131:
25:
2170:
Other languages were only represented in the original vocabulary in so far as they were cognate with, or as their words had become widespread in, Esperanto's source languages. However, since that time many languages have contributed words for specialized or regional concepts, such as
926:, the modern languages most widely learned in schools around the world at the time Esperanto was devised. The result was that about two-thirds of this original vocabulary is Romance, and about one-third Germanic, including a pair of roots from
1494:
Surprisingly few roots appear to have come from other modern
European languages, even those Zamenhof was most familiar with. What follows is a fairly comprehensive list of such roots that do not also occur in principal languages:
3004:
Modern international vocabulary, much of it Latin or Greek in origin, is of course used as well, but frequently for a family of related words only the root will be borrowed directly, and the rest will be derived from it using
2927:(to speak). With elements like these that are only one or two letters long, it is difficult to know whether resemblances are due to the forms being related, or just coincidence. For example, it is speculated that the jussive
1184:). Since Zamenhof's day, a large amount of Latinate vocabulary has been added to the language. In 1987, Mattos calculated that 84% of basic vocabulary was Latinate, 14% Germanic, and 2% Slavic or Greek.
3025:('an octet of bits'). Although not a familiar form to speakers of European languages, the transparency of its formation is helpful to those who do not have this advantage. Moreover, even
3222:
However, the original inflection will occasionally be retained, as if it were part of the root, in order to disambiguate from a more common word. For example, a virus (from Latin
590:
3333:'to weigh' (to measure the weight). Because little of Proto-Esperanto has survived, it is not clear which other aspects of Esperanto etymology might date to this period.
2724:
There may have been a Volapük influence as well, or the two languages may have shared a common influence from earlier languages. In Volapük, the vowels are present
3460:
of those languages, but assigns them to differentiate nouns from adjectives rather than masculine from feminine. However, there are parallels within
Romance. In
851:
families, principally
Italian, French, German, Yiddish, and English. A large number are what might be called common European international vocabulary, or generic
3725:
3124:
However, European national standards differ in this regard, resulting in debate over the form of later "international" borrowings, such as whether the
3183:= ). Although the resulting potential for conflict is frequently criticized, it does present an opportunity to disambiguate what would otherwise be
823:). However, each root can then form dozens of derivations which may bear little resemblance to equivalent words in the source languages, such as
3274:(a heart). The redundant inflection may have been inspired by Lithuanian, which otherwise contributed relatively little to Esperanto: compare
711:
2376:, and that Zamenhof made up the German etymology after the fact to avoid anti-Semitic prejudice against Esperanto. That would mean that
3729:
3096:
to use when assimilating Latin and Greek words. Zamenhof generally preferred the oblique stem over the nominative singular form, as in
2996:
of 1868, but it's difficult to tell if there is a connection or if this is merely coincidence due to using similar source languages.
407:
3711:(starch) is given as a rare example of a Greek word that does not occur in Latin. However, it is not only a Latin derivation (from
2447:
to the point that they are often given as examples of
Esperanto innovations. This is especially true for the indefinite forms like
1148:
appearance, corresponding to the use of
Italian as a model for Esperanto pronunciation, but in form are closer to French, such as
89:
3431:
3415:
61:
3697:
1057:. Indeed, much of the supposedly German vocabulary actually appears to be Yiddish, specifically Zamenhof's native Bialystok (
3563:
68:
42:
2764:
442:
402:
432:
3044:
With the exception of perhaps a hundred common or generic plant and animal names, Esperanto adopts the international
1141:). Zamenhof never admitted to a Yiddish influence in Esperanto, presumably to avoid arousing antisemitic prejudice.
108:
75:
1061:) dialect, which had formed the basis of his abortive attempt to standardize that language. Words with the digraph
547:
311:
704:
489:
397:
378:
350:
3048:
of living organisms, using suitable orthography, and changing the nominal and adjectival grammatical endings to
57:
2709:
in the same values, and the similarity with
Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as
447:
46:
2490:
Some smaller words have been modified to the extent that they're difficult to recognize. For example, Italian
1305:. Many lexical affixes are common to several languages and thus may not have a clear source, but some such as
529:
465:
264:
3203:
are found as
Esperanto roots, one with the original meaning, and the other two representing old metaphors:
585:
345:
3448:
For speakers of
Italian, Spanish or Portuguese, it may at first be jarring that Esperanto has the endings
2863:
2392:
2948:
697:
417:
291:
2939:(receive!); or perhaps it was inspired by being found in both Hebrew and Greek. Similarly, adverbial
567:
422:
335:
3733:
3218:
Normally the Latin or Greek inflectional ending is replaced with the
Esperanto inflectional ending
437:
387:
3596:
Appears in the passive inflections; there is no Volapük present-tense suffix in the active voice.
2120:
934:
244:
238:
82:
35:
2751:
Jespersen didn't parse all of the morphology. The ablaut for the five languages is as follows:
2119:
However, although few roots come directly from these languages, Russian exerted a considerable
2469:
forms. Likewise, the restriction of the
Italian and Greek masculine noun and adjective ending
759:
are borrowed and retain much of the form of their source language, whether the phonetic form (
3045:
1483:
524:
509:
479:
452:
392:
249:
168:
3721:
1425:
1058:
736:
663:
654:
595:
552:
519:
494:
474:
301:
197:
179:
130:
3461:
1079:(seemingly corresponding to the pronunciation). This pattern is not random, but reflects
8:
3259:
3057:
2771:
2718:
2052:
601:
514:
360:
259:
162:
2783:
3754:
3749:
2514:(to the), to better fit the phonotactics of Esperanto, and in a parallel change, Latin
848:
732:
504:
499:
484:
412:
286:
254:
3435:
3413:
2182:
852:
755:, in which the words have no historical connection to other languages. In Esperanto,
728:
355:
340:
277:
172:
157:
3701:
1499:
1145:
927:
915:
844:
329:
3567:
3558:
3419:
3322:
2688:
1725:
1435:
1394:
1092:
919:
911:
306:
231:
211:
3159:
In some cases there are three possibilities, as can be seen in the English noun
3351:
2676:
2303:
2196:
1346:
427:
206:
3557:
Christer Kiselman, 2010. 'Variantoj de esperanto iniciatitaj de Zamenhof'. In
2162:"a complete dictionary", a usage not possible with the French or Latin words.
3743:
3671:
2992:
2920:
2444:
2648:
for present/past/future tense, which has partial parallels in Latin present
3325:
had voicing ablaut, traces of which remain in a few pairs of words such as
365:
322:
2935:
but it could also be from the Greek imperative of deponent verbs such as
2217:
3524:; etc. Even in Spanish and Italian, there are words with this pattern:
740:
562:
296:
2959:
are found in Latin, Italian, Greek, and German; and the pronominal base
3622:
There is no simple past tense, but -i- is used for the past subjunctive
3093:
3081:
2557:
2178:
1543:
910:
The main languages contributing to Zamenhof's original vocabulary were
217:
3548:(the generator), etc., are common to Esperanto, Spanish, and Italian.
2552:
The Greek origin of the nominal inflections can be seen in the Greek
2454:
2365:
2124:
1482:'fir' above, the names of most plants and animals are based on their
1461:
1419:
1404:
1378:
1361:
875:
Some appear to be compromises between the primary languages, such as
843:
Zamenhof took most of his Esperanto root words from languages of the
756:
724:
316:
224:
148:
137:
3583:
in Faiguet drops in the indicative, leaving a simple vowel, and the
2978:
There are other parallels with prior constructed languages, such as
2748:
until 1887, the year the modern form of the language was published.
1086:
1080:
24:
3188:
3128:
3125:
2192:
1660:
1192:
Only a few roots were taken directly from the classical languages:
1005:), but this may be a compromise between German and English the way
752:
1293:, and perhaps the inherent vowels of the past and present tenses,
618:
3184:
2395:, although clearly cognate with European languages (for example,
2355:
1735:
1044:
923:
747:
from their source languages with little internal derivation, and
681:
3707:
Note: This dictionary should be used with caution. For example,
3009:. For example, the computer term 'bit' was borrowed directly as
2645:
1384:
1284:
1271:(to go—though this form survives in the future tense in French
735:. The language occupies a middle ground between "naturalistic"
636:
645:
627:
1456:
1414:
1373:
1356:
1196:
672:
835:(to rule) but has a morphology closer to German or Russian.
2683:
This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's:
2561:
2281:
1329:(a number together) may be Latin (e.g. the Latin gerundive
727:
vocabulary and grammatical forms derive primarily from the
2611:(word) are similar, as are adjectival declensions such as
3513:
3501:
3489:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3410:
Etimologio: Skizo pri la deveno de la vortoj de Esperanto
2701:
607:
557:
2388:. Regardless, few words have histories this convoluted.
2383:
2622:(worthy). Greek was perhaps also the model of stressed
2538:(than), though the latter also has the German parallel
3304:
fokusas, kokosas, lotosas, patosas, radiusas, sinusas,
829:(government), which is derived from the Latinate root
3199:(the goddess Venus), all three of the forms of Latin
2740:; Esperanto retained a distinction between preterite
2475:
to nouns, and the feminine noun and adjective ending
2371:
2363:
2151:
2042:
2019:
1996:
1973:
1950:
1927:
1898:
1875:
1709:
1692:
1681:
1654:
1637:
1620:
1603:
1586:
1569:
1552:
1531:
1514:
1136:
1113:
1052:
2687:
are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in
2630:(family), which follows the common Greek pattern of
2508:(to) under the influence of the Italian contraction
2133:"full, complete", which is Latinate in form (French
3698:"Etymological Dictionary of the Esperanto Language"
3135:in Esperanto, parallel to French and English names
3100:(king), which follows the Latin oblique forms with
2487:, is an Esperanto innovation using existing forms.
2382:ultimately derives from the Slavic feminine suffix
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3187:based on culturally specific and often fossilized
3076:the helmeted guineafowl specifically. Likewise, a
3724:with a list of languages sorted by similarity of
3587:in Courtonne is the first-person-singular suffix.
3350:Christer Kiselman (2008). Andrzej Pelczar (ed.).
3349:
2312:(wife). Zamenhof claimed the latter derives from
3741:
2248:
2242:
2110:
2104:
2092:
2074:
2062:
3519:
3507:
3495:
3483:
3455:
3449:
3408:
2699:by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 [
2533:
2527:
2503:
2482:
2464:
2458:
2448:
2432:
2420:
2402:
2396:
2377:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2313:
2307:
2297:
2291:
2275:
2269:
2268:Like another indirect German borrowing –
2254:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2211:
2186:
2172:
2157:
2156:"full, complete", as can be seen in the phrase
2145:"full"), but has the semantic range of Russian
2128:
2098:
2086:
2068:
2056:
2025:
2002:
1979:
1956:
1933:
1910:
1881:
1858:
1841:
1829:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1745:
1729:
1715:
1698:
1670:
1664:
1643:
1626:
1609:
1592:
1575:
1558:
1537:
1520:
1503:
1477:
1471:
1444:
1429:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1367:
1350:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1278:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1167:
1149:
1119:
1096:
1074:
1068:
1034:
1022:
1006:
976:
970:
940:
876:
866:
856:
830:
824:
812:
799:
793:
781:
769:
760:
679:
670:
661:
652:
643:
634:
625:
616:
605:
3250:(a military corps). Similarly, when the sound
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3195:(the planet Venus) may be distinguished from
3013:, but 'byte' was then derived by compounding
2509:
2497:
2491:
2476:
2470:
2426:
2358:
2146:
2037:
2014:
1991:
1968:
1945:
1922:
1893:
1870:
1757:
1704:
1687:
1676:
1649:
1632:
1615:
1598:
1581:
1564:
1547:
1526:
1509:
1179:
1161:
1131:
1108:
1073:(seemingly corresponding to the spelling) or
1047:
954:
888:
855:: Roots common to several languages, such as
705:
3370:
3359:
3317:
2539:
2521:
2438:
2414:
2408:
2319:
2285:
2260:
2134:
2031:
2008:
1985:
1962:
1939:
1916:
1904:
1887:
1864:
1847:
1835:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1751:
1739:
1272:
1173:
1155:
1125:
1102:
1062:
1039:(fire) matches the pronunciation of English
1012:
1000:
994:
960:
894:
882:
818:
787:
775:
3385:Mattos, Geraldo, "La deveno de Esperanto",
2515:
2318:(crown princess), borrowed from the German
2140:
2080:
1450:
1336:
1330:
1028:
988:
982:
3352:"Esperanto: its origins and early history"
1486:, and so many are Latin or Greek as well.
712:
698:
3605:Spelled "u" but pronounced , as a French
3560:Esperanto: komenco, aktualo kaj estonteco
3021:(eight), for the uniquely Esperanto word
1144:Many of the Latinate roots were given an
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3695:
3640:spelled "iy"; replacement for French "u"
2241:may possibly derive from the Lithuanian
1489:
1043:, but is also spelled and pronounced as
3087:
2999:
1095:, a distinction preserved in Yiddish:
1067:in German may in Esperanto have either
1011:(stone) is a compromise between German
905:
3742:
3715:but more directly derives from German
2990:, which are identical to Jean Pirro's
2695:without a consonant are used like Z's
2127:of Esperanto. An oft-cited example is
861:"man", found in English words such as
731:, with substantial contributions from
3464:, for example, feminine nouns end in
3080:is any bird in the guineafowl family
1714:), and perhaps the collective suffix
3361:Prace Komisji Spraw Europejskich PAU
3056:. For example, the binomial for the
3041:(the affix with undefined meaning).
2370:(rabbi's wife; Mrs.), reanalysed as
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3678:Five volumes, Stokholmo, 1987–2001.
3006:
2453:(something), which were devised by
2359:
1132:
1109:
1048:
838:
13:
3092:There is some question over which
2664:and the corresponding infinitives
2324:, and then internally analyzed as
2165:
1894:
1187:
403:World Esperanto Youth Organization
129:
14:
3766:
3689:
3649:spelled "y" (present subjunctive)
3270:to avoid creating a homonym with
3234:in order to avoid confusion with
3007:Esperanto means of word formation
2951:consonant); the participle bases
2354:is more likely to have come from
3676:Etimologia Vortaro de Esperanto.
3372:Polska Akademia Umieje ̨tno ́sci
3329:'to weigh' (to have weight) and
3116:rather than nominative singular
2719:An International Language (1928)
2202:
23:
3665:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3616:
3599:
3432:"Lingvaj Respondoj de Zamenhof"
3215:(the incurved rim of the ear).
3068:would be any bird of the genus
2947:as well as in Russian (after a
2274:(bachelor), which derives from
398:Universal Esperanto Association
34:needs additional citations for
3590:
3573:
3551:
3514:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3442:
3424:
3401:
3392:
3379:
3343:
2943:is found in Latin and Italian
2931:is from the Hebrew imperative
2547:
2481:to adjectives and the article
2457:removing the consonant of the
981:(yeast), are closer to Dutch (
1:
3155:), and the English adjective
3064:. In Esperanto, therefore, a
265:Modern evolution of Esperanto
3685:One volume, Roterdamo, 2003.
3266:(a chorus) is replaced with
3238:(a man), and the Latin root
2560:nouns such as the word for "
1720:, if this is not from Latin.
1462:
1443:Latin and Greek: the suffix
1420:
1379:
1362:
586:Constructed languages portal
408:International Youth Congress
16:Origin of words in Esperanto
7:
3683:Konciza Etimologia Vortaro.
2526:(by, than) may have become
2372:
2364:
2342:(wife). However, Vilborg's
2296:– the Esperanto word
2290:) less the feminine suffix
2152:
2043:
2020:
1997:
1974:
1951:
1928:
1899:
1876:
1710:
1697:), the augmentative suffix
1693:
1682:
1655:
1638:
1621:
1604:
1587:
1570:
1553:
1532:
1515:
1137:
1114:
1053:
418:World Anational Association
10:
3771:
2600:-declension words such as
2302:(husband) appears to be a
1457:
1415:
1374:
1357:
443:Europe–Democracy–Esperanto
380:Organizations and services
3318:Traces of Proto-Esperanto
3302:(virus), with Lithuanian
2437:with the German genitive
2226:(suffix for containers),
2207:A few roots are obscure:
2147:
2038:
2015:
1992:
1969:
1946:
1923:
1871:
1705:
1688:
1677:
1650:
1633:
1616:
1599:
1582:
1565:
1548:
1527:
1510:
881:(to thunder), per French
568:Linguistic discrimination
3482:(the window), Esperanto
3336:
3230:instead of the expected
2986:and the feminine suffix
2965:-mi, -ti, -vi, -si, -gli
2689:Faiguet's system of 1765
2626:in Esperanto words like
2091:(a number together, cf.
1335:, the neuter inflection
953:merrier"), from Swedish
792:) or orthographic form (
438:European Esperanto Union
388:World Esperanto Congress
3407:Floriano Pessoa, 2005,
3258:as it commonly is (see
3175:= ), and its adjective
2736:, as well as imperfect
2384:
1756:, perhaps also Yiddish
1449:(offspring; from Latin
1087:
1081:
245:Declaration of Boulogne
239:Fundamento de Esperanto
3734:University of Tübingen
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3518:(the road), Esperanto
3508:
3506:(the rose), Esperanto
3496:
3484:
3456:
3450:
3409:
3371:
3360:
3242:is the source of both
2919:may derive from Latin
2915:The infinitive suffix
2584:which in Esperanto is
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2449:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2378:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2228:
2222:
2212:
2187:
2173:
2158:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2032:
2026:
2009:
2003:
1986:
1980:
1963:
1957:
1940:
1934:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1888:
1882:
1865:
1859:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1730:
1716:
1699:
1671:
1665:
1644:
1627:
1610:
1593:
1576:
1559:
1538:
1521:
1504:
1478:
1472:
1470:As in the examples of
1451:
1445:
1430:
1409:
1399:
1389:
1368:
1351:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1126:
1124:(whistle: both German
1120:
1103:
1097:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
961:
955:
941:
895:
889:
883:
877:
867:
857:
831:
825:
819:
813:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
761:
680:
671:
662:
653:
644:
635:
626:
617:
606:
346:Pop culture references
135:
3658:Kiselman (2010:64–65)
3613:for the past perfect.
3470:but take the article
3046:binomial nomenclature
2982:'they', the numerals
2963:is found in Italian (
1903:, cognates of German
1816:(than, possibly from
1563:(to be on duty, from
1490:Slavic and Lithuanian
1484:binomial nomenclature
743:, which borrow words
737:constructed languages
453:Skolta Esperanto Ligo
393:Akademio de Esperanto
250:Montevideo Resolution
133:
58:"Esperanto etymology"
3246:(a living body) and
3088:Competing root forms
3000:Technical vocabulary
2679:said of the ablaut,
2520:(out of) and Slavic
2445:analogically leveled
2079:, if not from Latin
2030:(to matchmake, from
1938:(to undertake, from
1886:(an aim, goal, from
1863:(a bread roll, from
1631:(without fail, from
906:Romance and Germanic
553:Constructed language
448:Panamerican Congress
413:Esperanto Youth Week
43:improve this article
3681:Cherpillod, André,
3260:Esperanto phonology
2713:corresponds to Z's
2443:, etc.), have been
2061:(immediately, from
1857:Russian or Polish:
1508:(to flounder, from
1424:), and perhaps the
969:A couple of words,
765:from international
602:Esperanto Knowledge
260:Manifesto of Prague
124:Part of a series on
3566:2016-03-05 at the
3494:(life), Esperanto
3418:2017-02-24 at the
2969:mi, ci, vi, si, li
2345:Etimologia Vortaro
1846:(suspenders, from
1027:(to snore), Dutch
733:Germanic languages
548:Auxiliary language
287:Esperanto movement
255:Manifesto of Rauma
136:
3254:is replaced with
3104:(compare English
3017:with the numeral
2911:
2910:
2123:influence on the
2067:); possibly also
1804:( highness, from
1792:(to solder, from
1780:(a grating, from
1580:(a sausage, from
1323:(undefined), and
751:conlangs such as
729:Romance languages
722:
721:
433:Plouézec Meetings
119:
118:
111:
93:
3762:
3726:basic vocabulary
3705:
3700:. Archived from
3659:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3614:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3588:
3577:
3571:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3459:
3453:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3434:. Archived from
3428:
3422:
3412:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3363:
3356:
3347:
3167:= ), its plural
3062:Numida meleagris
3029:has the synonym
2865:
2756:
2755:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2452:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2279:
2273:
2264:
2259:from the French
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2215:
2190:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:(porridge, from
1914:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1822:by analogy with
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1733:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1542:(to pronounce a
1541:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1481:
1475:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1434:(if that is not
1433:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1021:. (There's also
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
964:
962:je ... desto ...
958:
956:ju ... desto ...
944:
898:
892:
886:
880:
871:"eye", found in
870:
860:
839:Source languages
834:
828:
822:
816:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
764:
714:
707:
700:
685:
676:
667:
658:
649:
640:
631:
622:
613:
611:
468:
381:
330:Literatura Mondo
280:
200:
176:
151:
140:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3740:
3739:
3706:
3692:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3609:. Faiguet used
3604:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3579:The infinitive
3578:
3574:
3568:Wayback Machine
3556:
3552:
3447:
3443:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3420:Wayback Machine
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3384:
3380:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3323:Proto-Esperanto
3320:
3191:. For example,
3112:(flower) as in
3090:
3074:meleagra numido
3002:
2973:me, we, he, she
2971:) and English (
2834:past/preterite
2788:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2732:, past perfect
2550:
2315:kronprincedzino
2205:
2168:
2166:Other languages
1750:(whether, from
1525:(to iron, from
1492:
1395:accusative case
1347:Classical Greek
1190:
1188:Latin and Greek
1172:(horse: French
1154:(shirt: French
1093:Old High German
993:) than German (
908:
841:
718:
689:
688:
600:
581:
573:
572:
543:
535:
534:
490:Czech Republic
470:
466:
458:
457:
383:
379:
371:
370:
336:Native speakers
282:
278:
270:
269:
232:La Esperantisto
212:Proto-Esperanto
202:
198:
190:
189:
167:
153:
149:
138:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3768:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3738:
3737:
3722:Esperanto page
3719:
3704:on 2007-10-12.
3696:Andras Rajki.
3691:
3690:External links
3688:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3651:
3642:
3633:
3624:
3615:
3598:
3589:
3572:
3550:
3441:
3438:on 2008-02-12.
3423:
3400:
3391:
3378:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3319:
3316:
3143:as in Italian
3089:
3086:
3001:
2998:
2967:for Esperanto
2921:deponent verbs
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2744:and imperfect
2722:
2721:
2677:Otto Jespersen
2641:Esperanto has
2549:
2546:
2321:Kronprinzessin
2304:back-formation
2284:, from German
2253:(he, it), and
2247:(she, it) and
2234:
2233:
2204:
2201:
2167:
2164:
2117:
2116:
2085:), the suffix
2049:
2048:
2007:(right , from
1984:(proto-, from
1854:
1853:
1834:(a ball, from
1722:
1721:
1648:(a tail, from
1597:(except, from
1491:
1488:
1468:
1467:
1440:
1439:
1343:
1342:
1189:
1186:
1101:(home: German
967:
966:
959:. (Cf. German
942:ju ... des ...
907:
904:
840:
837:
720:
719:
717:
716:
709:
702:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
677:
668:
659:
650:
641:
632:
623:
614:
598:
593:
588:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
544:
542:Related topics
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
471:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
428:Pasporta Servo
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
384:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
326:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
283:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
235:
228:
221:
214:
209:
203:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
182:
177:
165:
160:
154:
147:
146:
143:
142:
134:Esperanto flag
126:
125:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3767:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3672:Vilborg, Ebbe
3670:
3669:
3655:
3646:
3637:
3628:
3619:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3593:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3542:(the radio),
3540:
3536:(the photo),
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3404:
3395:
3388:
3382:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3353:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2993:Universalglot
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2707:-am, -im, -om
2704:
2703:
2698:
2697:-as, -is, -os
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:-as, -is, -os
2682:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2634:(worthy) and
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2532:(out of) and
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2425:with Italian
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:Obscure roots
2200:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2163:
2160:
2159:plena vortaro
2154:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1701:
1695:
1684:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1646:
1640:
1629:
1623:
1614:(steep, from
1612:
1606:
1595:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1561:
1555:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1523:
1517:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1464:
1453:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1372:(about, from
1370:
1364:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1311:(worthy of),
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1286:
1283:(frost), the
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1229:(as though),
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
975:(street) and
973:
963:
957:
952:
948:
943:
939:
938:
933:
932:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
903:
902:
897:
891:
885:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
850:
846:
836:
833:
827:
821:
815:
811:
807:
804:from English
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
768:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
715:
710:
708:
703:
701:
696:
695:
693:
692:
684:
683:
678:
675:
674:
669:
666:
665:
660:
657:
656:
651:
648:
647:
642:
639:
638:
633:
630:
629:
624:
621:
620:
615:
610:
609:
603:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
577:
576:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
539:
538:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
469:
462:
461:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
382:
375:
374:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
331:
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132:
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102:
99:December 2008
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3702:the original
3682:
3675:
3666:Bibliography
3654:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3559:
3553:
3530:(the hand),
3512:; Provençal
3500:; Provençal
3488:; Provençal
3476:: Provençal
3444:
3436:the original
3426:
3403:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3366:
3358:
3345:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3311:
3310:(virus) vs.
3307:
3303:
3299:
3298:(sine), and
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3262:), the word
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3207:(a spiral),
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2914:
2894:subjunctive
2876:conditional
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2613:aksia, aksia
2612:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2553:
2551:
2502:(to) became
2489:
2431:(each), and
2407:with French
2393:correlatives
2390:
2348:argues that
2267:
2235:
2206:
2169:
2118:
1768:(even, from
1516:barahtatʹsja
1493:
1476:'heron' and
1469:
1426:jussive mood
1317:(a person),
1223:(although),
1191:
1146:Italianesque
1143:
1130:and Yiddish
1107:but Yiddish
1059:Northeastern
1040:
1018:
1017:and English
968:
950:
946:
936:
935:Comparative
909:
900:
899:and English
872:
862:
842:
817:from French
809:
805:
786:from French
774:from German
766:
748:
744:
723:
655:Vikikomunejo
530:Soviet Union
423:Encyclopedia
366:Zamenhof Day
351:Publications
328:
323:Libera Folio
321:
237:
230:
223:
216:
184:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3631:spelled "ä"
3485:la fenestro
3479:la fenestro
3282:(coconut),
3211:(a snail),
3033:, based on
2949:palatalized
2602:logos, logo
2576:accusative
2548:Inflections
2073:(two, from
1961:(per, from
1511:барахтаться
1355:(and, from
1211:(however),
741:Interlingua
673:Vikinovaĵoj
637:Vikifontaro
619:Vikivortaro
563:Homaranismo
297:Esperantujo
292:Esperantist
169:Orthography
3744:Categories
3369:. Krakow:
3294:(radius),
3290:(pathos),
3157:Palladian.
3131:should be
3094:inflection
3058:guineafowl
3037:(two) and
2923:, such as
2854:imperfect
2787:Esperanto
2780:Courtonne
2705:] had
2693:-a, -i, -o
2638:(houses).
2586:muzo, muzo
2558:declension
2455:iconically
2373:rebb-etzin
2179:chopsticks
2121:substratum
2103:(it, from
2053:Lithuanian
1952:khlopotatʹ
1639:nepremenno
1634:непременно
1544:guttural R
1455:and Greek
1235:(during),
1178:, Italian
1160:, Italian
887:, Italian
757:root words
682:Vikivojaĵo
664:Vikispecoj
646:Vikilibroj
628:Vikicitaro
591:Task force
467:By country
302:Literature
218:Unua Libro
180:Vocabulary
69:newspapers
3755:Etymology
3750:Esperanto
3732:Project,
3713:amyl-um),
3545:la dinamo
3462:Provençal
3286:(lotus),
3278:(focus),
3189:metaphors
2984:un du tri
2728:, future
2413:(which),
2366:rebbetzin
2336:(prince)
2232:(husband)
2125:semantics
1947:хлопотать
1663:suffixes
1571:dezhyritʹ
1554:kartavitʹ
1549:кapтaвить
1405:inceptive
1285:adverbial
1265:(heron),
1253:(today),
1217:(after),
893:, German
826:registaro
725:Esperanto
608:Vikipedio
580:Wikimedia
361:Profanity
341:Libraries
317:La Espero
225:Dua Libro
185:Etymology
163:Phonology
139:Esperanto
3730:EVOLAEMP
3564:Archived
3539:la radio
3416:Archived
3375:: 39–56.
3248:korpus-o
3185:homonyms
3147:Russian
3145:Pallade,
3126:asteroid
3106:regicide
3082:Numididæ
3078:numidedo
3072:, and a
2871:old -e-
2794:present
2775:Volapük
2768:Rudelle
2761:Faiguet
2670:re, amav
2656:perfect
2419:(such);
2330:(crown)
2287:fräulein
2277:fraŭlino
2265:(case).
2193:reindeer
2183:Japanese
2139:, Latin
2136:plein(e)
2094:dvejopas
1661:pet-name
1566:дежурить
945:(as in "
901:thunder.
873:oculist.
849:Germanic
777:schweben
753:Solresol
749:a priori
745:en masse
739:such as
525:Slovakia
510:Malaysia
480:Bulgaria
207:Zamenhof
150:Language
3533:la foto
3527:la mano
3521:la vojo
3515:la voio
3509:la rozo
3503:la roso
3497:la vivo
3491:la vido
3398:Vilborg
3314:(man).
3308:virusas
3292:radiuso
3240:corp-us
3228:virus-o
3224:vir-us)
3213:helikso
3177:helical
3169:helices
3153:Palláda
3149:Паллада
3141:Palado,
3137:Pallas,
3114:floral,
2814:future
2789:(1887)
2777:(1880)
2628:familío
2617:, aksia
2568:plural
2428:ciascun
2385:-its(a)
2356:Yiddish
2195:) from
2181:) from
2097:), and
1935:klopodi
1795:lutować
1771:jeszcze
1741:barszcz
1738:, from
1736:borscht
1659:), the
1588:kolbasa
1583:колбаса
1577:kolbaso
1546:, from
1539:kartavi
1533:gladitʹ
1528:гладить
1505:barakti
1500:Russian
1428:suffix
1407:prefix
1397:suffix
1387:suffix
1383:), the
1287:suffix
1259:(fir),
1241:(nor),
1220:kvankam
1205:(but),
1181:cavallo
1163:camicia
1157:chemise
1133:פֿײַפֿן
1127:pfeifen
1045:Yiddish
928:Swedish
924:Yiddish
916:English
896:donnern
890:tuonare
863:virile,
853:Romance
596:Outline
520:Romania
495:Hungary
475:Austria
356:Symbols
279:Culture
199:History
173:Braille
158:Grammar
83:scholar
3717:amel-.
3570:, UEA.
3300:viruso
3296:sinuso
3288:patoso
3284:lotuso
3280:kokoso
3276:fokuso
3268:koruso
3244:korp-o
3232:*vir-o
3209:heliko
3205:helico
3197:Venero
3193:Venuso
3133:Palaso
3129:Pallas
3108:), or
3070:Numida
3066:numido
3023:bitoko
2945:(bene)
2937:dekhou
2782:(1884)
2770:(1858)
2763:(1765)
2646:ablaut
2636:oikíai
2606:, logo
2596:Greek
2590:, muzo
2360:רביצין
2351:edzino
2339:edzino
2333:princ-
2309:edzino
2271:fraŭlo
2174:haŝioj
2153:polnyi
2148:полный
2021:pravyj
2016:правый
1941:kłopot
1849:szelki
1726:Polish
1703:(from
1675:(from
1622:krutoj
1617:крутой
1560:deĵori
1436:Hebrew
1413:(from
1403:, the
1393:, the
1385:plural
1280:prujno
1250:hodiaŭ
1247:(or),
1226:kvazaŭ
1175:cheval
1169:ĉevalo
1166:) and
1151:ĉemizo
1030:ronken
996:Straße
984:straat
972:strato
920:German
918:, and
912:French
884:tonner
878:tondri
845:Italic
515:Poland
485:China
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3709:amelo
3389:1987.
3387:Fonto
3355:(PDF)
3337:Notes
3312:vyras
3236:vir-o
3201:helix
3161:helix
3122:flos.
3110:floro
3031:duumo
2925:loqui
2881:-ju
2803:-a-
2643:a/i/o
2632:aksía
2566:musa,
2327:kron-
2216:(it,
2197:Saami
2188:boaco
2142:plen-
2130:plena
2027:svati
2010:prawy
2004:prava
1918:kasza
1900:tselʹ
1877:bulka
1872:булка
1866:bułka
1860:bulko
1843:ŝelko
1837:piłka
1831:pilko
1801:moŝto
1783:krata
1777:krado
1731:barĉo
1711:-jaga
1694:-nʹka
1689:-нька
1656:hvost
1651:хвост
1645:vosto
1628:nepre
1611:kruta
1605:krome
1600:кроме
1522:gladi
1473:ardeo
1463:-ídēs
1458:-ίδης
1452:-idēs
1332:-end-
1308:-inda
1262:ardeo
1208:tamen
1197:Latin
1138:fajfn
1121:fajfi
1098:hejmo
1049:פֿײַר
1036:Fajro
1024:ronki
1019:stone
1014:Stein
1008:ŝtono
978:gisto
949:more
868:okul-
814:soifo
810:boat,
801:boato
795:teamo
789:voile
783:vualo
771:ŝvebi
505:Korea
500:Japan
307:Music
90:JSTOR
76:books
3454:and
3331:pesi
3327:pezi
3306:and
3272:koro
3264:ĥoro
3120:and
3102:reg–
3098:reĝo
3052:and
3039:-um-
3027:bito
3015:bito
3011:bito
2957:-nt-
2955:and
2904:-ə-
2899:-u
2889:-u-
2886:-u-
2868:-e-
2849:-i-
2846:(i)
2829:-o-
2826:-o-
2817:-y
2809:-a-
2806:-a-
2715:-us.
2674:sse.
2658:amav
2578:musa
2570:musa
2562:muse
2463:and
2410:quel
2404:tiel
2398:kiel
2391:The
2379:edz-
2299:edzo
2293:-in-
2282:Miss
2262:étui
2256:-ujo
2229:edzo
2223:-ujo
2218:s/he
2185:and
2088:-ope
2064:tuoj
2044:svat
2039:сват
2033:swat
1998:pra-
1993:пра-
1987:pra-
1981:pra-
1929:kaša
1924:каша
1912:kaĉo
1906:Ziel
1895:цѣль
1883:celo
1807:mość
1789:luti
1717:-aro
1706:-яга
1700:-eg-
1686:and
1683:-čka
1678:-чка
1672:-njo
1669:and
1666:-ĉjo
1594:krom
1479:abio
1446:-ido
1380:perí
1375:περί
1326:-op-
1320:-um-
1314:-ulo
1299:and
1256:abio
1214:post
1115:hejm
1104:Heim
1085:and
1054:fajr
1041:fire
1002:Gest
990:gist
865:and
858:vir-
847:and
820:soif
808:and
806:team
798:and
767:ex-,
762:eks-
312:Film
62:news
3226:is
3220:−o.
3139:or
3118:rex
3060:is
2988:-in
2980:ili
2975:).
2953:-t-
2933:-û,
2907:-u
2860:-e
2857:-e
2843:i-
2840:-i
2837:-i
2823:o-
2820:-o
2800:-a
2797:-a
2746:-es
2742:-is
2711:-um
2702:sic
2564:":
2541:als
2466:ti-
2460:ki-
2440:-es
2434:-es
2422:ĉiu
2416:tel
2306:of
2250:jis
2220:),
2112:jis
2082:duo
2058:tuj
2024:),
2001:),
1978:),
1955:),
1932:),
1909:),
1889:cel
1880:),
1840:),
1828:),
1810:),
1798:),
1786:),
1774:),
1762:),
1759:tsu
1753:czy
1744:),
1642:),
1625:),
1608:),
1591:),
1574:),
1557:),
1536:),
1519:),
1410:ek-
1369:pri
1366:),
1363:kai
1358:καί
1352:kaj
1338:-um
1302:-a-
1296:-i-
1277:),
1274:ira
1268:iri
1238:nek
1232:dum
1202:sed
1118:),
1110:הײם
1091:in
1033:.)
951:the
947:the
937:the
832:reg
558:Ido
45:by
3746::
3728:.
3674:,
3611:-o
3585:-m
3581:-s
3473:la
3467:-o
3457:-a
3451:-o
3367:II
3365:.
3357:.
3256:k,
3084:.
3054:-a
3050:-o
3035:du
3019:ok
2961:-i
2941:-e
2929:-u
2917:-i
2864:ɛ-
2738:ä-
2734:i-
2730:o-
2726:a-
2691:;
2666:am
2662:t,
2654:t,
2650:am
2544:.
2535:ol
2529:el
2523:od
2517:ex
2511:al
2505:al
2499:ad
2496:,
2484:la
2478:-a
2472:-o
2450:io
2401:,
2244:ji
2238:Ĝi
2213:ĝi
2199:.
2115:).
2109:,
2106:ji
2100:ĝi
2076:dù
2070:du
2055::
2047:).
2036:/
2013:/
1990:/
1975:po
1970:по
1967:/
1964:po
1958:po
1944:/
1921:/
1892:/
1869:/
1852:).
1825:al
1819:od
1813:ol
1765:eĉ
1747:ĉu
1728::
1502::
1466:).
1438:).
1431:-u
1421:ek
1416:ἐκ
1400:-n
1390:-j
1349::
1341:).
1290:-e
1244:aŭ
1199::
1082:ei
1076:aj
1070:ej
1064:ei
999:,
987:,
965:.)
930::
914:,
780:,
3736:.
3607:u
3252:ĥ
3181:c
3179:(
3173:c
3171:(
3165:x
3163:(
3151:(
2717:—
2672:i
2668:a
2660:i
2652:a
2624:i
2619:n
2615:i
2608:n
2604:i
2598:o
2594:.
2592:n
2588:j
2582:,
2580:n
2574:,
2572:i
2556:-
2554:a
2493:a
2280:(
2191:(
2177:(
1734:(
1088:ī
922:/
713:e
706:t
699:v
612:)
604:(
175:)
171:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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