193:. Hákon cared little for the boy and gave him to a friend of his to raise. On one occasion when Eric was eleven or twelve years old he and his foster father had harboured their ship right next to earl Hákon. Then Hákon's closest friend, Skopti, arrived and asked Eric to move away so that he could harbour next to Hákon as he was used to. When Eric refused, Hákon was infuriated by the boy's pride and sternly ordered him away. Humiliated, Eric had no choice but to obey. In the following winter he avenged the humiliation by chasing down Skopti's ship and killing him. This was Eric's first exploit, as commemorated by his skald
443:, the finest war-vessel as yet built in the north, being in the middle of the line, where her bows projected beyond the others. The advantage of this arrangement was that it left all hands free to fight, a barrier could be formed with the oars and yards, and the enemy's chance of making use of his superior numbers to attack on both sides would be, as far as possible, limited — a great point when all fighting was with the sword, or with such feeble missile weapons as bows and javelins. Olaf, in fact, turned his eleven ships into a floating fort.
307:
409:
480:
433:, who was an agent of his enemies, and who deserted him. Olaf's own ships went past the anchorage of Eric and his allies in a long column without order, as no attack was expected. The king was in the rear of the whole of his best vessels. The allies allowed the bulk of the Norwegian ships to pass, and then stood out to attack Olaf.
760:"These jarls had had themselves baptised, and remained Christian, but they forced no man to Christianity, but allowed each to do as he wished, and in their day Christianity was greatly harmed, so that throughout Upplönd and in over Þrándheimr almost everything was heathen, though Christianity was maintained along the coast."
763:
Adopting
Christianity was no doubt a politically advantageous move for the earls since they were allied with the Christian rulers of Sweden and Denmark. Instituting freedom of religion was also a shrewd political move after Óláfr Tryggvason's violent missionary activity. Eric's religious conviction
446:
Norse writers, who are the main authorities, gave all the credit to the
Norwegians, and according to them all the intelligence of Olaf's enemies, and most of their valour, were to be found in Eric. They say that the Danes and Swedes rushed at the front of Olaf's line without success. Eric attacked
566:
their fleets met off the
English coast (in 1015) but the chronology of the various sources is difficult to reconcile and some scholars prefer placing their meeting in 1014 in Denmark. At that time Canute was young and inexperienced but Eric was "an experienced warrior of tested intelligence and
713:, who were usually constantly threatening Northumbria. Eric is not mentioned in English documents after 1023. According to English sources he was exiled by Canute and returned to Norway. This is very unlikely as there are no Norse records of his supposed return. Eric's successor as earl,
436:
Olaf refused to flee, and turned to give battle with the eleven ships immediately about him. The disposition adopted was one which is found recurring in many sea-fights of the Middle Ages where a fleet had to fight on the defensive. Olaf lashed his ships side to side, his own, the
424:
During the summer, King Olaf had been in the eastern Baltic. The allies lay in wait for him at the island of
Svolder on his way home. The Norwegian king had with him seventy-one vessels, but part of them belonged to an associate,
717:, cannot be confirmed as being earl of Northumbria until 1033 so Eric's death can not strictly be placed more precisely than between 1023 and 1033. According to the Norse sources he died of a hemorrhage after having his
669:
After several battles, Canute and Edmund reached an agreement to divide the kingdom but Edmund died a few months later. By 1017, Canute was undisputed king of all
England. He divided the kingdom into four parts;
455:), was "bearded", that is to say, strengthened across the bows by bands of iron, and he forced her between the last but one of Olaf's line. In this way the Norwegian ships were carried one by one, till the
633:, was murdered. The great north English earldom was given by Canute to Eric after he had won control of the north. After conquering Northumbria, the invading army turned south again towards
606:
is the only
English source which gives any information on Eric's actions at this time but its account of his supposed independent raids is vague and does not fit well with other sources.
753:
on the prow of his ship with a
Christian cross. There is no skaldic poetry to substantiate this but most of the sagas agree that Eric and Sveinn adopted Christianity, at least formally.
532:. Too powerful and cautious to touch but not powerful enough to seek open confrontation he maintained an uneasy peace and alliance with the earls throughout their rule. According to
326:
and King Sweyn whose daughter, Gyða, he married. Using Sweden as his base he launched a series of raiding expeditions into the east. Harrying the lands of King
233:
was Eric's first major confrontation. The battle was fought at sea, between the earls of Lade and a Danish invasion fleet. The battle is described in the Norse
772:, composed sometime after 1000, is explicitly pagan - its refrain says that Eric conquers lands according to the will of the heathen gods. Even the poetry of
906:
290:, Eric, apparently reconciled with his father, commanded 60 ships in the battle and emerged victorious. After the battle he gave quarter to many of the
525:
relates that "there was good peace at this time and very prosperous seasons. The jarls maintained the laws well and were stern in punishing offences."
459:
alone was left. At last she too was overpowered. Olaf leapt into the sea holding his shield edgeways, so that he sank at once and the weight of his
397:
in 1000, Eric, Sweyn, and Olof ambushed king Óláfr
Tryggvason by the island of Svolder. The place cannot now be identified, as the formation of the
701:
Eric remained as earl of
Northumbria until his death. His earlship is primarily notable in that it is never recorded that he ever fought with the
1683:
286:
upon him, Haakon broke his allegiance to
Denmark. A Danish invasion force was defeated at the battle of Hjörungavágr in 986. According to
1060:
764:
as a Christian was probably not strong. While the court poets of Eric's rivals, Óláfr Tryggvason and Óláfr Haraldsson, censored heathen
768:
from their poetry and praised their lord as a Christian ruler, all surviving court poetry devoted to Eric is entirely traditional. The
1381:
621:
attempted to muster an army to resist the invasion but his efforts were not successful and Canute's forces continued unhindered into
1439:
2311:
2306:
401:
coast has been much modified in the course of subsequent centuries. Svolder was an island probably on the North German coast, near
846:. The Anglo-Saxon sources are scant but valuable as they represent contemporary evidence. The most important are the 11th-century
1890:
2321:
1506:
97:
Eric is referred to in various ways in the medieval sources and by modern scholars. He most commonly witnessed charters as
259:. Those late literary accounts are fanciful but historians believe that they contain a kernel of truth. Some contemporary
2331:
722:
816:
784:
517:, continued in this position until 1015. Eric and Sveinn consolidated their rule by marrying their sister Bergljót to
1490:
1469:
1452:
1425:
1391:
1375:
1361:
1343:
1329:
1315:
1301:
1287:
1273:
898:
1703:
1676:
2160:
17:
349:
unearthed evidence which showed a burning of Ladoga in the late 10th century. Eric also plundered in western
2351:
2346:
2316:
1669:
1596:
886:
788:, Eiríkr actively worked to uproot Christianity in Norway but this is not corroborated by other sources.
575:, "the best adviser that could have been found for a young prince setting out on a career of conquest".
230:
194:
74:
310:
Locations of Eric's battles and raids in Scandinavia and the Baltic. Modern borders shown for reference.
1692:
1628:
1619:
914:
834:
654:
1502:
201:. The sagas say that after killing Skopti, Eric sailed south to Denmark where he was received by king
2341:
2147:
1444:
70:
1812:
1046:
894:
773:
559:
264:
2326:
2275:
2269:
2127:
2109:
2084:
2069:
1849:
2336:
2263:
2114:
2099:
2094:
2079:
2074:
2031:
910:
1264:
Campbell, Alistar (editor and translator) and Simon Keynes (supplementary introduction) (1998).
518:
2104:
2089:
2064:
2021:
2009:
890:
468:
186:
66:
1064:
698:, he ordered Eric to "pay this man what we owe him" and he chopped off his head with his axe.
2301:
2026:
1999:
1200:
1116:
863:
859:
848:
315:
245:
134:
529:
2296:
1911:
1884:
843:
638:
618:
514:
1645:
1637:
1306:
Ekrem, Inger (editor), Lars Boje Mortensen (editor) and Peter Fisher (translator) (2003).
828:
510:
498:
8:
1859:
1854:
1829:
1586:
1204:
902:
867:
702:
630:
776:, composed no earlier than 1016, has no indication of Christian influence. According to
513:, Eric became grand earl of Norway under Sweyn Forkbeard from 1000 to 1012. Eric's son,
490:
342:). There are no written continental sources to confirm or refute this but in the 1980s,
2044:
1965:
1901:
1839:
1834:
1474:
1029:
778:
734:
706:
663:
366:
354:
335:
327:
154:
42:
1650:
1569:
1349:
648:
Following Ethelred's death, the Scandinavian forces besieged London. According to the
502:
323:
2190:
2004:
1945:
1917:
1869:
1788:
1758:
1552:
1486:
1465:
1448:
1421:
1387:
1371:
1357:
1339:
1325:
1311:
1297:
1283:
1269:
683:
413:
394:
382:
268:
78:
1396:
1159:
822:
2185:
1934:
1906:
1782:
1752:
1746:
1611:
1434:
1430:
555:
279:
250:
202:
86:
1923:
1037:
in Denmark but Ágrip (Driscoll 1995, p. 24), Fagrskinna (Finlay 2004, p. 111) and
1955:
1879:
1844:
1824:
1819:
1800:
1770:
1764:
1741:
1731:
1579:
1407:
1034:
798:
714:
642:
626:
494:
234:
1109:
694:. Later the same year Canute had Eadric executed as a traitor. According to the
1806:
1112:
854:
839:
742:
691:
599:
579:
346:
331:
260:
306:
295:
2290:
2015:
1736:
1477:(translated and annotated by David and Ian McDougall with an introduction by
1457:
582:
in midsummer 1015 where it met little resistance. Canute's forces moved into
572:
426:
255:
50:
796:
The most important historical sources on Eric are the 12th and 13th century
659:
2180:
1979:
1864:
1120:
804:
738:
534:
485:
439:
418:
408:
283:
239:
122:
1007:
749:
has a more elaborate version of the story where Eric replaces an image of
467:, and steered it from the battle, an event dwelled upon by his court poet
54:
1478:
710:
679:
675:
622:
430:
291:
126:
62:
1383:
Austr í Görðum: древнерусские топонимы в древнескандинавских источниках.
2233:
2195:
810:
398:
210:
149:. Modern historians usually use a variant of Eiríkr/Eirik/Eric and his
658:
indicates that Eric was present at the siege of London and a verse by
1960:
1940:
1928:
1896:
1874:
1661:
1123:
1041:(Snorri Sturluson 1991, p. 193–194) agree that he went to Sweden and
718:
591:
543:
275:
205:. After a winter's stay in Denmark, Harald granted Eric earldom over
153:, Hákonarson/Hakonarson/Hakonson, meaning "son of Haakon". In modern
130:
1559:
1523:
959:, Hákon was fifteen years old at the time. See Finley, 2004, p. 109.
602:
assembled an English force of 40 ships and submitted to Canute. The
479:
2243:
2200:
1950:
595:
539:
362:
206:
150:
652:
the siege was overseen by Eric and this may well be accurate. The
402:
881:
and represents contemporary evidence. The most important are the
765:
460:
350:
190:
82:
483:
Division of Norway after the Battle of Svolder according to the
2238:
2213:
1695:
874:
687:
671:
634:
614:
610:
587:
583:
343:
319:
217:
this information is supported with a somewhat vague verse from
213:- areas in the south of Norway long under Danish influence. In
189:
and a woman of low birth whom Hákon bedded during a sojourn in
58:
318:
seized power as King of Norway, Eric was forced into exile in
1416:
Oddr Snorrason (translated by Theodore M. Andersson) (2003).
1322:
Two Icelandic Stories : Hreiðars þáttr : Orms þáttr
934:
1794:
1366:
Henry of Huntingdon (translated by Diana Greenway) (2002).
750:
858:
but Eric is also mentioned by the 12th-century historians
725:) either just before or just after a pilgrimage to Rome.
528:
During his rule of Norway, Eric's only serious rival was
509:
After the battle of Svolder, together with his brother
27:
Earl of Lade, Governor of Norway and Earl of Northumbria
1406:
Keyser, Rudolph and Carl Rikard Unger (eds.) (1849).
1095:
1093:
1091:
741:
if he emerged victorious from the battle of Svolder.
1207:, see Campbell 1998, p. 70 and Greenway 2002, p. 16.
609:
In early 1016, the Scandinavian army moved over the
1401:Den oldnorske og oldislandske litteraturs historie
1088:
1058:See Jackson 2001, p. 108 or the online edition at
897:. Other skalds known to have composed on Eric are
463:dragged him down. Eric captured Olaf's ship, the
2288:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1033:(Ekrem 2003, p. 95) says that Eric went to King
1380:Jackson, Tatiana (Татьяна Николаевна Джаксон).
1334:Finlay, Alison (editor and translator) (2004).
274:Hákon Sigurðarson was a strong believer in the
1336:Fagrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway
932:
1677:
1169:
1167:
1147:
1440:Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway
1368:The History of the English People, 1000-1154
662:says that Eric fought "west of London" with
554:In 1014 or 1015 Eric left Norway and joined
381:he fought Vikings in the Baltic and raided
263:alludes to the battle, including verses by
101:("Duke Eric") but his name is also spelled
1684:
1670:
1483:The Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings
1386:Moscow, Yazyki Slavyanskoi Kultury, 2001.
1164:
791:
578:The Scandinavian invasion fleet landed at
558:for his campaign in England. Judging from
546:shortly before his expedition to England.
330:, Eric looted and burned down the town of
2227:
1252:Driscoll 1995, p. 35; Ekrem 2003, p. 101.
873:A significant amount of poetry by Eric's
489:, showing the areas under the control of
224:
2174:
2141:
2058:
1993:
1485:. Viking Society for Northern Research.
1324:. Viking Society for Northern Research.
1296:. Viking Society for Northern Research.
478:
407:
305:
1724:
521:, gaining a valuable advisor and ally.
501:(half-brother of Eirik, as a fief from
185:. They relate that Eric was the son of
14:
2289:
1691:
1005:
549:
177:Principal sources on Eric's youth are
1665:
165:, referring to his Norse earldom, or
1507:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
933:Per G. Norseng (February 14, 2009).
388:
1173:See Campbell 1998, p. 23 and lviii.
1111:for an alternative translation (by
24:
1320:Faulkes, Anthony (editor) (1978).
25:
2363:
1496:
1292:Driscoll, M. J. (editor) (1995).
1216:Theodoricus monachus 1998, p. 18.
474:
197:who mentions the incident in his
984:The incident is related both in
2312:11th-century Norwegian monarchs
2307:10th-century Norwegian monarchs
1356:. University of Toronto Press.
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1158:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. See
1138:
1129:
1102:
1280:The Norsemen in the Viking Age
1268:. Cambridge University Press.
1079:
1052:
1022:
999:
978:
962:
949:
926:
322:. He allied himself with King
13:
1:
1338:. Brill Academic Publishers.
1119:) of the relevant chapter or
674:he kept for himself, he gave
172:
69:and brother of the legendary
1420:. Cornell University Press.
1225:Oddr Snorrason 2003, p. 127.
920:
161:. Some English works prefer
7:
2322:Earls and ealdormen of York
1464:. Oxford University Press.
1418:The Saga of Olaf Tryggvason
1310:. Museum Tusculanum Press.
1294:Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum
1278:Christiansen, Eric (2002).
1234:Finnur Jónsson 1924, p. 47.
1010:. Norsk biografisk leksikon
728:
637:. Before they arrived King
447:the flank. His vessel, the
10:
2368:
2332:Norwegian military leaders
1258:
1243:Christiansen 2002, p. 273.
835:Legendary Saga of St. Olaf
655:Legendary Saga of St. Olaf
2255:
2212:
2159:
2126:
2043:
1978:
1702:
1642:
1626:
1608:
1603:
1593:
1584:
1576:
1566:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1517:
1445:University of Texas Press
1061:"Austr i Gordum. Глава 7"
617:, plundering as it went.
571:) and, in the opinion of
73:. He participated in the
71:Aud Haakonsdottir of Lade
65:. He was the son of Earl
1941:Magnus VI the Law-mender
1413:Feilberg & Landmark.
1282:. Blackwell Publishing.
737:, Eric pledged to adopt
301:
2214:III. Independent Norway
1897:Haakon II Broadshoulder
1108:Fox 2001, page 39. See
1008:"Eirik Håkonsson, Jarl"
937:. Store norske leksikon
899:Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld
792:Works that mention Eric
747:Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar
641:died (on 23 April) and
370:
358:
339:
92:
46:
2128:II. Independent Norway
1352:(translators) (2001).
1266:Encomium Emmae Reginae
1122:for an edition of the
973:Haralds saga gráfeldar
506:
421:
385:during the same time.
311:
231:Battle of Hjörungavágr
225:Battle of Hjörungavágr
143:Eiríkr jarl Hákonarson
137:, he is most commonly
135:normalized orthography
75:Battle of Hjörungavágr
1912:Haakon III Sverresson
1885:Eystein II Haraldsson
1860:Sigurd I the Crusader
1709:Foreign and non-royal
1704:I. Independent Norway
1409:Olafs saga hins helga
1201:William of Malmesbury
1191:Campbell 1998, p. 33.
1144:Stenton 2001, p. 387.
1135:Campbell 1998, p. 69.
864:William of Malmesbury
860:Florence of Worcester
849:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
505:) and Svein Forkbeard
482:
411:
309:
49:; 960s – 1020s), was
2352:11th-century Vikings
2347:10th-century Vikings
2317:11th-century regents
1929:Haakon IV Haakonsson
1830:Magnus II Haraldsson
1717:monarchs in brackets
1475:Theodoricus monachus
1099:Finlay 2004, p. 132.
1085:Finlay 2004, p. 131.
877:is preserved in the
844:Theodoricus monachus
735:Theodoricus monachus
639:Ethelred the Unready
519:Einarr Þambarskelfir
373:). According to the
361:) and the island of
278:gods, and when King
81:and the conquest of
2148:Christian Frederick
1961:Haakon VI Magnusson
1956:Magnus VII Ericsson
1902:Magnus V Erlingsson
1870:Magnus IV the Blind
1855:Eystein I Magnusson
1845:Magnus III Barefoot
1825:Harald III Hardrada
1747:Harald II Greycloak
1462:Anglo-Saxon England
1205:Henry of Huntingdon
903:Gunnlaugr ormstunga
868:Henry of Huntingdon
631:earl of Northumbria
550:Conquest of England
282:attempted to force
145:, but sometimes as
1966:Olaf IV Haakonsson
1951:Haakon V Magnusson
1918:Guttorm Sigurdsson
1840:Haakon Toresfostre
1545:Political offices
1519:Eiríkr Hákonarson
1182:Keyser 1849, p. 8.
1030:Historia Norvegiae
911:Skúli Þorsteinsson
779:Historia Norwegiae
664:Ulfcytel Snillingr
542:by law and exiled
530:Erlingr Skjálgsson
507:
422:
328:Vladimir I of Kiev
312:
2284:
2283:
2251:
2250:
2208:
2207:
2161:Union with Sweden
2155:
2154:
2122:
2121:
2039:
2038:
1974:
1973:
1946:Eric II Magnusson
1907:Sverre Sigurdsson
1891:Magnus Haraldsson
1880:Inge I Haraldsson
1820:Magnus I the Good
1789:Olaf II the Saint
1777:Eiríkr Hákonarson
1765:Olaf I Tryggvason
1759:Haakon Sigurdsson
1742:Haakon I the Good
1732:Harald I Fairhair
1718:
1657:
1656:
1646:Sveinn Hákonarson
1643:Succeeded by
1638:Sveinn Hákonarson
1624:
1594:Succeeded by
1567:Succeeded by
1553:Hákon Sigurðarson
1458:Stenton, Frank M.
1308:Historia Norwegie
1047:Þórðr Kolbeinsson
895:Þórðr Kolbeinsson
891:Halldórr ókristni
889:and the works of
887:Eyjólfr dáðaskáld
838:and the works of
829:Historia Norvegiæ
774:Þórðr Kolbeinsson
723:medieval medicine
684:Thorkell the Tall
645:was chosen king.
586:and plundered in
560:Þórðr Kolbeinsson
511:Sveinn Hákonarson
499:Sveinn Hákonarson
469:Halldórr ókristni
429:, a chief of the
414:Battle of Svolder
395:Battle of Svolder
389:Battle of Svolder
269:Tindr Hallkelsson
265:Þórðr Kolbeinsson
195:Eyjólfr dáðaskáld
187:Hákon Sigurðarson
141:("Earl Eric") or
79:Battle of Svolder
67:Hákon Sigurðarson
47:Eiríkr Hákonarson
16:(Redirected from
2359:
2342:Ladejarl dynasty
2225:
2224:
2186:Charles III John
2172:
2171:
2139:
2138:
2056:
2055:
1991:
1990:
1935:Haakon the Young
1924:Inge II Bårdsson
1783:Sweyn Haakonsson
1753:Harald Bluetooth
1722:
1721:
1708:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1629:Regent of Norway
1615:
1609:Preceded by
1577:Preceded by
1550:Preceded by
1540:
1533:
1515:
1514:
1435:Lee M. Hollander
1431:Snorri Sturluson
1348:Fox, Denton and
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1117:Eiríkr Magnússon
1106:
1100:
1097:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1063:. Archived from
1056:
1050:
1049:to confirm this.
1045:cites verses by
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1003:
997:
996:as confirmation.
982:
976:
966:
960:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
930:
915:Þórðr Sjáreksson
907:Hrafn Önundarson
802:, including the
721:(a procedure in
556:Canute the Great
493:(as a fief from
491:Eirik Hákonarson
316:Óláfr Tryggvason
280:Harald Bluetooth
251:Saxo Grammaticus
246:Jómsvíkinga saga
203:Harald Bluetooth
121:in 11th-century
87:Canute the Great
33:, also known as
21:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2327:Norwegian earls
2287:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2276:Swedish monarch
2270:English monarch
2247:
2223:
2204:
2170:
2151:
2137:
2118:
2054:
2035:
1989:
1970:
1865:Harald IV Gille
1801:Haakon Ericsson
1771:Sweyn Forkbeard
1737:Eric I Bloodaxe
1716:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1659:
1653:
1651:Hákon Eiríksson
1648:
1634:
1632:
1614:
1612:Olaf Tryggvason
1599:
1590:
1582:
1580:Uhtred the Bold
1572:
1570:Hákon Eiríksson
1563:
1555:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1524:House of Hlaðir
1520:
1512:
1499:
1433:(translated by
1403:. G. E. C. Gad.
1397:Jónsson, Finnur
1350:Hermann Pálsson
1261:
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1035:Sweyn Forkbeard
1027:
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1013:
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1000:
983:
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643:Edmund Ironside
627:Uhtred the Bold
552:
538:, Eric forbade
515:Hákon Eiríksson
495:Svein Forkbeard
477:
391:
304:
243:—as well as in
227:
175:
163:Eric of Hlathir
159:Eirik Håkonsson
133:sources, using
95:
35:Eric of Hlathir
28:
23:
22:
18:Eric Haakonsson
15:
12:
11:
5:
2365:
2355:
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2337:Norse monarchs
2334:
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2299:
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2264:Danish monarch
2260:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2218:
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2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
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2178:
2176:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2156:
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2150:
2145:
2143:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2045:Denmark–Norway
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1984:
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1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1875:Sigurd II Munn
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:Olav Magnusson
1847:
1842:
1837:
1835:Olaf III Kyrre
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1807:Sweyn Knutsson
1791:
1786:
1767:
1762:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1728:
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1700:
1699:
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1655:
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1625:
1620:King of Norway
1610:
1606:
1605:
1604:Regnal titles
1601:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1560:Earl of Hlaðir
1556:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1521:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1498:
1497:External links
1495:
1494:
1493:
1472:
1455:
1428:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1378:
1364:
1354:Grettir's Saga
1346:
1332:
1318:
1304:
1290:
1276:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1163:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1113:William Morris
1101:
1087:
1078:
1051:
1021:
998:
992:and both cite
977:
961:
948:
924:
922:
919:
855:Encomium Emmae
840:Oddr Snorrason
823:Knýtlinga saga
793:
790:
743:Oddr Snorrason
730:
727:
696:Encomium Emmae
692:Eadric Streona
650:Encomium Emmae
604:Encomium Emmae
600:Eadric Streona
551:
548:
503:Olaf the Swede
476:
475:Rule of Norway
473:
390:
387:
347:archaeologists
332:Staraya Ladoga
324:Olof of Sweden
303:
300:
261:skaldic poetry
226:
223:
174:
171:
167:Eric of Norway
157:, it would be
94:
91:
57:, Governor of
39:Eric of Norway
31:Erik Hakonsson
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2167:
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2140:
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2110:Christian VII
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Frederick III
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:Christian III
2068:
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1526:
1525:
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1513:
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1501:
1500:
1492:
1491:0-903521-40-7
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:0-19-280139-2
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:0-292-73061-6
1450:
1446:
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1426:0-8014-4149-8
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1398:
1395:
1393:
1392:5-94457-022-9
1389:
1385:
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1377:
1376:0-19-284075-4
1373:
1369:
1365:
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1362:0-8020-6165-6
1359:
1355:
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1347:
1345:
1344:90-04-13172-8
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1337:
1333:
1331:
1330:0-903521-00-8
1327:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:87-7289-813-5
1313:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1302:0-903521-27-X
1299:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1288:0-631-21677-4
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1275:
1274:0-521-62655-2
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1141:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1082:
1067:on 2007-03-13
1066:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1009:
1002:
995:
991:
987:
981:
974:
970:
965:
958:
955:According to
952:
936:
929:
925:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
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871:
869:
865:
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857:
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851:
850:
845:
841:
837:
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831:
830:
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824:
819:
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813:
812:
807:
806:
801:
800:
789:
787:
786:
781:
780:
775:
771:
767:
761:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
733:According to
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
667:
665:
661:
657:
656:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:Prince Edmund
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
573:Frank Stenton
570:
565:
561:
557:
547:
545:
541:
537:
536:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
481:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
444:
442:
441:
434:
432:
428:
427:Jarl Sigvaldi
420:
416:
415:
410:
406:
404:
400:
396:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
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348:
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341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
308:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:
256:Gesta Danorum
252:
248:
247:
242:
241:
236:
232:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
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170:
168:
164:
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156:
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148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2302:1020s deaths
2115:Frederick VI
2100:Christian VI
2095:Frederick IV
2080:Christian IV
2075:Frederick II
2032:Christian II
2014:
1980:Kalmar Union
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1757:
1751:
1712:
1658:
1635:
1627:
1617:
1616:
1587:Earl of York
1585:
1558:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1511:
1482:
1461:
1438:
1417:
1408:
1400:
1382:
1367:
1353:
1335:
1321:
1307:
1293:
1279:
1265:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1140:
1131:
1104:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1065:the original
1054:
1043:Heimskringla
1042:
1039:Heimskringla
1038:
1028:
1024:
1012:. Retrieved
1006:Claus Krag.
1001:
993:
990:Heimskringla
989:
985:
980:
975:, chapter 8.
972:
969:Heimskringla
968:
964:
956:
951:
939:. Retrieved
935:"Eirik Jarl"
928:
882:
879:Kings' Sagas
878:
872:
853:
847:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
805:Heimskringla
803:
799:Kings' Sagas
797:
795:
783:
777:
769:
762:
759:
754:
746:
739:Christianity
732:
700:
695:
668:
653:
649:
647:
608:
603:
577:
568:
563:
553:
535:Grettis saga
533:
527:
522:
508:
486:Heimskringla
484:
465:Long Serpent
464:
457:Long Serpent
456:
452:
448:
445:
440:Long Serpent
438:
435:
423:
419:Otto Sinding
412:
392:
383:Östergötland
378:
374:
313:
294:, including
288:Heimskringla
287:
284:Christianity
273:
254:
244:
240:Heimskringla
238:
235:kings' sagas
228:
218:
215:Heimskringla
214:
198:
183:Heimskringla
182:
178:
176:
166:
162:
158:
146:
142:
138:
129:sources. In
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
96:
61:and Earl of
38:
34:
30:
29:
2297:960s births
2105:Frederick V
2090:Christian V
2065:Frederick I
2022:Christian I
2010:Christopher
1693:Monarchs of
1479:Peter Foote
1437:). (1991).
1014:October 21,
941:October 11,
711:Strathclyde
680:East Anglia
676:Northumbria
623:Northumbria
598:. Alderman
564:Eiríksdrápa
453:Járnbarðinn
431:Jomsvikings
377:summary of
314:In 995, as
296:Vagn Ákason
292:Jomsvikings
139:Eiríkr jarl
127:Old English
63:Northumbria
2291:Categories
2234:Haakon VII
2228:Since 1905
2196:Charles IV
2181:Charles II
1715:, disputed
1711:rulers in
1591:1016–1023
1481:) (1998).
1071:2006-05-13
994:Bandadrápa
986:Fagrskinna
957:Fagrskinna
883:Bandadrápa
811:Fagrskinna
770:Bandadrápa
755:Fagrskinna
569:Fagrskinna
567:fortune" (
523:Fagrskinna
379:Bandadrápa
375:Fagrskinna
219:Bandadrápa
211:Vingulmark
199:Bandadrápa
179:Fagrskinna
173:Early life
2175:1814–1905
2142:Only 1814
2059:1524–1814
2016:Charles I
1994:1387–1523
1633:1000–1012
1564:995–1023
1124:Old Norse
921:Citations
719:uvula cut
678:to Eric,
592:Wiltshire
367:Old Norse
359:Aðalsýsla
355:Old Norse
336:Old Norse
276:Old Norse
237:—such as
155:Norwegian
131:Old Norse
43:Old Norse
2244:Harald V
2201:Oscar II
2005:Eric III
2000:Margaret
1725:872–1387
1460:(2001).
1399:(1924).
852:and the
766:kennings
729:Religion
596:Somerset
580:Sandwich
544:berserks
540:duelling
449:Iron Ram
363:Saaremaa
340:Aldeigja
207:Romerike
151:patronym
99:Yric dux
85:by King
2191:Oscar I
1813:Ælfgifu
1713:italics
1259:Sources
707:Britons
705:or the
461:hauberk
393:In the
371:Eysýsla
351:Estonia
191:Oppland
83:England
2259:Regent
2239:Olav V
1804:&
1798:&
1780:&
1774:&
1756:&
1696:Norway
1649:&
1597:Siward
1535:
1503:Eric 2
1489:
1468:
1451:
1424:
1390:
1374:
1360:
1342:
1328:
1314:
1300:
1286:
1272:
875:skalds
832:, the
757:says:
715:Siward
688:Mercia
686:, and
672:Wessex
635:London
625:where
615:Mercia
611:Thames
588:Dorset
584:Wessex
399:Baltic
344:Soviet
320:Sweden
147:Eirekr
77:, the
59:Norway
2274:Also
2268:Also
2262:Also
1636:with
1539:1020s
1537:Died:
1530:Born:
1126:text.
817:Ágrip
785:Ágrip
703:Scots
660:Þórðr
613:into
403:Rügen
302:Exile
123:Latin
115:Eiric
107:Yrric
2027:John
1795:Cnut
1532:960s
1487:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1388:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1203:and
1115:and
1016:2015
988:and
943:2015
913:and
893:and
866:and
842:and
782:and
751:Thor
594:and
451:(ON
267:and
249:and
229:The
209:and
181:and
125:and
119:Eric
111:Iric
103:Yric
93:Name
55:Lade
51:Earl
1618:as
1505:at
885:of
745:'s
709:of
690:to
682:to
562:'s
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417:by
271:.
117:or
89:.
53:of
37:or
2293::
1447:.
1443:.
1370:.
1166:^
1149:^
1090:^
971:,
917:.
909:,
905:,
901:,
870:.
862:,
826:,
820:,
814:,
808:,
666:.
629:,
590:,
471:.
405:.
369::
357::
338::
298:.
253:'
221:.
169:.
113:,
109:,
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1937:)
1933:(
1920:)
1916:(
1893:)
1889:(
1816:)
1810:(
1685:e
1678:t
1671:v
1411:.
1161:.
1076:.
1074:.
1018:.
945:.
365:(
353:(
334:(
41:(
20:)
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