394:, later writing that eternal return was "the fundamental idea of the work". In this novel, the titular Zarathustra is initially struck with horror at the thought that all things must recur eternally; ultimately, however, he overcomes his aversion to eternal return and embraces it as his most fervent desire. In the penultimate chapter of the work ("The Drunken Song"), Zarathustra declares: "All things are entangled, ensnared, enamored; if you ever wanted one thing twice, if you ever said, 'You please me, happiness! Abide, moment!' then you wanted
446:
duration, but contains a finite quantity of energy. This being the case, all matter in the universe must pass through a finite number of combinations, and each series of combinations must eventually repeat in the same order, thereby creating "a circular movement of absolutely identical series". However, scholars such as Neil
Sinhababu and Kuong Un Teng have suggested that the reason this material remained unpublished was because Nietzsche himself was unconvinced that his argument would hold up to scrutiny.
507:, he argued against Nietzsche's proof of the mathematical necessity of eternal repetition, claiming that a large enough quantity of matter would be capable of an infinite number of possible combinations. According to Ouspensky, everyone is reborn again into the same life at the moment of their death, and many people will indeed continue to live the exact same lives for eternity, but it is also possible to break the cycle and enter into a new plane of existence.
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the outcome of his actions will be, he is unable to keep himself from repeating those actions. Having re-lived his life up to the point of his conversation with the magician, Ivan asks in despair whether there is any way of changing the past. The magician answers that he must first change himself; if he works on improving his character, he may have a chance of making better decisions next time around.
384:
and sigh and everything unutterably small or great in your life will have to return to you, all in the same succession and sequence" ... Would you not throw yourself down and gnash your teeth and curse the demon who spoke thus? Or have you once experienced a tremendous moment when you would have answered him: "You are a god and never have I heard anything more divine."
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as follows: "Even if there were exceedingly few things in a finite space in an infinite time, they would not have to repeat in the same configurations. Suppose there were three wheels of equal size, rotating on the same axis, one point marked on the circumference of each wheel, and these three points
485:
In this story, Ivan Osokin implores a magician to send him back to his childhood and give him the chance to live his life over again. The magician obliges, but warns Ivan that he will be unable to correct any of his mistakes. This turns out to be the case; although Ivan always knows in advance what
417:
presents this concept as a hypothetical question rather than postulating it as a fact. Many readings argue that
Nietzsche was not attempting to make a cosmological or theoretical claim i.e. saying that eternal recurrence is a true statement about how the world works. Instead, the emotional reaction
383:
What if some day or night a demon were to steal after you into your loneliest loneliness, and say to you, "This life as you now live it and have lived it, you will have to live once more and innumerable times more; and there will be nothing new in it, but every pain and every joy and every thought
445:
On the other hand, Nietzsche's posthumously published notebooks contain an attempt at a logical proof of eternal return, which is often adduced in support of the claim that
Nietzsche believed in the theory as a real possibility. The proof is based upon the premise that the universe is infinite in
272:
1:9â10 as evidence of eternal return: "What is that which hath been? It is that which shall be. And what is that which is done? It is that which shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun. Who can speak and say, See, this is new? It hath been already of old time, which was before us."
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This idea of repetition ... is not the full and absolute truth, but it is the nearest possible approximation of the truth ... And if you understand why I do not speak of this, you will be still nearer to it. What is the use of a man knowing about recurrence if he is not conscious of it and if he
162:
One might raise the problem whether the same time recurs, as some say, or not. "The same" has many senses: the same in form seems to occur as do spring and winter and the other seasons and periods; similarly the same changes occur in form, for the sun performs its solstices and equinoxes and its
449:
A third possibility is that
Nietzsche was attempting to create a new ethical standard by which people should judge their own behaviour. In one of his unpublished notes, Nietzsche writes: "The question which thou wilt have to answer before every deed that thou doest: 'is this such a deed as I am
353:
Nietzsche may have drawn upon a number of sources in developing his own formulation of the theory. He had studied
Pythagorean and Stoic philosophy, was familiar with the works of contemporary philosophers such as DĂŒhring and Vogt, and may have encountered references to Blanqui in a book by
499:
himself does not change? ... Knowledge about the repetition of lives will add nothing for a man ... if he does not strive to change himself in order to escape this repetition. But if he changes something essential in himself, that is, if he attains something, this cannot be lost.
244:
Origen also records a heterodox version of the doctrine, noting that some Stoics suggest that "there is a slight and very minute difference between one period and the events in the period before it". This was probably not a widely-held belief, as it represents a denial of the
489:
The earliest version of the novel, however, did not include the magician, and ended on "a totally pessimistic note". The revolution in
Ouspensky's thoughts on recurrence â the idea that change is possible â took place after he became a disciple of the mystic
209:
Sources differ as to whether the Stoics believed that the contents of each new universe would be one and the same with those of the previous universe, or only so similar as to be indistinguishable. The former point of view was attributed to the Stoic
222:
They hold that after the conflagration all the same things come to be again in the world numerically, so that even the same peculiarly qualified individual as before exists and comes to be again in that world, as
Chrysippus says in his books
239:
To avoid supposing that
Socrates will live again, they say that it will be some one indistinguishable from Socrates, who will marry some one indistinguishable from Xanthippe, and will be accused by men indistinguishable from Anytus and
317:
rejected this idea, claiming that it carried with it the necessary consequence that the universe would begin again, and that the same forms would repeat themselves eternally, a doctrine which DĂŒhring viewed as dangerously pessimistic.
476:, and when he encountered the theory of eternal return in the writings of Nietzsche, it occurred to him that this was a possible explanation for his experiences. He subsequently explored the idea in his semi-autobiographical novel,
109:, in which the protagonist learns to overcome his horror of the thought of eternal return. It is not known whether Nietzsche believed in the literal truth of eternal return, or, if he did not, what he intended to demonstrate by it.
273:
Augustine denies that this has reference to the recurrence of specific people, objects, and events, instead interpreting the passage in a more general sense. In support of his argument, he appeals to scriptural passages such as
265:(AD 354â430) objected to the fact that salvation was not possible in the Stoic scheme, arguing that even if a temporary happiness was attained, a soul could not be truly blessed if it was doomed to return again to misery.
297:(1844â1900). While the idea itself is not original to Nietzsche, his unique response to it gave new life to the theory, and speculation as to the correct interpretation of Nietzsche's doctrine continues to this day.
458:. Once again, however, the objection is raised that no such ethical imperative appears in any of Nietzsche's published writings, and this interpretation is therefore rejected by most modern scholars.
606:
lined up in one straight line. If the second wheel rotated twice as fast as the first, and if the speed of the third wheel was 1/Ï of the speed of the first, the initial line-up would never recur."
362:, one of whose books contains a passage discussing the theory of eternal return. Nevertheless, Nietzsche claimed that the doctrine struck him one day as a sudden revelation, while walking beside
86:, who saw in it a fundamental denial of free will and of the possibility of salvation. The global spread of Christianity therefore brought an end to classical theories of eternal return.
494:, who taught that a person could achieve a higher state of consciousness through a system of strict self-discipline. When Ouspensky asked about eternal recurrence, Gurdjieff told him:
309:
in the 19th century restarted the debate among scientists and philosophers about the ultimate fate of the universe, which brought in its train many questions about the nature of time.
167:
the same things recur, then I also will romance, holding my staff, while you sit there, and everything else will be the same, and it is plausible to say that the time will be the same.
206:. Plato hypothesised that one complete cycle of time would be fulfilled when the sun, moon and planets all completed their various circuits and returned to their original positions.
78:. The Stoics believed that the universe is periodically destroyed and reborn, and that each universe is exactly the same as the one before. This doctrine was fiercely criticised by
192:). These cycles continue for eternity, and the same events are exactly repeated in every cycle. The Stoics may have found support for this doctrine in the concept of the
523:, such as particles of gas in a sealed container, will return infinitely often to a state arbitrarily close to their original state. The theorem, first advanced by
4260:
438:: that one wants nothing to be different, not forward, not backward, not in all eternity. Not merely to bear what is necessary, still less conceal it ... but
418:
to the thought experiment serves to reveal whether one is living life to the best. According to
Heidegger, the significant point is the burden imposed by the
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repeats itself in an infinite loop, and that exactly the same events will continue to occur in exactly the same way, over and over again, for eternity.
329:, on the other hand, argued in favour of a cyclical system, additionally positing the spatial co-existence of an infinite number of identical worlds.
140:, it was one of the teachings of Pythagoras that "after certain specified periods, the same events occur again" and that "nothing was entirely new".
982:
531:. Attempts have been made to prove or disprove the possibility of Poincaré recurrence in a system the size of a galaxy or a universe. Philosopher
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similarly claimed that in an infinite universe, every possible combination of forms must repeat itself eternally across both time and space.
235:(c. 185 â c. 253 AD) characterises the Stoics as claiming that the contents of each cycle will not be identical, but only indistinguishable:
176:
The Stoics, possibly inspired by the
Pythagoreans, incorporated the theory of eternal recurrence into their natural philosophy. According to
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prepared to perform an incalculable number of times?' is the best ballast." Taken in this sense, the doctrine has been compared to the
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of eternal recurrence, regardless of whether or not such a thing could possibly be true. The idea is similar to Nietzsche's concept of
257:
Christian authors attacked the doctrine of eternal recurrence on various grounds. Origen argued that the theory was incompatible with
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470:(1878â1947) believed in the literal truth of eternal recurrence. As a child, he had been prone to vivid sensations of
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856:. Translated by G. W. Butterworth. Harper & Row. 1966. pp. 87â88 (book II, chapter 3, section 4).
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877:. Translated by R. W. Dyson. Cambridge University Press. 1998. pp. 516â517 (book XII, chapter 14).
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Nietzsche's ideas were subsequently taken up and re-interpreted by other writers, such as Russian
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817:. Translated by Henry Chadwick. Cambridge University Press. 1965. p. 238 (book IV, section 68).
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There are hints in ancient writings that the theory of eternal return may have originated with
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argued that the universe's final state would be identical to the state in which it had begun;
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556: â Philosophical view that there is no correct way of perceiving the passage of time
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675:. Translated by Oswald J. Reichel. London: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 166â167.
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579: â Religious and philosophical concept of cyclical, repeating epochs or ages
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The first published presentation of Nietzsche's version of the theory appears in
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Nietzsche's Postmoralism: Essays on Nietzsche's Prelude to Philosophy's Future
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261:(although he did allow the possibility of diverse and non-identical cycles).
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Nietzsche wrote that the concept of eternal return first occurred to him at
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648:. Translated by J. O. Urmson. Cornell University Press. 1992. p. 142.
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6:9, which affirms that Christ "being raised from the dead dieth no more".
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in Switzerland, "beside a huge rock that towered aloft like a pyramid".
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180:, the universe is periodically destroyed in an immense conflagration (
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1123:(Summer 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
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other journeys. But if someone were to believe the Pythagoreans that
145:
83:
70:, the concept of eternal return was most prominently associated with
1464:. Translated by V. Scheffer. Princeton University Press. p. 8.
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One rebuttal of Nietzsche's theory, put forward by his contemporary
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Concept that the universe and all existence is perpetually recurring
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1415:(3rd ed.). Routledge and Kegan Paul Limited. pp. 464â513.
413:
points out that Nietzsche's first mention of eternal recurrence in
71:
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Nietzsche's Life Sentence: Coming to Terms with Eternal Recurrence
1490:"The Symplectic Camel and Poincaré Superrecurrence: Open Problems"
89:
The concept was revived in the 19th century by German philosopher
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Nietzsche expanded upon this concept in the philosophical novel
119:, who argued that it was possible to break the cycle of return.
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787:"On the Individuation of Times and Events in Orthodox Stoicism"
232:
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also references this Pythagorean doctrine in his commentary on
1163:. Translated by Walter Kaufmann. Modern Library. p. 714.
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2012:
1960:
503:
Ouspensky incorporated this idea into his later writings. In
197:
1435:
Essays in General Relativity: A Festschrift for Abraham Taub
1282:
Ludovici, Anthony M., ed. (1911). "The Eternal Recurrence".
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987:. Translated by Anthony M. Ludovici. Macmillan. p. 96.
60:
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Oger, Eric (1997). "The Eternal Return as Crucial Test".
249:
viewpoint which stands at the heart of Stoic philosophy.
30:"Eternal recurrence" redirects here. For other uses, see
1142:
Nietzsche, Volume II: The Eternal Recurrence of the Same
527:
in 1890, remains influential, and is today the basis of
268:
Augustine also mentions "certain philosophers" who cite
3130:
1666:
1610:
Time-Fetishes: The Secret History of Eternal Recurrence
375:, section 341, where it is proposed to the reader as a
293:) is one of the central concepts of the philosophy of
1009:(4th ed.). Princeton University Press. pp.
539:
can be proved by a person's current existence, using
1230:. Vol. II. §1066 – via Project Gutenberg.
573: â Symbolic serpent with its tail in its mouth
196:, the oldest known expression of which is found in
1097:
1048:"Note sur Nietzsche et Lange: 'le retour Ă©ternel'"
1002:
870:
849:
717:"Stoic Natural Philosophy (Physics and Cosmology)"
687:
641:
1052:Revue philosophique de la France et de l'Ă©tranger
4300:
1396:. Routledge and Kegan Paul Limited. p. 250.
1005:Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist
909:"The Eternal Return: Genesis and Interpretation"
827:Chadwick 1965, pp. 279â280 (book V, section 20).
791:Metaphysics, Soul, and Ethics in Ancient Thought
723:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 141â142.
434:: "My formula for greatness in a human being is
644:Simplicius: On Aristotle's Physics 4.1â5, 10â14
562: â Repetition of similar events in history
1285:Friedrich Nietzsche: The Twilight of the Idols
1190:
103:, he explored it more thoroughly in his novel
3949:
2883:
2849:The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time
2654:
1682:
873:Augustine: The City of God Against the Pagans
629:. Translated by Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie. 1920.
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
865:
863:
1431:"General Relativity and the Eternal Return"
1075:. Cambridge University Press. p. 237.
1033:
996:
994:
945:
933:
906:
37:For the term as used by Mircea Eliade, see
3991:Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks
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3942:
2890:
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2661:
2647:
1689:
1675:
510:
336:
1633:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1523:
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1487:
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1481:
1424:
1422:
1409:"Eternal Recurrence and the Laws of Manu"
1406:
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1208:
1177:
1158:
1139:
980:
860:
93:. Having briefly presented the idea as a
1607:
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1191:Sinhababu, Neil; Kuong, Un Teng (2019).
1114:
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1045:
1039:
1000:
991:
887:
340:
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1612:. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
1254:
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1148:. New York: Harper and Row. p. 25.
1121:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1068:
976:
974:
972:
894:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
685:
14:
4301:
2668:
1626:
1549:"Existence Is Evidence of Immortality"
1546:
1478:
1428:
1419:
1377:
1340:
1227:Friedrich Nietzsche: The Will to Power
784:
668:
280:
122:
74:, the school of philosophy founded by
3996:On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense
3937:
2871:
2642:
1670:
1588:
1457:
888:Anderson, R. Lanier (17 March 2017).
836:
721:The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics
714:
252:
4273:Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche (sister)
4214:Influence and reception of Nietzsche
2623:
1365:
1313:
1288:. §28 – via Project Gutenberg.
1258:
1249:
969:
627:"Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras (§19)"
535:has argued that if this is so, then
1488:de Gosson, Maurice A. (June 2018).
1343:The Strange Life of P. D. Ouspensky
1320:. J. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 96.
765:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
672:The Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics
186:), and then experiences a rebirth (
136:(c.â570 â c.â495 BC). According to
24:
3625:Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism
1630:Nietzsche's Existential Imperative
1437:. Academic Press. pp. 21â22.
1224:Ludovici, Anthony M., ed. (1913).
566:List of films featuring time loops
461:
358:. He was also a fan of the author
25:
4350:
1648:
631:Hosted at the Tertullian Project.
405:
127:
4319:Religious philosophical concepts
4235:The Journal of Nietzsche Studies
2622:
2613:
2612:
1654:
1197:The Journal of Nietzsche Studies
1104:. The Viking Press. p. 435.
793:. Clarendon Press. p. 107.
1540:
1451:
1400:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1334:
1307:
1292:
1275:
1234:
1217:
1193:"Loving the Eternal Recurrence"
1152:
1133:
1108:
1089:
1062:
1027:
951:
939:
927:
900:
881:
842:
830:
821:
591:
554:Eternalism (philosophy of time)
43:Eternal return (disambiguation)
4241:Library of Friedrich Nietzsche
1547:Huemer, Michael (March 2021).
1461:Introduction to Ergodic Theory
1096:Kaufmann, Walter, ed. (1954).
959:"Eternity by the Stars (1872)"
807:
778:
753:
737:
708:
679:
662:
634:
619:
13:
1:
4261:Relationship with Max Stirner
1159:Nietzsche, Frederich (2000).
1119:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
981:Nietzsche, Friedrich (1911).
613:
300:
154:. In a fragment preserved by
4041:On the Genealogy of Morality
1261:Journal of Nietzsche Studies
1115:Anderson, R. Lanier (2022),
1001:Kaufmann, Walter A. (1974).
789:. In Salles, Ricardo (ed.).
7:
2427:Geological history of Earth
1589:Hatab, Lawrence J. (2005).
1413:A New Model of the Universe
1393:In Search of the Miraculous
1210:10.5325/jnietstud.50.1.0106
1161:Basic Writings of Nietzsche
852:Origen: On First Principles
761:"Stoicism: Physical Theory"
546:
541:Bayesian probability theory
517:Poincaré recurrence theorem
505:A New Model of the Universe
479:Strange Life of Ivan Osokin
171:
10:
4355:
4256:Nietzsche-Haus, Sils Maria
4224:Nietzsche's views on women
1779:Orders of magnitude (time)
1345:. Aeon Books. p. 13.
1140:Heidegger, Martin (1984).
715:White, Michael J. (2003).
400:For all joy wantsâeternity
59:concept which states that
36:
29:
4201:
4089:
3971:
3828:
3728:
3592:
3239:
2928:
2905:
2831:Post hoc ergo propter hoc
2813:
2752:
2689:A priori and a posteriori
2676:
2608:
2550:
2503:
2490:Time translation symmetry
2435:
2375:
2365:
2287:
2214:
2134:
2075:
1959:
1877:
1787:
1749:
1735:
1704:
1429:Tipler, Frank J. (1980).
1407:Ouspensky, P. D. (1938).
1390:Ouspensky, P. D. (1950).
1069:Schacht, Richard (2001).
1046:Fouillée, Alfred (1909).
719:. In Inwood, Brad (ed.).
4251:Nietzsche-Haus, Naumburg
4173:Transvaluation of values
4113:Apollonian and Dionysian
2734:Multiple time dimensions
1696:
785:Salles, Ricardo (2005).
584:
428:, which he describes in
216:Alexander of Aphrodisias
214:(c. 279 â c. 206 BC) by
4339:Existentialist concepts
4334:Concepts in metaphysics
4288:Zarathustra's roundelay
4229:Nietzsche and free will
4219:Anarchism and Nietzsche
4076:The Will to Power
4071:Nietzsche contra Wagner
2915:Outline of spirituality
2856:An Experiment with Time
2445:Absolute space and time
2096:Astronomical chronology
1593:. New York: Routledge.
907:D'Iorio, Paolo (2014).
669:Zeller, Eduard (1880).
511:Science and mathematics
337:Nietzsche's formulation
39:Eternal return (Eliade)
4133:Genealogy (philosophy)
4031:Thus Spoke Zarathustra
3986:On the Pathos of Truth
3759:The Cloud of Unknowing
2795:Growing block universe
2495:Time reversal symmetry
1799:Italian six-hour clock
1659:Quotations related to
1627:Magnus, Bernd (1978).
1608:Lukacher, Ned (1998).
1458:Sinai, VA. G. (1976).
1341:Wilson, Colin (2005).
1100:The Portable Nietzsche
921:10.19283/lph-20142.414
694:. Acumen. p. 99.
686:Sellers, John (2006).
501:
452:categorical imperative
391:Thus Spoke Zarathustra
386:
356:Friedrich Albert Lange
350:
307:laws of thermodynamics
290:
242:
229:
169:
106:Thus Spoke Zarathustra
41:. For other uses, see
4314:Religious cosmologies
4209:Works about Nietzsche
4158:Masterâslave morality
4148:Immaculate perception
4118:The Four Great Errors
4051:Twilight of the Idols
3743:Akilattirattu Ammanai
2920:Category:Spirituality
2842:The Unreality of Time
2694:A series and B series
2260:Time and fate deities
2205:The Unreality of Time
2144:A series and B series
1317:The Harmonious Circle
1117:"Friedrich Nietzsche"
913:Lexicon Philosophicum
890:"Friedrich Nietzsche"
815:Origen: Contra Celsum
496:
381:
344:
331:Louis Auguste Blanqui
305:The discovery of the
237:
220:
160:
4066:Dionysian Dithyrambs
4036:Beyond Good and Evil
4011:Human, All Too Human
4001:Untimely Meditations
3981:The Birth of Tragedy
3737:A Course in Miracles
3201:Spiritual possession
3031:Ethic of reciprocity
2511:Chronological dating
2480:Theory of relativity
1824:Daylight saving time
1314:Webb, James (1980).
519:states that certain
466:Russian esotericist
285:Eternal recurrence (
4278:Nietzschean Zionism
4021:Idylls from Messina
4006:Hymnus an das Leben
3965:Friedrich Nietzsche
3191:Spiritual evolution
3121:Planes of existence
2899:Modern spirituality
2780:Four-dimensionalism
1804:Thai six-hour clock
1506:2018Entrp..20..499G
1146:David Farrell Krell
963:The Blanqui Archive
601:, is summarised by
560:Historic recurrence
311:Eduard von Hartmann
295:Friedrich Nietzsche
281:Friedrich Nietzsche
231:On the other hand,
123:Classical antiquity
91:Friedrich Nietzsche
4329:Periodic phenomena
4324:Philosophy of time
4128:Faith in the Earth
4046:The Case of Wagner
2670:Philosophy of time
2334:Rosy retrospection
2312:Mental chronometry
2136:Philosophy of time
1565:10.1111/nous.12295
1368:, pp. 452â453
377:thought experiment
351:
320:Johann Gustav Vogt
263:Augustine of Hippo
253:Christian response
158:, Eudemus writes:
95:thought experiment
53:eternal recurrence
32:Eternal Recurrence
18:Eternal recurrence
4296:
4295:
4246:Nietzsche Archive
3931:
3930:
3777:Guru Granth Sahib
3715:Transcendentalism
3569:Wearing vestments
3454:Religious ecstasy
3279:Bearing testimony
2865:
2864:
2636:
2635:
2546:
2545:
2521:Circadian rhythms
2339:Tenseâaspectâmood
2194:Temporal finitism
2071:
2070:
2047:Grandfather clock
1515:10.3390/e20070499
1444:978-1-4832-7362-4
1170:978-0-6797-8339-8
1082:978-0-521-64085-5
1020:978-0-6910-1983-3
701:978-1-84465-053-8
521:dynamical systems
291:Ewige Wiederkunft
142:Eudemus of Rhodes
16:(Redirected from
4346:
4081:
4080:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3935:
3934:
3812:The Urantia Book
3504:Self-realization
3284:Being born again
3264:Ancestor worship
2892:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2814:Related articles
2765:B-theory of time
2760:A-theory of time
2753:Theories of time
2677:Concepts in time
2663:
2656:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2626:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2533:Glottochronology
2373:
2372:
2289:Human experience
2149:B-theory of time
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1149:
1144:. Translated by
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1128:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1066:
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1059:
1043:
1037:
1036:, p. 43, 74
1031:
1025:
1024:
1008:
998:
989:
988:
978:
967:
966:
955:
949:
943:
937:
936:, pp. 68â74
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595:
492:George Gurdjieff
411:Martin Heidegger
366:in Switzerland.
328:
82:authors such as
21:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4267:My Sister and I
4197:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4077:
4026:The Gay Science
4016:The Dawn of Day
3967:
3962:
3932:
3927:
3824:
3772:Hindu scripture
3724:
3588:
3459:Religious music
3235:
3081:Meaning of life
2941:Akashic Records
2924:
2901:
2896:
2866:
2861:
2809:
2748:
2672:
2667:
2637:
2632:
2604:
2595:Time immemorial
2542:
2499:
2460:Coordinate time
2431:
2385:Geological time
2361:
2344:Time management
2307:Generation time
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1955:
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1583:Further reading
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948:, p. 42â43
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603:Walter Kaufmann
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468:P. D. Ouspensky
464:
462:P. D. Ouspensky
415:The Gay Science
408:
372:The Gay Science
364:Lake Silvaplana
347:Lake Silvaplana
339:
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117:P. D. Ouspensky
100:The Gay Science
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4125:
4123:Eternal return
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4110:
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4073:
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4056:The Antichrist
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3753:Book of Mormon
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3593:Belief systems
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3116:Parapsychology
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3076:Lataif-e-sitta
3073:
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3028:
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3021:Eternal return
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2981:Creation myths
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2741:
2739:Temporal parts
2736:
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2729:Imaginary time
2726:
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2711:
2709:Eternal return
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2169:Eternal return
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2154:Chronocentrism
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1661:Eternal return
1650:
1649:External links
1647:
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1578:
1559:(1): 128â151.
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1203:(1): 106â124.
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254:
251:
173:
170:
129:
128:Pythagoreanism
126:
124:
121:
76:Zeno of Citium
68:ancient Greece
49:Eternal return
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4351:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4283:Herd instinct
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Will to power
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4163:Perspectivism
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:Seven virtues
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3908:Moral courage
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3640:Kathenotheism
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:Anthroposophy
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3549:Vegetarianism
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:Sufi whirling
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Simple living
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3419:Nonresistance
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Koan practice
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Faith healing
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:Contemplation
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:Synchronicity
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:Reincarnation
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Enlightenment
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2966:Consciousness
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2629:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:Chronobiology
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:Arrow of time
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:Geochronology
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:Wheel of time
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:Periodization
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Digital clock
2040:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:Relative hour
1817:
1815:
1814:24-hour clock
1812:
1810:
1809:12-hour clock
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1640:0-253-34062-4
1636:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1619:0-8223-2253-6
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1600:0-415-96758-9
1596:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1471:0-691-08182-4
1467:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1352:1-904658-25-3
1348:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1327:0-399-11465-3
1323:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1304:
1300:
1299:Kaufmann 1974
1295:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1241:Kaufmann 1974
1237:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1054:(in French).
1053:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1006:
997:
995:
986:
985:
977:
975:
973:
964:
960:
954:
947:
942:
935:
930:
922:
918:
914:
910:
903:
895:
891:
884:
875:
874:
866:
864:
854:
853:
845:
839:, p. 143
838:
833:
824:
816:
810:
802:
800:0-19-926130-X
796:
792:
788:
781:
766:
762:
756:
749:
746:
740:
732:
730:0-521-77985-5
726:
722:
718:
711:
703:
697:
692:
691:
682:
674:
673:
665:
657:
655:0-8014-2817-3
651:
646:
645:
637:
628:
622:
618:
604:
600:
594:
590:
578:
577:Wheel of time
575:
572:
569:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
551:
544:
542:
538:
537:reincarnation
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
508:
506:
500:
495:
493:
487:
483:
481:
480:
475:
474:
469:
459:
457:
456:Immanuel Kant
453:
447:
443:
441:
437:
433:
432:
427:
426:
421:
416:
412:
403:
401:
397:
393:
392:
385:
380:
378:
374:
373:
367:
365:
361:
357:
348:
343:
334:
332:
326:
321:
316:
315:Eugen DĂŒhring
312:
308:
298:
296:
292:
288:
278:
276:
271:
266:
264:
260:
250:
248:
247:deterministic
241:
236:
234:
228:
226:
219:
218:, who wrote:
217:
213:
207:
205:
204:
199:
195:
191:
190:
185:
184:
179:
178:Stoic physics
168:
166:
159:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
139:
135:
120:
118:
115:
110:
108:
107:
102:
101:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
62:
58:
57:philosophical
54:
50:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4265:
4233:
4193:World riddle
4168:Ressentiment
4122:
4105:
4091:Concepts and
4079:(posthumous)
3817:
3810:
3800:Tao Te Ching
3798:
3781:
3764:
3757:
3735:
3695:Spiritualism
3524:Supplication
3206:Supernatural
3196:Spiritualism
3071:Kevala jnana
3020:
3001:Emanationism
2910:Spirituality
2854:
2847:
2800:Perdurantism
2708:
2590:Time capsule
2584:Tempus fugit
2582:
2504:Other fields
2203:
2184:Perdurantism
2168:
2106:Calendar era
2058:
2051:
2037:Cuckoo clock
1974:astronomical
1948:
1774:Unit of time
1705:Key concepts
1663:at Wikiquote
1629:
1609:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1497:
1493:
1460:
1453:
1434:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1385:
1380:, p. 73
1373:
1361:
1342:
1336:
1316:
1309:
1294:
1284:
1277:
1260:
1236:
1226:
1219:
1200:
1196:
1160:
1154:
1141:
1135:
1125:, retrieved
1120:
1110:
1099:
1091:
1071:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1034:D'Iorio 2014
1029:
1004:
983:
962:
953:
946:D'Iorio 2014
941:
934:D'Iorio 2014
929:
915:(2): 66â67.
912:
902:
893:
883:
872:
851:
844:
832:
823:
814:
809:
790:
780:
768:. Retrieved
764:
755:
744:
739:
720:
710:
689:
681:
671:
664:
643:
636:
621:
599:Georg Simmel
593:
514:
504:
502:
497:
488:
484:
477:
471:
465:
448:
444:
439:
435:
429:
423:
419:
414:
409:
399:
395:
389:
387:
382:
370:
368:
352:
304:
284:
270:Ecclesiastes
267:
256:
243:
238:
230:
225:On the World
224:
221:
208:
201:
189:palingenesis
187:
181:
175:
161:
149:
131:
111:
104:
98:
88:
65:
52:
48:
47:
4138:God is dead
4101:Affirmation
3863:Forgiveness
3675:Panentheism
3620:Esotericism
3424:Nonviolence
3409:Monasticism
3399:Ministering
3354:Glossolalia
3309:Channelling
3086:Metaphysics
3051:Inner peace
3016:Eschatology
2826:Metaphysics
2770:Endurantism
2744:Temporality
2600:Time travel
2578:System time
2485:Time domain
2470:Proper time
2294:use of time
2265:Father Time
2245:Immortality
2235:Ages of Man
2164:Endurantism
2121:Regnal year
2101:Big History
2030:water-based
1929:Solar Hijri
1839:Hexadecimal
1789:Measurement
1751:Chronometry
1737:Measurement
1378:Wilson 2005
1301:, pp.
1263:(14): 4â7.
770:11 December
323: [
165:numerically
114:esotericist
4303:Categories
4183:Ăbermensch
4178:Tschandala
4093:philosophy
3848:Compassion
3794:Sufi texts
3766:Dhammapada
3685:Polytheism
3665:Nondualism
3645:Monotheism
3635:Henotheism
3630:Gnosticism
3554:Veneration
3494:Sahaj marg
3469:Revivalism
3464:Repentance
3434:Pilgrimage
3389:Meditation
3364:Iconolatry
3269:Asceticism
3146:Revelation
3111:Paranormal
3091:Mind's eye
3056:Involution
3011:Epigenesis
2805:Presentism
2775:Eternalism
2724:Eviternity
2302:Chronemics
2277:Kalachakra
2189:Presentism
2174:Eternalism
2080:Chronology
2018:mechanical
1969:Main types
1887:Main types
1500:(7): 499.
1243:, p.
1127:2023-11-28
1058:: 519â525.
837:White 2003
614:References
301:Precursors
212:Chrysippus
194:Great Year
156:Simplicius
134:Pythagoras
4309:Causality
4107:Amor fati
4061:Ecce Homo
3883:Intuition
3868:Gratitude
3838:Awareness
3680:Pantheism
3655:Mysticism
3650:Monolatry
3564:Wabi-sabi
3559:Vipassana
3509:Shamanism
3499:Sainthood
3484:Sacrifice
3479:Sacrament
3394:Martyrdom
3374:Kinomichi
3329:Entheogen
3274:Astrology
3241:Practices
3151:Salvation
3036:Existence
2976:Cosmology
2971:Cosmogony
2951:Awakening
2936:Afterlife
2836:Teleology
2558:Leap year
2475:Spacetime
2349:Yesterday
2250:Dreamtime
2224:Mythology
2111:Deep time
2023:stopwatch
1998:hourglass
1979:astrarium
1909:Gregorian
1902:Lunisolar
1879:Calendars
1869:Time zone
1742:standards
1573:171615368
1366:Webb 1980
984:Ecce Homo
571:Ouroboros
436:amor fati
431:Ecce Homo
425:amor fati
398:back ...
259:free will
183:ekpyrosis
146:Aristotle
84:Augustine
80:Christian
4153:Last man
4143:Holy Lie
3913:Patience
3888:Kindness
3819:Zhuangzi
3690:Religion
3670:Pandeism
3610:Darshana
3429:Pacifism
3414:Muraqaba
3404:Miracles
3339:Exorcism
3334:Epiphany
3314:Chanting
3304:Celibacy
3299:Blessing
3259:Altruism
3176:Shunyata
3126:Prophecy
3026:Eternity
2929:Concepts
2821:Etiology
2790:Finitism
2785:Fatalism
2714:Eternity
2704:Duration
2618:Category
2366:Time in
2357:Tomorrow
2219:Religion
2159:Duration
2126:Timeline
2060:Timeline
1859:Sidereal
1727:Eternity
1534:33265589
1269:20717674
690:Stoicism
547:See also
420:question
240:Meletus.
172:Stoicism
138:Porphyry
72:Stoicism
4202:Related
3873:Honesty
3853:Empathy
3843:Charity
3830:Virtues
3783:I Ching
3720:Vedanta
3660:New Age
3600:Advaita
3574:Worship
3544:Tithing
3539:Theosis
3534:Tai chi
3489:SÄdhanÄ
3444:Qawwali
3349:Fasting
3161:Satguru
3156:Samadhi
3136:Reality
3106:Nirvana
2628:Commons
2551:Related
2465:Instant
2455:Chronon
2437:Physics
2377:Geology
2368:science
2240:Destiny
2085:History
2053:History
2008:sundial
1991:quantum
1934:Chinese
1924:Islamic
1834:Decimal
1829:Chinese
1791:systems
1717:Present
1525:7513024
1502:Bibcode
1494:Entropy
1011:317â319
745:Timaeus
743:Plato,
473:déjà vu
203:Timaeus
151:Physics
55:) is a
3923:Wisdom
3710:Theism
3705:Taoism
3700:Sufism
3519:Simran
3474:Ritual
3449:Qigong
3439:Prayer
3384:Mantra
3294:Bhakti
3289:Bhajan
3254:Aikido
3249:Ahimsa
3221:Tatvas
3186:Spirit
3166:Satori
3101:Nature
3096:Moksha
2991:Dharma
2961:Chakra
2699:Action
2568:Moment
2563:Memory
2415:period
2003:marine
1986:atomic
1961:Clocks
1919:Hebrew
1914:Julian
1849:Metric
1722:Future
1637:
1616:
1597:
1571:
1532:
1522:
1468:
1441:
1349:
1324:
1267:
1167:
1079:
1017:
797:
727:
698:
652:
287:German
275:Romans
233:Origen
3973:Works
3903:MettÄ
3898:Mercy
3858:Faith
3806:Torah
3789:Quran
3748:Bible
3729:Texts
3615:Deism
3584:Zazen
3324:Dhikr
3171:Shabd
3066:Karma
3061:Jihad
2986:Deity
2956:Bodhi
2946:Atman
2719:Event
2573:Space
2405:epoch
2395:chron
2353:Today
2322:tempo
2317:Music
2179:Event
2013:watch
1897:Lunar
1892:Solar
1864:Solar
1854:Roman
1844:Hindu
1569:S2CID
1303:22â23
1265:JSTOR
585:Notes
442:it."
327:]
198:Plato
3893:Love
3878:Hope
3579:Yoga
3369:Japa
3359:Hymn
3231:Yuga
3226:Yana
3181:Soul
3046:Guru
2996:Ekam
2684:Time
2292:and
2255:KÄla
1950:List
1944:Maya
1740:and
1712:Past
1698:Time
1635:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1553:Noûs
1530:PMID
1466:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1077:ISBN
1015:ISBN
795:ISBN
772:2021
725:ISBN
696:ISBN
650:ISBN
515:The
440:love
61:time
51:(or
3216:Tao
3041:God
2410:era
2400:eon
2390:age
1769:TAI
1759:UTC
1561:doi
1520:PMC
1510:doi
1245:327
1205:doi
917:doi
748:39d
454:of
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396:all
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