200:
222:, provocatively crossed the Plazuela de AntĂłn MartĂn. Several soldiers on guard stopped them to challenge the wearing of the prohibited garments. Insults were exchanged and the soldiers tried to detain them. One of the townsmen unsheathed a sword and whistled. A band of townspeople appeared and the soldiers fled. The rioters quickly took over Plaza de los Inválidos where muskets and sabers were stored. 2,000 rioters marched on the
35:
322:
A military junta took measures to restore order. The city remained calm. However, upon hearing that
Charles had left secretly for Aranjuez, anger spread that the king had simply accepted the demands in order to make his subsequent escape. There were also fears that a large force of royal troops would
311:
The king was inclined to accept the demands, despite being counselled not do so by several of his ministers. Those ministers who believed he should accept the rioters' demands, emphasized that the riots were not a challenge against royal authority, but that they could develop into such should the
153:. This reform was intended to modernize the appearance of conservative Spanish society and improve public safety since the ankle-length capes were supposedly thought to facilitate the concealment of weapons, while the large hats were thought to conceal a person's face; a safeguard for criminals.
330:
and president of the
Council of Castile. The bishop was instructed to inform the king of the popular mood and to draw up a series of demands. An emissary was sent to Aranjuez and the bishop remained trapped. Meanwhile, the townspeople had begun to sack military buildings and stores, releasing
190:
Esquilache nevertheless went ahead with these measures, and on March 10, 1766, placards appeared in Madrid prohibiting the wearing of these garments. The popular reaction was immediate: the placards were torn off the walls. Soldiers were mobilized and local authorities were attacked by the
392:. The riots thus helped seal the fate of the Jesuits, already not in favor in Charles III's court. One scholar states that "Charles III would never have dared to expel the Jesuits had he not been assured of the support of an influential party within the Spanish Church." The Spanish Crown
273:
The
Walloon troops fired and killed a woman, increasing the number of rioters. A priest who made himself the rioters' representative managed to make his way to Charles and present him with the petitions. The priest's tone was ominous, and he promised to reduce
269:
On March 24, the situation worsened. The rioters, strengthened in numbers and in confidence, marched towards where the king was residing, in the Arco de la ArmerĂa de
Palacio, which was defended by Spanish troops alongside the Walloons.
257:
and formed part of the permanent garrison of Madrid. A servant attached to
Esquilache's household was knifed when the rioters made their way to the minister's mansion, which they sacked. They also stoned the mansion of the
358:. Doing so damaged his reputation. The king remained at Aranjuez as Aranda and troops were sent there to protect him. Aranda's arrival calmed Charles down but the king remained in the city until mid-April.
312:
demands be ignored. Charles appeared on the palace balcony. The rioters once again presented their demands. Charles calmly acceded to their demands. He and his
Walloon Guard then retired into the palace.
334:
This calmed the populace once again. Esquilache was also dismissed, a move that both
Charles and Esquilache lamented. Esquilache felt that his modernizing reforms had deserved a
361:
In Madrid, Aranda meanwhile had convinced the populace to adopt the French-style short capes and three-cornered hats, first meeting with the members of Madrid's five major
156:
The new policies did not immediately catch the attention of the populace, as more pressing issues fanned the flames of popular discontent; namely, the rising prices in
580:
245:
that had been erected throughout the city by royal order as another well-intended modernization policy. The rioters' petition had included a demand that the unpopular
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prisoners. The king replied with a letter that stated that he sincerely promised to comply with the demands of his people, and asked for calm and order.
241:
The duke reported to the king, who remained calm, unaware of the seriousness of the situation. The rioters meanwhile had destroyed many of the 5,000
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aiming to diminish the use of traditional apparel that made it easier to conceal weapons, but they also took into account growing discontent in
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or executioner- and that no respectable person would wear such a thing. The populace thus peacefully adopted more modern apparel.
326:
In reaction to these fears, some 30,000 people, including men, women, and children, surrounded the house of Diego Rojas
Contreras,
179:. Esquilache then proceeded to impose the new garment requirements on the general population. The writer and government official
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warned him that the confiscation or enforced trimming of customary hats and cloaks would cause resentment amongst the people.
542:
393:
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This action temporarily calmed the populace. However, fearing for his own safety, Charles then decided to retreat to
354:
Still fearing for his own safety, Charles remained at
Aranjuez, leaving the government in the hands of his minister
180:
172:. Moreover, the clothing reforms at first were only applied to the royal household and staff (January 21, 1766).
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655:
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Despite the near-insurrection of the populace, Charles would continue his program of reforms. The painter
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That His
Majesty show himself and speak from his own mouth his desire to fulfill and satisfy these demands.
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266:. That night, a portrait of Esquilache was burned in the Plaza Mayor. The king had still done nothing.
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commanded all of his courtiers and officials to cut off their long beards and wear European clothing.
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218:, around 4 o'clock in the afternoon, two townsmen, dressed in the forbidden long capes and
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The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867
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Hace doscientos años. Estado actual de los problemas histĂłricos del motĂn de Esquilache
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to rubble within two hours if the demands were not met. The rioters' demands included:
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298:(municipal boards responsible for commodity prices and supplies) be suppressed.
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253:) be disbanded. This foreign regiment of the Royal Guard was recruited in the
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608:
Vilar, Pierre. "El motĂn de Esquilache y las crisis del Antiguo RĂ©gimen."
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169:
150:
149:, replacing these traditional garments with French-style short capes and
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The Colonial History of Paraguay: The Revolt of the Comuneros, 1721-1735
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and had nevertheless been dismissed. He was given the ambassadorship to
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537:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 162–163.
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238:, whom they surrounded and persuaded to present petitions to the king.
168:, and cured meat, caused in part by Esquilache's liberalization of the
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with the rest of his family and his ministers, including Esquilache.
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Under pain of arrest, these royal functionaries adopted the measures
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Anes, Gonzalo. "Antecedentes prĂłximos del motĂn contra Esquilache".
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populace. Rioters shouted "Long Live Spain! Death to Esquilache!"
466:, a 1989 Spanish film about the life of the Marques and the riot.
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That the use of the long cape and broad-brimmed hat be permitted.
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That the minister Esquilache and all of his family leave Spain.
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That the troops withdraw to their respective headquarters.
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230:, shouting insults against Esquilache. They encountered
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That there only be Spanish ministers in the government.
373:). Aranda managed to convince these members that the
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They were directly sparked by a series of measures by
497:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 499.
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and dismantled the Jesuit missions of the Americas.
135:Esquilache's plan was to terminate the wearing of
594:RodrĂguez, Laura. "The Riots of 1766 in Madrid",
403:, an eyewitness to these events, would paint his
377:and the long cape was nothing but the apparel of
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601:RodrĂguez, Laura. "The Spanish Riots of 1766",
388:Charles III's advisers blamed the riots as a
438:banned the traditional local headdress, the
356:Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of Aranda
108:) occurred in March 1766 during the rule of
232:Luis Antonio Fernández de CĂłrdoba y SpĂnola
117:Leopoldo de Gregorio, Marqués de Esquilache
291:That the price of basic goods be lowered.
123:over the rising costs of bread and other
198:
618:
570:Los jesuitas y el motĂn de Esquilache
530:
420:ordered all Chinese men to adopt the
394:expelled the Jesuits in January 1767
288:That the Walloon Guard be disbanded.
323:enter Madrid and crush the revolt.
13:
555:
262:and approached the mansion of the
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677:
626:Riots and civil disorder in Spain
203:Demonstrators being outfitted as
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612:, 107 (1972), pp. 200–47.
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511:
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346:, where he subsequently died.
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1:
470:
390:plot organized by the Jesuits
205:"Hats-and-Capes"; painting by
181:Pedro RodrĂguez de Campomanes
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605:59, (1973), pp. 117–46.
442:, as a symbol of the former
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7:
598:3,3(1973), pp. 223–42.
584:. London: Basil Black 1989.
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424:hairstyle on pain of death.
10:
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531:LĂłpez, Adalberto (2007) .
54:23–26 March 1766
565:, 128 (1974), pp. 219-24.
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581:Bourbon Spain, 1700-1808
568:EguĂa Ruiz, Constancio.
139:and broad-brimmed hats (
596:European Studies Review
369:) and 53 minor guilds (
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105:
27:Enlightenment in Spain
436:Mustafa Kemal AtatĂĽrk
202:
666:Charles III of Spain
610:Revista de Occidente
587:Navarro Latorre, J.
429:Czar Peter the Great
255:Austrian Netherlands
110:Charles III of Spain
87:Leopoldo de Gregorio
40:The Esquilache Riots
656:Regulation in Spain
507:MotĂn de Esquilache
480:MotĂn de Esquilache
457:Enlightenment Spain
405:MotĂn de Esquilache
328:bishop of Cartagena
151:three-cornered hats
106:MotĂn de Esquilache
21:
416:In the 1600s, the
236:Duke of Medinaceli
212:
208:José Martà y Monsó
185:Council of Castile
19:
16:1766 Spanish riots
661:History of Madrid
641:Conflicts in 1766
544:978-0-7658-0745-8
519:The First America
401:Francisco de Goya
296:Juntas de Abastos
276:the king's palace
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44:Francisco de Goya
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603:Past and Present
563:Moneda y Crédito
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651:Price controls
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591:. Madrid 1966.
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572:. Madrid 1947.
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85:Ministry of
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576:Lynch, John
411:Comparisons
381:–the hated
234:, the 11th
228:Plaza Mayor
216:Palm Sunday
195:Riots begin
170:grain trade
646:Food riots
631:1766 riots
620:Categories
471:References
463:Esquilache
379:el verdugo
340:boulevards
220:chambergos
147:madrileños
145:) by male
142:chambergos
137:long capes
131:Background
62:1766-03-26
58:1766-03-23
521:, p. 499.
517:Brading,
434:In 1925,
427:In 1698,
375:chambergo
350:Aftermath
294:That the
243:lampposts
451:See also
317:Aranjuez
264:Sabatini
260:Grimaldi
183:and the
177:en masse
70:Location
60: –
25:Part of
383:hangman
226:to the
125:staples
102:Spanish
56: (
541:
363:guilds
344:Venice
336:statue
210:(1864)
121:Madrid
74:Madrid
422:queue
158:bread
80:Cause
42:, by
539:ISBN
166:coal
112:.
96:The
51:Date
440:fez
214:On
162:oil
622::
578:,
164:,
160:,
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