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put to do, since we haven't really studied anything. The students have been writing poems of varying degrees of merit, and though I give them reading lists they tend to ignore them, after first demanding them. And the way the course is set up there is no way of examining them on their reading. And anyway they shouldn't have to pass an examination because they're poets who are writing poetry, and I don't like the idea of grading poems. So in order to pass the examination time I had to think of various subterfuges, and one of them is to use one of Malley's poems and another forbiddingly modern poem – frequently one of
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456:, a suburb of Sydney, Australia, with her two children: Ern, and his older sister Ethel. After his mother's death in August 1933, Ern Malley left school to work as an auto mechanic. Shortly after his seventeenth birthday, he then moved to Melbourne where he lived alone and worked as an insurance salesman, and later as a watch repairman. Diagnosed with
579:. ... However, it was possible that we had simply failed to penetrate to the inward substance of these productions. The only way of settling the matter was by way of experiment. It was, after all, fair enough. If Mr Harris proved to have sufficient discrimination to reject the poems, then the tables would have been turned.
730:'s 'Mercian Hymns'. And asking them if they can guess which one is the real poem by a respected contemporary poet, and which one is a put-on intended to ridicule modern poetry, and what are their reasons. And I think they are right about fifty per cent of the time, identifying the fraud... fraudulent poem.
725:
with the Sidney Nolan cover. I always had a taste for sort of wild experimental poetry – of which there really wasn't very much in
English in America at the time – and this poet suited me very well. I am obliged to give a final examination in my poetry writing course , which I'm always rather hard
464:
Malley's life as a poet became known only after his sister Ethel (another fictitious creation of McAuley and
Stewart) found a pile of unpublished poems among his belongings. These poems featured a brief preface, which explained that they had been composed over a period of five years, but it left no
826:, by Ian Kennedy Williams, was published in 1990 and tells of a sickly, insipid Ern who writes a manual of motorcycle maintenance while a boring bureaucrat Henry Fitzhubert-Ireland writes the poems. Two more recent fictions invent a "real" Ern: "Strangers in the House of the Mind" which appears in
690:
The basic case made by Ern's defenders was that his creation proved the validity of surrealist procedures: that in letting down their guard, opening themselves to free association and chance, McAuley and
Stewart had reached inspiration by the side-door of parody; and though this can't be argued on
588:
The South
Australian police prosecuted Harris for publishing immoral and obscene material. The only prosecution witness was a police detective, whose evidence included the statement 'I don't know what "incestuous" means, but I think there is a suggestion of indecency about it'. Despite this, and
759:
The Ern Malley affair was the century's greatest literary hoax not because it completely hookwinked Harris and not because it triggered off a story so rich in ironies and reversals. It was the greatest hoax because the creation of Ern Malley escaped the control of his creators and enjoyed an
596:
Most people, including most educated people with an interest in the arts, were persuaded of the validity of McAuley and
Stewart's "experiment". The two had deliberately written bad poetry, passed it off under a plausible alias to the country's most prominent publisher of modernist poetry, and
566:
writers represent an
Australian outcrop of a literary fashion which has become prominent in England and America. The distinctive feature of the fashion, it seemed to us, was that it rendered its devotees insensible of absurdity and incapable of ordinary discrimination. Our feeling was that by
681:
Some literary critics take the view that McAuley and
Stewart outsmarted themselves in their concoction of the Ern Malley poems. "Sometimes the myth is greater than its creators," Max Harris wrote. Harris, of course, had a vested interest in Malley, but others have agreed with his assessment.
760:
autonomous existence beyond, and at odds with, the critical and satirical intentions of McAuley and
Stewart. They succeeded better than they had known, or wished. Malley's poems hold up to this day, eclipsing anything produced by any of the story's main protagonists in propria persona.
691:
behalf of all the poems, some of which are partly or wholly gibberish, it contains a ponderable truth... The energy of invention that McAuley and
Stewart brought to their concoction of Ern Malley created an icon of literary value, and that is why he continues to haunt our culture.
734:
Two exhibitions by major
Australian galleries have been based on Ern Malley. In 1974 the Art Gallery of South Australia's Adelaide Festival Exhibitions included the Sidney Nolan exhibition "Ern Malley and Paradise Garden". The 2009 exhibition "Ern Malley: The Hoax and Beyond" at
539:
raised the possibility that Harris was the hoaxed rather than the hoaxer. Alarmed, Harris hired a private detective to establish whether Ern and Ethel Malley existed or had ever done so, but by then, the Australian national press was on the trail. The next week, the Sydney
460:
sometime in the early 1940s, Malley refused treatment. He returned to Sydney, moving in with his sister in March, 1943, where he became increasingly ill (as well as temperamental and difficult) until his death at the age of 25 on 23 July of that same year.
252:
by submitting nonsensical poetry to the magazine under the guise of a fictional poet. They created a fictional biography for the poet, whom they christened "Ernest Lalor Malley". The name is a "highly Australian-sounding handle": "Malley" is a pun on the word
366:. Stewart claimed to have never heard of Floupette at the time of the Ern Malley hoax, and while there is no evidence McAuley had, his Masters thesis titled "Symbolism: an essay in poetics", included a study of French Symboliste poetry and poetics.
55:, which are printed on the cover, bottom right: "I said to my love (who is living) / Dear we shall never be that verb / Perched on the sole Arabian Tree / (Here the peacock blinks the eyes of his multipennate tail)". The painting is now held at the
720:
I think it was the first summer I was at Harvard as a student, and I discovered a wonderful bookstore there where I could get modern poetry – which I'd never been able to lay my hands on very much until then – and they had the original edition of
611:, "More important than the hoax itself was the effect it had on the development of Australian poetry. The vigorous and legitimate movement for modernism in Australian writing, espoused by many writers and critics in addition to the members of the
290:: "We opened books at random, choosing a word or phrase haphazardly. We made lists of these and wove them in nonsensical sentences. We misquoted and made false allusions. We deliberately perpetrated bad verse, and selected awkward rhymes from a
135:
In the decades that followed, the hoax proved to be a significant setback for modernist poetry in Australia. Since the 1970s, however, the Ern Malley poems, though known to be a hoax, became celebrated as a successful example of
507:
appeared in June 1944 owing to wartime printing delays. Harris eagerly promoted it around the small world of Australian writers and critics. The reaction was not what he had hoped or expected. An article appeared in the
492:. He showed them to his circle of literary friends, who agreed that a hitherto completely unknown modernist poet of great importance had been discovered in suburban Australia. He decided to rush out a special edition of
271:. The biography stated that Malley had died the year before at the age of 25. The entire body of work attributed to Malley - 17 poems, none longer than a page and intended to be read in sequence under the title
465:
instructions as to what was to be done with them. Ethel Malley supposedly knew nothing about poetry, but showed the poems to a friend, who suggested that she send the poems to someone who could examine them.
678:, either complete or partial. It has reappeared – not only in Australia, but in London, Paris, Lyons, Kyoto, New York and Los Angeles – with a regularity that would be the envy of any real Australian poet.
1839:
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Harris, however, once he recovered from his humiliation in the Ern Malley hoax, made the best of his notoriety. From 1951 to 1955, he published another literary magazine, which he called
897:
452:
According to his inventors' fictitious biography, Ernest Lalor Malley was born in Liverpool, England, on 14 March 1918. His father died in 1920, and Malley's mother migrated to
1543:
544:, which had been conducting some investigative reporting, ran a front-page story alleging that the Ern Malley poems had in fact been written by McAuley and Stewart.
1329:
152:. The poems of Ern Malley are now more widely read than those of his creators, and the affair has inspired works by major Australian writers and artists, such as
703:
wrote, "Though Harris was wrong about who Ern Malley 'was' (if one can use that word here), I find it hard not to agree with his judgment of Malley's poetry."
601:
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The fictional Ern Malley achieved a measure of celebrity. The poems are regularly re-published and quoted. There have been at least 20 publications of the
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Several works of fiction attribute the poems to a third party who actually wrote them; they then fall into the hands of McAuley and Stewart. In 1977 in
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to do, they had, in fact, produced some memorable poems. Harris went on to become a successful bookseller and newspaper columnist. Harris died in 1995.
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McAuley and Stewart then sent Harris a letter, purported to be from Ethel, containing the poems, and asking for his opinion of her late brother's work.
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and the humiliation of Harris, who was put on trial, convicted and fined for publishing the poems on the grounds that they contained obscene content.
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processes of critical self-delusion and mutual admiration, the perpetrators of this humourless nonsense had managed to pass it off on would-be
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278:
Their writing process, as they described it, was to write down the first thing that came into their heads, lifting words and phrases from the
484:
Harris read the poems with, as he later recalled, a mounting sense of excitement. Ern Malley, he thought, was a poet in the same class as
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For services to Australian literature, Ern Malley was awarded the degree of "Doctor of Science in Oxometry" by the Sydney University
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662:. In 1961, as a gesture of defiance, he re-published the Ern Malley poems, maintaining that whatever McAuley and Stewart had
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and mailed sixteen poems to Harris under the guise of Ethel, Ern Malley's surviving sister. Harris and other members of the
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series (1946–47), saying "It made me take the risk of putting against the Australian bush an utterly strange object."
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275:- was written in a single afternoon. The works submitted captured, they felt, the worst of modernist tendencies.
1901:
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1572:"Forgotten Australian TV Plays: Australia on US TV – Sumner Locke Elliott's Wicked is the Vine and The Crater"
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It has been suggested that Malley is better known and more widely read today than either McAuley or Stewart.
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is a reimagining of the Ern Malley story using Ern's sister, Ethel Malley, as the narrator and protagonist.
1886:
877:
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wrote a short story "Black Swan of Trespass", in which she has Davydd Davis, who presents as an antipodean
1531:
516:, ridiculing the Malley poems and suggesting that Harris had written them himself in some elaborate hoax.
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Imitating the modernist poetry they despised, the hoaxers deliberately created what they thought was bad
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was the first exhibition to thoroughly investigate the genesis, reception and aftermath of the hoax.
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completely taken him in. Harris, they said, could not tell real poetry from fake, good from bad.
294:." They also included many bits of their own poetry, though in a deliberately disjointed manner.
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group, received a severe setback, and the conservative element was undoubtedly strengthened."
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several distinguished expert witnesses arguing for Harris, he was found guilty and fined ÂŁ5.
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8:
1769:
The Sons of Clovis: Ern Malley, Adoré Floupette and a Secret History of Australian Poetry
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whose biography and body of work were created in one day in 1943 by conservative writers
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In the "Individual Notes on Works and Authors" in the "Special Collaborations Issue" of
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181:
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art and literary movement centred around a journal of the same name, co-edited by poet
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The Black Swan of Trespass: The Emergence of Modernist Painting in Australia 1918–1944
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to Malley, hailing him as a genius. The hoax was revealed soon after, resulting in a
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fell for the hoax, and, enraptured by the poetry, devoted the next issue of
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produced a series of well-received paintings based on the Ern Malley hoax.
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alluded to the poems in calling his 1979 history of modernism in Australia
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Stewart settled permanently in Japan in 1966 and published two volumes of
1140:(Collection of quotations by McAuley and Stewart). No. 17. June 2002
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622:, Sidney Nolan credited Ern Malley with inspiring him to paint his first
485:
264:
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called Ern Malley "the greatest literary hoax of the twentieth century".
31:
1435:"John Ashbery in conversation with John Tranter New York City, May 1988"
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655:
poetry translations which became popular in Australia. He died in 1995.
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873:
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260:
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872:, a surrealist play about the real life of a fictional Ern Malley by
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623:
344:, that the Ern Malley hoax was modelled on the 1885 satire on French
221:
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1256:. No. 2151. New South Wales, Australia. 18 June 1944. p. 1
259:, denoting a class of Australian vegetation and a bird, the native
201:
1849:
607:
The Ern Malley hoax had long-lasting repercussions. To quote the
935:
75:. Its name derives from Ernest Lalor "Ern" Malley, a fictitious
634:
McAuley went on to publish several volumes of poetry and, with
248:
McAuley and Stewart decided to perpetrate a hoax on Harris and
777:
credited the poems with inspiring him to paint his now-iconic
1830:
Image of Ethel Malley's letter to Max Harris, 28 October 1943
1327:
Wilde, William H.; Hooton, Joy; Andrews, Barry, eds. (1994).
1132:"Ern Malley, Poet of Debunk: full story from the two authors"
652:
629:
184:
39:
1824:
1518:
864:
recounts the tale of the Ern Malley hoax in his 2003 novel
172:
In 1944, James McAuley and Harold Stewart were in the Army
76:
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draws some of its inspiration from the Ern Malley affair.
788:
wrote a 1955 American television play based on the hoax,
1368:. Vol. 15. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
764:
710:
said of Ern Malley, in a 1988 interview in the magazine
558:
After the hoax was revealed, McAuley and Stewart wrote:
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in their own right, lauded by poets and critics such as
312:
And painted roofs, the high snows glimpsed at the back,
896:, after the success of a fictionalized version of the
369:
1224:
1109:
931:
1244:"Ern Malley, the great poet, or the greatest hoax?"
1208:Documentation of Ethel's action and other sources:
883:In the early years of the 21st century, the artist
547:The South Australian police impounded the issue of
1328:
1326:
51:painting inspired by lines from Ern Malley's poem
1840:Ern Malley art by Australian artist – Garry Shead
1045:"Throwing new light on the great Ern Malley hoax"
555:on the grounds that Malley's poems were obscene.
326:In its ignorance the vision of others. I am still
1863:
1588:
176:. Before the war they had been part of Sydney's
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1487:
644:. From 1961 he was professor of English at the
306:I had often cowled in the slumbrous heavy air,
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320:To an interloper, robber of dead men's dream,
316:Not knowing then that Durer perceived it too.
314:All reversed in the quiet reflecting waters –
204:, who in 1940, at the age of 18, had started
638:, founded the literary and cultural journal
328:The black swan of trespass on alien waters.
876:and Chris Kohn, premiered at the Melbourne
310:As I knew it would be, the colourful spires
1264:– via National Library of Australia.
1175:
1173:
630:McAuley, Stewart and Harris in later years
180:arts world. McAuley had acted and sung in
1335:Oxford Companion to Australian Literature
1278:. Angus & Robertson Childrens. 1993.
1027:The Ern Malley Poetry Hoax – Introduction
609:Oxford Companion to Australian Literature
342:and a Secret History of Australian Poetry
308:Closed my inanimate lids to find it real,
174:Directorate of Research and Civil Affairs
1337:. Oxford University Press. p. 257.
1190:(Excerpt of Heyward's book). No. 17
1159:"Ern, it turns out, has a French cousin"
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322:I had read in books that art is not easy
38:
1735:
1616:Waimarino County & Other Excursions
1230:
1179:
1170:
1115:
832:Waimarino County & Other Excursions
324:But no one warned that the mind repeats
318:Now I find that once more I have shrunk
14:
1864:
1845:Review of "The Black Swan of Trespass"
1671:
1642:
1613:
1511:Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills
1461:
1402:
1357:
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957:, another outsider artist promoted by
528:Max Harris with Angry Penguins artist
1814:, Alternative Publishing, Sydney 1979
1121:
1077:
1011:
981:
765:References to Ern Malley and the hoax
500:, based on the poems, for the cover.
1569:
1488:Pádraig Collins (3 September 2003).
1360:"McAuley, James Phillip (1917–1976)"
1301:, SA Memory Mail, 17 June 1944, p. 6
910:, one of characters quotes Malley's
519:
355:Les Déliquescences d'Adoré Floupette
211:
1570:Vagg, Stephen (11 September 2022).
1311:"MODERN VERSE HOAX BY SYDNEY POETS"
583:
24:
1745:
1365:Australian Dictionary of Biography
25:
1913:
1877:Nonexistent people used in hoaxes
1818:
1740:. University of Queensland Press.
1593:. Sydney: Hale & Ironmonger.
1464:"Ern Malley: The Hoax and Beyond"
848:(1987) is based on these events.
1299:"Mystery of poet stirs 'varsity"
1218:(Sydney), No. 7, June 2002, ed.
934:
338:The Sons of Clovis: Ern Malley,
297:The first poem in the sequence,
234:
220:
160:. American poet and anthologist
27:Fictional poet and literary hoax
1825:The Official Ern Malley website
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1410:Ern Malley: The Hoax and Beyond
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1202:
496:and commissioned a painting by
1847:by Lally Katz and Chris Kohn,
1773:University of Queensland Press
1672:Rainey, David (24 June 2012).
1589:Kennedy Williams, Ian (1990).
1462:Rainey, David (24 July 2012).
1370:Australian National University
1180:Heyward, Michael (June 2002).
1152:
1057:
1038:
998:Art Gallery of New South Wales
13:
1:
1068:80 Days that Changed Our Life
974:
167:
71:, is Australia's most famous
47:. Featured on the cover is a
1760:, 39 (3) (March 1995), 14-15
336:theorises in his 2011 book,
7:
1835:Ern Malley's complete poems
1276:Collected Poems: Ern Malley
1248:The Sunday Sun and Guardian
927:
575:, both here and abroad, as
503:The Autumn 1944 edition of
292:Ripman's Rhyming Dictionary
10:
1918:
1532:"Trolls before their time"
1443:. No. 2. January 1998
1414:Heide Museum of Modern Art
1210:Ern Malley feature edition
1064:"Ern Malley literary hoax"
870:The Black Swan of Trespass
803:The Black Swan of Trespass
737:Heide Museum of Modern Art
670:Subsequent re-appreciation
57:Heide Museum of Modern Art
43:The Ern Malley edition of
29:
1754:, Ern Malley's Namesake,
1736:Heyward, Michael (1993).
1620:Auckland University Press
1521:exam). 2015. p. 206.
797:The Australian historian
618:In a 1975 interview with
562:Mr. Max Harris and other
535:On 17 June, the Adelaide
438:
430:
422:
406:
383:
376:
370:Biography of "Ern Malley"
280:Concise Oxford Dictionary
194:Harris was a 22-year-old
1544:"The poet who never was"
1490:"The poet who never was"
1049:Sydney Writers' Festival
900:of the one of Picasso's
866:Seven Types of Ambiguity
473:was to be that someone.
288:Dictionary of Quotations
30:Not to be confused with
1614:Edmond, Martin (2007).
1182:"The Ern Malley Affair"
922:Sincerely, Ethel Malley
1857:Ern Malley on aCOMMENT
1791:The Darkening Ecliptic
1643:Malley, David (2009).
1546:, review of Heyward's
1358:Pierce, Peter (2000).
1089:The Darkening Ecliptic
912:Durer: Innsbruck, 1495
782:
773:Angry Penguins artist
762:
732:
723:The Darkening Ecliptic
693:
646:University of Tasmania
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553:The Darkening Ecliptic
532:
510:University of Adelaide
445:The Darkening Ecliptic
331:
299:Durer: Innsbruck, 1495
273:The Darkening Ecliptic
60:
1902:Collective pseudonyms
1738:The Ern Malley Affair
1548:The Ern Malley Affair
1315:The Argus (Melbourne)
969:Surrealist techniques
834:, and David Malley's
822:, writing the poems.
772:
757:
718:
688:
560:
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477:Carrying out the hoax
303:
284:Collected Shakespeare
267:, leader of the 1854
87:in order to hoax the
42:
1674:"Beyond is Anything"
1087:Malley, Ern (2017).
1053:University of Sydney
846:Angry Young Penguins
786:Sumner Locke Elliott
660:Ern Malley's Journal
241:Harold Stewart, 1944
1887:Hoaxes in Australia
1557:The Washington Post
1317:, 3 July 1944, p. 3
1070:, 27 October 2011,
842:Joanna Murray-Smith
830:'s 2007 collection
748:The Washington Post
648:. He died in 1976.
602:Oxometrical Society
512:student newspaper,
388:Ernest Lalor Malley
378:Ernest Lalor Malley
227:James McAuley, 1944
200:poet and critic in
1872:Literary forgeries
1645:Beyond is Anything
1534:, dailycare.com.au
1167:(1–2 October 2011)
890:In the 2013 novel
836:Beyond is Anything
816:Barbara Ker Wilson
783:
706:The American poet
676:Darkening Ecliptic
533:
401:Liverpool, England
263:. "Lalor" recalls
67:, also called the
61:
1897:1944 in Australia
1803:978-1-55713-439-4
1782:978-0-7022-3884-0
1658:978-0-646-48866-0
1629:978-1-86940-391-1
1422:978-1-921330-10-0
1379:978-0-522-84459-7
1330:"Ern Malley Hoax"
1161:by Don Anderson,
1102:978-1-55713-439-4
907:The Weeping Woman
878:Malthouse Theatre
857:My Life as a Fake
520:The hoax revealed
450:
449:
417:Sydney, Australia
350:Decadent movement
212:Creating the hoax
189:Sydney University
138:surrealist poetry
69:Ern Malley affair
16:(Redirected from
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1882:Australian poets
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1647:. Croydon, NSW:
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1246:. Supplement to
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799:Humphrey McQueen
584:Immediate impact
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269:Eureka Rebellion
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132:folded in 1946.
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1793:, Los Angeles:
1783:
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1748:
1746:Further reading
1727:
1726:
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1711:. p. 249.
1699:Chris Womersley
1696:
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1670:
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991:
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364:Gabriel Vicaire
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99:and art patron
65:Ern Malley hoax
53:Petit Testament
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5:
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1853:, 19 July 2005
1842:
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1819:External links
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950:List of hoaxes
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920:'s 2021 novel
862:Elliot Perlman
854:'s 2003 novel
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1892:1940s hoaxes
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1771:. Brisbane:
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1681:. Retrieved
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1471:. Retrieved
1467:
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1445:. Retrieved
1438:
1429:
1424:, pp. 30–32.
1409:
1404:
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1334:
1322:
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1294:
1275:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1251:
1247:
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1231:Heyward 1993
1226:
1220:John Tranter
1213:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1185:
1162:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1135:
1116:Heyward 1993
1111:
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1059:
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994:Sidney Nolan
993:
964:Sokal affair
958:
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820:Dylan Thomas
809:
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802:
796:
791:Daisy, Daisy
789:
784:
775:Sidney Nolan
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753:David Lehman
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722:
719:
711:
708:John Ashbery
705:
701:Kenneth Koch
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577:great poetry
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498:Sidney Nolan
493:
490:Dylan Thomas
483:
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451:
444:
440:Notable work
412:(1943-07-23)
410:23 July 1943
353:
337:
334:David Brooks
332:
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162:David Lehman
158:Sidney Nolan
146:Kenneth Koch
142:John Ashbery
134:
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116:Heide Circle
109:
68:
64:
62:
52:
49:Sidney Nolan
44:
36:
1808:McQueen, H.
1752:David Lewis
1591:Malarky Dry
1008:, pp. 96–97
918:Stephen Orr
885:Garry Shead
868:. In 2005,
852:Peter Carey
824:Malarky Dry
697:Locus Solus
551:devoted to
486:W. H. Auden
423:Nationality
265:Peter Lalor
197:avant-garde
154:Peter Carey
32:Ernst Mally
1866:Categories
1285:0207179778
1260:17 October
996:. Sydney:
975:References
874:Lally Katz
542:Sunday Sun
537:Daily Mail
530:Joy Hester
467:Max Harris
394:1918-03-14
261:malleefowl
168:Background
97:Max Harris
18:Ern Malley
1388:1833-7538
1025:, 1998. "
1023:Lehman D.
779:Ned Kelly
624:Ned Kelly
573:Bohemians
454:Petersham
346:Symbolism
182:left-wing
101:John Reed
93:modernist
1797:, 2017,
1767:(2011).
1757:Quadrant
1701:(2014).
1678:aCOMMENT
1468:aCOMMENT
1447:17 April
1416:, 2009.
1396:70677943
1194:17 April
1144:17 April
1134:. Fact.
1074:Archives
1035:, No. 17
1000:, 2007.
928:See also
844:'s play
811:Overland
794:(1955).
664:intended
641:Quadrant
348:and the
286:, and a
202:Adelaide
178:Bohemian
1850:The Age
1730:Sources
1683:19 July
1576:Filmink
1473:24 July
1253:The Sun
902:studies
781:series.
755:wrote,
686:wrote:
426:British
1801:
1779:
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1655:
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1597:
1440:Jacket
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1215:Jacket
1187:Jacket
1137:Jacket
1099:
1032:Jacket
1004:
713:Jacket
514:On Dit
434:Poetry
256:mallee
185:revues
1704:Cairo
1515:(PDF)
1029:" in
898:theft
893:Cairo
653:haiku
358:, by
112:verse
105:Heide
103:, of
1799:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1685:2014
1653:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1519:MCAT
1475:2014
1449:2021
1418:ISBN
1392:OCLC
1384:ISSN
1374:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1262:2017
1196:2021
1146:2021
1097:ISBN
1002:ISBN
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407:Died
384:Born
362:and
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392:(
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