1338:"The award gives Point Barima, with a strip of land fifty miles long, to Venezuela, which thereby obtains entire control of the River Orinoco. Three thousand square miles in the interior are also awarded to Venezuela. Thus, by a decision in which the British arbitrators concurred, the position taken by Great Britain in 1895 is shown to be unfounded. This, however, in no wise expresses the full extent of Venezuela's victory. Great Britain had claimed 30, 000 square miles of territory west of the Schonburgk line and this she was disposed to arbitrate in 1890. Every foot of that section is now awarded to Venezuela. The award practically endorses the judgment of Sir Robert Schomburgk, whose line it follows except in a few particulars. Great Britain acquires the whole of ther river Cuyni, including a site which Venezuela alleged to be a fort at the junction of the Curum and the Cuyuni. The marshy Barima district has been awarded to Venezuela, possibly on the principle of national security, but the condition that the Orinoco shall be a free waterway to all nations. This piece of land overs about thirty square miles. It had been offered with much more land by every British foreign minister since the time of Lord Aberdeen. Great Britain has substantiated almost all her extreme claims. All the valuable plantations and gold fields are now indisputably settled within British territory."
1231:
747:
898:
766:
1040:
1635:
164:
1139:
307:
910:
6710:
1885:
1699:
2051:
1279:. Spain, according to Venezuela, only designated its claimed Guiana territory to the Dutch, which did not include much land within the disputed territory. Meanwhile, Britain, who had acquired the Dutch territory, stated that the disputed Guiana region was not Spanish because it was so remote and uncontrolled, explaining that the original natives in the land had shared the territory's land with the Dutch instead of the Spanish and were thus under Dutch and British influence.
1315:
1848:
1359:
135:
1505:
36:
1345:
that the
Arbitral Award was the product of political collusion and it should not be adhered to by Venezuela. In accordance with the 1899 Arbitral Award, a mixed British-Venezuelan Boundary Commission began work in 1900 to demarcate the border. Representing Venezuela, Abraham Tirado and Elias Toro surveyed the area of the boundary in accordance with the Award, along with two British surveyors who all signed off on the border in 1905.
628:
5888:
1566:. The agreement established the regulatory framework to be followed by the parties to resolve the issue. According to the agreement, a Mixed Commission was installed to seek satisfactory solutions for the practical settlement of the border controversy. However, the parties never agreed to implement a solution within this Commission due to differing interpretations of the agreement:
2182:
treatment is given to the jurisdictions of these national states, which do not usually include in their maps their territorial portion within the
Guayana Esequiba, although in the national maps of the country the inclusion of the area under claim is mandatory. This has led some people to erroneously think that the Guayana Esequiba is a new Venezuelan state or federal territory.
1251:"The Tribunal shall investigate and ascertain the extent of the territories belonging to, or that might lawfully be claimed by the United Netherlands or by the Kingdom of Spain respectively at the time of the acquisition by Great Britain of the Colony of British Guiana, and shall determine the boundary line between the Colony of British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela"
1123:. In the same year, a British proposal to Venezuela to modify the border to give Venezuela full control of the Orinoco River mouth and adjacent territory was ignored. In 1850, Britain and Venezuela reached an agreement whereby they accepted not to colonise the disputed territory, although it was not established where this territory began and ended.
1387:
ultimately went along with
Martens to avoid depriving Venezuela of even more territory. This memorandum provided further motives for Venezuela's contentions that there had in fact been a political deal between the British judges and the Russian judge at the Arbitral Tribunal, and led to Venezuela's revival of its claim to the disputed territory.
1155:, which was Venezuelan territory beyond the Schomburgk line but within the area Schomburgk thought Britain could claim. That year, Venezuela reiterated its claim up to the Essequibo River, to which the British responded with a counterclaim including the entire Cuyuni basin, although this was a paper claim the British never intended to pursue.
1487:. After searching the British official archives, Wetter found further evidence of collusion between Britain and Russia, concluding that the ruling was marred by serious procedural and substantive defects, and that it was more a political compromise than a court ruling. Uruguayan jurist Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga, former president of the
994:
chief base the said creek of
Curucima, or the point of the chain and ridge in the great arm of the Imataka, an imaginary line will be drawn running to the south-south-east following the slopes of the ridge of the same name which is crossed by the rivers Aguire, Arature and Amacuro, and others, in the distance of 20 leagues, direct to the
2144:, before the political transformation initiated on 19 April 1810, then delimited in accordance with the Political Territorial Law of the Republic of 28 April 1856, with the modifications that have resulted from the laws of the Republic, the agreements and other legal acts validly celebrated in accordance with the
1588:
the west bank of the above-mentioned river. Therefore, the Guyana-Essequibo territory over which
Venezuela expressly reserves its sovereign rights, limits on the east by the new State of Guyana, through the middle line of the Essequibo River, beginning from its source and on to its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean.
3075:"Boundary Between British Guiana and Venezuela: Case Presented on the Part of the Government of Her Britannic Majesty to the Tribunal of Arbitration Constituted Under Article I of the Treaty Concluded at Washington on the 2nd February, 1897, Between Her Britannic Majesty and the United States of Venezuela"
2001:, argued that the ICJ did not hold jurisdiction over the dispute and said that Venezuela would not participate in the proceedings. The Court stated that Guyana would have until 19 November to present their arguments and Venezuela would have until 18 April 2019 to present their counterarguments. During the
1989:(ICJ), unless the two countries explicitly requested it not to do so. In January 2018, Guterres concluded that the Good Offices Process had not determined a peaceful conclusion and the UN referred the case. Guterres chose to have the controversy settled by the ICJ on whether the 1899 award was valid.
2181:
Historically in
Venezuela, the central power (government and other Venezuelan state agencies) has been directly in charge of the treatment of the case of Guayana Esequiba, leaving the local governors' and mayors' offices with very little participation and power of action. A special and differentiated
1950:
a licence to drill for oil in the disputed maritime area in early 2016. In May the government of Guyana announced that ExxonMobil had indeed found promising results in their first round of drilling on the so-called
Stabroek Block, an area offshore the Essequibo territory with a size of 26,800 km
1683:
on 2 January 1969, first attacking a police station, killing five police officers along with two civilians while the rebels destroyed buildings belonging to the
Guyanese government with bazooka fire. The rebels locked citizens in their homes and blocked airfields in Lethem, Annai Good Hope, Karanambo
1083:
appointed José Manuel
Hurtado as its new Ambassador to Britain. He officially presented to the British government the Venezuelan claim to the border at the Essequibo River, which was not objected to by Britain. However, the British government continued to promote colonization of territory west of the
1996:
On 19 June, Guyana announced that it would ask the Court to rule on their favour, citing
Article 53 of the ICJ Statute, which states that "if any of the two parties does not show at the tribunal or fails to defend their case, the other party has the right to communicate with the court and to rule in
1992:
On 29 March, Guyana gave a request to the ICJ to solve the territorial dispute. Venezuela proposed that Guyana restore the diplomatic contacts to attempt to find a solution regarding the territorial dispute, arguing that Guterres "exceeded the competences given to him as the Good Offices Figure" and
1775:
voting against believing that the United Nations should resolve the matter. MPs from almost all parties in the Parliament of Venezuela voiced their sharp criticism of the agreement. Venezuelan maps produced since 1970 show the entire area from the eastern bank of the Essequibo, including the islands
1587:
Venezuela recognises as territory of the new State the one which is located on the east of the right bank of the Essequibo River, and reiterates before the new State, and before the international community, that it expressly reserves its rights of territorial sovereignty over all the zone located on
1579:
The fifth article of the Geneva Agreement established the status of the disputed territories. The provisions state that no acts or activities taking place on the disputed territories while the Agreement is in force "shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial
1574:
Venezuela argued that the Commission did not have a juridical nature or purpose but a deal-making one, so it should go ahead to find "a practical and satisfactory solution", as agreed in the treaty. Venezuela also claimed that the nullity of the Arbitral Award of 1899 was implicit, as otherwise, the
1031:
were transferred to the United Kingdom. By this time, the Dutch had defended the territory from the British, French, and Spanish for nearly two centuries, often allying with natives in the region who provided intelligence about Spanish incursions and escaped slaves. According to scholar Allan Brewer
830:
are allied with him", with later reports of the Dutch building forts from Cape North at the Amazon River to the opening of the Orinoco River. In 1639, the Spanish stated that the Dutch in Essequibo "were further protected by 10,000 to 12,000 Caribs in the vicinity of which they frequent, and who are
810:
was concerned about the high cost of maintaining the fortress. In 1720 it had 246 people, and a budget of 31,923 strong pesos per year to which is added the serious damage to the structure caused by the earthquake in 1684 and later the devastating effects of the hurricane that flooded the salt flats
4121:
In 1969, it was discovered that Caracas had backed a secessionist revolt by ranchers and Amerindians in the Rupununi region, ... To put this into perspective, when Guyana gained independence in May 1966, it had a standing army of 750 troops and no air or maritime forces. Venezuela, in contrast, had
1900:
Venezuela sent an objection to the commission, rejecting the Guyanese application and warning that Guyana had proposed a limit for its continental shelf including "the territory west of the Essequibo river, which is the subject of a territorial sovereignty dispute under the Geneva Agreement of 1966
1344:
The Venezuelan government showed almost immediate disapproval with the 1899 Arbitral Award. As early as 7 October 1899, Venezuela voiced its condemnation of the Award, and demanded the renegotiation of her eastern border with British Guiana: that day, Venezuelan Foreign Minister José Andrade stated
1075:
about the presence of British settlers in territory claimed by Venezuela: "The colonists of Demerara and Berbice have usurped a large portion of land, which according to recent treaties between Spain and Holland, belongs to our country at the west of Essequibo River. It is absolutely essential that
2152:
is void and null, according to the principles of law and justice that govern the international community and contribute to affirm territorial integrity, shall be understood to be incorporated, even if not expressly so, in all acts of the State. The State of Bolivar will collaborate and support the
1896:
in order to extend its continental shelf by a further 150 nautical miles (280 km; 170 mi). Since the Commission requests that the areas to be considered cannot be subject to any kind of territorial disputes, the Guyanese application disregarded the Venezuelan claim over the Essequibo, by
403:
The status of the territory is subject to the Geneva Agreement, which was signed by the United Kingdom, Venezuela, and British Guiana on 17 February 1966. This treaty stipulates that the parties will agree to find a "practical, peaceful, and satisfactory solution" to the dispute. Should there be a
1913:
before making the application, but did not do the same with Venezuela. "Such a lack of consultation with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, serious in itself in that it violates the relevant rules, is inexplicable in so far as the coast whose projection is used by the Republic of Guyana in its
1282:
The rival claims were presented to a tribunal of five arbitrators: two from Britain, two from the US (representing Venezuela's interest), and one from Russia, who were presumed neutral. The U.S. represented Venezuela on the panel in part because the Venezuelan government had broken off diplomatic
1111:
exploration of British Guiana in 1835. This resulted in a sketch of the territory with a line marking what he believed to be the western boundary claimed by the Dutch. As a result of this, he was commissioned in 1840 by the British government to survey Guiana's boundaries. This survey resulted in
1723:
Guyana charged 57 individuals with murder. Of the 28 rebels arrested, 18 were released on 24 January 1969 after having their murder charges dropped while the ten remaining individuals were released later. In late February to early March 1969, Amerindian leaders met with Prime Minister Burnham to
993:
from the point of Barima, 20 leagues more or less inland, up to the creek of Curucima, is low-lying and swampy land and, consequently, reckoning all this tract as useless, very few patches of fertile land being found therein, and hardly any savannahs and pastures, it is disregarded; so taking as
2090:
In response to the increased tensions, the Brazilian military on 29 November 2023 "intensified defensive actions" along its northern border. On 1 December 2023, the ICJ ordered Venezuela to not make any attempts to disrupt the current territory controlled by Guyana until the court makes a later
1386:
The alternative would have followed the Schomburgk Line entirely, and given the mouth of the Orinoco to the British. Mallet-Prevost said that the American judges and Venezuelan counsel were disgusted at the situation and considered the 3 to 2 option with a strongly worded minority opinion, but
1619:
Venezuelan minister Ignacio Iribarren Borges replied stating "the Government of Venezuela rejects the aforementioned protest, because Anacoco Island is Venezuelan territory in its entirety and the Republic of Venezuela has always been in possession of it". The island remained under Venezuelan
1378:
In 1949, the US jurist Otto Schoenrich gave the Venezuelan government a memorandum written by Mallet-Prevost, which was written in 1944 to be published only after his death. Mallet-Prevost surmised from the private behavior of the judges that there had been a political deal between Russia and
1215:
both misjudged the importance the American government placed on the dispute. The key issue in the crisis became Britain's refusal to include the territory east of the Schomburgk Line in the proposed international arbitration. Ultimately Britain backed down and tacitly accepted the US right to
1695:(GDF). GDF troops arrived at an open airstrip 5 miles (8.0 km) away from Lethem. As Guyanese soldiers made their approach to the town, the rebels quickly fled, ending the uprising. Academic accounts reported that two or three Amerindians were killed, while rumors reported up to 70 dead.
1826:'s representative which can occasionally be changed with the agreement of both parties. While diplomatic contacts between the two countries and the Secretary General's representative continue, there have been some clashes. The latest personal representative in these efforts is the Norwegian
1934:
to be prosecuted. The Guyanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs said the vessel was in Guyanese waters, but its Venezuelan counterpart sent a diplomatic note to Guyana stating that the ship was conducting oil research in Venezuelan waters with no authorisation from the country, and demanded an
1570:
Guyana argued that, before starting the negotiations over the border issue, Venezuela should prove that the Arbitral Award of 1899 was null and void. Guyana did not accept that the 1899 decision was invalid, and held that its participation on the commission was only to resolve Venezuela's
375:
as their representative, leaving no Venezuelan citizen to represent their country's interests. The United Kingdom and Venezuela went into arbitration with mediation from the United States, which resulted in the Paris Arbitral Award in 1899 and ruled largely in favour of Britain. In 1949,
4140:
A Venezuelan incursion on the island of Ankoko (October 1966) and Venezuelan instigation of the Rupununi uprising (January 1969) were succeeded by an agreement signed on June 18, 1970, which provided that neither country would make any territorial claims for a period of at least twelve
1802:
warned Venezuela not to attempt any action against Guyana, saying that it would immediately result in a response from the United Kingdom and the United States. Months before the expiration of the Port of Spain Protocol, prominent Venezuelan politician and former interior minister
1383:, had visited Britain with the two British arbitrators in the summer of 1899, and subsequently had offered the two American judges a choice between accepting a unanimous award along the lines ultimately agreed, or a 3 to 2 majority opinion even more favourable to the British.
1744:
signed the Port of Spain Protocol. The signed protocol declared a 12-year moratorium on Venezuela's reclamation of the Essequibo to allow both governments to promote cooperation and understanding while the border claim was in abeyance. The protocol was formally signed by the
707:
in the area. By the 1570s, it was reported that the Dutch were commencing trade in the Guianas, but little evidence of this exists. At the time, neither the Portuguese nor the Spanish had made any establishments in the area. A Dutch fort was built in 1596 at the mouth of the
2196:
The territory and other geographic spaces of the Republic are those that corresponded to the Captaincy General of Venezuela before the political transformation initiated on 19 April 1810, with the modifications resulting from treaties and arbitration awards not vitiated by
5766:
785:
To protect the Araya salt flats, the "white gold" of the time, from English, French, and Dutch incursions, the Spanish Crown ordered the construction of a military fortress, which they finished building at the beginning of the year 1625. It was given the name of
1305:
The Venezuelan representatives, claiming that Britain had unduly influenced the decision of the Russian member of the tribunal, protested the outcome. Periodic protests, however, were confined to the domestic political arena and international diplomatic forums.
2095:
initially reported that Venezuelans voted "yes" more than 95% of the time on each of the five questions on the ballot. International analysts and media reported that turnout had been remarkably low and that the Venezuelan government had falsified the results.
3049:
842:
in the region. The English said that the Dutch were experienced with travelling the Orinoco River for many years. Due to the skillful travel of the Dutch on the Orinoco, the Spanish would later encounter the Dutch and prohibit them from travelling the river.
2021:. Venezuela did not take part in the hearings which were rescheduled for 30 June. On 18 December 2020, the Court ruled that it had jurisdiction and accepted the case. On 8 March 2021, Venezuela was given until 8 March 2023 to submit a counter-memorial.
2757:
1150:
The dispute went unmentioned for many years until gold was discovered in the region, which disrupted relations between the United Kingdom and Venezuela. In 1876, gold mines inhabited mainly by English-speaking people had been established in the
416:
asking the Venezuelan electorate whether the region should become a state of Venezuela and its population become citizens, where it declared that the results showed overwhelming support for such action. No vote was held in the disputed region.
1283:
relations with Britain. Venezuela reiterated its claim to the district immediately west of the Essequibo and claimed that the boundary should run from the mouth of the Moruka River southwards to the Cuyuni River, near its junction with the
1173:
In October 1886 Britain declared the Schomburgk Line to be the provisional frontier of British Guiana, and in February 1887 Venezuela severed diplomatic relations. In 1894, Venezuela appealed to the United States to intervene, citing the
729:
and travelled the coasts between the Amazon and Orinoco. The report, written by A. Cabeljau and described as having "more realistic information about the region" than that of Raleigh, showed how the Dutch had travelled the Orinoco and
777:
Another Dutch fort supported by indigenous groups was established at the mouth of the Essequibo River in 1613, which was destroyed by the Spanish in November 1613. In 1616, Dutch ship captain Aert Adriaenszoon Groenewegen established
2074:
on 23 October 2023, asking to support its position in the dispute, arguing that the referendum served as a pretext for the Venezuelan government to abandon negotiations with Guyana. The proposed referendum was condemned by the
1958:
claims into the disputed area. This in turn caused the government of Guyana to summon the Venezuelan ambassador for further explanation. The tensions have further intensified since and Guyana withdrew the operating licence of
1561:
on 17 February 1966, the governments of British Guiana, the United Kingdom, and Venezuela signed the "Agreement to resolve the controversy over the frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana", best known thereafter as the
308:
1821:
decided to not extend it, resuming his country's effective claim over the territory. Since then, the contacts between Venezuela and Guyana within the provisions of the Treaty of Geneva are under the recommendations of a
5722:
In a news conference announcing preliminary results from the first tranche of counted votes, the Venezuelan National Electoral Council said voters chose "yes" more than 95% of the time on each of five questions on the
1706:
The Guyanese government accused Venezuela of assisting the rebels, accusations that the Venezuelan government rejected. Members of the failed uprising fled to Venezuela for protection after their plans unraveled, with
5029:
3030:
1661:. The Guyanese government was in the process of creating a commission for issuing land certificates to indigenous families in the area, though the review of 20,000 square miles (52,000 km) of land was required.
858:, which had been founded by the Dutch Republic before it was recognised by Spain. However, a few decades after the Peace of Münster, the Dutch began to spread gradually west of the Essequibo River, inside the Spanish
1813:
that if Guyana attempted to develop parts of the Essequibo, that Venezuela would have to "abandon the channels of peaceful negotiation which our national government aspires to and turn to methods involving action."
1448:
In his exposition, he stressed that Venezuela considered the Paris Arbitration as null and void because of "acts contrary to good faith" of the British government and the Tribunal members. Said complaints led to the
998:; from there it will run on to the Masaruni and Essequibo, parallel to the sources of the Berbis and Surinama; this is the directing line of the course which the new Settlements and foundations proposed must follow.
2161:
The original territory of what is now the state of Delta Amacuro extends from the Orinoco delta to the Esequibo River. The information website of the governor's office of this state states the following about its
3273:
Bram Hoonhout, Thomas Mareite, "Freedom at the Fringes? Slave Flight and Empire-Building in the Early Modern Spanish Borderlands of Essequibo-Venezuela and Louisiana-Texas", Slavery & Abolition 40:1 (2019):
2417:
4798:
1406:
Venezuela formally raised the issue again at an international level before the United Nations in 1962, four years before Guyana won independence from Britain. On 12 November 1962, Venezuelan foreign minister
2024:
On 18 September 2020, the United States announced that it would join Guyana on sea patrols in the area. The first agreement in the negotiations between the Maduro government and the Venezuelan opposition in
5615:
2749:
2016:
The oral audiences were planned to take place from 23 to 27 March 2020, in which the ICJ would determine if they held jurisdiction in the dispute, however this was delayed indefinitely due to the worldwide
2787:
1374:
After numerous bilateral diplomatic attempts failed to convince the United Kingdom of its seriousness to nullify the award, Venezuela denounced it before the first assembly of the United Nations in 1945.
5251:
3897:
The Government charges that the ranchers have misled the Indians of the area into believing that the Government will take their land away and that they have pursuaded the Indians to support the rebellion
1242:
The Treaty of Arbitration between the UK and Venezuela was signed in Washington on 2 February 1897. This treaty specifically stipulated the legal framework for the arbitration, its first article stating
5087:
4884:
1711:
and her rebels being granted Venezuelan citizenship by birth since they were recognised as being born in the Essequibo disputed territory. The ranchers who organized the rebellion were settled into the
5709:
5678:
5135:
3570:
2697:
3603:
2535:
2173:
When the Federal Territory of Delta Amacuro was created, it had an area of 63,667 km², and currently has 40,200 km². The difference between these two areas was lost by the Delta Amacuro due to the
5500:
4734:
1993:
that the decision "contravenes the spirit, purpose and reason of the Geneva Agreement". The Venezuelan government also stated that it did not recognise the jurisdiction of the Court as mandatory.
6915:
5804:
4914:
5558:
4556:
3884:
5469:
5195:
5647:
2213:, the latter territory currently under the jurisdiction of the state of Bolivar. The proposal was officially introduced before the secretariat of the National Assembly, but was not approved.
1954:
Venezuela responded to the declaration with a decree issued on 27 May 2015, including the maritime area in dispute in its national marine protection sphere, thus extending the area that the
5443:
2388:
5410:
5113:
1200:
Scruggs took up Venezuela's argument that British action violated the Monroe Doctrine. Scruggs used his influence to get the US government to accept this claim and get involved. President
2664:
782:
located 20 miles (32 km) down the Essequibo River, where he married the daughter of an indigenous chief, controlling the Dutch colony for nearly fifty years until his death in 1664.
5585:
4359:
4290:
1897:
saying that "there are no disputes in the region relevant to this submission of data and information relating to the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles ."
4712:
380:, official secretary of the US–Venezuela delegation in the arbitration, and published posthumously, stated that the Arbitral Award resulted from the pressure by the Tribunal President
4854:
3972:
Venezuela made a failed attempt to instigate a secession of Indigenous citizens in the Rupununi district, which the Guyana Defense Force (GDF) successfully quelled on January 2, 1969.
255:
5531:
734:, discovering dozens of rivers and other previously unknown lands. Cabeljau wrote of good relations with the natives and that the Spanish were friendly when they encountered them in
5746:
4824:
3811:
3779:
404:
stalemate, according to the treaty, the decision as to the means of settlement is to be referred to an "appropriate international organ" or, failing agreement on this point, to the
3252:
5221:
1664:
At a 23 December 1968 meeting, rebels finalised plans of a separated Rupununi state. Venezuela reportedly supported and equipped the Rupununi rebels and their secession movement.
4437:
6674:
2817:
2189:
2166:
2126:
1601:
and surrounding islands in October 1966 with Venezuelan troops quickly constructing military installations and an airstrip. Subsequently, on the morning of the 14 October 1966,
5778:
3540:
2446:
5021:
1126:
Schomburgk's initial sketch, which were published in 1840, was the only version of the "Schomburgk Line" published until 1886, which led to later accusations by US President
1204:
adopted a broad interpretation of the Doctrine that did not just simply forbid new European colonies but declared an American interest in any matter within the hemisphere.
2359:
1249:
The Treaty provided the legal framework, procedures, and conditions for the Tribunal to solve the issue and reach to determine a border. Its third article established that
1408:
1302:
rather than the Cuyuni River, giving Venezuela substantial territory east of the line. However, Britain received most of the disputed territory and all of the gold mines.
3959:
3690:
1394:, the Venezuelan government began plans to invade the Essequibo. President Pérez Jiménez anticipated the invasion of Guyana in 1958, but was ultimately overthrown in the
6001:
4650:
1431:
1007:
as the boundary between Spanish and Dutch Guiana, with slaves often attempting to cross the Orinoco to live with increased, though limited, liberties in Spanish Guiana.
4790:
2407:
1298:
at the mouth of the Orinoco, giving it undisputed control of the river, and thus the ability to levy duties on Venezuelan commerce. The second placed the border at the
1606:
1370:(shaded dark). Venezuela claims territory up to the western bank of the river. The historical claim by the UK included the river basin well into current-day Venezuela.
2502:
1522:
1230:
53:
5154:"Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela): Fixing of time-limits for the filing of written pleadings on the question of the jurisdiction of the Court"
2605:
1914:
attempt to extend the limits forms part of the disputed territory over which Venezuela demands and reiterates its claim to sovereignty rights", said the Venezuelan
1901:
and, within this framework, a matter for the good offices of the Secretary-General of the United Nations". Venezuela also said that Guyana consulted its neighbours
1084:
Essequibo River in succeeding years. In 1831, Britain merged the former Dutch territories of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo into a single colony, British Guiana.
5607:
4679:
4947:
5347:
4228:
2779:
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1951:(10,300 sq mi). The company announced that further drillings would take place in the coming months to better evaluate the potential of the oil field.
5243:
1460:
It claimed that the referees exceeded the scope of powers granted by the arbitration treaty in 1897 when it drew the border between British Guiana, Brazil, and
7064:
5083:
4742:
4188:
1970:, with the support of Venezuela's National Assembly, which seeks to reinforce Venezuela's claim to Guyana's Essequibo Region and its attendant maritime space.
984:. Spanish authorities, in a report dated 10 July 1788, put forward an official claim against the Dutch expansion over her territory, and proposed a borderline:
248:
5139:
4876:
3842:
Sanders, Andrew (September 1987). "British Colonial Policy and the Role of Amerindians in the Politics of the Nationalist Period in British Guiana, 1945–68".
2964:
1334:, Severo Mallet-Prevost, Benjamin F. Tracy, James R. Soley, and José María Rojas, were interviewed jointly, and stated their first claims against the ruling:
448:. The Northwestern border of the Essequibo follows the 1905 border as established by the British-Venezuelan Mixed Boundary Commission, in accordance with the
6006:
5701:
5670:
3566:
2689:
1245:"An Arbitral Tribunal shall be immediately appointed to determine the boundary-line between the Colony of British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela."
1112:
what came to be known as the "Schomburgk Line". The line went well beyond the area of British occupation and gave British Guiana control of the mouth of the
2185:
In 1999, when the new Venezuelan magna carta was enacted, Article 10 of the Constitution of the Venezuela established the following as Venezuelan territory:
1930:
detained an oil exploration vessel conducting seafloor surveys on behalf of the government of Guyana. The ship and its crew were escorted to the Venezuelan
5974:
5311:
3600:
100:
5153:
4122:
an army of 15,000, an impressive air fleet of British- and American-made jets and bombers, and a navy equipped with destroyers, frigates, and a submarine.
4006:
Perhaps the earliest incident of major consequence since independence (1966) was the Rupununi uprising in 1969 in which Venezuelan complicity was evident.
2525:
1294:. The Schomburgk Line was, with two deviations, established as the border between British Guiana and Venezuela. One deviation was that Venezuela received
6667:
5492:
2573:
2058:
ordered the publication of a new map, including the Esequibo territory, "in all schools, public entities, universities and 'in all homes' in the country"
72:
5808:
4906:
5554:
4546:
3866:
1724:
declare loyalty to the Guyanese government and condemn the reported involvement of Venezuela. Some Amerindians relocated as a result of the rebellion.
5465:
5191:
3696:
2474:
British Guiana Boundary: Arbitration with the United States of Venezuela. The Case (and Appendix) on Behalf of the Government of Her Britannic Majesty
2148:, the national laws and the laws of the State. In all acts of the State, in which its territory is described or referred to, the reservation that the
838:
that took place on 21 January 1644, English settlers who had explored the Guianas stated that the Dutch, English, and Spanish had long sought to find
699:
was noted by the late 1500s, though many documents of early Dutch discoveries in the region were destroyed. The Dutch were present as far west as the
7103:
5637:
4468:
3342:
2153:
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in the achievement of a satisfactory solution for the practical settlement of the territorial dispute, based on the
1893:
1580:
sovereignty." The agreement also has a provision prohibiting both nations from pursuing the issue except through official inter-government channels.
241:
79:
1419:
1208:
5433:
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2378:
1475:
The Venezuelan claim of the nullity of the 1899 ruling has been acknowledged by several foreign scholars and jurists, such as J. Gillis Wetter of
5402:
5281:
5109:
4768:
4040:
Among the effects of the conflict were the use of force by Venezuela, her sponsoring of a secessionist movement in the Rupununi region of Guyana
2654:
6660:
5581:
3954:
4349:
4280:
86:
7128:
5979:
4970:"Secretary-General Chooses International Court of Justice as Means for Peacefully Settling Long-Standing Guyana-Venezuela Border Controversy"
4704:
2330:
746:
4846:
5523:
5736:
4820:
3801:
3769:
3078:
4303:
The government charge that the revolt had been led by wealthy cattle ranchers who coerced indigenous Indian peasants into supporting them
3244:
2222:
2205:
proposed the creation of state number 25 (Estado Esequibo) uniting the territory of Guayana Esequiba (159,500 square kilometers) and the
68:
5217:
5061:
4999:
7148:
6920:
6621:
4419:
3402:
2107:
According to some interpretations of Venezuelan legislation, Guayana Esequiba is an integral part of the jurisdiction of the states of
5868:
2809:
1798:
and the United Kingdom in 1982, Venezuela shared renewed interest to its territorial claims. At the time, a high-level general of the
3130:
5830:
5782:
3533:
2436:
412:(ICJ). On 18 December 2020, the ICJ accepted the case submitted by Guyana to settle the dispute. In December 2023, Venezuela held a
367:
which was claimed by Britain. Tensions worsened after the discovery of gold mines in the region in 1876, culminating with president
363:", which was rejected by the Venezuelan government and the British, as even the extended Schomburgk Line did not include the entire
6087:
1746:
802:; Arroyo, from the governor Diego de Arroyo Daza and Araya, from the name of the place. It was the first important fortress of the
1178:
as justification. The United States did not want to get involved, only going as far as suggesting the possibility of arbitration.
7143:
6313:
4497:
2349:
1979:
1216:
intervene under the Monroe Doctrine. This US intervention forced Britain to accept arbitration of the entire disputed territory.
1212:
405:
4973:
3749:
6235:
3949:
3337:
2092:
2071:
638:
4673:"Communication received with regard to the submission made by Guyana to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf"
4646:
1390:
By the 1950s, Venezuelan media led grassroots movements demanding the acquisition of the Essequibo. Under the dictatorship of
1119:
Venezuela disputed Schomburgk's placing of border markers at the Orinoco River, and in 1844 claimed all of Guiana west of the
467:
In 2023, the population of Essequibo was estimated to be around 125,000 inhabitants, 15.8% of the total population of Guyana.
333:. It is also claimed by Venezuela as the Guayana Esequiba State. The boundary dispute was inherited from the colonial powers (
6683:
5920:
4587:
3043:
2727:
1657:
district who thought their land rights would be revoked by the new government of Prime Minister Forbes Burnham following the
1484:
3534:"Treaty of arbitration between Venezuela and Great Britain, signed at Washington and dated the second day of February, 1897"
3183:
3156:
3104:
2477:
1978:
In the case that by December 2017, the UN understood that there was no "significant progress" in resolving the dispute, the
7123:
6595:
6021:
2494:
2099:
There has been no similar consultation conducted, by either Venezuela or Guyana, with the indigenous people of the region.
1750:
1605:, as Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs of Guyana, dispatched a protest to the Foreign Minister of Venezuela,
532:
4381:
Orellana Yépez, Rosario (January–March 2001). "THE VENEZUELAN COMPLAINT ABOUT GUIANA IS A TEAM. CHRONOLOGICAL FOLLOW-UP".
2720:"Venezuela-Guyana: qué riquezas hay en el Esequibo, el territorio que se disputan ambos países desde hace casi dos siglos"
965:. Domingos, Bandeira Jerónimo and Roque described Essequibo and Demerara as "sophisticated and promising slave colonies".
645:
93:
6266:
4672:
2602:
2252:
1772:
831:
their allies". Captain Groenewegen was recognised as keeping both the Spanish and Portuguese from settling in the area.
6470:
6450:
6296:
4996:"Guyana lleva a Venezuela a la Corte Internacional de Justicia de La Haya en la disputa por el territorio del Esequibo"
4939:
4078:
3677:, in La Reclamación Venezolana sobre la Guayana Esequiba, Biblioteca de la Academia de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales.
3225:
2940:
1776:
in the river, as Venezuelan territory. On some maps, the western Essequibo region is called the "Zone in Reclamation".
556:
522:
480:
455:
In March 2024, Venezuela passed a law that designates Essequibo as a new state of Venezuela, governed from the city of
5336:
4210:
2622:
1076:
these settlers be put under the jurisdiction and obedience to our laws, or be withdrawn to their former possessions."
649:
6956:
6846:
6346:
5892:
4033:
3931:
3731:
3481:
1544:
897:
684:
671:
548:
452:. Venezuela currently seeks to abrogate the legal borders and currently agrees only to the Essequibo River boundary.
338:
119:
4170:
2603:
Agreement to resolve the controversy over the frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana (Treaty of Geneva, 1966)
2136:
The territory and other geographical spaces of the State of Bolivar are those that historically corresponded to the
1395:
7017:
2041:
1691:
News about the insurrection reached Georgetown by midday prompting the deployment of policemen and soldiers of the
221:
3514:
1616:, demanding the immediate withdrawal of Venezuelan troops and the removal of installations they had established.
7133:
7118:
7030:
6440:
5873:
4130:
2876:
2285:
1423:
5303:
3493:
Gibb, Paul, "Unmasterly Inactivity? Sir Julian Pauncefote, Lord Salisbury, and the Venezuela Boundary Dispute,"
3306:
1939:, together with its crew, was released the next week, but its captain was charged with violating the Venezuelan
937:
attempt at colonization for the time being. By 1745, the Dutch had several territories in the region, including
6435:
6049:
5166:
5161:
4055:
4021:
2247:
2141:
2010:
2002:
1986:
1658:
1526:
1488:
973:
803:
409:
57:
5403:"El Gobierno venezolano y la oposición acuerdan defender la soberanía de Esequibo y luchar contra la pandemia"
2956:
2558:
1253:. The Treaty also established the rules and principles to be followed by the Tribunal to draw the borderline.
1032:
Carías, the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 did not establish a western border of what would later be known as the
437:
6538:
6445:
4085:
in 1969, the army and police in Guyana stopped a Venezuelan-backed secessionist rising in the Rupununi region
2202:
1413:
765:
6709:
854:, whereby Spain recognised the Republic's independence and also small Dutch possessions located east of the
7113:
6691:
6465:
6455:
6430:
6308:
2297:
1927:
1720:, with the political party saying that she was involved "with the rebellion and plot by a foreign power."
1158:
On 21 February 1881, Venezuela proposed a frontier line starting from a point one mile to the north of the
980:, the Essequibo River was restated as the natural border between Spanish territory and the Dutch colony of
5555:"Statement by the Commonwealth Secretary-General on the escalation of the Guyana-Venezuela border dispute"
3978:
Mars, Perry (Summer 1984). "Destabilization and Socialist Orientation in the English-Speaking Caribbean".
3329:
1946:
Despite diplomatic protests from Venezuela, the government of Guyana awarded the American oil corporation
7108:
6726:
6460:
5991:
4261:
3980:
3000:
2927:
1611:
7022:
6579:
6129:
5372:
2067:
2045:
1143:
1116:
River. According to Schomburgk, it did not contain all the area that Britain might legitimately claim.
1093:
1016:
587:
explored the mouths of the Orinoco, and reportedly were the first Europeans to explore the Essequibo.
413:
226:
5273:
4764:
1877:
to the flag of Venezuela included the addition of an eighth star to represent the previously existing
518:
in Venezuela and Guiana into the northern islands, and were then supplanted by more warlike tribes of
6971:
6966:
6961:
6951:
6946:
6521:
6119:
5913:
4405:
2145:
1757:
1427:
1391:
1330:
Immediately after the arbitration ruling in 1899, the US counsels for Venezuela, former US President
1187:
1100:
1063:
in 1819, territorial disputes began between Gran Colombia, later Venezuela, and the British. In 1822
377:
352:
197:
185:
4155:
In 1969, Venezuelan-trained and -equipped Guyanese secessionists declared an 'Essequibo Free State.'
2750:"Le Venezuela adopte une loi affirmant sa souveraineté sur l'Essequibo, actuel territoire du Guyana"
6981:
6976:
6941:
6909:
6869:
6215:
5642:
3381:
2188:‹The template below is included via a redirect (Template:Cita) that is under discussion. See
2165:‹The template below is included via a redirect (Template:Cita) that is under discussion. See
2125:‹The template below is included via a redirect (Template:Cita) that is under discussion. See
1436:
1039:
653:
17:
4259:
Sanders, Andrew (July 1972). "Amerindians in Guyana: A Minority Group in a Multi-Ethnic Society".
4128:
Miline, R. Stephen (September 1974). "Impulses and Obstacles to Caribbean Political Integration".
3646:, Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law (Cambridge University, U.K., 2007). p. 43
3567:"With patriotic reggaeton and videos, Venezuela's government fans territorial dispute with Guyana"
2320:
1874:
1851:
Venezuela adopted an eight-starred flag in 2006, with the additional star representing the former
1634:
930:
735:
371:
severing diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom in 1887. As a result, Venezuela elected the
368:
6874:
6109:
5218:"Guyana espera fallo vinculante de la Corte Internacional de Justicia en disputa por el Esequibo"
5022:"Venezuela propone a Guyana reiniciar los contactos sobre la soberanía de la región del Esequibo"
4526:
4149:
3380:(1967), "Anglo-American Rivalries and the Venezuela Crisis of 1895", Presidential Address to the
3377:
2154:
2076:
1940:
1808:
1733:
1563:
1515:
1450:
1193:
1052:
717:
393:
203:
46:
4025:
2177:
signed on 3 October 1899, by which 23,467 km² of its territory was taken away by English Guyana.
715:
In 1597, Dutch interest in travelling to the Guianas became common following the publication of
6879:
6854:
6555:
6250:
6011:
3074:
1799:
950:
865:
Serious Dutch colonisation west of the Essequibo began in the early 1650s, while the colony of
215:
3432:
2379:"La Guayana Esequiba: ¿Cuál es el verdadero alcance del primer acuerdo en diálogos de México?"
1064:
6358:
6325:
6276:
6193:
6039:
5051:
4995:
4551:
4100:
2206:
1804:
835:
799:
607:
544:
345:
in the case of Guyana) and has persisted following the independence of Venezuela and Guyana.
4013:
3528:
3526:
3398:
2029:
in September 2021 was to act jointly in the claim of Venezuelan sovereignty over Essequibo.
1966:
On 7 January 2021, there was the issuance of Decree No. 4415 by the President of Venezuela,
598:
established a trading post and were colonizing the land situated west of the Essequibo. The
7138:
6933:
6904:
6899:
6859:
6625:
6409:
6220:
6044:
5986:
5958:
5906:
5582:"STATEMENT BY THE CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY (CARICOM) ON THE GUYANA-VENEZUELA BORDER CONTROVERSY"
2227:
2174:
2149:
2032:
The ICJ ruled that it had jurisdiction to determine the territorial dispute in April 2023.
1823:
1818:
1768:
1692:
1583:
In its note of recognition of the independence of Guyana on 26 May 1966, Venezuela stated:
1291:
1257:
1225:
977:
862:. These new settlements were regularly contested and destroyed by the Spanish authorities.
576:
330:
191:
5869:
U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "Venezuela Boundary Dispute, 1895–1899"
5244:"Guyana optimistic it will win the Esequibo dispute at the International Court of Justice"
5136:"Venezuela no participará en procedimiento sobre Esequibo promovido por Guyana en La Haya"
3126:
1138:
8:
6991:
6718:
6574:
6425:
6397:
6390:
6303:
6203:
6198:
5838:
5608:"Brazil increases northern border military presence amid Venezuela-Guyana spat -ministry"
3523:
3330:"El Diferendo por el Territorio Esequibo en los Textos Escolares Venezolanos y Guyaneses"
3217:
3038:. Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales. Editorial Jurídica Venezolana. p. 109.
2932:
2080:
1910:
1761:
273:
163:
6652:
5854:
LaFeber, Walter. "The Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan Policy: A Reinterpretation."
2408:"Maduro decreta establecer un nuevo territorio en una rica región en disputa con Guyana"
1982:
1831:
847:
6811:
6605:
6600:
6286:
6177:
6157:
5943:
4647:"Press Release in Response to Venezuela's Objection to Guyana's Submission to the CLCS"
4424:
4354:
4285:
4215:
4175:
4112:
4091:
Taylor, Moe (2019). "Every Citizen a Soldier: The Guyana People's Militia, 1976–1985".
4014:
3997:
3871:
3299:"Simón Bolívar acérrimo defensor del Esequibo – Jesús Sotillo Bolívar en Red Angostura"
2868:
2232:
1867:
1267:
Venezuela argued that Spain–whose territory they had acquired–controlled land from the
1163:
1072:
1036:, which is why explorer Robert Schomburgk would later be commissioned to draw a border.
1028:
981:
938:
722:
704:
603:
334:
6751:
5052:"El Esequibo, el territorio que disputan Venezuela y Guyana desde hace más de 50 años"
4489:
3451:
Ince, Basil A. (1970). "The Venezuela-Guyana Boundary Dispute in the United Nations".
3016:
A Collection of Voyages and Travels: Consisting of Authentic Writers in Our Own Tongue
2108:
1453:. Venezuela also identified several improprieties and vices in the ruling, especially
909:
6894:
6889:
6493:
6402:
6210:
6077:
6070:
4969:
4429:
4220:
4180:
4147:
Cush, Ifa Kamau (13 August 2015). "Venezuela: A 'fishbone' in the throat of Guyana".
4116:
4074:
4051:
4029:
4001:
3927:
3876:
3746:
3727:
3477:
3221:
3039:
2936:
2860:
2281:
2116:
2018:
1647:
1629:
1597:
Five months after Guyana's independence, Venezuelan troops began their occupation of
1380:
1331:
1326:
boundary that was made legally binding in 1905, following the Arbitral Award of 1899.
866:
599:
540:
381:
326:
209:
6791:
2813:
2055:
1998:
6826:
6380:
6082:
6016:
4626:
4331:
4104:
3989:
2852:
2655:"Maduro firma decretos para anexar a Venezuela el territorio en disputa con Guyana"
2383:
2137:
1963:, the Venezuelan national airline, stranding a plane and passengers in Georgetown.
1931:
1878:
1852:
1753:
1732:
In 1970, after the expiration of the Mixed Commission established according to the
1717:
1201:
1197:
1127:
859:
779:
770:
580:
568:
301:
5493:"Venezuelan electoral council approves five questions for referendum on Essequibo"
4579:
3245:"¿Cuál es la historia detrás del conflicto territorial de la Zona en Reclamación?"
2780:"Venezuela's parliament approves creation of state in disputed oil-rich Essequibo"
2719:
2526:"Brazil urging Venezuela to avoid force or threats against Guyana, says Lula aide"
547:. The treaty was not signed nor recognized by other colonial nations, such as the
6796:
6761:
6746:
6629:
6533:
6511:
6488:
6363:
6341:
6320:
6291:
6281:
6271:
5953:
5948:
4335:
4322:
3753:
3700:
3607:
3518:
3179:
3152:
3100:
2690:"Venezuela's planned vote over territory dispute leaves Guyana residents on edge"
2609:
2481:
2472:
2412:
2325:
2293:
2289:
1955:
1888:
A map of Venezuela, showing the maritime areas in blue and the Essequibo in gray.
1884:
1672:, while her brothers and the Lawrences participated in the rebellion in Guyana.
1363:
1192:
The longstanding dispute became a diplomatic crisis in 1895 when Venezuela hired
1175:
1167:
1120:
1097:
855:
751:
709:
700:
584:
512:
459:. The law was submitted to the Supreme Court to validate its constitutionality.
425:
360:
349:
314:
179:
5638:"UN court bars Venezuela from altering Guyana's control over disputed territory"
2928:
The Statesman's Yearbook 2017: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World
1256:
With the Treaty of Washington, Great Britain and Venezuela both agreed that the
958:
731:
364:
6884:
6781:
6569:
6385:
6353:
6124:
6114:
6094:
6065:
4907:"The Caribbean is brimful of new hope as the Biden Administration takes office"
4476:
3993:
3920:
The Venezuela-Guyana Border Dispute: Britain's Colonial Legacy In Latin America
3867:"GUYANESE TROOPS MOVE ON REBELS; Sons of U.S.-Born Rancher Said to Be in Group"
3469:
2441:
2437:"CIJ examinará conflicto fronterizo entre Guyana y Venezuela – DW – 19/12/2020"
2242:
1967:
1780:
1741:
1737:
1716:
region by the Venezuelan government. On 6 January 1969, Hart was expelled from
1680:
1639:
1602:
1367:
1323:
1284:
1235:
1048:
1033:
969:
902:
874:
851:
611:
572:
552:
515:
441:
397:
389:
385:
356:
342:
5373:"U.S., Guyana to launch joint maritime patrols near disputed Venezuela border"
4400:
Briceño Monzón, Claudio A.; Olivar, José Alberto; Buttó, Luis Alberto (2016).
3660:
Schoenrich, Otto, "The Venezuela-British Guiana Boundary Dispute", July 1949,
2810:"Historia y disputas entre el Reino Unido, Guyana y Venezuela por el Esequibo"
2006:
1859:
1146:
by L. Robelin 1890, which shows the Venezuelan historical claim to the region.
7097:
7079:
7066:
6816:
6806:
6766:
6550:
6230:
6167:
6162:
6141:
4678:. UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). 9 March 2012.
4433:
4224:
4184:
4065:
Black, Jeremy (2013). "Chapter 6: Wars Between Non-Western Powers, 1945-90".
3880:
2864:
2237:
2112:
1791:
1698:
1598:
1465:
1268:
1068:
1060:
1004:
827:
815:
807:
755:
688:
526:
492:
372:
318:
6731:
5737:"Maduro vote to claim Guyana's territory backfires as Venezuelans stay home"
5110:"Guyana pedirá a la CIJ que falle a su favor en la disputa contra Venezuela"
4631:
4610:
2559:"International Boundary Study: Guyana (British Guiana) - Venezuela Boundary"
2050:
1915:
1592:
6864:
6786:
6516:
6172:
5741:
3601:"Venezuelan Award: the decision of the Commission regarded as a Compromise"
2277:
1863:
1827:
1817:
In 1983, when the Port of Spain Protocol expired, the Venezuelan President
1708:
1665:
1469:
1299:
1295:
1272:
1159:
1152:
995:
962:
954:
926:
886:
878:
870:
759:
692:
500:
484:
433:
134:
5432:
Berg, Stephanie van den; Buitrago, Deisy; Buitrago, Deisy (6 April 2023).
5084:"Guyana pedirá a la CIJ que falle a su favor en la reclamación fronteriza"
4108:
2899:
A Brief History of the Caribbean, from the Arawak and Carib to the Present
2659:
1997:
favour of their claim". In July 2018, the government of Venezuela, led by
1314:
929:. Nevertheless, by 1737 Major Sergeant Carlos Francisco de Sucre y Pardo (
6368:
6245:
6240:
6225:
6134:
6104:
5929:
5702:"Venezuelans approve takeover of oil-rich region of Guyana in referendum"
5671:"Venezuelans approve takeover of oil-rich region of Guyana in referendum"
5466:"Así quedaría el "nuevo" mapa de Venezuela con el Esequibo, según Maduro"
3180:"Los caribes y la conquista de la Guayana española: Etnohistoria kari'ña"
2524:
Boadle, Anthony; Gaier, Rodrigo Viga; Boadle, Anthony (6 December 2023).
2354:
1892:
In September 2011, Guyana made an application before the United Nations'
1713:
1620:
administration, where a Venezuelan airport and a military base operated.
1455:
1287:, and then along the east bank of the Essequibo to the Brazilian border.
814:
By 1637, the Spanish wrote that the Dutch "In those three settlements of
696:
591:
476:
4547:"Asamblea Nacional ratificó la soberanía de Venezuela sobre el Esequibo"
6641:
6637:
6633:
6560:
6526:
5996:
4877:"Guyana suspende entrada de vuelos de la aerolínea venezolana Conviasa"
4622:
3806:
3774:
3511:
2495:"Caribbean Nations Have High Hopes For the Biden-Harris Administration"
2257:
1947:
1529: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
933:'s grandfather) expelled them from the forts at Barima, preventing the
882:
536:
6821:
6776:
5192:"Venezuela y Guayana deberán presentar sus alegatos sobre el Esequibo"
2872:
2840:
487:
are considered to be the first inhabitants of Guyana, followed by the
348:
In 1835, the British government commissioned German-born explorer and
7047:
6543:
6099:
4735:"Venezuela deplores incursion of vessel under Guyana's authorization"
4070:
3923:
3433:
Melville Weston Fuller – Chief Justice of the United States 1888–1910
3298:
2122:
The state of Bolívar, in its constitution, establishes the following:
2054:
Among his decrees shortly after the referendum, Venezuelan president
1795:
1784:
1685:
1442:
1319:
1108:
1080:
1071:
to Britain, complained to the British government at the direction of
1044:
839:
504:
421:
359:'s boundaries. This survey resulted in what came to be known as the "
281:
143:
6771:
5524:"Guyana Asks UN Court To Stop Venezuelan Referendum Over Oil Region"
4524:
Pena, Alfredo (26 April 1982). "Entrevista: Reinaldo Leandro Mora".
3950:"New Dynamics in Northern South America's Geopolitical Neighborhood"
3724:
Latin America and Caribbean Contemporary Record: 1982–1983, Volume 2
3214:
Resistance and colonialism : insurgent peoples in world history
2484:
Volume 7. Printed at the Foreign office, by Harrison and sons, 1898.
2350:"Guyana rejects Venezuela's revived territorial claim | Argus Media"
1847:
1504:
1358:
555:
which continued to colonize the area, nor was it recognized by most
35:
6756:
4472:
2856:
2210:
1960:
1906:
1902:
1654:
1461:
1166:
and running south along that meridian. This would have granted the
1020:
942:
738:. By 1598, Dutch ships frequented Guiana to establish settlements.
519:
456:
388:
and Britain. Said memorandum led to complaints by Venezuela in the
3212:
Domingos, Nuno; Bandeira Jerónimo, Miguel; Roque, Ricardo (2019).
712:
on an island, which was destroyed by the Spanish later that year.
6831:
6801:
6699:
5438:
5434:"World Court says it can rule on Guyana-Venezuela border dispute"
3802:"Raúl Leoni paró en seco a Guyana en la Isla Anacoco (documento)"
3770:"Raúl Leoni paró en seco a Guyana en la Isla Anacoco (documento)"
3678:
3675:
Análisis Crítico del Problema Fronterizo "Venezuela-Gran Bretaña"
2530:
2343:'Guayana Esequiba', as the disputed region is known in Venezuela.
1676:
1669:
1643:
1113:
1024:
990:
946:
922:
819:
726:
595:
508:
4821:"ExxonMobil Announces Significant Oil Discovery Offshore Guyana"
4067:
Introduction to global military history: 1775 to the present day
3506:
Blake, Nelson M. "Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan Policy,"
2091:
determination. The referendum took place on 3 December, and the
7051:
6741:
6373:
5887:
4791:"Guyana says Exxon to begin offshore drilling, Venezuela irked"
3644:
Interpretation and Revision of International Boundary Decisions
2905:(New York: Greenwood Press Publishers, 1942); and J. H. Parry,
2084:
2066:
filed a request with the ICJ requesting intervention against a
2063:
2026:
1881:
and was seen as an attempt for Chávez to establish his legacy.
1702:
Rebels detained following their attempted rebellion in Rupununi
1558:
1476:
1276:
1104:
934:
918:
823:
567:
The first European encounter of the region was by the ships of
488:
445:
432:
or Zone in Reclamation. Historically, this did not include the
322:
313:), a 159,500 km (61,600 sq mi) area west of the
277:
139:
5898:
5546:
3211:
2321:"Venezuela says voters back claim to oil-rich swath of Guyana"
507:. Most evidence suggests that the Arawaks immigrated from the
6836:
6736:
4350:"Guyana Reports End of Uprising, Says Venezuela Aided Rebels"
4281:"Guyana Reports End of Uprising, Says Venezuela Aided Rebels"
1862:
eased border tensions with Guyana under advice of his mentor
496:
1401:
885:. In 1673, Dutch settlements were established as far as the
1783:
cult committed suicide or were forced to commit suicide at
5304:"Guyana asks World Court to confirm border with Venezuela"
3127:"Carlos Sucre y Pardo | Real Academia de la Historia"
1688:, attempting to block staging areas for Guyanese troops.
1130:
that the line had been extended "in some mysterious way".
408:. The Secretary-General referred the entire matter to the
6682:
5805:"MAS pide intervención del Gobierno en caso del Esequivo"
5056:
4399:
1870:, Guyana, that he considered the dispute to be finished.
1593:
Guyanese independence and the occupation of Ankoko Island
579:, in 1498. The region was named after Esquivel. In 1499,
535:
had already claimed ownership of this region, as per the
5767:
Artículos 15 y 16 de la Constitución del Estado Bolívar.
5337:"ARBITRAL AWARD OF 3 OCTOBER 1899 (GUYANA v. VENEZUELA)"
4765:"Venezuela frees seized US-operated ship Teknik Perdana"
4705:"Gov't protests after Venezuela holds oil research boat"
4649:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Guyana. 15 March 2012.
3756:, Document Retrieval, UN Department of Political Affairs
2556:
913:
Map of Dutch colonies of Essequibo and Demerara in 1798.
3391:
1653:
The rebellion was primarily led by ranch owners in the
1379:
Britain, and said that the Russian chair of the panel,
1219:
754:, showing Dutch territory, in yellow, ranging from the
4615:
Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics
3399:"THE BEGINNING OF THE GUYANA-VENEZUELA BORDER DISPUTE"
1003:
Dutch slaves in Essequibo and Demerara recognised the
4847:"Canciller guyanés convocará a embajadora venezolana"
4420:"Guyana Releases 18 of 28 Accused in Recent Uprising"
2035:
2013:
ratified the territorial dispute over the territory.
1787:, a cult settlement which was located in the region.
1575:
existence of the 1966 agreement would be meaningless.
317:. The territory, excluding the Venezuelan-controlled
5552:
5431:
4611:"Banal Nationalism Disputes in Venezuela: 1999–2019"
4012:
Davis, Harold Eugene; Wilson, Larman Curtis (1975).
2401:
the territory named by Venezuela as Guayana Esequiba
2087:and the agreed ICJ process for dispute resolution.
2083:(CARICOM), who both issued statements in support of
5274:"Venezuela geen deel in hoorzittingen grensgeschil"
2901:(New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1999); Paul Radin,
2115:, whose common boundary runs along the cusp of the
1771:voted for the agreement on 22 June 1970, with only
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5409:(in Spanish). Mexico City. EFE. 7 September 2021.
4459:
4457:
4455:
4169:Times, Special to The New York (12 January 1969).
3693:Venezuela reanuda su reclamación sobre el Esequibo
3032:Derechos de Venezuela sobre el territorio Esequibo
1830:, appointed in March 2017 by UN Secretary-General
138:The Essequibo is in light green, with the rest of
5779:"Territorio original de Delta Amacuro desde 1884"
4469:Institute of International Politics and Economics
3630:, University of Texas (USA, 1972). pages 166, 172
2523:
2102:
1973:
1894:Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
1445:and nullity vices led to the favourable ruling.
953:. Dutch settlements were also established on the
606:and became a major destination for trade for the
7095:
4940:"Guyana wants ICJ to order Venezuela off Ankoko"
4389:(333). National Academy of History of Venezuela.
3664:. Vol. 43, No. 3. p. 523. Washington, DC. (USA).
2997:The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast
2260:, another territorial dispute involving Suriname
1464:, and also decreed freedom of navigation in the
27:Territorial dispute between Guyana and Venezuela
5874:Border Controversy between Guyana and Venezuela
5579:
4452:
3917:
2909:(New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1979).
2572:. Washington, D.C.: US Department of State: 2.
1807:said in an interview with Venezuelan newspaper
1779:In November 1978, more than 900 members of the
1238:, including western boundary ceded to Venezuela
503:are most closely related to the natives of the
5771:
4380:
3955:Center for Strategic and International Studies
3656:
3654:
3652:
3327:
2623:"Summary of the Judgement of 18 December 2020"
1420:Special Political and Decolonization Committee
989:It has been stated that the south bank of the
725:. On 3 December 1597, a Dutch expedition left
6668:
5914:
5863:A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America
5760:
5573:
5484:
5138:. Efecto Cocuyo. 18 June 2018. Archived from
2838:
793:
787:
687:occurred primarily between the mouths of the
590:In 1581, on the banks of the Pomeroon River,
378:a memorandum written by Severo Mallet-Prevost
249:
4016:Latin American Foreign Policies: An Analysis
3628:Venezuela-Guyana boundary dispute :1899–1966
3386:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
2209:(24,393 square kilometers), with capital in
5734:
5468:(in Spanish). El Heraldo. 5 December 2023.
4383:Bulletin of the National Academy of History
4011:
3649:
2957:"De menschetende aanbidders der zonneslang"
1181:
475:Before the arrival of European colonizers,
6675:
6661:
5921:
5907:
5865:Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.
5331:
5329:
3101:"The Swedish Pioneer Historical Quarterly"
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2841:"An Ethnohistory of Amerindians in Guyana"
2557:Office of the Geographer (14 March 1969).
1921:
1866:. In 2004, Chávez said, during a visit in
1234:An 1897 map showing territorial claims by
921:made an attempt to settle between the Low
789:Real Fuerza de Santiago de Arroyo de Araya
256:
242:
4630:
4402:La Cuestión Esequibo: Memoria y Soberanía
3918:Braveboy-Wagner, Jacqueline Anne (2019).
3360:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
1727:
1545:Learn how and when to remove this message
1402:United Nations General Assembly complaint
672:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
5699:
5668:
5395:
4577:
4045:
3948:Griffith, Ivelaw Lloyd (28 April 2021).
3947:
3565:Cano, Regina Garcia (21 November 2023).
3510:Vol. 47, No. 2 (Jan. 1942), pp. 259–277
3277:
3177:
2994:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2049:
1883:
1846:
1842:
1747:Minister of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela
1697:
1633:
1357:
1313:
1264:" (Article XIII) to the border dispute.
1229:
1137:
1038:
908:
896:
764:
745:
644:Relevant discussion may be found on the
610:, before control was transferred to the
133:
5490:
5326:
4608:
4258:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3841:
3721:
3463:
3029:Brewer-Carias, Allan R. (12 May 2023).
3013:
2912:
2684:
2682:
2430:Guayana Esequiba, named so by Venezuela
2372:dubbed by Venezuela as Guayana Esequiba
2223:Belizean–Guatemalan territorial dispute
1980:Secretary-General of the United Nations
406:Secretary-General of the United Nations
14:
7096:
6916:Francisco de Miranda Insular Territory
5383:from the original on 19 September 2020
4342:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4127:
4090:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3764:
3762:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3239:
3237:
3198:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2420:from the original on 21 September 2022
2062:On 31 October 2023, the government of
1985:would intend to refer the case to the
1309:
656:to additional sources at this section.
69:"Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute"
6684:Administrative divisions of Venezuela
6656:
5902:
5618:from the original on 30 November 2023
5588:from the original on 23 November 2023
5472:from the original on 11 December 2023
5446:from the original on 28 November 2023
5413:from the original on 7 September 2021
5254:from the original on 27 December 2019
5064:from the original on 29 November 2019
4976:from the original on 14 December 2018
4934:
4932:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4362:from the original on 25 November 2023
4293:from the original on 25 November 2023
4273:
4168:
4064:
4048:La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba
3962:from the original on 11 November 2023
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3662:American Journal of International Law
3638:
3636:
3622:
3620:
3573:from the original on 21 November 2023
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
2832:
2591:
2201:In August 2015, some deputies of the
1485:American Society of International Law
479:were populated by scattered bands of
300:
7129:International Court of Justice cases
7104:Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute
5749:from the original on 5 December 2023
5728:
5712:from the original on 4 December 2023
5693:
5681:from the original on 4 December 2023
5650:from the original on 2 December 2023
5561:from the original on 3 November 2023
5534:from the original on 3 November 2023
5503:from the original on 3 November 2023
5224:from the original on 5 December 2019
5090:from the original on 1 November 2019
4950:from the original on 3 February 2020
4917:from the original on 20 January 2022
4801:from the original on 13 October 2017
4771:from the original on 17 October 2013
4653:from the original on 14 October 2013
4609:Andrade, Gabriel (1 December 2020).
4523:
4440:from the original on 4 December 2023
4393:
4231:from the original on 4 December 2023
4211:"23 GUYANA REBELS FACE MURDER TRIAL"
4203:
4191:from the original on 1 December 2023
4146:
3977:
3887:from the original on 4 December 2023
3854:
3814:from the original on 2 December 2011
3782:from the original on 2 December 2011
3564:
3546:from the original on 1 November 2013
3476:(1999). Princeton University Press.
3450:
3405:from the original on 16 October 2018
3348:from the original on 9 November 2021
3285:Pamphlets on the Venezuelan Question
3186:from the original on 29 January 2023
3159:from the original on 29 January 2023
3107:from the original on 29 January 2023
3081:from the original on 4 December 2023
2967:from the original on 4 December 2023
2961:Digital Library for Dutch Literature
2879:from the original on 23 January 2023
2820:from the original on 5 December 2023
2730:from the original on 6 December 2023
2700:from the original on 6 December 2023
2679:
2667:from the original on 9 December 2023
2538:from the original on 9 December 2023
2459:Called Guayana Esequiba in Venezuela
2449:from the original on 8 December 2023
2391:from the original on 8 December 2023
2362:from the original on 8 December 2023
2333:from the original on 9 December 2023
1668:stayed in the capital of Venezuela,
1623:
1527:adding citations to reliable sources
1498:
1220:Treaty of Washington and arbitration
621:
270:Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
5700:Shortell, David (4 December 2023).
5669:Shortell, David (4 December 2023).
4602:
4590:from the original on 9 October 2019
4580:"New Venezuela flag divides nation"
4559:from the original on 3 October 2022
4308:
4243:
4162:
3902:
3794:
3759:
3497:Mar 2005, Vol. 16 Issue 1, pp 23–55
3439:
3328:Ramírez Cuicas, Tulio (June 2019).
3234:
3007:
2979:
2466:
2253:South American territorial disputes
1675:Rebels armed with machine guns and
1494:
1262:full, perfect, and final settlement
1162:, drawn from there westward to the
1133:
1051:, the entire Essequibo region, and
470:
424:claims all of the land west of the
24:
5858:66 (July 1961), pp. 947–2967.
5521:
5497:Demerara Waves Online News- Guyana
5491:Chabrol, Denis (23 October 2023).
5236:
5032:from the original on 12 April 2021
4929:
4534:
4512:
4465:Hronika međunarodnih događaja 1970
4171:"GUYANESE MAY TRY REBELS WHO FLED"
3826:
3710:
3633:
3617:
3417:
3133:from the original on 19 April 2021
2790:from the original on 25 March 2024
2760:from the original on 24 March 2024
2579:from the original on 25 March 2024
2036:Venezuelan consultative referendum
1481:The International Arbitral Process
1353:
1292:ruled largely in favour of Britain
1087:
869:was being established between the
773:, constructed by the Dutch in 1616
637:relies largely or entirely upon a
557:indigenous peoples of the Americas
25:
7160:
7149:Territorial disputes of Venezuela
5880:
5831:"Asamblea Nacional Constituyente"
5284:from the original on 24 June 2020
5198:from the original on 19 July 2019
5002:from the original on 4 April 2018
4887:from the original on 30 July 2015
4857:from the original on 10 June 2015
4741:. 11 October 2013. Archived from
4715:from the original on 6 April 2016
4685:from the original on 5 March 2016
4500:from the original on 28 June 2009
3726:. Holmes & Meier Publishers.
3338:Universidad Católica Andrés Bello
3309:from the original on 22 July 2021
3255:from the original on 2 March 2021
2935:. 28 February 2017. p. 566.
2505:from the original on 17 June 2021
2387:(in Spanish). 11 September 2021.
2192:to help reach a consensus.›
2169:to help reach a consensus.›
2129:to help reach a consensus.›
1211:and British ambassador to the US
822:the have many people... all the
685:Dutch colonisation of the Guianas
6708:
5886:
5823:
5797:
5662:
5630:
5600:
5515:
5458:
5314:from the original on 1 July 2020
5220:. El Nacional. 28 October 2019.
5116:from the original on 9 July 2019
4827:from the original on 30 May 2016
4578:Morsbach, Greg (13 March 2006).
3055:from the original on 22 May 2023
3028:
2839:Edwards, W.; Gibson, K. (1979).
2726:(in Spanish). 24 November 2023.
2635:from the original on 28 May 2023
1503:
626:
450:Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899
444:in 1904 during arbitration with
162:
34:
7031:Delta Amacuro Federal Territory
5928:
5848:
5735:Luke Taylor (4 December 2023),
5425:
5365:
5353:from the original on 3 May 2022
5296:
5266:
5210:
5184:
5146:
5128:
5102:
5076:
5044:
5014:
4988:
4962:
4899:
4869:
4839:
4813:
4783:
4757:
4727:
4697:
4665:
4639:
4571:
4482:
4412:
4374:
4131:International Studies Quarterly
4093:Journal of Global South Studies
3940:
3740:
3684:
3667:
3614:, Canada. October 4, 1899. p. 8
3594:
3585:
3558:
3500:
3487:
3321:
3291:
3267:
3178:Civrieux, Jean-Marc de (1976).
3171:
3145:
3119:
3093:
3067:
3022:
2949:
2891:
2802:
2772:
2742:
2712:
2663:(in Spanish). 9 December 2023.
2286:Essequibo Islands-West Demerara
2150:Arbitral Award of Paris of 1899
1837:
1514:needs additional citations for
1491:, came to similar conclusions.
1428:1899 Paris Tribunal Arbitration
1424:United Nations General Assembly
1348:
1290:On 3 October 1899 the Tribunal
1096:, the German-born explorer and
1059:Following the establishment of
1010:
892:
877:. Many of these colonists were
741:
695:to the east. Their presence in
617:
562:
525:, who departed from these same
462:
434:tributaries of the Amazon River
392:in 1962, which resulted in the
45:needs additional citations for
7144:Territorial disputes of Guyana
5379:. Reuters. 18 September 2020.
5344:International Court of Justice
5162:International Court of Justice
4555:(in Spanish). 1 October 2019.
4330:(331): 181–192. 1 March 1969.
4022:Johns Hopkins University Press
3305:(in Spanish). 20 August 2020.
2907:The Discovery of South America
2647:
2615:
2550:
2517:
2487:
2416:(in Spanish). 8 January 2021.
2312:
2271:
2142:Captaincy General of Venezuela
2103:Venezuelan administrative laws
2011:National Assembly of Venezuela
2003:Venezuelan presidential crisis
1987:International Court of Justice
1974:International Court of Justice
1659:1968 Guyanese general election
1489:International Court of Justice
1067:, Minister Plenipotentiary of
974:Captaincy General of Venezuela
901:A 1775 map of the Americas by
410:International Court of Justice
337:in the case of Venezuela, and
13:
1:
6187:Eastern and Southeastern Asia
5165:. 2 July 2018. Archived from
5112:. El Nacional. 19 June 2018.
5028:(in Spanish). 30 March 2018.
2306:
1362:A map of Guyana, showing the
384:and a political deal between
5194:. El Nacional. 2 July 2018.
4336:10.1525/curh.1969.56.331.181
3251:(in Spanish). 9 April 2015.
2756:(in French). 23 March 2024.
2566:International Boundary Study
2499:South Florida Caribbean News
2298:Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo
2203:Venezuelan National Assembly
2042:2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis
2005:, disputed acting President
1749:Aristides Calvani, Guyanese
222:2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis
7:
5522:Presse, AFP-Agence France.
3981:Latin American Perspectives
3844:Social and Economic Studies
3508:American Historical Review,
3001:University of Florida Press
2995:Goslinga, Cornelis (1971).
2216:
2070:approved by the Venezuelan
1751:Minister of Foreign Affairs
1398:before this was finalised.
1396:1958 Venezuelan coup d'état
806:. As the years passed, the
440:, which were only ceded to
10:
7165:
7023:Amazonas Federal Territory
6260:Central and Eastern Europe
5856:American Historical Review
5553:Commonwealth-Secretariat.
3994:10.1177/0094582X8401100305
2248:Guyana–Venezuela relations
2093:National Electoral Council
2072:National Electoral Council
2046:2023 Venezuelan referendum
2039:
1773:People's Progressive Party
1627:
1418:gave an exposition in the
1223:
1185:
1144:United States of Venezuela
1094:Royal Geographical Society
1017:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
602:was incorporated into the
302:[ɡwaˈʝanaeseˈkiβa]
7044:
7010:
6990:
6932:
6845:
6717:
6706:
6690:
6622:Border changes since 1914
6614:
6588:
6504:
6481:
6418:
6334:
6259:
6186:
6150:
6058:
6032:
5967:
5936:
4463:Milutin Tomanović (1971)
4406:Universidad Metropolitana
3722:Hopkins, Jack W. (1984).
3495:Diplomacy and Statecraft,
2187:
2164:
2124:
1935:explanation. The vessel,
1758:British High Commissioner
1432:Mallet-Prevost Memorandum
1188:Venezuelan crisis of 1895
1101:Robert Hermann Schomburgk
846:In 1648 Spain signed the
794:
788:
353:Robert Hermann Schomburgk
331:1899 Paris Arbitral Award
198:Mallet-Prevost memorandum
6870:Los Hermanos Archipelago
6297:unification with Moldova
5980:Turks and Caicos Islands
4767:. BBC. 15 October 2013.
4490:"The Trail of Diplomacy"
4046:González, Pedro (1991).
3699:19 November 2023 at the
3691:de Rituerto, Ricardo M.
3606:30 December 2022 at the
3430:King, Willard L. (2007)
3382:Royal Historical Society
3014:Osborne, Thomas (1747).
2903:Indians of South America
2264:
2190:redirects for discussion
2167:redirects for discussion
2127:redirects for discussion
1926:On 10 October 2013, the
1734:Geneva Agreement of 1966
1607:Ignacio Iribarren Borges
1564:Geneva Agreement of 1966
1182:Venezuela crisis of 1895
1019:, the Dutch colonies of
529:a few centuries later.
428:, which it refers to as
142:shown in dark green and
7124:Guyana–Venezuela border
6875:Los Frailes Archipelago
6347:unification with Kosovo
4972:. UN. 30 January 2018.
4632:10.2478/jnmlp-2020-0007
4320:"The Month in Review".
4150:New York Amsterdam News
4069:(2. ed.). London:
3287:. 1896. pp. 63–65.
2608:16 January 2013 at the
2077:Commonwealth of Nations
2009:and the pro-opposition
1941:exclusive economic zone
1922:Oil discovery in Guyana
1679:began their attacks on
1483:(1979), awarded by the
1207:British Prime Minister
1194:William Lindsay Scruggs
1092:Under the aegis of the
718:The Discovery of Guiana
703:in Venezuela utilising
7134:International disputes
7119:Geography of Venezuela
6880:Los Roques Archipelago
6855:Los Monjes Archipelago
6556:Greater Germanic Reich
6354:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4998:. BBC. 29 March 2018.
4404:. Caracas, Venezuela:
3642:Kaiyan Homi Kaikobad,
2199:
2179:
2159:
2117:Imataka mountain range
2059:
1889:
1855:
1800:Brazilian Armed Forces
1728:Port of Spain Protocol
1703:
1650:
1638:The police station in
1590:
1441:. Briceño argued that
1371:
1342:
1327:
1239:
1147:
1056:
1001:
914:
906:
804:captaincy of Venezuela
774:
762:
325:as part of six of its
298:Spanish pronunciation:
216:Port of Spain Protocol
147:
6544:Annexation of Austria
5580:Caribbean Community.
5086:. EFE. 19 June 2018.
4109:10.1353/gss.2019.0044
4101:University of Florida
3810:. 26 September 2011.
3778:. 26 September 2011.
3752:31 March 2016 at the
3747:Treaty of Geneva 1966
3673:Isidro Morales Paúl,
3626:Kissler, Betty Jane,
3153:"Historisk tidskrift"
2207:Sifontes Municipality
2194:
2171:
2131:
2053:
1887:
1850:
1843:Chávez administration
1805:Reinaldo Leandro Mora
1701:
1637:
1585:
1451:1966 Geneva Agreement
1409:Marcos Falcón Briceño
1361:
1336:
1317:
1260:in Paris would be a "
1233:
1141:
1042:
986:
912:
900:
836:Parliament of England
768:
749:
545:Treaty of Tordesillas
369:Antonio Guzmán Blanco
227:Venezuelan referendum
137:
7050:but administered by
6905:Los Testigos Islands
6900:La Blanquilla Island
6860:Las Aves Archipelago
6847:Federal Dependencies
6204:annexation of Taiwan
5895:at Wikimedia Commons
5841:on 12 December 2013.
5785:on 23 September 2015
5614:. 29 November 2023.
4944:The Guyana Chronicle
3612:Saint John Daily Sun
3474:From Wealth to Power
3401:. guyana.org. 2009.
2696:. 29 November 2023.
2480:8 April 2023 at the
2358:. 8 September 2021.
2228:Borders of Venezuela
2175:Paris Arbitral Award
2157:of 17 February 1966.
1824:UN Secretary General
1819:Luis Herrera Campins
1769:Parliament of Guyana
1693:Guyana Defence Force
1523:improve this article
1392:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
1226:Paris Arbitral Award
691:in the west and the
650:improve this article
577:Christopher Columbus
192:Paris Arbitral Award
54:improve this article
7114:Geography of Guyana
7076: /
7018:Federal Territories
5646:. 1 December 2023.
5250:. 7 December 2019.
4913:. 22 January 2021.
4711:. 12 October 2013.
4428:. 25 January 1969.
4219:. 11 January 1969.
3517:9 June 2021 at the
3218:Springer Publishing
3018:. pp. 749–755.
2999:. Gainesville, FL:
2933:Springer Publishing
2816:. 2 December 2023.
2501:. 20 January 2021.
2445:(in Spanish). 202.
2081:Caribbean Community
2068:proposed referendum
1911:Trinidad and Tobago
1762:Trinidad and Tobago
1642:, damaged by rebel
1318:Finalized boundary
1310:Immediate reactions
1196:as its lobbyist in
1065:José Rafael Revenga
834:In a speech to the
800:the patron of Spain
430:Zona en Reclamación
321:, is controlled by
274:territorial dispute
156:territorial dispute
7109:Colonial Venezuela
6088:Western Azerbaijan
6022:Dominican Republic
4745:on 12 October 2013
4425:The New York Times
4358:. 6 January 1969.
4355:The New York Times
4289:. 6 January 1969.
4286:The New York Times
4216:The New York Times
4176:The New York Times
3875:. 5 January 1969.
3872:The New York Times
3384:10 December 1966,
2963:(in Dutch). 1907.
2233:Essequibo (colony)
2060:
1890:
1856:
1704:
1651:
1372:
1328:
1240:
1148:
1057:
915:
907:
881:Jews who had left
775:
763:
723:Sir Walter Raleigh
608:Dutch colonialists
573:Don Diego Columbus
396:, signed with the
365:Cuyuní River basin
343:the United Kingdom
148:
7059:
7058:
6895:La Orchila Island
6890:La Tortuga Island
6650:
6649:
6617:Related concepts:
5891:Media related to
5060:. 30 March 2018.
4262:Caribbean Studies
3453:Caribbean Studies
3436:, Macmillan. p249
3045:979-8-88895-778-3
2786:. 22 March 2024.
2282:Pomeroon-Supenaam
2019:COVID-19 pandemic
1648:Rupununi uprising
1630:Rupununi uprising
1624:Rupununi uprising
1555:
1554:
1547:
1381:Friedrich Martens
1332:Benjamin Harrison
682:
681:
674:
541:Pope Alexander VI
382:Friedrich Martens
266:
265:
210:Rupununi uprising
186:Venezuelan crisis
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
7156:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7081:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7069:
7035:
7027:
7001:Guayana Esequiba
6924:
6712:
6692:Capital District
6677:
6670:
6663:
6654:
6653:
6601:Papua New Guinea
5923:
5916:
5909:
5900:
5899:
5893:Guayana Esequiba
5890:
5876:, United Nations
5843:
5842:
5837:. Archived from
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5807:. Archived from
5801:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5781:. Archived from
5775:
5769:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5352:
5346:. 8 March 2021.
5341:
5333:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5310:. 30 June 2020.
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5171:
5158:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5142:on 18 June 2018.
5132:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4946:. 6 April 2018.
4936:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4911:Guyana Chronicle
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4797:. 5 March 2015.
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4684:
4677:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4543:
4532:
4531:
4521:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4486:
4480:
4461:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4317:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4256:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4143:
4124:
4087:
4061:
4050:. Caracas: s.n.
4042:
4019:
4008:
3974:
3969:
3967:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3915:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3863:
3852:
3851:
3839:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3766:
3757:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3719:
3708:
3688:
3682:
3671:
3665:
3658:
3647:
3640:
3631:
3624:
3615:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3538:
3530:
3521:
3504:
3498:
3491:
3485:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3448:
3437:
3428:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3395:
3389:
3388:, 17: pp 131–164
3378:Humphreys, R. A.
3375:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3334:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3209:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3037:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2992:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2931:(153 ed.).
2923:
2910:
2897:Ian Rogoziński,
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2613:
2600:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2563:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2491:
2485:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2384:Voice of America
2374:
2369:
2367:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2316:
2300:
2275:
2155:Geneva Agreement
2138:Guayana Province
1983:António Guterres
1932:Margarita Island
1879:Guayana Province
1853:Guayana Province
1832:António Guterres
1754:Shridath Ramphal
1718:the United Force
1646:fire during the
1615:
1557:At a meeting in
1550:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1507:
1499:
1495:Geneva Agreement
1440:
1426:to denounce the
1417:
1366:and the river's
1202:Grover Cleveland
1198:Washington, D.C.
1134:Gold discoveries
1128:Grover Cleveland
931:Antonio de Sucre
860:Guayana Province
848:Peace of Münster
818:, Essequibo and
797:
791:
780:Fort Kyk-Over-Al
771:Fort Kyk-Over-Al
677:
670:
666:
663:
657:
630:
629:
622:
604:Essequibo colony
581:Amerigo Vespucci
569:Juan de Esquivel
499:of the Northern
471:Colonial history
394:Geneva Agreement
312:
311:
310:
304:
299:
294:Guayana Esequiba
288:, also known as
286:Essequibo region
258:
251:
244:
204:Geneva Agreement
166:
154:Guyana–Venezuela
150:
149:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7094:
7093:
7084:
7082:
7078:
7075:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7055:
7040:
7033:
7025:
7006:
6986:
6957:Central-Western
6928:
6918:
6841:
6713:
6704:
6686:
6681:
6651:
6646:
6610:
6584:
6500:
6482:Northern Europe
6477:
6451:Italian Grisons
6414:
6381:North Macedonia
6335:Southern Europe
6330:
6255:
6182:
6146:
6054:
6028:
5963:
5932:
5927:
5883:
5861:Schoult, Lars.
5851:
5846:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5814:
5812:
5811:on 2 April 2015
5803:
5802:
5798:
5788:
5786:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5765:
5761:
5752:
5750:
5733:
5729:
5715:
5713:
5698:
5694:
5684:
5682:
5667:
5663:
5653:
5651:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5621:
5619:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5591:
5589:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5528:www.barrons.com
5520:
5516:
5506:
5504:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5473:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5449:
5447:
5430:
5426:
5416:
5414:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5386:
5384:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5327:
5317:
5315:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5287:
5285:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5257:
5255:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5227:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5201:
5199:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5173:
5172:on 15 July 2020
5169:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5119:
5117:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5093:
5091:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5067:
5065:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5035:
5033:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5005:
5003:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4979:
4977:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4888:
4883:. 7 June 2015.
4875:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4858:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4746:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4716:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4545:
4544:
4535:
4522:
4513:
4503:
4501:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4462:
4453:
4443:
4441:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4398:
4394:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4323:Current History
4319:
4318:
4309:
4296:
4294:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4257:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4167:
4163:
4081:
4058:
4036:
3965:
3963:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3916:
3903:
3890:
3888:
3865:
3864:
3855:
3840:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3754:Wayback Machine
3745:
3741:
3734:
3720:
3711:
3707:, Madrid, 1982.
3701:Wayback Machine
3689:
3685:
3681:, 2000, p. 200.
3672:
3668:
3659:
3650:
3641:
3634:
3625:
3618:
3608:Wayback Machine
3599:
3595:
3591:King (2007:260)
3590:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3519:Wayback Machine
3505:
3501:
3492:
3488:
3470:Zakaria, Fareed
3468:
3464:
3449:
3440:
3429:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3376:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3332:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3210:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3012:
3008:
2993:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2925:
2924:
2913:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2610:Wayback Machine
2601:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2482:Wayback Machine
2471:
2467:
2452:
2450:
2435:
2423:
2421:
2406:
2394:
2392:
2377:
2365:
2363:
2348:
2336:
2334:
2326:Financial Times
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2294:Potaro-Siparuni
2290:Cuyuni-Mazaruni
2276:
2272:
2267:
2219:
2193:
2170:
2162:territoriality:
2130:
2105:
2048:
2040:Main articles:
2038:
1976:
1956:Venezuelan Navy
1928:Venezuelan Navy
1924:
1845:
1840:
1764:Roland Hunte.
1730:
1632:
1626:
1609:
1595:
1551:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1520:
1508:
1497:
1434:
1411:
1404:
1364:Essequibo River
1356:
1354:Renewed dispute
1351:
1312:
1275:in present-day
1258:arbitral ruling
1228:
1222:
1213:Lord Pauncefote
1190:
1184:
1176:Monroe Doctrine
1168:Barima District
1136:
1121:Essequibo River
1090:
1088:Schomburgk Line
1049:British Guayana
1043:An 1855 map of
1013:
895:
879:Dutch-Brazilian
856:Essequibo River
752:Hessel Gerritsz
744:
710:Essequibo River
701:Araya Peninsula
678:
667:
661:
658:
652:by introducing
643:
631:
627:
620:
600:Pomeroon colony
594:colonists from
585:Alonso de Ojeda
565:
473:
465:
426:Essequibo River
361:Schomburgk Line
339:the Netherlands
329:, based on the
315:Essequibo River
306:
305:
297:
262:
233:
180:Schomburgk Line
155:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7162:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7057:
7056:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7028:
7014:
7012:
7011:Related topics
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6996:
6994:
6992:Disputed state
6988:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6936:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6885:La Sola Island
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6851:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
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6729:
6723:
6721:
6715:
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6707:
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6703:
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6567:
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6564:
6563:
6558:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6519:
6514:
6508:
6506:
6505:Western Europe
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6407:
6406:
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6395:
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6383:
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6377:
6376:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6272:Czechoslovakia
6269:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6196:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6080:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6062:
6060:
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6047:
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6036:
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6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5926:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5882:
5881:External links
5879:
5878:
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5871:
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5859:
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5822:
5796:
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5514:
5483:
5457:
5424:
5394:
5377:news.yahoo.com
5364:
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5145:
5127:
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5075:
5043:
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4987:
4961:
4928:
4898:
4868:
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4823:. ExxonMobil.
4812:
4782:
4756:
4726:
4696:
4664:
4638:
4601:
4570:
4533:
4511:
4494:www.guyana.org
4481:
4477:Serbo-Croatian
4475:, p. 2512 (in
4451:
4411:
4408:. p. 145.
4392:
4373:
4341:
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4125:
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4080:978-0415629201
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3227:978-3030191672
3226:
3197:
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3118:
3092:
3066:
3044:
3021:
3006:
2978:
2948:
2942:978-1349683987
2941:
2911:
2890:
2857:10.2307/481091
2851:(2): 163–164.
2831:
2814:CNN en Español
2801:
2771:
2741:
2724:BBC News Mundo
2711:
2678:
2646:
2614:
2590:
2549:
2516:
2486:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2442:Deutsche Welle
2433:
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2375:
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2305:
2302:
2301:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2263:
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2261:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Guayana Region
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2104:
2101:
2056:Nicolás Maduro
2037:
2034:
1999:Nicolás Maduro
1975:
1972:
1968:Nicolas Maduro
1937:Teknik Perdana
1923:
1920:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1781:Peoples Temple
1742:Forbes Burnham
1738:Rafael Caldera
1729:
1726:
1628:Main article:
1625:
1622:
1603:Forbes Burnham
1594:
1591:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1553:
1552:
1511:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1479:, in his work
1403:
1400:
1368:drainage basin
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1311:
1308:
1285:Mazaruni River
1236:British Guiana
1224:Main article:
1221:
1218:
1209:Lord Salisbury
1186:Main article:
1183:
1180:
1170:to Venezuela.
1135:
1132:
1089:
1086:
1034:British Guiana
1012:
1009:
976:in 1777 under
903:Rigobert Bonne
894:
891:
875:Pomeroon River
852:Dutch Republic
750:A 1625 map by
743:
740:
680:
679:
648:. Please help
634:
632:
625:
619:
616:
564:
561:
472:
469:
464:
461:
442:British Guiana
398:United Kingdom
390:United Nations
357:British Guiana
272:is an ongoing
264:
263:
261:
260:
253:
246:
238:
235:
234:
232:
231:
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128:
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42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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6881:
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6856:
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6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6807:Nueva Esparta
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6767:Delta Amacuro
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6724:
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6711:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6678:
6673:
6671:
6666:
6664:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6630:Reunification
6627:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6551:Pan-Germanism
6549:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6480:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6428:
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6424:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6408:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
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6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
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6202:
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6200:
6197:
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6192:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6151:Southern Asia
6149:
6143:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
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6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6084:
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6079:
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6072:
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6064:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:South America
6031:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5997:United States
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5968:North America
5966:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5931:
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5905:
5904:
5901:
5894:
5889:
5885:
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5853:
5852:
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5774:
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5707:
5703:
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5644:
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5603:
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5441:
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5435:
5428:
5412:
5408:
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5398:
5382:
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5368:
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5345:
5338:
5332:
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5309:
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5283:
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5223:
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5213:
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5187:
5168:
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5163:
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5149:
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5115:
5111:
5105:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5063:
5059:
5058:
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5047:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4975:
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4908:
4902:
4886:
4882:
4878:
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4856:
4852:
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4822:
4816:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4714:
4710:
4709:Stabroek News
4706:
4700:
4681:
4674:
4668:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4530:. p. C1.
4529:
4528:
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4516:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4478:
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4470:
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4377:
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4218:
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4212:
4206:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4156:
4153:. p. 2.
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4133:
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4114:
4110:
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4041:
4037:
4035:9780801816956
4031:
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4018:
4017:
4010:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3943:
3935:
3933:9781000306897
3929:
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3735:
3733:9780841909618
3729:
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3483:
3482:0-691-01035-8
3479:
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3303:Red Angostura
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2500:
2496:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2460:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2311:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:Gran Colombia
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:Delta Amacuro
2110:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:Falklands War
1788:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1736:, Presidents
1735:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:Ankoko island
1589:
1584:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1549:
1546:
1538:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1512:This section
1510:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1430:, citing the
1429:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1410:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:Orinoco River
1265:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:60th meridian
1161:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1142:A map of the
1140:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1073:Simón Bolívar
1070:
1069:Gran Colombia
1066:
1062:
1061:Gran Colombia
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1006:
1005:Orinoco River
1000:
999:
997:
992:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
917:In 1732, the
911:
904:
899:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
841:
837:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
809:
808:Spanish Crown
805:
801:
796:
790:
783:
781:
772:
767:
761:
757:
756:Orinoco River
753:
748:
739:
737:
733:
728:
724:
720:
719:
713:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:Orinoco River
686:
676:
673:
665:
655:
651:
647:
641:
640:
639:single source
635:This section
633:
624:
623:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
528:
527:river valleys
524:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:. The native
494:
493:Kalina people
490:
486:
482:
481:native people
478:
468:
460:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
415:
411:
407:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
373:United States
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:Ankoko Island
316:
309:
303:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
259:
254:
252:
247:
245:
240:
239:
237:
236:
228:
225:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
175:
174:
170:
169:
165:
161:
160:
157:
152:
151:
145:
141:
136:
132:
124:
121:
113:
110:December 2023
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
7080:6.3°N 59.7°W
7061:
7000:
6999:
6914:
6910:Patos Island
6626:Partitionism
6620:
6619:
6616:
6173:Pashtunistan
6059:Western Asia
5992:Saint Martin
5959:South Africa
5862:
5855:
5849:Bibliography
5839:the original
5834:
5825:
5813:. Retrieved
5809:the original
5799:
5787:. Retrieved
5783:the original
5773:
5762:
5751:, retrieved
5742:The Guardian
5740:
5730:
5721:
5714:. Retrieved
5705:
5695:
5683:. Retrieved
5674:
5664:
5652:. Retrieved
5641:
5632:
5620:. Retrieved
5611:
5602:
5590:. Retrieved
5575:
5563:. Retrieved
5548:
5536:. Retrieved
5527:
5517:
5505:. Retrieved
5496:
5486:
5474:. Retrieved
5460:
5448:. Retrieved
5437:
5427:
5415:. Retrieved
5406:
5397:
5387:19 September
5385:. Retrieved
5376:
5367:
5355:. Retrieved
5343:
5316:. Retrieved
5307:
5298:
5286:. Retrieved
5280:(in Dutch).
5277:
5268:
5256:. Retrieved
5247:
5238:
5226:. Retrieved
5212:
5200:. Retrieved
5186:
5174:. Retrieved
5167:the original
5160:
5148:
5140:the original
5130:
5118:. Retrieved
5104:
5092:. Retrieved
5078:
5066:. Retrieved
5055:
5046:
5034:. Retrieved
5026:Europa Press
5025:
5016:
5004:. Retrieved
4990:
4978:. Retrieved
4964:
4952:. Retrieved
4943:
4919:. Retrieved
4910:
4901:
4889:. Retrieved
4881:El Universal
4880:
4871:
4859:. Retrieved
4851:El Universal
4850:
4841:
4829:. Retrieved
4815:
4803:. Retrieved
4794:
4785:
4773:. Retrieved
4759:
4747:. Retrieved
4743:the original
4739:El Universal
4738:
4729:
4717:. Retrieved
4708:
4699:
4687:. Retrieved
4667:
4655:. Retrieved
4641:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4594:19 September
4592:. Retrieved
4583:
4573:
4561:. Retrieved
4550:
4525:
4502:. Retrieved
4493:
4484:
4464:
4442:. Retrieved
4423:
4414:
4401:
4395:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4364:. Retrieved
4353:
4344:
4327:
4321:
4302:
4295:. Retrieved
4284:
4275:
4266:
4260:
4233:. Retrieved
4214:
4205:
4193:. Retrieved
4174:
4164:
4154:
4148:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4120:
4096:
4092:
4084:
4066:
4047:
4039:
4015:
4005:
3985:
3979:
3971:
3964:. Retrieved
3953:
3942:
3919:
3896:
3889:. Retrieved
3870:
3847:
3843:
3816:. Retrieved
3805:
3796:
3784:. Retrieved
3773:
3742:
3723:
3704:
3692:
3686:
3674:
3669:
3661:
3643:
3627:
3611:
3596:
3587:
3575:. Retrieved
3560:
3548:. Retrieved
3507:
3502:
3494:
3489:
3473:
3465:
3456:
3452:
3431:
3407:. Retrieved
3393:
3385:
3350:. Retrieved
3336:
3323:
3311:. Retrieved
3302:
3293:
3284:
3279:
3269:
3257:. Retrieved
3248:
3213:
3188:. Retrieved
3173:
3161:. Retrieved
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3121:
3109:. Retrieved
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3069:
3057:. Retrieved
3031:
3024:
3015:
3009:
2996:
2969:. Retrieved
2960:
2951:
2926:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2881:. Retrieved
2848:
2845:Ethnohistory
2844:
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2783:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2753:
2744:
2732:. Retrieved
2723:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2693:
2669:. Retrieved
2658:
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2617:
2581:. Retrieved
2569:
2565:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2529:
2519:
2507:. Retrieved
2498:
2489:
2473:
2468:
2458:
2451:. Retrieved
2440:
2429:
2422:. Retrieved
2411:
2400:
2393:. Retrieved
2382:
2371:
2364:. Retrieved
2353:
2342:
2335:. Retrieved
2324:
2314:
2278:Barima-Waini
2273:
2200:
2195:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2160:
2146:Constitution
2133:
2132:
2121:
2106:
2098:
2089:
2061:
2031:
2023:
2015:
1995:
1991:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1945:
1936:
1925:
1899:
1891:
1875:2006 changes
1872:
1864:Fidel Castro
1857:
1838:21st century
1828:Dag Nylander
1816:
1809:
1789:
1778:
1766:
1731:
1722:
1709:Valerie Hart
1705:
1690:
1674:
1666:Valerie Hart
1663:
1652:
1618:
1596:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1556:
1541:
1532:
1521:Please help
1516:verification
1513:
1480:
1474:
1454:
1447:
1405:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1349:20th century
1343:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1304:
1300:Wenamu River
1296:Barima Point
1289:
1281:
1273:Amazon River
1266:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1206:
1191:
1172:
1160:Moruka River
1157:
1153:Cuyuni basin
1149:
1125:
1118:
1109:geographical
1091:
1078:
1058:
1014:
1011:19th century
1002:
988:
987:
972:created the
967:
963:Moruka River
959:Caroní River
955:Cuyuni River
927:Barima River
916:
893:18th century
887:Barima River
871:Moruka River
864:
845:
833:
813:
784:
776:
760:Amazon River
742:17th century
732:Caroní River
716:
714:
693:Amazon River
683:
668:
659:
636:
618:16th century
589:
571:, deputy of
566:
563:15th century
531:
516:River Basins
485:Warao people
474:
466:
463:Demographics
454:
449:
429:
419:
402:
347:
296:in Spanish (
293:
289:
285:
269:
267:
153:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
7139:Irredentism
7083: /
7046:Claimed by
7034:(1884–1991)
7026:(1864–1992)
6919: [
6865:Aves Island
6638:Revisionism
6580:Switzerland
6575:Netherlands
6236:Philippines
6135:Pan-Turkism
5930:Irredentism
5815:31 December
5789:23 December
5622:30 November
5592:23 November
5565:23 November
5450:22 November
5417:7 September
5407:ElDiario.es
5278:Star Nieuws
4980:11 December
4921:14 December
4625:: 182–184.
4552:El Nacional
4527:El Nacional
4444:30 November
4366:25 November
4297:25 November
4269:(2): 31–51.
4235:30 November
4195:30 November
4103:: 279–311.
4024:. pp.
3891:30 November
3577:21 November
3569:. AP News.
3484:. pp145–146
2883:25 November
2754:Le Monde.fr
2639:27 December
2453:16 December
2424:16 December
2395:16 December
2366:16 December
2355:Argus Media
2337:16 December
2134:Article 15º
2007:Juan Guaidó
1860:Hugo Chávez
1810:El Nacional
1790:During the
1714:Gran Sabana
1610: [
1571:assertions.
1456:Ultra Vires
1435: [
1412: [
1053:New Granada
978:Charles III
697:the Guianas
477:the Guianas
438:Pirara area
420:Currently,
7098:Categories
7085:6.3; -59.7
6812:Portuguesa
6732:Anzoátegui
6642:Rump state
6634:Revanchism
6561:Lebensraum
6410:Yugoslavia
6178:Tamil Nadu
6158:Bangladesh
6083:Azerbaijan
5944:Mauritania
5835:tsj.gov.ve
5753:5 December
5716:4 December
5685:4 December
5654:3 December
5538:3 November
5507:3 November
5476:7 December
5357:8 December
5258:17 January
5248:MercoPress
5228:18 January
5202:18 January
5176:17 January
5120:18 January
5094:18 January
5068:18 January
5036:18 January
4954:17 January
4775:15 October
4749:12 October
4719:12 October
4657:12 October
4623:De Gruyter
4563:17 January
4138:(3): 308.
4057:9800705155
3966:3 December
3818:17 January
3807:La Patilla
3786:17 January
3775:La Patilla
3550:30 October
3459:(4): 5–26.
3249:Prodavinci
3059:5 December
2824:5 December
2734:8 December
2704:6 December
2671:9 December
2542:7 December
2509:20 January
2307:References
2258:Tigri Area
1948:ExxonMobil
1916:communiqué
1868:Georgetown
1858:President
1320:Venezuelan
1103:conducted
1098:naturalist
1047:including
1015:Under the
883:Pernambuco
539:issued by
537:papal bull
414:referendum
355:to survey
350:naturalist
146:in orange.
80:newspapers
7048:Venezuela
6782:La Guaira
6596:Australia
6211:Indonesia
6100:Kurdistan
6040:Argentina
6007:Greenland
4434:0362-4331
4225:0362-4331
4185:0362-4331
4117:213967050
4071:Routledge
4002:145707836
3988:(3): 95.
3924:Routledge
3881:0362-4331
2865:0014-1801
2784:France 24
2660:El Sureño
1796:Argentina
1785:Jonestown
1686:Karasabai
1535:June 2023
1443:collusion
1105:botanical
1081:Venezuela
1045:Venezuela
1029:Essequibo
982:Essequibo
939:Essequibo
850:with the
840:El Dorado
811:in 1725.
769:Ruins of
705:salt pans
662:June 2023
654:citations
646:talk page
575:, son of
513:Essequibo
505:Caribbean
422:Venezuela
400:in 1966.
284:over the
282:Venezuela
144:Venezuela
6827:Trujillo
6757:Carabobo
6727:Amazonas
6527:Wallonia
6441:Dalmatia
6359:Bulgaria
6321:Slovenia
6241:Thailand
6231:Mongolia
6226:Malaysia
6194:Cambodia
6050:Colombia
5747:archived
5710:Archived
5679:Archived
5648:Archived
5643:ABC News
5616:Archived
5586:Archived
5559:Archived
5532:Archived
5501:Archived
5470:Archived
5444:Archived
5411:Archived
5381:Archived
5348:Archived
5312:Archived
5282:Archived
5252:Archived
5222:Archived
5196:Archived
5114:Archived
5088:Archived
5062:Archived
5030:Archived
5006:20 April
5000:Archived
4974:Archived
4948:Archived
4915:Archived
4885:Archived
4855:Archived
4825:Archived
4799:Archived
4769:Archived
4713:Archived
4680:Archived
4651:Archived
4588:Archived
4584:BBC News
4557:Archived
4498:Archived
4473:Belgrade
4438:Archived
4360:Archived
4291:Archived
4229:Archived
4189:Archived
3960:Archived
3885:Archived
3850:: 93–94.
3812:Archived
3780:Archived
3750:Archived
3697:Archived
3604:Archived
3571:Archived
3541:Archived
3515:Archived
3512:in JSTOR
3403:Archived
3352:13 March
3343:Archived
3313:13 March
3307:Archived
3259:13 March
3253:Archived
3184:Archived
3157:Archived
3155:. 1899.
3131:Archived
3105:Archived
3103:. 1960.
3079:Archived
3077:. 1899.
3050:Archived
2971:8 August
2965:Archived
2877:Archived
2818:Archived
2794:25 March
2788:Archived
2764:25 March
2758:Archived
2728:Archived
2698:Archived
2665:Archived
2630:Archived
2606:Archived
2583:13 March
2574:Archived
2536:Archived
2503:Archived
2478:Archived
2447:Archived
2418:Archived
2389:Archived
2360:Archived
2331:Archived
2217:See also
2211:Tumeremo
2197:nullity.
1961:Conviasa
1907:Suriname
1903:Barbados
1794:between
1677:bazookas
1655:Rupununi
1462:Suriname
1079:In 1824
1021:Demerara
943:Demerara
925:and the
867:Pomeroon
795:Santiago
736:San Tomé
543:and the
457:Tumeremo
436:and the
290:Esequibo
276:between
18:Esequibo
7071:59°42′W
6972:Insular
6967:Guayana
6962:Eastern
6952:Central
6947:Capital
6934:Regions
6832:Yaracuy
6822:Táchira
6802:Monagas
6797:Miranda
6777:Guárico
6762:Cojedes
6752:Bolívar
6747:Barinas
6700:Caracas
6589:Oceania
6570:Ireland
6539:Austria
6534:Germany
6517:Celtics
6512:Belgium
6494:Karelia
6489:Finland
6436:Corsica
6403:Galicia
6364:Croatia
6342:Albania
6326:Ukraine
6314:Ukraine
6292:Romania
6282:Moldova
6277:Hungary
6267:Belarus
6251:Vietnam
6078:Assyria
6071:Artsakh
6066:Armenia
5954:Somalia
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