
10950:
10948:
10938:
10930:
10926:
10919:
10911:
10907:
10900:
10893:
10889:
10885:
10883:
10876:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10860:Susan Zucotti
10857:
10851:
10843:
10841:9780713990898
10837:
10833:
10829:
10823:
10821:
10802:
10800:
10792:
10785:
10781:
10778:
10777:
10771:
10764:
10758:
10749:
10742:
10738:
10734:
10730:
10727:
10726:
10720:
10713:
10712:The Spectator
10709:
10708:
10702:
10700:
10698:
10682:
10678:
10672:
10670:
10660:
10653:
10647:
10640:
10639:The Economist
10636:
10631:
10624:
10623:The Economist
10619:
10610:
10603:
10599:
10598:
10591:
10584:
10583:
10576:
10567:
10560:
10554:
10547:
10546:
10541:
10537:
10534:
10529:
10527:
10520:, 2009, I 540
10519:
10518:
10513:
10507:
10498:
10491:
10490:
10486:
10483:
10476:
10469:
10468:
10462:
10455:
10454:Joseph Bottum
10451:
10447:
10442:
10436:
10427:
10420:
10419:The Holocaust
10414:
10407:
10401:
10385:
10378:
10362:
10358:
10352:
10350:
10348:
10346:
10337:
10333:
10326:
10319:
10313:
10304:
10297:
10294:Paul O'Shea;
10291:
10275:
10271:
10265:
10256:
10240:
10234:
10218:
10212:
10196:
10190:
10174:
10168:
10153:. 27 May 2014
10152:
10146:
10130:
10124:
10108:
10102:
10087:
10080:
10065:
10058:
10051:
10047:
10041:
10034:
10030:
10027:
10021:
10012:
9996:
9992:
9986:
9979:
9975:
9970:
9963:
9957:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9926:
9919:
9918:
9911:
9909:
9907:
9905:
9896:
9890:
9886:
9885:
9877:
9875:
9873:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9845:
9839:
9831:
9825:
9817:
9813:
9807:
9805:
9795:
9779:
9773:
9764:
9757:
9756:
9749:
9742:
9739:Gerard Noel,
9736:
9727:
9718:
9709:
9700:
9691:
9682:
9675:
9674:
9668:
9659:
9644:
9640:
9636:
9632:
9625:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9607:
9601:
9594:
9590:
9587:
9577:
9568:
9561:
9557:
9554:
9553:
9547:
9538:
9531:
9530:The Holocaust
9525:
9516:
9507:
9492:
9488:
9482:
9474:
9470:
9463:
9454:
9445:
9436:
9420:
9414:
9405:
9398:
9394:
9388:
9379:
9367:
9358:
9349:
9342:
9341:
9334:
9327:
9321:
9306:
9302:
9295:
9279:
9275:
9273:
9267:
9261:
9259:
9251:
9245:
9238:
9237:
9230:
9214:
9210:
9204:
9196:
9189:
9182:
9177:
9170:
9165:
9156:
9147:
9138:
9131:
9125:
9116:
9109:
9103:
9096:
9090:
9081:
9079:
9069:
9067:
9057:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9042:
9035:
9019:
9015:
9008:
8999:
8983:
8979:
8972:
8963:
8961:
8953:
8947:
8940:
8934:
8919:
8915:
8909:
8907:
8897:
8888:
8881:
8876:
8869:
8868:
8867:Hitler's Pope
8863:
8858:
8851:
8848:Paul O'Shea;
8845:
8830:
8826:
8824:
8816:
8800:
8796:
8790:
8781:
8772:
8763:
8754:
8747:
8742:
8733:
8726:
8722:
8719:
8713:
8704:
8695:
8679:
8675:
8668:
8652:
8648:
8642:
8626:
8622:
8621:Time Magazine
8618:
8612:
8604:
8598:
8594:
8587:
8578:
8569:
8560:
8551:
8544:
8538:
8532:vol 2, p. 739
8531:
8525:
8518:
8512:
8503:
8496:
8495:
8488:
8473:
8469:
8463:
8461:
8444:
8438:
8432:
8428:
8422:
8406:
8402:
8395:
8388:
8387:0-89526-034-4
8384:
8380:
8374:
8359:
8353:
8346:
8342:
8337:
8330:
8327:John Toland;
8324:
8322:
8320:
8312:
8306:
8299:
8296:John Toland;
8293:
8286:
8285:
8278:
8262:
8256:
8240:
8234:
8232:
8223:
8217:
8208:
8199:
8190:
8181:
8174:
8173:
8168:
8167:
8160:
8144:
8140:
8133:
8123:
8107:
8103:
8096:
8094:
8077:
8073:
8066:
8064:
8062:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8038:
8022:
8018:
8011:
8009:
7992:
7988:
7981:
7979:
7971:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7955:
7939:
7935:
7928:
7926:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7890:
7881:
7875:O'Brien, p. 8
7872:
7864:
7862:9780191650796
7858:
7854:
7853:
7845:
7838:
7832:
7823:
7817:
7816:0-89555-390-2
7813:
7809:
7803:
7797:
7796:1-931709-77-7
7793:
7789:
7783:
7776:
7774:
7766:
7759:
7753:
7744:
7737:
7732:
7723:
7716:
7711:
7704:
7699:
7692:
7687:
7680:
7675:
7666:
7659:
7658:1-59474-184-0
7655:
7651:
7646:
7630:
7626:
7620:
7612:
7611:
7603:
7596:
7590:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7563:
7561:
7545:
7541:
7535:
7520:
7516:
7509:
7493:
7489:
7483:
7476:
7470:
7461:
7451:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7431:
7424:
7420:
7417:
7412:
7405:
7399:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7369:
7362:
7356:
7347:
7338:
7329:
7322:
7317:
7310:
7304:
7295:
7286:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7272:
7266:
7257:
7248:
7239:
7230:
7221:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7185:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7165:
7158:
7152:
7145:
7139:
7132:
7126:
7116:
7109:
7108:0-7607-4032-1
7105:
7101:
7095:
7085:
7076:
7067:
7060:
7054:
7047:
7041:
7034:
7028:
7021:
7017:
7011:
7004:
7003:88-7026-340-1
7000:
6994:
6985:
6978:
6972:
6963:
6956:
6950:
6943:
6937:
6928:
6918:
6911:
6907:
6904:
6898:
6889:
6882:
6881:3-525-34026-5
6878:
6874:
6868:
6859:
6840:
6833:
6827:
6818:
6810:
6804:
6793:
6787:
6778:
6771:
6765:
6756:
6747:
6738:
6729:
6722:
6716:
6709:
6703:
6697:, pp. 546–547
6696:
6690:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6648:
6642:
6641:0-8156-3029-8
6638:
6632:
6625:
6619:
6603:
6599:
6593:
6586:
6580:
6570:
6560:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6525:
6515:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6491:
6489:
6479:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6457:
6453:
6446:
6437:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6406:0-521-82692-6
6403:
6399:
6394:
6388:
6387:0-8156-3029-8
6384:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6362:
6353:
6346:
6340:
6331:
6325:
6324:0-8028-2416-1
6321:
6317:
6311:
6302:
6293:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6274:
6267:
6262:
6260:
6250:
6241:
6232:
6223:
6214:
6205:
6196:
6188:
6186:9780140296273
6182:
6178:
6177:
6169:
6160:
6151:
6142:
6133:
6124:
6115:
6106:
6097:
6088:
6079:
6070:
6061:
6054:
6053:Hitler's Pope
6048:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6025:
6023:
6013:
6007:O'Shea, p. 82
6004:
5995:
5993:
5983:
5981:
5971:
5962:
5956:O'Shea, p. 81
5953:
5944:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5913:O'Brien, p. 1
5910:
5901:
5892:
5883:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5854:
5846:
5845:0-8160-5455-X
5842:
5838:
5833:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5791:
5787:
5781:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5744:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5713:
5705:
5703:9780739158883
5699:
5695:
5694:
5686:
5682:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5623:List of popes
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5593:the Holocaust
5590:
5589:
5583:
5581:
5580:anti-Catholic
5577:
5573:
5569:
5568:David Kertzer
5564:
5562:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5526:
5524:
5523:Joseph Müller
5520:
5515:
5511:
5510:Mark Riebling
5507:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5387:
5385:
5379:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5354:
5351:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5333:
5323:
5320:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5272:Mark Riebling
5269:
5265:
5264:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5170:Ralph McInery
5167:
5163:
5162:David Kertzer
5159:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5126:beatification
5122:
5120:
5119:Hitler's Pope
5116:
5115:Hitler's Pope
5111:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5096:
5095:Hitler's Pope
5092:
5091:John Cornwell
5086:
5082:
5081:Hitler's Pope
5075:
5071:
5070:Hitler's Pope
5066:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5041:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4953:Rolf Hochhuth
4947:
4942:
4937:
4930:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4910:the Holocaust
4906:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4877:Oskar Halecki
4868:
4866:
4862:
4861:Moshe Sharett
4857:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4805:Leon Poliakov
4801:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4756:
4753:
4745:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4705:
4704:
4691:
4690:to Pius XII.
4689:
4678:
4675:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4583:
4574:
4572:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4487:
4486:heart failure
4483:
4478:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4459:Robert Leiber
4456:
4447:
4440:
4435:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4419:phenomenology
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4316:Robert Leiber
4312:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4295:of China and
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4261:Joseph Frings
4258:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:Kaltenbrunner
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:, and Bishop
4051:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4039:Eastern Front
4035:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4001:Robert Leiber
3998:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3974:David Kertzer
3969:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3743:Hitler's Pope
3739:
3738:John Cornwell
3735:
3726:
3721:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3622:Owen Chadwick
3619:
3615:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3585:Vatican Radio
3582:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3419:Low Countries
3414:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3402:Joseph Muller
3399:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3334:Volksdeutsche
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:Gemma Galgani
3125:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3113:Maria Goretti
3110:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3079:Pope Leo XIII
3076:
3072:
3071:Maria Pierina
3068:
3067:Ash Wednesday
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2892:
2891:Pius stated:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:rhythm method
2790:
2787:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:Latin Vulgate
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2565:
2563:
2562:Mother of God
2559:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2538:
2537:Mother of God
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2490:Menti Nostrae
2485:
2482:
2478:
2477:psychological
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2262:
2257:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:Italian Popes
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2130:Pope Leo XIII
2127:
2123:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:Your Holiness
2078:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2048:Pope Pius XII
2040:
2036:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1844:Vatican Radio
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:Palazzo Malta
1801:
1800:King of Spain
1797:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:Kristallnacht
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1730:Joseph Bottum
1727:
1723:
1722:
1721:Nostra aetate
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:Conrad Gröber
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1490:Katholikentag
1485:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:Katholikentag
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:Robert Leiber
1443:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1308:German Empire
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:John Cornwell
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Easter Sunday
1081:
1077:
1068:
1057:Church career
1054:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
986:in 1929 with
985:
981:
977:
974:
970:
966:
962:
959:
955:
954:Pope Leo XIII
951:
947:
946:
941:
935:
930:
924:
919:
915:
911:
902:
897:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:
832:
828:
827:
822:
818:
817:
812:
807:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
786:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
748:Allied Powers
745:
741:
736:
735:
730:
725:
723:
719:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
680:
676:
675:Pope Pius XII
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
643:
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
623:
619:
615:
613:
612:Albert Levame
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:27 April 1930
587:
585:
581:
578:29 March 1926
577:
573:
566:
559:
555:
547:
543:
540:
537:
531:
524:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
502:
496:
490:
487:
484:
480:
473:
469:
465:
461:
455:
448:
441:
437:
432:Pope Pius XII
424:
417:
413:
405:Recorded 1949
389:
380:
377:
374:
370:
367:
364:
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
270:
266:
262:
258:
241:
237:
232:
229:
223:
219:
216:
213:by Pope
210:
206:
203:
197:
193:
188:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
61:
56:
53:
49:
41:
38:
33:
30:
19:
16762:
16745:
16728:
16716:from Commons
16711:
16690:
16683:Vatican City
16659:Christianity
16575:
16571:Pope Francis
16497:21st century
16446:Pope Paul VI
16423:
16411:
16386:
16364:20th century
16351:
16302:Pope Pius IX
16290:19th century
16266:Pope Pius VI
16133:
16005:Latin Empire
15975:Universities
15927:Pope Leo III
15794:Christianity
15779:state church
15771:Great Church
15572:Resurrection
15535:(30–325/476)
15532:Early Church
15517:Latin Church
15512:Papal States
15507:Vatican City
15342:
15330:
15300:World War II
15294:Vatican City
15170:
15141:(until 493)
15105:Benedict XVI
15100:John Paul II
15079:
15020:Clement XIII
15015:Benedict XIV
14990:Innocent XII
14924:Clement VIII
14899:Gregory XIII
14879:Marcellus II
14839:Alexander VI
14789:Innocent VII
14754:Benedict XII
14709:Nicholas III
14674:Alexander IV
14664:Celestine IV
14654:Honorius III
14638:Innocent III
14623:Gregory VIII
14583:Celestine II
14568:Callixtus II
14538:Alexander II
14463:Sylvester II
14443:Benedict VII
14403:Stephen VIII
14288:Benedict III
14142:Adeodatus II
14087:Boniface III
13941:Anastasius I
13605:
13598:
13591:
13584:
13572:
13565:
13558:
13551:
13446:Appointments
13338:Persecutions
13317:
13314:Nazi Germany
13256:Roman razzia
13211:World War II
13198:
13191:
13184:
13177:
13170:
13163:
13156:
13149:
13142:
13135:
13128:
13121:
13114:
13107:
13100:
13093:
13086:
13079:
13072:
13065:
13058:
13051:
13044:
13037:
13030:
13023:
13016:
13009:
13002:
12997:Mediator Dei
12995:
12988:
12981:
12974:
12967:
12960:
12953:
12946:
12939:
12932:
12925:
12918:
12889:Canonization
12802:
12752:
12720:
12698:Grand Master
12696:
12669:
12642:
12614:
12586:
12558:
12460:
12449:
12442:
12423:
12393:
12375:
12358:
12339:
12324:
12314:
12307:
12292:
12285:
12270:
12252:
12227:
12210:
12203:
12196:
12181:
12166:
12149:
12142:
12117:
12110:
12096:
12093:(in Italian)
12078:
12063:
12056:
12041:
12034:
12030:
12015:
12000:
11985:
11970:
11955:
11948:
11933:
11915:
11906:
11896:
11887:
11884:
11877:
11863:
11849:
11835:
11818:
11808:
11798:
11795:Hatch, Alden
11781:
11765:
11758:
11739:
11722:
11708:
11690:
11674:
11657:
11647:
11627:
11617:
11610:
11596:
11586:
11572:
11558:
11551:Bibliography
11540:
11527:Harry Truman
11522:
11515:
11509:
11503:(in Italian)
11499:
11492:
11473:
11464:
11453:
11444:
11434:16 September
11432:. Retrieved
11428:
11418:
11408:16 September
11406:. Retrieved
11404:(in Italian)
11401:
11391:
11381:16 September
11379:. Retrieved
11376:The Atlantic
11375:
11365:
11341:
11334:
11322:
11307:
11298:
11293:
11282:
11273:
11264:
11259:
11235:
11229:
11217:
11213:
11201:. Retrieved
11194:
11184:
11172:. Retrieved
11158:
11146:. Retrieved
11136:
11127:
11118:
11109:
11100:
11090:. New York:
11087:
11084:Katz, Robert
11078:
11062:
11053:. Retrieved
11049:the original
11038:
11030:
11025:
11016:
11007:
10998:
10989:
10984:Question One
10980:
10971:
10962:
10954:
10937:
10928:
10918:
10909:
10899:
10892:The Guardian
10881:
10875:
10850:
10831:
10828:Kershaw, Ian
10807:. Retrieved
10798:
10791:
10775:
10770:
10762:
10757:
10748:
10724:
10719:
10706:
10684:. Retrieved
10680:
10659:
10651:
10646:
10638:
10630:
10622:
10618:
10609:
10601:
10595:
10590:
10581:
10575:
10566:
10558:
10553:
10543:
10515:
10511:
10506:
10497:
10480:
10475:
10466:
10461:
10449:
10445:
10435:
10426:
10418:
10413:
10405:
10400:
10390:12 September
10388:. Retrieved
10377:
10367:12 September
10365:. Retrieved
10361:the original
10335:
10331:
10325:
10317:
10312:
10303:
10295:
10290:
10280:12 September
10278:. Retrieved
10274:the original
10264:
10255:
10243:. Retrieved
10233:
10221:. Retrieved
10211:
10199:. Retrieved
10189:
10177:. Retrieved
10167:
10155:. Retrieved
10145:
10133:. Retrieved
10123:
10111:. Retrieved
10101:
10089:. Retrieved
10079:
10067:. Retrieved
10057:
10049:
10040:
10020:
10011:
9999:. Retrieved
9995:the original
9985:
9977:
9969:
9961:
9956:
9944:. Retrieved
9940:the original
9935:
9925:
9915:
9883:
9859:. Retrieved
9847:
9838:
9824:
9815:
9794:
9782:. Retrieved
9772:
9763:
9753:
9748:
9740:
9735:
9726:
9717:
9708:
9699:
9690:
9681:
9671:
9667:
9658:
9646:. Retrieved
9635:The Atlantic
9634:
9624:
9617:The American
9616:
9600:
9576:
9567:
9551:
9546:
9537:
9529:
9524:
9515:
9506:
9494:. Retrieved
9490:
9481:
9472:
9468:
9462:
9453:
9444:
9435:
9423:. Retrieved
9413:
9404:
9396:
9392:
9387:
9378:
9366:
9357:
9348:
9339:
9333:
9320:
9308:. Retrieved
9304:
9294:
9284:17 September
9282:. Retrieved
9269:
9249:
9244:
9234:
9229:
9219:20 September
9217:. Retrieved
9213:The Guardian
9212:
9203:
9194:
9188:
9176:
9164:
9155:
9146:
9137:
9129:
9124:
9115:
9107:
9102:
9094:
9089:
9040:
9034:
9022:. Retrieved
9018:the original
9007:
8998:
8986:. Retrieved
8982:the original
8971:
8951:
8946:
8938:
8933:
8921:. Retrieved
8917:
8896:
8887:
8879:
8875:
8865:
8857:
8849:
8844:
8832:. Retrieved
8828:
8822:
8815:
8805:12 September
8803:. Retrieved
8799:the original
8789:
8780:
8771:
8762:
8753:
8741:
8732:
8712:
8703:
8694:
8682:. Retrieved
8678:the original
8667:
8655:. Retrieved
8650:
8641:
8629:. Retrieved
8625:the original
8620:
8611:
8592:
8586:
8577:
8568:
8559:
8550:
8542:
8537:
8529:
8524:
8516:
8511:
8502:
8493:
8487:
8475:. Retrieved
8471:
8447:. Retrieved
8437:
8426:
8421:
8409:. Retrieved
8405:the original
8394:
8378:
8373:
8361:. Retrieved
8352:
8344:
8336:
8328:
8310:
8305:
8297:
8292:
8283:
8277:
8265:. Retrieved
8255:
8243:. Retrieved
8216:
8207:
8198:
8189:
8180:
8172:Note verbale
8170:
8165:
8159:
8147:. Retrieved
8143:the original
8132:
8122:
8110:. Retrieved
8106:the original
8080:. Retrieved
8076:the original
8043:
8037:
8025:. Retrieved
8021:the original
7995:. Retrieved
7991:the original
7960:
7954:
7942:. Retrieved
7938:the original
7899:
7895:
7889:
7880:
7871:
7851:
7844:
7836:
7831:
7822:
7807:
7802:
7787:
7782:
7771:
7765:
7757:
7752:
7743:
7735:
7731:
7722:
7714:
7710:
7702:
7698:
7690:
7686:
7678:
7674:
7665:
7649:
7645:
7635:12 September
7633:. Retrieved
7629:the original
7619:
7609:
7602:
7594:
7589:
7580:
7574:
7547:. Retrieved
7543:
7534:
7522:. Retrieved
7518:
7508:
7496:. Retrieved
7492:the original
7482:
7474:
7469:
7460:
7450:
7435:
7430:
7411:
7403:
7398:
7386:. Retrieved
7382:the original
7377:
7368:
7360:
7355:
7346:
7337:
7328:
7320:
7316:
7308:
7303:
7294:
7285:
7275:
7269:
7265:
7256:
7247:
7238:
7229:
7220:
7208:. Retrieved
7194:
7184:
7173:
7164:
7157:Mediator Dei
7156:
7151:
7144:Mediator Dei
7143:
7138:
7131:Mediator Dei
7130:
7125:
7115:
7099:
7094:
7084:
7075:
7066:
7058:
7053:
7045:
7040:
7032:
7027:
7010:
6993:
6984:
6976:
6971:
6962:
6954:
6949:
6941:
6936:
6927:
6917:
6897:
6888:
6872:
6867:
6858:
6846:. Retrieved
6839:the original
6826:
6817:
6808:
6803:
6791:
6786:
6777:
6769:
6764:
6759:Volk, p. 254
6755:
6746:
6737:
6728:
6720:
6715:
6707:
6706:Ludwig Volk
6702:
6694:
6689:
6681:
6678:Austria 1933
6656:
6647:
6631:
6623:
6618:
6606:. Retrieved
6601:
6592:
6584:
6579:
6569:
6559:
6547:. Retrieved
6543:the original
6533:
6524:
6514:
6506:
6478:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6436:
6429:First Things
6428:
6412:
6397:
6393:
6374:
6370:
6361:
6352:
6344:
6339:
6330:
6315:
6310:
6301:
6292:
6277:
6273:
6265:
6249:
6240:
6231:
6222:
6213:
6204:
6195:
6175:
6168:
6159:
6150:
6141:
6132:
6123:
6114:
6105:
6096:
6087:
6078:
6069:
6060:
6052:
6047:
6012:
6003:
5970:
5961:
5952:
5943:
5931:. Retrieved
5927:
5918:
5909:
5900:
5891:
5882:
5872:25 September
5870:. Retrieved
5865:
5836:
5832:
5820:. Retrieved
5808:
5798:
5789:
5780:
5768:. Retrieved
5764:the original
5759:
5750:
5741:
5735:
5725:
5712:
5692:
5685:
5662:John Paul II
5657:
5597:
5586:
5584:
5571:
5565:
5552:
5543:Pope Francis
5532:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5489:
5487:
5471:
5460:
5435:Bill Clinton
5428:
5416:
5395:
5393:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5365:
5358:
5355:
5349:
5347:
5335:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5292:
5290:
5275:
5261:
5259:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5219:(1999); and
5216:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5191:
5180:
5174:
5165:
5157:
5147:
5143:
5133:
5123:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5073:
5069:
5060:
5057:Pope Paul VI
5052:
5050:
5039:
5009:
4998:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4981:Guenter Lewy
4976:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4928:
4902:
4897:diplomat to
4889:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4865:Isaac Herzog
4853:
4843:
4827:
4817:
4813:Pope Pius XI
4809:Vichy France
4802:
4783:
4775:
4765:
4763:
4748:
4739:
4717:
4699:Contemporary
4684:
4674:Peter Gumpel
4671:
4667:Vatican City
4660:
4652:
4647:
4644:Pope Francis
4637:
4620:
4617:
4601:Pope Paul VI
4594:
4567:
4558:Swiss Guards
4555:
4547:
4539:
4532:
4522:
4509:
4489:
4479:
4471:
4467:Augustin Bea
4452:
4400:
4396:Paul Niehans
4381:
4352:Luigi Sturzo
4341:
4329:
4313:
4263:of Cologne,
4250:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4176:
4170:
4135:
4133:
4101:Angelo Rotta
4094:
4087:
4082:
4075:
4070:Israel Zolli
4063:
4043:
4031:
4029:
3997:Lothar König
3990:
3986:
3980:, Monsignor
3977:
3970:
3953:Myron Taylor
3949:Pope Paul VI
3946:
3931:
3902:Vichy regime
3887:
3875:Isaac Herzog
3862:
3857:
3850:
3848:
3829:
3803:
3796:
3770:
3750:
3749:In his 1939
3748:
3741:
3730:
3650:
3647:Final stages
3642:
3611:
3607:Benedict XVI
3602:
3601:genocide or
3598:
3593:
3578:
3572:. The first
3563:
3552:
3544:Soviet Union
3533:
3531:
3489:Ante Pavelić
3482:
3465:London Blitz
3462:
3442:
3439:
3415:
3407:Franz Halder
3391:
3379:
3347:
3343:August Hlond
3332:
3306:
3304:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3233:
3232:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3194:
3188:
3153:World War II
3146:
3136:
3098:
3056:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3029:
3017:
3003:
2993:
2975:
2969:
2954:
2939:
2927:
2902:Myron Taylor
2899:
2894:
2890:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2834:
2832:
2813:
2796:
2782:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2709:
2699:
2662:
2645:
2618:
2584:
2582:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2488:
2486:
2456:
2451:
2439:
2426:
2392:
2372:
2367:
2362:Jesus Christ
2354:Mediator Dei
2353:
2351:
2344:Mediator Dei
2324:
2316:Pope Paul VI
2308:
2292:
2288:Philadelphia
2273:
2250:Consistories
2215:Augustin Bea
2204:
2188:Pope Paul VI
2177:
2174:Appointments
2161:
2134:
2118:
2076:Spoken style
2070:His Holiness
2046:
2016:
2012:
1998:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1945:Centre Party
1941:Adolf Hitler
1939:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1888:
1886:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1818:
1814:
1790:
1783:
1780:antisemitism
1765:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1719:
1712:anti-semitic
1700:Buenos Aires
1692:Papal Legate
1689:
1651:
1604:
1585:
1519:
1503:Soviet Union
1500:
1488:
1462:Wilhelm Marx
1458:Centre Party
1435:
1413:
1406:
1385:Eugen Levine
1374:
1367:
1362:
1347:
1335:
1312:
1274:
1173:
1148:
1142:
1117:
1112:
1100:Chiesa Nuova
1082:a priest on
1073:
1031:
1007:Chiesa Nuova
996:
980:Pope Pius XI
976:canon lawyer
943:
940:Pope Pius IX
907:
880:Benedict XVI
878:in 1990 and
876:John Paul II
860:canonization
853:
834:
826:Mediator Dei
824:
814:
782:
775:Eastern Bloc
752:
732:
729:World War II
726:
722:German Reich
715:
696:Vatican City
678:
674:
673:
646:25 July 1937
593:Luigi Centoz
539:Pope Pius XI
470:2 April 1899
362:Venerated in
345:Coat of arms
273:(1958-10-09)
253:2 March 1876
208:Consecration
198:2 April 1899
88:Papacy ended
83:2 March 1939
80:Papacy began
29:
16793:1958 deaths
16788:1876 births
16577:Laudato si'
16372:Pope Pius X
16201:Philip Neri
16176:Pope Pius V
16151:Thomas More
16020:Inquisition
15922:Charlemagne
15882:Monasticism
15692:Persecution
15584:Holy Spirit
15567:Crucifixion
15446:First seven
15308:(1945–1991)
15302:(1939–1945)
15290:(1870–1929)
15284:(1775–1848)
15272:(1585–1689)
15266:(1534–1585)
15260:(1417–1534)
15241:(1378–1417)
15235:(1309–1378)
15227:, 1228–1304
15221:, 1262–1297
15215:, 1257–1281
15206:(1048–1257)
15191:Middle Ages
15131:Middle Ages
15095:John Paul I
15070:Benedict XV
15050:Gregory XVI
15025:Clement XIV
15010:Clement XII
14980:Innocent XI
14919:Innocent IX
14914:Gregory XIV
14864:Clement VII
14794:Gregory XII
14784:Boniface IX
14764:Innocent VI
14739:Benedict XI
14729:Celestine V
14724:Nicholas IV
14719:Honorius IV
14669:Innocent IV
14628:Clement III
14578:Innocent II
14573:Honorius II
14563:Gelasius II
14543:Gregory VII
14533:Nicholas II
14493:Benedict IX
14438:Benedict VI
14413:Agapetus II
14388:Stephen VII
14363:Sergius III
14353:Benedict IV
14343:Theodore II
14328:Boniface VI
14227:Stephen III
14207:Gregory III
14197:Constantine
14162:Benedict II
14097:Adeodatus I
14092:Boniface IV
14072:Pelagius II
14032:Boniface II
13972:Celestine I
13911:Sylvester I
13896:Marcellus I
13891:Marcellinus
13826:Callixtus I
13811:Eleutherius
13786:Telesphorus
13776:Alexander I
13698:Papal names
13437:Magisterium
13427:Encyclicals
13165:Fidei donum
12976:Quemadmodum
12874:Later years
12840:(1930–1939)
12830:(1930–1939)
12824:(1935–1939)
12818:(1939–1958)
12510:on Pius XII
12321:John Vidmar
11815:Kent, Peter
11662:. Regnery.
11544:(in German)
11241:Basic Books
11203:17 December
11020:Question 42
11002:Question 28
10809:17 December
9496:18 February
9371:(in French)
9310:19 February
8684:17 December
8657:17 December
8631:17 December
8127:suffering".
7826:Noel, p. 16
7549:7 September
7498:17 December
7274:(1950) and
7155:AAS, 1947,
7142:AAS, 1947,
7129:AAS, 1947,
6666:Poland 1925
6662:Latvia 1922
6608:17 November
6602:Vanity Fair
6226:Kaas, 1930.
6154:Noel, p. 34
6016:Noel, p. 10
5535:appointment
5301:Ian Kershaw
5297:Gerard Noel
5239:Eamon Duffy
5213:Pierre Blet
5207:(2000) and
5177:David Dalin
5146:(2000) and
5138:(2000) and
5055:, in 1964,
4625:Marvin Hier
4273:Nazi Empire
4245:Fidei donum
3965:Nazi Empire
3911:Léon Bérard
3868:Chief Rabbi
3844:antisemitic
3727:c.1943–1944
3709:most severe
3638:Dan Kurzman
3394:John Toland
3262:(1937) and
3105:Pope Pius X
2942:encyclicals
2626:Magisterium
2597:archaeology
2533:Virgin Mary
2504:Pope Pius X
2304:Middle East
2207:Roman Curia
2087:Holy Father
1986:Palm Sunday
1953:Ludwig Kaas
1796:Juan Carlos
1776:colonialism
1747:Third Reich
1527:Saar region
1454:Ludwig Kaas
1351:Kurt Eisner
1192:Pope Pius X
1118:apprendista
971:, became a
932: [
921: [
841:theologians
784:ex cathedra
534:Elevated by
527:Cardinalate
507:13 May 1917
458:Ordained by
215:Benedict XV
211:13 May 1917
182:(1935–1939)
175:(1930–1939)
165:(1930–1939)
159:(1929–1939)
152:(1926–1929)
146:(1920–1930)
140:(1917–1929)
134:(1917–1925)
125:(1912–1914)
96:Predecessor
16777:Categories
16730:Quotations
16450:coronation
16156:Pope Leo X
15741:Tertullian
15671:Revelation
15646:Background
15251:Modern Era
15181:(974–1012)
15085:John XXIII
14995:Clement XI
14970:Clement IX
14960:Innocent X
14955:Urban VIII
14950:Gregory XV
14874:Julius III
14809:Nicholas V
14774:Gregory XI
14759:Clement VI
14694:Innocent V
14684:Clement IV
14659:Gregory IX
14613:Lucius III
14593:Eugene III
14558:Paschal II
14548:Victor III
14528:Stephen IX
14513:Damasus II
14508:Clement II
14503:Gregory VI
14478:Sergius IV
14473:John XVIII
14423:Benedict V
14408:Marinus II
14333:Stephen VI
14313:Adrian III
14293:Nicholas I
14278:Sergius II
14273:Gregory IV
14253:Stephen IV
14217:Stephen II
14202:Gregory II
14122:Theodore I
14107:Honorius I
14102:Boniface V
14067:Benedict I
14057:Pelagius I
14042:Agapetus I
14002:Gelasius I
13992:Simplicius
13977:Sixtus III
13967:Boniface I
13957:Innocent I
13821:Zephyrinus
13735:Pope-elect
13711:non-extant
13553:The Deputy
13291:Yad Vashem
13224:statements
13032:Anni sacri
12859:Nunciature
12854:Early life
12834:Archpriest
12822:Camerlengo
12764:John XXIII
12732:John XXIII
12367:0674064267
12246:0465022294
12219:0340023945
11844:0812989945
11632:. Viking.
11567:1403988315
10441:Yad Vashem
10332:Commentary
10201:14 January
10179:10 January
10135:22 January
10113:22 January
10091:22 January
9861:22 January
9784:7 February
9767:Noel, p. 4
8042:Pius XII,
7959:Pius XII,
7810:. (1990);
7790:. (2003);
6848:5 December
6507:The Tablet
6286:081320920X
6051:Cornwell,
5986:Noel, p. 9
5760:archive.is
5672:References
5286:Colossians
5179:published
5053:The Deputy
5012:Securitate
4989:The Deputy
4977:The Deputy
4936:The Deputy
4929:The Deputy
4918:Golda Meir
4824:Golda Meir
4742:April 2015
4719:neutrality
4491:Magnificat
4475:Last rites
4384:abdication
4155:Abe Foxman
4147:Yad Vashem
3938:Bratislava
3879:Lithuanian
3766:Golda Meir
3734:Elio Toaff
3663:Holocaust
3559:Ken Harada
3548:Lend-Lease
3540:encyclical
3329:Wartheland
3163:See also:
3109:heterodoxy
3014:Miaphysite
2961:occupation
2947:vernacular
2886:Umberto II
2481:priesthood
2469:psychology
2437:encyclical
2276:consistory
2137:coronation
2126:Camerlengo
2122:Clement IX
1897:federalist
1893:concordats
1824:See also:
1763:encyclical
1761:The draft
1623:Yugoslavia
1613:, the new
1470:Tiergarten
1420:Reichswehr
1381:Max Levien
1323:Wilhelm II
1319:Ludwig III
1270:Wilhelm II
1238:to assist
1145:concordats
1122:Edward VII
1088:Vicegerent
965:Roman Rota
958:Franciscan
890:Early life
856:John XXIII
664:4 May 1941
249:1876-03-02
195:Ordination
110:John XXIII
16647:Biography
16466:Communism
16436:Ecumenism
15782:(380–451)
15774:(180–451)
15763:(313–476)
15685:(100–325)
15175:(904–964)
15167:(756–857)
15161:(537–752)
15155:(493–537)
15147:(312–337)
15045:Pius VIII
14975:Clement X
14909:Urban VII
14859:Adrian VI
14849:Julius II
14829:Sixtus IV
14804:Eugene IV
14749:John XXII
14744:Clement V
14714:Martin IV
14689:Gregory X
14618:Urban III
14603:Adrian IV
14588:Lucius II
14523:Victor II
14468:John XVII
14458:Gregory V
14433:John XIII
14318:Stephen V
14308:Marinus I
14303:John VIII
14298:Adrian II
14268:Valentine
14263:Eugene II
14258:Paschal I
14192:Sisinnius
14177:Sergius I
14112:Severinus
14077:Gregory I
14047:Silverius
14017:Hormisdas
14012:Symmachus
13997:Felix III
13931:Damasus I
13906:Miltiades
13881:Eutychian
13871:Dionysius
13866:Sixtus II
13861:Stephen I
13851:Cornelius
13771:Evaristus
13766:Clement I
13761:Anacletus
13691:canonised
13686:graphical
13624:Pius Wars
13483:Cardinals
13453:Tisserant
13376:Mariology
12884:Testament
12848:Biography
12310:. London.
11755:Goñi, Uki
11055:8 January
10743:; 18/8/06
10338:: 439–49.
10245:6 January
10223:6 January
9946:30 August
9856:0040-781X
9643:1072-7825
9475:(4): 448.
9106:Delpech,
8519:pp. 71–72
7916:154304692
7402:Pio XII,
7388:20 August
7378:La Stampa
7205:0362-4331
6975:Pio XII,
5933:5 January
5866:The Times
5822:14 August
5817:0362-4331
5677:Footnotes
5638:Pius Wars
4951:In 1963,
4840:Communism
4798:Jerusalem
4794:Baltimore
4730:talk page
4663:Holy Land
4609:Venerable
4134:In 2005,
4105:Hungarian
4017:Auschwitz
3995:activist
3872:Palestine
3681:Pius Wars
3519:genocidal
3469:Luftwaffe
3295:Stalinism
3291:Hitlerism
3173:Pius Wars
3117:beatified
3101:canonized
3022:Stalinist
2965:Wehrmacht
2839:evolution
2742:mariology
2465:sociology
2452:With the
2433:Canon Law
2280:cardinals
2145:Jerusalem
2096:Venerable
2017:Angelicum
1739:anti-Nazi
1704:Argentina
1694:over the
1643:canon law
1416:Freikorps
1359:Rorschach
1161:canon law
1149:minutante
1090:of Rome,
1015:altar boy
884:Venerable
851:in 1946.
790:with the
767:apostates
759:communist
376:Venerable
357:Sainthood
333:Signature
289:Education
106:Successor
37:Venerable
16476:HIV/AIDS
15970:Crusades
15724:Irenaeus
15717:Ignatius
15712:Polycarp
15562:Ministry
15550:(30–100)
15424:Timeline
15332:Category
15306:Cold War
15080:Pius XII
15060:Leo XIII
15035:Pius VII
14904:Sixtus V
14869:Paul III
14844:Pius III
14799:Martin V
14779:Urban VI
14704:John XXI
14699:Adrian V
14679:Urban IV
14553:Urban II
14488:John XIX
14448:John XIV
14428:Leo VIII
14418:John XII
14323:Formosus
14232:Adrian I
14187:John VII
14137:Vitalian
14132:Eugene I
14127:Martin I
14082:Sabinian
14062:John III
14052:Vigilius
14027:Felix IV
13987:Hilarius
13936:Siricius
13926:Liberius
13921:Julius I
13901:Eusebius
13856:Lucius I
13816:Victor I
13801:Anicetus
13781:Sixtus I
13718:Antipope
13531:Spellman
13493:Advisers
13473:Orsenigo
13458:Maglione
13415:Writings
13363:Theology
13332:Ratlines
12869:Election
12864:US visit
12479:23247127
12459:(1990).
12421:(2014).
12392:. 2000.
12374:. 1997.
12323:. 2005.
12226:. 2015.
12165:. 2000.
12111:Pius XII
12057:Pius XII
11932:. 1964.
11905:. 1967.
11885:Pius XII
11834:. 2022.
11817:. 2002.
11807:. 2000.
11738:. 2002.
11707:. 1966.
11656:. 2005.
11646:. 1959.
11626:. 1999.
11595:. 1995.
11546:; 3 vol.
11168:Archived
11086:(2003).
10830:(2015).
10780:Archived
10729:Archived
10602:Newsweek
10536:Archived
10485:Archived
10467:Pius XII
10421:, p. 623
10069:2 August
10029:Archived
9964:, p. 197
9609:Archived
9589:Archived
9556:Archived
9532:, p. 701
9239:, p. 315
9110:, p. 267
8721:Archived
8049:Archived
7966:Archived
7660:; p. 172
7524:27 April
7419:Archived
7363:, p. 110
7210:1 August
7061:, p. 371
7048:; p. 370
7005:; p. 313
6906:Archived
6772:, p. 112
6626:, p. 539
6499:Archived
6458:: 61–65.
6452:Hochland
6421:Archived
6347:, p. 157
5868:. London
5847:, p. 267
5607:See also
5576:conclave
5496:Avellino
5400:Uki Goñi
5339:Holy See
5211:(2002);
5203:(1997),
5110:Newsweek
5014:General
4887:(1949).
4850:Winnipeg
4723:disputed
4331:Italy's
4009:furnaces
3815:to "non-
3505:elevate
3256:(1931);
3132:stigmata
2622:morality
2510:Theology
2500:Boniface
2401:and the
1990:paganism
1854:Pacelli
1708:Budapest
1670:Holy See
1495:Dortmund
1313:Once in
1214:against
1204:Sarajevo
1080:ordained
961:tertiary
813:include
226:by Pope
200:by
45:Pius XII
16633:Portals
16441:Judaism
15841:Vulgate
15651:Gospels
15626:Stephen
15543:Origins
15463:Vulgate
15399:General
15389:of the
15387:History
15225:Perugia
15219:Orvieto
15213:Viterbo
15110:Francis
15090:Paul VI
15075:Pius XI
15055:Pius IX
15040:Leo XII
15030:Pius VI
14889:Pius IV
14884:Paul IV
14824:Paul II
14819:Pius II
14769:Urban V
14453:John XV
14398:Leo VII
14393:John XI
14348:John IX
14338:Romanus
14237:Leo III
14212:Zachary
14182:John VI
14117:John IV
14037:John II
13962:Zosimus
13876:Felix I
13841:Anterus
13836:Pontian
13831:Urban I
13791:Hyginus
13668:of the
13617:Related
13536:Spiazzi
13516:Lehnert
13468:Tardini
13463:Montini
13386:Liturgy
13381:Judaism
12747:Pius XI
12701:of the
12691:Pius XI
12535:of the
12531:in the
12315:Pio XII
11505:. Rome.
11199:. Italy
10735:by Sir
10686:23 June
10320:, 2001.
9936:Ozy.com
9676:. p. 56
9469:Judaism
9278:Reuters
9024:23 June
8988:23 June
8870:, 1999.
8834:23 June
8477:23 June
8449:23 June
8411:23 June
8389:; p. 76
8363:23 June
8267:23 June
8245:23 June
8149:23 June
8112:23 June
8082:23 June
8027:23 June
7997:23 June
7944:23 June
7323:, p. 21
7311:, p. 21
7159:, p. 31
7146:, p. 19
7133:, p. 18
6055:, p. 42
5319:Gestapo
5028:Seat 12
4895:Israeli
4836:Fascism
4672:Father
4665:to the
4642:" said
4564:Funeral
4437:Mother
4415:Thomism
4224:Bishop
4141:became
3957:Uruguay
3836:Lisieux
3775:leader
3773:Fascist
3628:editor
3425:, King
2817:Galileo
2746:Angelus
2734:feast.
2646:Assunta
2609:sermons
2495:heroism
2393:Bishop
2389:in 1949
2376:Creator
2358:liturgy
2168:Pius XI
1992:of the
1918:Austria
1906:Prussia
1793:Infante
1716:Hungary
1647:nullity
1619:Austria
1522:Pius XI
1431:Bamberg
1363:uditore
1336:Sister
1304:Prussia
1300:Bavaria
1286:in the
1281:titular
1228:Balkans
999:Parione
864:Paul VI
845:evolved
798:in his
794:of the
444:History
284:, Italy
228:Pius XI
100:Pius XI
16407:Nazism
16229:to the
15836:Jerome
15746:Origen
15429:Papacy
15065:Pius X
14945:Paul V
14940:Leo XI
14894:Pius V
14518:Leo IX
14383:Leo VI
14378:John X
14283:Leo IV
14222:Paul I
14167:John V
14157:Leo II
14152:Agatho
14022:John I
13846:Fabian
13796:Pius I
13706:extant
13702:Tombs
13526:Nogara
13521:Leiber
13478:Muench
13353:Russia
13348:Poland
12561:Sardes
12477:
12467:
12431:
12402:
12382:
12365:
12350:
12331:
12299:
12277:
12269:2000.
12259:
12244:
12236:
12217:
12188:
12173:
12156:
12135:
12124:
12105:981254
12103:
12085:
12070:
12048:
12022:
12007:
11992:
11977:
11962:
11940:
11922:
11870:
11856:
11842:
11825:
11790:775305
11788:
11774:
11748:
11729:
11715:
11697:
11681:
11666:
11636:
11603:
11579:
11565:
11533:
11353:
11247:
11069:
10838:
10739:; The
10157:28 May
9891:
9854:
9743:, p. 3
9648:20 May
9641:
8923:17 May
8599:
8385:
8329:Hitler
8298:Hitler
7914:
7859:
7814:
7794:
7656:
7203:
7106:
7001:
6879:
6670:France
6639:
6574:1939).
6404:
6385:
6322:
6284:
6183:
5843:
5815:
5770:17 May
5700:
5455:Ustaše
4832:Nazism
4688:novena
4543:Naples
4214:, and
4021:Dachau
3923:Slovak
3917:, the
3894:Vienna
3705:Dachau
3679:, and
3653:Allied
3511:Ustaše
3429:, and
3171:, and
3111:"—and
2669:mystic
2642:Titian
2593:Hebrew
2560:, the
2525:Fátima
2502:, and
2405:, was
2346:, and
2302:, the
2241:, and
2217:, and
2211:Jesuit
2190:) and
2024:Papacy
1934:nuncio
1734:Hitler
1582:, 1934
1535:Poland
1531:Danzig
1387:, and
1315:Munich
1244:nuncio
1236:Vienna
1220:Russia
1216:Turkey
1208:Serbia
1096:curate
833:; and
809:. His
779:Stalin
731:, the
710:, and
677:(born
190:Orders
70:Church
16863:Popes
16747:Texts
16713:Media
16671:Italy
16509:Islam
15777:Roman
15736:Canon
15609:Peter
15557:Jesus
14854:Leo X
14373:Lando
14358:Leo V
14172:Conon
14147:Donus
13982:Leo I
13886:Caius
13806:Soter
13756:Linus
13751:Peter
13666:Popes
13343:China
12912:order
12344:Mainz
11805:ICJHC
11174:6 May
11148:6 May
10886:; by
10804:(PDF)
10001:6 May
9425:6 May
9270:ABC (
7912:S2CID
6842:(PDF)
6835:(PDF)
6549:6 May
5743:lives
5649:Notes
5500:Italy
5479:Haifa
5040:Actes
4994:Amen.
4946:Latin
4899:Milan
4501:Italy
4497:Spain
3817:Aryan
3813:visas
3732:Rome
3603:which
3599:whose
3538:, an
3527:Serbs
3287:Italy
3285:With
3141:as a
3115:. He
2990:Latin
2951:Latin
2589:Greek
2529:World
2300:India
2296:China
2294:from
1982:Latin
1914:Baden
1631:Italy
1629:with
1343:Rhine
1051:Latin
936:]
925:]
792:dogma
740:Nazis
512:Place
320:Motto
282:Lazio
16764:Data
16559:2023
16554:2019
16549:2016
16544:2013
16539:2011
16534:2008
16529:2005
16524:2002
16519:2000
16486:1995
15656:Acts
15619:Paul
15614:John
15589:Mary
13916:Mark
13511:Kaas
12816:Pope
12722:Pope
12475:OCLC
12465:ISBN
12429:ISBN
12400:ISBN
12380:ISBN
12363:ISBN
12348:ISBN
12329:ISBN
12297:ISBN
12275:ISBN
12257:ISBN
12242:ISBN
12234:ISBN
12215:ISBN
12186:ISBN
12171:ISBN
12154:ISBN
12133:ISBN
12122:ISBN
12101:OCLC
12083:ISBN
12068:ISBN
12046:ISBN
12020:ISBN
12005:ISBN
11990:ISBN
11975:ISBN
11960:ISBN
11938:ISBN
11920:ISBN
11868:ISBN
11854:ISBN
11840:ISBN
11823:ISBN
11786:OCLC
11772:ISBN
11746:ISBN
11727:ISBN
11713:ISBN
11695:ISBN
11679:ISBN
11664:ISBN
11634:ISBN
11601:ISBN
11577:ISBN
11563:ISBN
11531:ISBN
11436:2023
11410:2023
11383:2023
11351:ISBN
11245:ISBN
11205:2011
11176:2009
11150:2009
11067:ISBN
11057:2012
10836:ISBN
10811:2011
10688:2013
10392:2010
10369:2010
10282:2010
10247:2016
10225:2016
10203:2016
10181:2016
10159:2014
10137:2014
10115:2014
10093:2014
10071:2013
10003:2009
9948:2021
9889:ISBN
9863:2023
9852:ISSN
9848:Time
9786:2022
9752:See
9650:2021
9639:ISSN
9498:2012
9427:2009
9312:2023
9286:2023
9221:2023
9026:2013
8990:2013
8925:2021
8836:2013
8807:2010
8686:2011
8659:2011
8633:2011
8597:ISBN
8479:2013
8451:2013
8413:2013
8383:ISBN
8365:2013
8269:2013
8247:2013
8151:2013
8114:2013
8084:2013
8029:2013
7999:2013
7946:2013
7857:ISBN
7812:ISBN
7792:ISBN
7654:ISBN
7637:2010
7551:2022
7526:2016
7500:2011
7477:, 36
7440:EWTN
7390:2017
7212:2023
7201:ISSN
7175:Time
7104:ISBN
6999:ISBN
6877:ISBN
6850:2014
6637:ISBN
6610:2023
6551:2009
6402:ISBN
6383:ISBN
6320:ISBN
6282:ISBN
6181:ISBN
5935:2023
5874:2011
5841:ISBN
5824:2024
5813:ISSN
5772:2021
5698:ISBN
5441:and
5282:Paul
5160:and
5083:and
5072:and
4838:and
4767:Time
4716:The
4621:pope
4525:: A
4505:Cuba
4346:and
4242:and
4019:and
3942:Tuka
3626:ADSS
3583:via
3409:and
3093:and
2988:and
2916:and
2694:and
2591:and
2558:Mary
2471:and
2155:and
2135:His
1994:Nazi
1923:The
1887:The
1828:and
1817:and
1808:Rome
1537:. A
1418:and
910:Rome
545:Date
520:Rome
504:Date
467:Date
268:Died
257:Rome
239:Born
40:Pope
15545:and
15495:Art
13501:Bea
12836:of
12537:ZBW
10452:by
10048:".
7904:doi
7442:or
7120:484
6564:126
5477:of
5394:In
5341:'s
5310:'s
5291:In
5235:not
5223:'s
5215:'s
5196:'s
5164:'s
5156:'s
5142:'s
5132:'s
5093:'s
5020:KGB
4879:'s
4848:in
4650:".
4421:or
4149:as
3976:'s
3892:of
3870:of
3711:in
3305:In
3293:or
3061:as
2953:in
2819:."
2644:'s
2413:".
2286:of
2237:as
2143:of
1932:As
1806:in
1698:in
1590:of
1493:in
1294:in
1098:at
973:lay
874:by
829:on
765:as
16779::
12473:.
12342:.
12240:.
12081:.
11472:.
11452:.
11427:.
11400:.
11374:.
11349:.
11345:.
11281:.
11239:.
11193:.
10946:^
10927:.
10908:.
10890:;
10862:,
10858:,
10819:^
10696:^
10679:.
10668:^
10637:.
10600:,
10542:,
10525:^
10344:^
10336:10
10334:.
10035:".
9976:.
9934:.
9903:^
9871:^
9846:.
9814:.
9803:^
9637:.
9633:.
9615:.
9489:.
9473:50
9471:.
9303:.
9276:.
9268:.
9257:^
9211:.
9077:^
9065:^
9049:^
8959:^
8916:.
8905:^
8864:,
8827:.
8649:.
8619:.
8470:.
8459:^
8343:–
8318:^
8230:^
8169:;
8092:^
8060:^
8007:^
7977:^
7924:^
7910:.
7900:55
7898:.
7559:^
7542:.
7517:.
7376:.
7199:.
7193:.
7172:.
6875:;
6668:,
6600:.
6505:,
6487:^
6464:^
6456:61
6454:.
6427:,
6377:,
6318:;
6258:^
6033:^
6021:^
5991:^
5979:^
5926:.
5864:.
5852:^
5811:.
5807:.
5788:.
5758:.
5740:.
5734:.
5595:.
5541:,
5525:.
5498:,
5469:.
5386:.
5266:,
5257:.
5249:,
5245:,
5241:,
4924:.
4834:,
4822:,
4788:,
4611:.
4425:.
4311:.
4210:,
4206:,
4202:,
4198:,
4194:,
4099:,
4005:SS
3675:,
3671:,
3475:.
3203:.
3167:,
3149:.
3134:.
2974:.
2752:.
2535:,
2467:,
2463:,
2444:.
2364:.
2342:,
2322:.
2298:,
2266:c.
2233:,
2202:.
2151:,
2147:,
1876:,
1810:.
1702:,
1676:.
1602:.
1476:,
1383:,
1310:.
1242:,
1128:.
1110:.
1053:.
994:.
934:it
923:it
823:;
724:.
706:,
681:,
518:,
280:,
259:,
16699::
16635::
16452:)
16448:(
15379:e
15372:t
15365:v
13658:e
13651:t
13644:v
13334:"
13330:"
13322:)
13316:(
12795:e
12788:t
12781:v
12481:.
12437:.
12406:.
12386:.
12354:.
12335:.
12303:.
12281:.
12263:.
12248:.
12192:.
12177:.
12128:.
12089:.
12074:.
12052:.
12033:-
12026:.
12011:.
11996:.
11981:.
11966:.
11944:.
11926:.
11811:.
11701:.
11670:.
11640:.
11438:.
11412:.
11385:.
11359:.
11316:.
11253:.
11224:.
11207:.
11178:.
11152:.
11059:.
10931:.
10912:.
10880:"
10844:.
10813:.
10690:.
10492:.
10394:.
10371:.
10284:.
10249:.
10227:.
10205:.
10183:.
10161:.
10139:.
10117:.
10095:.
10073:.
10052:.
10005:.
9950:.
9897:.
9865:.
9832:.
9788:.
9758:.
9652:.
9586:"
9584:'
9500:.
9429:.
9399:.
9314:.
9288:.
9274:)
9223:.
9028:.
8992:.
8927:.
8838:.
8825:"
8809:.
8688:.
8661:.
8635:.
8605:.
8481:.
8453:.
8415:.
8367:.
8313:.
8271:.
8249:.
8153:.
8116:.
8086:.
8055:.
8031:.
8001:.
7972:.
7948:.
7918:.
7906::
7865:.
7639:.
7613:.
7569:.
7553:.
7528:.
7502:.
7425:.
7392:.
7214:.
7022:.
6912:.
6883:.
6852:.
6798:"
6796:'
6612:.
6553:.
6509:.
6189:.
5937:.
5876:.
5826:.
5774:.
5706:.
4961:(
4755:)
4749:(
4744:)
4740:(
4736:.
4726:.
4007:-
3715:.
2936:.
1798:(
1370:'
251:)
247:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.