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36:
1739:
1647:
as the father of
Asclepius, as do the Greeks, but unlike them do not make his mother a mortal woman. The Sidonian then continued with an allegory which explained that Apollo represented the sun, whose changing path imparts to the air its healthiness which is to be understood as Asclepius. This
1608:
is neither a Greek nor an
Egyptian, but some native Phoenician divinity. For to Sadyk were born children who are interpreted as Dioscuri and Cabeiri; and in addition to these was born an eighth son, Esmunus, who is interpreted as
1620:
Codex 242) summarizes
Damascius as saying further that Asclepius of Beirut was a youth who was fond of hunting. He was seen by the goddess Astronoë (thought by many scholars to be a version of
1719:(meaning "Health") showing Eshmun holding a staff in his right hand around which a serpent is entwined. A coin of the 3rd century CE from Beirut shows Eshmun standing between two serpents.
1712:
period. It was excavated by
Maurice Dunand in 1963–1978. Many votive offerings were found in the form of statues of persons healed by the god, especially babies and young children.
390:
2002:
Allégories orientales, ou, le fragment de
Sanchoniaton, qui contient l'histoire de saturne: suivie de celles de mercure et d'hercule, et de ses douze travaux ...
2007:
Oriental allegories, or, the fragment of
Sanchoniaton, which contains the story of Saturn: followed by those of Mercury and Hercules, and his twelve labors.
2075:
1452:
383:
1652:. This might be a variant version of Eshmun's parentage, or Apollo might also be equated with Sadyk, and Sadyk might be equated with Resheph.
1983:
Esmun. Eine archäologische
Untersuchung aus der Geschichte Kenaans ... Mit einem einleitenden Sendschreiben über Studien des Alten Testaments
2000:
376:
1939:
1960:
1918:
2068:
2032:
1928:
1445:
526:
1428:
151:
2061:
1970:
1949:
1988:
Esmun. An archaeological study from the history of Kenaan ... With an introductory missive on Old
Testament studies.
2014:
1438:
1581:, no mother named, and then afterwards fathered an eighth son by one of the seven Titanides or Artemides. (See
840:
146:
2540:
2325:
2089:
136:
1920:
Solving
Riddles and Untying Knots: Biblical, Epigraphic, and Semitic Studies in Honor of Jonas C. Greenfield
1211:
1613:
1996:
2525:
1648:
allegory seems likely a late invention. Also, Apollo is usually equated with the
Phoenician plague god
583:
2545:
1635:
A trilingual inscription of the 2nd century BCE from Sardinia also identifies Eshmun with the Greek
2085:
995:
416:
127:
836:
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1640:
1555:
991:
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1562:
867:
8:
1632:'Healer', restored him to life from the warmth of her body, and changed him into a god.
1481:
920:
2105:
930:
503:
141:
2038:
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1966:
1945:
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2018:
1981:
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578:
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1700:). Building was begun at the end of the sixth century BCE during the reign of
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A village near Beirut named Qabr Shmoun, "Eshmoun's grave," still exists.
887:
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1962:
The Archaeology of Jordan and Beyond: Essays in Memory of James A. Sauer
1382:
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Also found near the temple was a gold plaque of Eshmun and the goddess
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1573:, 'The Righteous', first fathered seven sons equated with the Greek
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693:
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1624:) who so harassed him with amorous pursuit that in desperation he
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2027:] (in French). Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 154–168.
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Ruins of the 7th century BC Phoenician Temple of Eshmun in Sidon
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is found 1 km from Sidon on the Bostrenus (now called the
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where the site of Eshmun's temple is now occupied by the
1407:
1228:
448:
1861:
2025:
Gods and Goddesses of the Phoenician and Punic Universe
1894:
1643:
quotes a Sidonian as saying that the Phoenicians claim
493:
1489:
1734:
1680:, which was regarded as having medicinal qualities.
1873:
1849:
1804:
2020:Dieux et Déesses de l'Univers Phénicien et Punique
2512:
1995:
1822:
1628:himself and died. Astronoë then named the youth
2069:
1990:] (in German). Gotha: Gustav Schlössmann.
1446:
384:
1708:, and later additions were made up into the
2076:
2062:
1916:
1867:
1453:
1439:
391:
377:
34:
2013:
2009:] (in French). Paris: chez l'auteur.
1900:
1785:
1655:In Cyprus, Eshmun was syncretized with
2513:
1979:
1810:
2057:
1958:
1937:
1879:
1855:
1485:
1526:Eshmun was known at least from the
13:
1670:("herb of Eshmun") was applied by
1429:Religions of the ancient Near East
14:
2562:
1751:
1737:
60:, Beirut, Cyprus, Sardinia, and
1941:The Oxford Handbook of Heracles
1917:Greenfield, Jonas Carl (1995),
1910:
1885:
1840:
1828:
1791:
1722:
1589:appears to mean 'the Eighth'.
1:
1772:
1490:
7:
1944:, Oxford University Press,
1730:
1639:and the Latin Aesculapius.
1534:and was worshipped also in
10:
2567:
1683:
1521:
1500:
90:at Bostan el-Sheikh, Sidon
2493:
2324:
2104:
2097:
1997:Court de Gébelin, Antoine
109:
99:
94:
83:
75:
67:
53:
45:
33:
26:
21:
16:Phoenicia mythology deity
128:Ancient Semitic religion
1980:Cassel, Paulus (1872).
1510:god of healing and the
2186:Baalshamin/Baʿalshamem
1938:Ogden, Daniel (2021),
1611:
1556:acropolium of Carthage
152:Near Eastern Religions
1823:Court de Gébelin 1773
1598:
2541:Phoenician mythology
2327:Mesopotamian deities
1565:, Phoenician author
1563:Eusebius of Caesarea
868:Hutena and Hutellura
1846:Pausanias, 7.23.7–8
1788:, pp. 160–166.
921:Ninatta and Kulitta
122:Part of a series on
1959:Sauer, A. (2018),
1592:The Neo-Platonist
1472:, less accurately
900:dynastic deities (
147:pre-Islamic Arabia
2526:West Semitic gods
2508:
2507:
2489:
2488:
2107:Canaanite deities
2034:978-90-6831-690-2
1930:978-0-931464-93-5
1891:Dioscorides, 4.71
1825:, pp. 67–68.
1463:
1462:
408:ancient Near East
401:
400:
117:
116:
54:Major cult center
2558:
2546:Temple of Eshmun
2499:Mythology portal
2226:Kothar-wa-Khasis
2102:
2101:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2015:Lipiński, Edward
2010:
1991:
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1933:
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1745:Mythology portal
1742:
1741:
1740:
1696:in southwestern
1690:Temple of Eshmun
1502:
1493:
1487:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1109:Kothar-wa-Khasis
417:Ancient Egyptian
403:
402:
393:
386:
379:
275:Kothar-wa-Khasis
119:
118:
110:Roman equivalent
100:Greek equivalent
88:Temple of Eshmun
38:
19:
18:
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1952:
1931:
1923:, Eisenbrauns,
1913:
1908:
1907:
1899:
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1878:
1874:
1868:Greenfield 1995
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406:Deities of the
397:
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1977:
1971:
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1912:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:, p. 160.
1893:
1884:
1882:, p. 470.
1872:
1870:, p. 433.
1860:
1858:, p. 140.
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2401:Inanna/Ishtar
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2156:Baʿalat Gebal
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1901:Lipiński 1995
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1819:
1813:, p. 26.
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1787:
1786:Lipiński 1995
1782:
1778:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1706:King of Sidon
1703:
1702:Eshmunazar II
1699:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:Sanchuniathon
1564:
1561:According to
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:Baʿalat Gebal
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
993:
985:
984:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
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944:
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939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
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922:
919:
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914:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
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871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
842:
838:
833:
832:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
753:
748:
747:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
683:
678:
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667:
665:
662:
660:
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652:
650:
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630:
627:
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622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
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585:
582:
580:
577:
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572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
528:
523:
522:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
418:
413:
412:
409:
405:
404:
394:
389:
387:
382:
380:
375:
374:
372:
371:
366:
363:
361:
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353:
351:
348:
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343:
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336:
333:
331:
328:
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321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
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303:
301:
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293:
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278:
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268:
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261:
258:
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246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
210:Baʿalat Gebal
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
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171:
168:
167:
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159:
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112:
108:
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102:
98:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
25:
20:
2498:
2326:
2215:
2176:Baʿal Marqod
2171:Baʿal Ḥammon
2106:
2090:Mesopotamian
2024:
2019:
2006:
2001:
1987:
1982:
1961:
1940:
1919:
1911:Bibliography
1896:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1799:Vita Isidori
1798:
1793:
1781:
1726:
1714:
1687:
1675:
1667:
1665:
1654:
1634:
1629:
1617:
1612:
1599:
1596:also stated
1591:
1586:
1585:). The name
1560:
1525:
1512:tutelary god
1503:
1488:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1212:Mesopotamian
1093:
1059:Baʿal Marqod
1054:Baʿal Ḥammon
584:Dhul Khalasa
259:
230:Baʿal Marqod
225:Baʿal Ḥammon
220:Baʿal Berith
137:Mesopotamian
2536:Health gods
2481:Utu/Shamash
2461:Ningishzida
2396:Geshtinanna
2181:Baʿal Ṣapon
2166:Baʿal Berit
1811:Cassel 1872
1797:Damascius,
1759:Asia portal
1723:Place names
1672:Dioscorides
1668:Astresmunim
1618:Bibliotheca
1569:wrote that
1408:Utu/Shamash
1358:Ningishzida
1249:Belet Nagar
1219:Adad/Ishkur
1069:Baʿalshamem
1064:Baʿal Ṣapon
764:Inshushinak
240:Baʿalshamem
235:Baʿal Ṣapon
113:Aesculapius
95:Equivalents
2515:Categories
2391:Ereshkigal
1880:Ogden 2021
1856:Sauer 2018
1773:References
1609:Asclepius.
1530:period at
1508:Phoenician
1482:Phoenician
1269:Ereshkigal
769:Ishmekarab
644:Theandrios
574:Baalshamin
564:Atarsamain
161:The Levant
2466:Ninhursag
2451:Nanna/Sin
2336:Abzu/Apsu
2146:Atargatis
1965:, Brill,
1666:The name
1641:Pausanias
1637:Asclepius
1626:castrated
1602:Asclepius
1594:Damascius
1550:, and in
1388:Papsukkal
1378:Ninshubur
1363:Ninhursag
1333:Nanna/Sin
1034:Atargatis
992:Canaanite
988:Levantine
819:Ruhurater
809:Napirisha
779:Kiririsha
729:Ninkarrak
195:Atargatis
142:Levantine
104:Asclepius
46:Phoencian
2231:Kotharat
2092:religion
2084:Ancient
2043:33211400
2017:(1995).
1999:(1773).
1731:See also
1583:Kotharat
1579:Dioscuri
1552:Carthage
1548:Sardinia
1528:Iron Age
1506:) was a
1504:Yasumunu
1501:𒅀𒋢𒈬𒉡
1497:Akkadian
1486:𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍
1393:Sarpanit
1383:Pabilsag
1368:Ninisina
1293:Manungal
1288:Ishtaran
1234:Asarluhi
1159:Shadrafa
1104:Kotharat
996:Ugaritic
931:Pirengir
794:Nahhunte
714:Ḫalabatu
664:Yarhibol
604:Malakbel
559:al-‘Uzzá
469:Nephthys
325:Shadrafa
270:Kotharat
62:Carthage
49:𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍
2551:Melqart
2381:Enki/Ea
2376:Dumuzid
2291:Shapshu
2271:Resheph
2236:Melqart
2191:Chemosh
2141:Astarte
2131:Asherah
2098:Deities
2086:Semitic
1717:Hygieia
1698:Lebanon
1684:Worship
1677:solanum
1674:to the
1657:Melqart
1650:Resheph
1622:Astarte
1614:Photius
1575:Cabeiri
1522:History
1470:Eshmoun
1403:Tishpak
1398:Sebitti
1348:Ninegal
1328:Šumugan
1259:Enki/Ea
1174:Shapshu
1149:Resheph
1114:Melqart
1079:Chemosh
1029:Astarte
1019:Asherah
966:Tašmišu
941:Šarruma
936:Shalash
926:Nupatik
916:Nabarbi
898:Mitanni
893:Lelluri
883:Kumarbi
841:Hittite
837:Hurrian
814:Pinikir
799:Narundi
784:Lagamar
752:Elamite
739:Shalash
704:Hadabal
694:Aštabil
682:Eblaite
659:Yaghūth
629:Orotalt
589:Dushara
554:al-Qaum
539:Aglibol
527:Arabian
340:Shapshu
315:Resheph
280:Melqart
245:Chemosh
190:Astarte
185:Asherah
84:Temples
71:Serpent
2521:Eshmun
2476:Tiamat
2471:Ninlil
2456:Nergal
2431:Marduk
2421:Lahamu
2416:Kishar
2361:Anshar
2346:Amurru
2316:Yarikh
2306:Yahweh
2286:Shalim
2281:Shahar
2276:Sakkun
2261:Qedesh
2256:Nikkal
2241:Milcom
2216:Eshmun
2206:Elohim
2151:ʿAṯtar
2136:Ashima
2116:Adonis
2041:
2031:
1969:
1948:
1927:
1645:Apollo
1606:Beirut
1587:Eshmun
1544:Cyprus
1540:Beirut
1478:Esmoun
1466:Eshmun
1418:Zababa
1373:Ninlil
1353:Ningal
1343:Ninazu
1338:Nergal
1318:Nisaba
1313:Nanaya
1298:Marduk
1283:Ishtar
1279:Inanna
1254:Dumuzi
1229:An/Anu
1224:Amurru
1199:Yarikh
1194:Yahweh
1169:Shalim
1164:Shahar
1154:Sakkun
1139:Qedesh
1134:Nikkal
1119:Milcom
1094:Eshmun
1044:Azizos
1039:ʿAṯtar
1024:Ashima
1004:Adonis
971:Teshub
961:Takitu
956:Šuwala
951:Šimige
946:Šauška
910:Varuna
878:Kubaba
873:Išḫara
853:Aštabi
848:Allani
839:&
789:Manzat
759:Humban
734:Saggar
719:Išḫara
689:Adamma
569:ʿAṯtar
549:al-Lat
509:Tefnut
489:Qetesh
479:Osiris
444:Buchis
429:Anubis
365:Yarikh
360:Yahweh
335:Shalim
330:Shahar
320:Sakkun
305:Qedesh
300:Nikkal
285:Milcom
260:Eshmun
205:Azizos
200:ʿAṯtar
170:Adonis
76:Gender
68:Symbol
22:Eshmun
2446:Nammu
2436:Mummu
2426:Lahmu
2411:Kingu
2386:Enlil
2366:Ashur
2301:Tanit
2296:Sydyk
2246:Misor
2221:Haddu
2211:Elyon
2196:Dagan
2161:Baʿal
2126:Arsay
2023:[
2005:[
1986:[
1767:Delos
1710:Roman
1694:Awali
1661:Ibiza
1630:Paeon
1571:Sydyk
1532:Sidon
1516:Sidon
1474:Esmun
1323:Shala
1308:Nammu
1274:Gibil
1264:Enlil
1239:Ashur
1184:Tanit
1179:Sydyk
1124:Misor
1099:Haddu
1084:Dagan
1049:Baʿal
1014:Arsay
976:Tilla
906:Mitra
902:Indra
888:Kušuḫ
863:Ḫepat
858:Hayya
824:Simut
804:Napir
774:Jabru
709:Hadad
699:Dagan
669:Yatha
654:Ya'uq
639:Suwa'
614:Manāt
609:Manaf
599:Hubal
544:Abgal
534:Allah
514:Thoth
464:Montu
454:Horus
350:Tanit
345:Sydyk
290:Misor
265:Haddu
250:Dagan
215:Baʿal
180:Arsay
58:Sidon
2441:Nabu
2351:Antu
2341:Adad
2121:Anat
2088:and
2039:OCLC
2029:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1946:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1835:KAI.
1801:302:
1688:The
1600:The
1536:Tyre
1491:ʾšmn
1468:(or
1303:Nabu
1009:Anat
994:and
724:Kura
649:Wadd
634:Ruda
624:Nuha
619:Nasr
484:Ptah
459:Isis
439:Atum
434:Apis
424:Amun
175:Anat
79:Male
2371:Bes
2356:Anu
2311:Yam
2266:Qos
2251:Mot
1604:in
1577:or
1514:of
1476:or
1413:Wer
1244:Aya
1189:Yam
1144:Qos
1129:Mot
594:Gad
579:Bēl
504:Shu
499:Set
474:Nut
449:Geb
355:Yam
310:Qos
295:Mot
2517::
2406:Ki
2201:El
2037:.
1837:66
1704:,
1558:.
1546:,
1542:,
1538:,
1518:.
1499::
1495:;
1484::
1480:;
1089:El
908:,
904:,
494:Ra
255:El
2077:e
2070:t
2063:v
2045:.
1992:'
1976:.
1955:.
1934:.
1616:(
1454:e
1447:t
1440:v
1281:/
998:)
990:(
912:)
392:e
385:t
378:v
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