434:
788:
508:
1401:
1212:
654:
3124:
497:
1480:
944:
1648:
1122:
289:
1633:; where men are black, the spirits are white; where men reach physical abilities, the ancestors reach spirituality. Dweller of the ancestral realm are inverted compared to us, as viewed from our mirrored perspective. With this worldview, practitioners of African martial arts deliberately invert themselves upside down to emulate the ancestors, and to draw power from the ancestral realm.
1028:
Modern capoeira remains firmly based on crescent and pushing kicks (often from inverted positions), sweeps, and acrobatic evasions inherited from engolo. Professor Desch-Obi finds that the evolution from engolo to capoeira took place within a relatively isolated context, because the
Portuguese lacked
529:
Since the
Portuguese invasion in the 16th century, European chroniclers noted the martial skills of the local people. Mock combats were a common feature of military reviews in Kongo/Angola, similar to drills in Europe. These movements could be applied in warfare, as Angolan warriors heavily relied on
472:
Neves e Sousa believes that the techniques of engolo derived from the way in which zebras fight among themselves. Desch-Obi finds that using the zebra as a combat role model in Angola makes sense because it symbolizes nimbleness and agile defense. The engolo also resembled the zebra's fighting style,
412:
instead of lyrics. A practitioner enters the circle, dancing and shouting, and when another participant joins, they engage in a dance-off, assessing each other's skills. This interaction incorporates kicks and sweeps, with defenders using dodges and blending techniques to counterattack smoothly. This
416:
In engolo games documented in the 2010s, players often initiate the engolo circle by challenging others. In such cases, they enthusiastically leap into the circle, showcasing agile movements and occasional shouts while awaiting someone to join and engage in the play. They can also select a specific
392:
culture, the circle carries profound symbolism. Village dwellings are frequently arranged in circular formations, and communal meals are enjoyed while seated in a circle. Dancing in a circle holds significance, representing protection and strength, symbolizing the bond with the spirit world, life,
1678:
My friend, if you see me dancing, you will say, "What is happening to this old man?" You will pay attention, because you know what my way of dancing is. You will only get scared when I'm crying. You will feel the heat. People can ask me questions; I won't say a word. I will only speak later
147:
of Angola. Ngolo finds its inspiration in nature, involving the imitation of animal behaviors. Examples include mimicking a zebra's kicking motion or emulating the swaying of trees. This warrior dance is not merely ritualistic; serious injuries have been known to occur during its practice.
2441:
Desch-Obi, T. J. "Capoeira." Encyclopedia of
African-American Culture and History, edited by Colin A. Palmer, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 395–398. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3444700236/GVRL?u=tamp44898&sid=GVRL&xid=fe4652ba. Accessed 19 January
1735:
Alternatively, a small
Nkhumbi group could have laid the foundation for capoeira, incorporating contributions from other Africans. This raises questions about how such a minority could influence a broader enslaved community, although similar cultural evolutions have occurred
868:
case reported of a free
African named João, who had the ability to become "possessed" and communicate with the ancestors. To accomplish this, he would need to "walk on one foot, throwing the other one violently over his shoulder." By the mid-18th century, ngolo had spread to
572:
warriors, which would soon be used in Brazil by freed
Angolans. Angolan warriors mostly fought without shields, so evasion was essential to survive in missile and close combat. In the 19th century, Angolan warriors excelled in close combat techniques, surpassing Europeans.
300:
In West
Central Africa, martial arts naturally take the form of dance. In Bantu culture, dance is an integral part of daily life. People danced while working, playing, praying, mourning, and celebrating. In Congo-Angola, dance is intricately linked to song, music, and
1689:
When a player is possessed by a spirit, this transformation may not manifest immediately, as they continue with the game, maybe playing even better than usual. However, the shift in their behavior becomes evident to the audience, especially in their communication.
1674:) guided by their engolo teachers. All engolo players unanimously agreed that this connection typically extended to a family member who had previously engaged in engolo and had developed a distinct bond with the descendant they are presently embodying.
1727:
are the sole ethnic group in Angola known for practicing engolo. He questions why a practice limited to such a small ethnic group would have spread in Brazil. He suggests that two hypotheses about capoeira's origin are plausible:
631:. This time, all engolo players were elderly individuals who used only a basic set of kicks and sweeps, without demanding acrobatics. They stated that engolo had not been actively played since the 1970s because of
1740:
Professor Desch-Obi finds that engolo was transferred to Brazil similar to how modern martial arts are transmitted. He suggests martial arts could spread with just a "few practitioners introduced to a region".
1714:
finds that engolo is not a part of any specific ritual but was often performed during community celebrations or rites. At other times, it might be employed for dueling, self-defense, or merely a recreation.
1351:
Scorpion kick is one of the distinct engolo kicks, first documented in early drawings from 20th century. It is not so common among today's old practitioners, but they are known how to execute it when asked.
757:, played during the combat. The art was influenced by various combat techniques from West and Central Africa, including West African wrestling, but the core kicking techniques comes from ngolo. In the 1930s
1137:, engolo predominantly features circular or crescent kicks. When straight kicks are employed, they are usually pushing kicks. Engolo's distinctive set of moves prominently includes inverted kicks in the
1017:, Bahia, incorporating traditional elements of music and dance, as well as new elements from other martial arts. Finally, in the 1940s, in response to the popularization of corrupted forms of capoeira,
530:
personal maneuvers in their fighting technique. Written sources from the 16th century describe martial arts similar to capoeira. A Jesuit missionary in late 16th century described the abilities of the
627:
During the 1990s martial arts scholar Desch-Obi undertook field research in Angola, documenting engolo techniques. Around 2010, as a result of a research project, a documentary was made about engolo
1381:
motion, but rather than completing the wheel, the body flexes, while supported by one hand on the ground. One leg is brought downward and deliver a kick, while the other remains in the air. One of
608:. In his drawings, young men in their prime can be seen performing inverted kicks and challenging acrobatic moves. His engolo drawings show many of the foundational capoeira moves, including the
2592:
1732:
It may have resulted from related
Angolan combat games brought to Brazilian ports and merged into capoeira. However, there's no evidence of engolo-like practices among other Angolan groups.
430:
There is no written record of engolo's origin. Engolo practitioners claim that "engolo comes from the ancestors" and that their fathers, grandfathers, and great-grandfathers played engolo.
526:, mock combats were a major part of military training, and since hand-to-hand combat was essential to warfare, techniques to avoid blows and attacks were a key focus of martial exercises.
488:
groups in the region, may have known such dances and integrated them into their cultures. If this theory holds, it would imply that the origins of engolo could be thousands of years old.
469:
shaman kicked over sacred medicine to activate it and over the kneeling people to heal them. Moreover, engolo was a military training method to develop warriors' close combat skills.
191:, and others, were originally developed within engolo. As enslaved Africans were transported to Brazil, they brought engolo with them, and through the centuries, it evolved into the
3029:
1424:
movements. Instead, skilled practitioners must gracefully evade attacks by going over, under, or employing fluid, evasive techniques. Some of the common evasive techniques are:
1037:
techniques were used in street combat, but they were not incorporated into the philosophy, aesthetics and rituals of capoeira. The sole new form incorporated in engolo was
2741:
2111:
1656:
I initiated with the spirit when I was already ill. They said it was my grandfather Mukwya. I did not know him. I was already an engolo dancer when the spirit found me.
1596:
The one who taught me was a man called
Francisco Tchibelembembe, but he already died. He taught me, and also led the ritual through which I was initiated to the spirit.
2669:
1065:
For a person to be good at engolo, he needs to have a light heart. If he receives a strong kick, and he is bad, he will try to fight. And then he does not learn well.
2869:
1752:
1219:
Front crescent kick is one of the basic engolo kick, documented both in 20th and 21st century. There are numerous variations of this basic kick in engolo:
720:. Gwaltney characterizes knocking and kicking as "the ancient martial art practiced by clergy among the enslaved and their followers." The "clergy" of the
3039:
1629:
represents the idea that in the realm of the living everything is reversed from the realm of the ancestors. Where men walk on their feet, the spirits
1711:
480:
Matthew
Zylstra suggests that a dance performed by the Gwikwe Bushmen bears a striking resemblance to the Angolan art. He proposes a theory that the
442:
2831:
413:
cycle continues until one participant concedes defeat, feels the match is complete, or the kimbanda overseeing the match calls for its conclusion.
396:
The practice of engolo, as documented in the 1950s, involves a circle of singing participants and potential combatants, and, similar to a capoeira
1333:
1331:. This particular kick is employed when the adversary's upper torso is in close proximity to one's own body. As Muhalambadje demonstrates in the
314:
374:”, meaning “You don’t have a door, maybe jump over”, emphasizing agility in evasions and cunning in finding creative solutions to challenges.
674:
The art of engolo spread from Africa to the Americas, mainly among enslaved people taken from Angola and transported to the colonies via the
592:. It consists in prodigious jumps in which they throw the legs into the air and the head downward. It is accompanied by strong hand clapping.
312:, accompanied by percussion, with participants humming, singing, and clapping hands. The dance synchronizes with the rhythm of handclaps. In
1532:, where one strategically places their instep behind the adversary's standing heel and then pulls or drags forward to disrupt their balance.
558:
To augment the reputation of his excellency, he frequently walks turned upside down, with his hands on the ground and his feet in the air."
2049:
Talmon-Chvaicer, M. (2004). Verbal and Non-Verbal Memory in Capoeira. Sport in Society, 7(1), 49–68. doi:10.1080/1461098042000220182
1408:
The core of engolo lies in the practitioner's ability to defend themselves through agile movements like ducking, twisting, and leaping.
1048:
One observer remarked that "the Brazilian capoeira is nothing other than our engolo done to different songs." Also, the angolan painter
2593:
Obadele Bakari Kambon, Afrikan=Black Combat Forms Hidden in Plain Sight: Engolo/Capoeira, Knocking-and-Kicking and Asafo Flag Dancing
3024:
804:
Well, there is one thing that nobody doubts: the ones to teach capoeira to us were the negro slaves that were brought from Angola.
1001:
first codified the street version of capoeira as a national martial art, removing music and dance and incorporating strikes from
1366:
Various kicking cartwheel techniques were documented in engolo since the 1950s. The Bantu name for this kicking techniques is
2399:
1804:
1781:
1762:
1045:. Headbutts was a major component of the street-fighting capoeira in Rio, but only a few butts entered the regular practice.
542:, which is to jump from one place to another with a thousand twists and such agility that they can dodge arrows and spears.
769:
was not the dominant technique of ladja, but kicks, many of them inverted, and a significant number of hand strikes from
225:
in Martinique. Known sources document only one African combat game beside engolo that uses similar kicking techniques –
2696:
202:
included it in a collection of drawings, highlighting its similarities to the Afro-Brazilian martial art of Capoeira.
2894:
547:
576:
In the early 20th century, Portuguese ethnographer Augusto Bastos documented a capoeira-like combat game in the
2889:
663:
828:. In 1627 and 1628, they conducted two significant military campaigns: one ventured towards the source of the
2112:
Matthias Röhrig Assunção, Engolo and Capoeira. From Ethnic to Diasporic Combat Games in the Southern Atlantic
523:
457:. With this worldview, shamans put themselves upside down to gain power from the ancestral realm. Among the
1346:
713:
617:
433:
256:
166:
98:
3065:
2914:
1882:
1452:
defensive squat (dodge under the opponent's kick by lowering the head and guarding the face with an arm)
1327:
Engolo practitioners employ a hooking kick executed from behind, resembling the capoeira move known as
2846:
1461:
short jump escape (guard with one hand while do a brief jump to move the body out of the kick's range)
678:
routes. The art has been maintained for centuries, and its traces have survived to this day among the
2801:
1448:
Assunção finds that contemporary engolo employs five fundamental evasions against kicks, including:
1018:
466:
3101:
1670:. Historical accounts document that certain Engolo players underwent a ritual of spirit possession (
159:, with a particular emphasis on inverted positions. Many of the iconic capoeira techniques, such as
3153:
2964:
1622:
1617:
1288:, which is extremely rare in other martial systems. This kick combines an evasive maneuver with a
2821:
2665:
Drawings by Neves and Sousa of N'golo Dance and the Hunters' Dance in the Angola Museum in Luanda
1965:
1421:
1289:
1105:
moves, that serve as the foundation for offensive and evasive maneuvers. In contrast to capoeira
1109:, engolo jumps can attain remarkable heights, often honed through exercises like jumping cattle
2811:
2689:
1580:
1569:
1378:
998:
797:
515:
1319:
Some of the most seasoned engolo players, like Kahani, do a martelo while jumping in the air.
919:
As the end of the 18th century, the Angolan fighting technique in Brazil started to be called
3049:
2879:
151:
The combat style of engolo encompasses a variety of techniques, including different types of
3019:
3106:
2959:
1873:(2013) by Matthias Assunção and Mestre Cobra Mansa provides insights into this development.
1699:
1382:
1293:
1284:
1271:
1049:
787:
684:
675:
644:
613:
597:
211:
199:
161:
156:
80:
42:
2836:
400:, participants must remain within a defined area. Sometimes, this circle is overseen by a
8:
2713:
2647:
858:
782:
728:
in Congo/Angola. These clandestine gatherings were often referred to as "drum meetings."
2806:
1517:
Four variations of sweeps or takedowns were documented during engolo game in the 2010s:
861:, lasting nearly a century (1605-1694) as an African Kingdom in the Western Hemisphere.
2971:
2851:
2371:
1774:
Fighting for Honor: The History of African Martial Art Traditions in the Atlantic World
1229:
1206:
1134:
1087:
for dragging or pulling, without a formalized kick-naming system seen in martial arts.
658:
462:
1587:
and evasive maneuvers. Multiple early drawings clearly demonstrates these techniques.
3128:
2976:
2859:
2816:
2736:
2682:
2395:
1845:
1800:
1795:
The Hidden History of Capoeira: A Collision of Cultures in the Brazilian Battle Dance
1777:
1758:
1642:
1010:
994:
864:
One of the first records of inverted kicks in Brazil is from 18th-century Bahia. The
632:
531:
339:
252:
94:
3034:
1276:
What most clearly connects engolo and capoeira is a specific crescent kick known as
477:
executed with the palms touching the ground, which is a defining feature of engolo.
3091:
3071:
2922:
2731:
1193:
Engolo players often do a rotation with a back push kick, with or without jumping.
1106:
1096:
758:
679:
397:
383:
309:
206:
129:
1793:
507:
3148:
2949:
2841:
2777:
2726:
1400:
1168:
1159:
1022:
1014:
938:
832:, and the other explored the central territories inhabited by the Cunene people.
809:
792:
609:
605:
500:
205:
Engolo is one of several African martial arts spread to the Americas through the
177:
171:
144:
2899:
1211:
450:
370:
Another engolo song highlightes the all-important ability to dodge and escape: “
3078:
3044:
2954:
2937:
2826:
2793:
2783:
2751:
2664:
1896:
1626:
1361:
1278:
1030:
975:
967:
955:
951:
870:
721:
717:
705:
667:
621:
454:
2944:
2864:
653:
3142:
3014:
2340:
983:
481:
389:
261:
114:
2884:
2874:
1630:
1006:
909:
829:
458:
140:
117:
1484:
901:
865:
319:
293:
2996:
1827:
1525:, causing the opponent's foot to lift off the ground, leading to a fall.
1458:
jump escape (with one or both arms raised or even with the counter kick)
849:
Bantu language. Portuguese sources mentioned that it took more than one
704:
in Brazil. Knocking and kicking was secretly practiced in the states of
2904:
1492:
1417:
897:
889:
824:
and transporting them to Brazil. In 1617, they established a colony in
742:
695:
585:
568:, a fortified war camp surrounded by a wooden palisade, appeared among
485:
232:
139:
Engolo has been played in Africa for centuries, specifically along the
716:. Angolans were the predominant portion of the enslaved population in
1576:
1564:
1559:
1138:
1034:
766:
569:
46:
3111:
2460:
733:
690:
648:
222:
84:
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2981:
2927:
2771:
2766:
2705:
2642:
1474:
1038:
979:
926:
921:
853:
to capture a quilombo warrior, as they defended themselves with a "
846:
841:
836:
825:
746:
709:
700:
596:
In the 1950s, "n'golo dance" was first documented when the painter
577:
496:
405:
330:
227:
217:
192:
183:
133:
132:
accompanied by music and singing. It is known as the forerunner of
76:
1483:
Angelino Tchimbundo demonstrates sweeping kick on capoeira Mestre
1479:
1262:
The leg used for kicking can be extended fully or partially bent.
857:". Some quilombos grew into independent states, with the largest,
2986:
2760:
2652:
1724:
1413:
1102:
850:
817:
564:
409:
248:
50:
1975:
1973:
1666:
An integral aspect of engolo game is incorporation of ancestral
943:
2245:
2243:
2241:
1647:
1584:
1374:
1121:
1056:, visited Brazil in 1960s asserting that "N’golo is capoeira".
1053:
1002:
987:
905:
821:
725:
601:
551:
446:
305:, and even incorporated into wartime preparations and battles.
302:
188:
125:
121:
3096:
2501:
2284:
2282:
2178:
1970:
1667:
1110:
971:
288:
2932:
2423:
2238:
1153:
There are several types of push kicks in engolo including:
974:
and very different from the original Angolan art, including
816:
From the 16th century, Portuguese colonists began capturing
635:(1975–2002), and that youth were no longer learning engolo.
538:
They do not have defensive arms, all their defense rests in
2674:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2413:
2411:
2116:
1464:
entering into the opponent's kick (while guarding the face)
1130:
839:
started founding settlements in remote areas, calling them
417:
individual to join them by using kicks or simulated kicks.
198:
Engolo was "rediscovered" in 1950s when the Angolan artist
152:
38:
2547:
2545:
2392:
Mocambos de Palmares; histórias e fontes (séculos XVI–XIX)
2279:
2214:
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2149:
2147:
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2143:
2052:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2009:
2007:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1101:
Engolo's movements are rooted in the specific fundamental
360:
Who is killed (struck down) in engolo does not make a wake
2299:
2297:
2168:
2166:
2164:
1949:
1947:
2569:
2557:
2530:
2513:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2408:
2321:
2309:
2255:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1337:
documentary (2014), this is a very dangerous technique.
2621:
2542:
2351:
2267:
2202:
2190:
2140:
2128:
2019:
2004:
1985:
892:
among Africans was forbidden. During the 1780s, a free
362:
Who is killed (struck down) in engolo is not cried for
2597:
2294:
2226:
2161:
1944:
1754:
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
1555:
Documented acrobatics techniques in engolo includes:
1539:(observed during lessons but rarely used in gameplay).
1491:
Another set of movements distinct for engolo includes
1918:
1901:
1292:, and was first documented in Angola in the works of
1404:
Front crescent kick and low dodge (defensive squat).
1041:, derived from a distinct African practice known as
408:
and call-and-response songs, some of them featuring
1939:
1935:
1933:
1723:Professor Matthias Röhrig Assunção posits that the
1455:
high escape (escape while keeping the body upright)
437:
Battle of Angolans and Portuguese, modern graphics.
2045:
2043:
1792:
1029:prevalent unarmed martial art to blend with. Some
916:was forced to be passed down as secret knowledge.
550:also described the handstand technique of Angolan
1025:school, returning capoeira to its African roots.
251:Bantu language and signifies concepts related to
3140:
2461:https://en.wiktionary.org/capoeira#Etymology_2_2
2451:Its very first mention dating back only to 1789
1930:
1776:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
1521:a lateral sweeping kick resembling the capoeira
925:, named after the clearings in the forest where
2184:
2040:
1979:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1790:
1702:described engolo as part of a rite of passage (
329:”. There are also alternative translation from
2369:
2347:. February 1967 – via velhosmestres.com.
1846:Matthew Zylstra, The real origins of capoeira?
1693:
888:Any display of not only martial arts but mere
276:Ngolo is also colloquially referred to as the
2690:
449:and warriors in ancient Angola, based on the
259:, and energy. Moreover, in the 15th century,
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
1850:
1820:
1710:), wherein young boys competed for a bride.
1310:
1196:
1005:, judo and other disciplines. In the 1930s,
546:In the mid-17th century, Italian missionary
404:, a ritual specialist. The game starts with
265:was a title held by African kings. The term
2618:, Albano Neves e Sousa. Angola: Ed. Luanda.
2385:
2383:
2341:"It's a fight, it's a dance, it's Capoeira"
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
1411:Unlike defensive maneuvers seen in Angolan
562:In 17th century, new military formation of
325:One of the traditional song in engolo is: “
2697:
2683:
1385:’s drawings clearly shows this technique.
2670:Neves e Sousa drawing of L-kick in N'golo
2627:
2603:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2536:
2524:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2429:
2417:
2357:
2327:
2315:
2288:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2155:
2134:
2122:
2058:
2034:
2013:
1998:
1953:
1912:
1883:Capoeira: Afro-Brazilian Dance of Freedom
1841:
1839:
1837:
1771:
1535:a defending sweep against the opponent's
885:actually came from the same Bantu word.
2380:
2303:
2232:
2172:
2064:
1924:
1871:Jogo de Corpo. Capoeira e Ancestralidade
1750:
1646:
1478:
1399:
1377:is executed by throwing the body into a
1210:
1120:
942:
932:
786:
753:likely came from the drumming technique
652:
506:
495:
484:in southern Angola, who interacted with
461:shamans, the most used movement was the
432:
287:
1892:
1890:
1307:(crescent kicks with hands on ground).
445:, engolo was likely developed by Bantu
425:
308:Engolo is typically performed within a
3141:
2581:
1834:
1144:
877:was also used for the art, where both
2678:
2616:Da minha África e do Brasil que eu vi
2389:
2376:, Luanda Argente, Santos, p. 127
1611:
1388:The Buntu name for the techniques is
1299:The Bantu name for this technique is
1075:Engolo players use casual terms like
638:
1887:
1636:
1392:(cartwheel or handstand kick down).
1215:Front crescent kick and jump escape.
962:During the 19th century, the street
512:Negros in the cellar of a slave boat
327:Who dies in engolo won’t be wept for
2394:(in Portuguese). Editora 7 Letras.
1129:In contrast to the quick, snapping
855:strangely moving fighting technique
796:, Bahia, between 1822 and 1824, by
776:
491:
13:
1751:Assunção, Matthias Röhrig (2002).
1718:
1355:
588:have an exercise, which they call
14:
3165:
2658:
1897:THE VISIT OF ALBANO NEVES E SOUSA
1322:
1265:
929:resided and practice its skills.
904:. One indicator of his role as a
3123:
3122:
1772:Desch-Obi, M. Thomas J. (2008).
1340:
1189:push kick from inverted position
377:
351:Wankya kengolo mutanbo kwapkwapo
2609:
2454:
2445:
2435:
2370:A. de Assis Junior, "Kilómbo",
2363:
2333:
1959:
1940:https://en.wiktionary.org/ngolo
1606:
1370:(cartwheel or handstand kick).
269:originates from a Bantu root *-
1876:
1791:Talmon-Chvaicer, Maya (2008).
1546:targeting the opponent's knee.
322:was also played (with mouth).
1:
2373:Dicionário kimbundu-português
1799:. University of Texas Press.
1744:
1590:
1550:
1059:
682:. It descendant arts include
273:, meaning to bend or twist.
209:. It descendant arts include
30:ngolo, engolo, angolo, angola
16:Bantu martial art from Angola
2704:
1468:
1347:Scorpion kick (martial arts)
1090:
845:, meaning a war camp in the
714:slavery in the United States
372:Kauno tchivelo kwali tolondo
124:, that combines elements of
7:
2636:
1694:Engolo as a part of rituals
1395:
1296:, in the mid-20th century.
1052:, who drew engolo games in
993:In the early 20th century,
873:and other cities. The term
318:documentary, sometimes the
10:
3170:
1640:
1615:
1472:
1420:, engolo does not include
1359:
1344:
1269:
1204:
1094:
936:
780:
642:
420:
381:
128:and dance, performed in a
3120:
3058:
3005:
2913:
2792:
2750:
2712:
1247:reversed front crescent (
349:
235:and surrounding islands.
90:
72:
64:
56:
34:
26:
1814:
1618:Kalunga (Kongo religion)
1116:
948:Negroes fighting, Brazil
358:
283:
1495:. Few basic types are:
1440:escape with cartwheel (
1431:spinning away from kick
1290:reverse roundhouse kick
970:became associated with
896:in Rio was accused of "
765:matches. In that time,
353:Wankya kengolo kalilwa
238:
2390:Gomes, Flávio (2010).
1687:
1664:
1652:
1604:
1488:
1434:angling away from kick
1405:
1242:jumping front crescent
1216:
1126:
1073:
999:Agenor Moreira Sampaio
959:
814:
800:
741:is a martial art from
712:, during the times of
671:
594:
560:
544:
534:warriors as follows:
519:
516:Johann Moritz Rugendas
504:
438:
297:
1676:
1654:
1650:
1594:
1508:okukondjola olumbimbi
1482:
1403:
1239:medium front crescent
1223:front crescent kick (
1214:
1182:revolving push kick (
1124:
1063:
946:
933:Evolution to capoeira
912:. Due to repression,
859:Quilombo dos Palmares
802:
790:
656:
582:
556:
536:
510:
499:
436:
291:
3107:Knocking and kicking
2960:Meia lua de compasso
2510:, pp. 222, 223.
2185:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
1980:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
1684:Munekavela Katumbela
1285:Meia lua de compasso
1272:Meia lua de compasso
1254:back crescent kick (
722:old African religion
685:knocking and kicking
676:Atlantic slave trade
645:Knocking and kicking
426:The origin of engolo
344:English translation
212:knocking and kicking
200:Albano Neves e Sousa
162:meia lua de compasso
81:knocking and kicking
2648:History of capoeira
2432:, pp. 153–154.
2252:, pp. 219–224.
1631:walk on their hands
1437:falling back escape
1236:high front crescent
908:was his ability of
783:History of capoeira
745:that is similar to
463:front crescent kick
113:) is a traditional
23:
3066:In popular culture
2972:Meia lua de frente
2125:, pp. 17, 39.
1653:
1612:Inverted worldview
1513:hip checking sweep
1489:
1406:
1390:okusana omaulo-ese
1230:meia lua de frente
1217:
1207:Meia lua de frente
1135:Asian martial arts
1133:commonly found in
1127:
960:
801:
688:in North America,
672:
659:The Old Plantation
639:Engolo in Americas
524:precolonial Angola
520:
505:
451:inverted worldview
439:
298:
215:in North America,
68:pre-colonial times
21:
3136:
3135:
2837:Camafeu de Oxóssi
2401:978-85-7577-641-4
2291:, pp. 107–8.
2223:, pp. 44–45.
2061:, pp. 36–37.
1806:978-0-292-71723-7
1783:978-1-57003-718-4
1764:978-0-7146-8086-6
1643:Spirit possession
1637:Spirit possession
1499:crouching sweep (
1368:okusanena-may-ulu
1311:Roundhouse kick (
1157:front push kick (
1043:jogo de cabeçadas
995:Anibal Burlamaqui
633:Angolan Civil War
473:particularly the
368:
367:
331:Kimbundu language
247:derived from the
104:
103:
65:Date of formation
57:Country of origin
3161:
3126:
3125:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2590:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2292:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2159:
2153:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2109:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2017:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1937:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1899:
1894:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1869:The documentary
1867:
1848:
1843:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1810:
1798:
1787:
1768:
1685:
1662:
1602:
1506:standing sweep (
1329:gancho de costas
1305:okusanene komima
1197:Crescent kicks (
1175:side push kick (
1166:back push kick (
1097:Ginga (capoeira)
1071:
812:
777:Engolo in Brazil
759:Katherine Dunham
680:African diaspora
492:Engolo in Africa
393:and the divine.
384:Roda (formation)
336:
335:
292:A man playing a
207:African Diaspora
24:
20:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3154:Capoeira Angola
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3116:
3054:
3050:Capoeira Brasil
3007:
3001:
2950:Chapa de costas
2945:Chapa de frente
2909:
2788:
2746:
2708:
2703:
2661:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2582:
2578:, pp. 219.
2574:
2570:
2566:, pp. 224.
2562:
2558:
2550:
2543:
2539:, pp. 221.
2535:
2531:
2527:, pp. 220.
2523:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2498:, pp. 317.
2494:
2490:
2486:, pp. 207.
2482:
2478:
2474:, pp. 154.
2470:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2420:, pp. 163.
2416:
2409:
2402:
2388:
2381:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2330:, pp. 279.
2326:
2322:
2318:, pp. 277.
2314:
2310:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2264:, pp. 291.
2260:
2256:
2248:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2162:
2154:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2020:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1828:"Engolo-Angola"
1826:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1784:
1765:
1747:
1721:
1719:Interpretations
1696:
1686:
1683:
1663:
1660:
1645:
1639:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1593:
1553:
1487:, Angola, 2011.
1477:
1471:
1428:defensive squat
1398:
1364:
1358:
1356:Cartwheel kicks
1349:
1343:
1325:
1317:
1274:
1268:
1209:
1203:
1184:chapa giratoria
1169:chapa de costas
1160:chapa de frente
1151:
1119:
1099:
1093:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1023:Capoeira angola
1019:Mestre Pastinha
1013:of capoeira in
941:
939:Capoeira Angola
935:
813:
810:Mestre Pastinha
808:
785:
779:
651:
643:Main articles:
641:
610:chapa de costas
606:Cunene Province
501:Cunene Province
494:
428:
423:
386:
380:
364:
361:
355:
352:
286:
241:
221:in Brazil, and
178:chapa de costas
145:Cunene Province
109:(anglicized as
83:
79:
73:Descendant arts
17:
12:
11:
5:
3167:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3134:
3133:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3079:Jogo de dentro
3075:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3040:Cordão de Ouro
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2955:Rabo de arraia
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2832:Cobrinha Verde
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2659:External links
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2630:, pp. 78.
2628:Desch-Obi 2008
2620:
2608:
2604:Desch-Obi 2008
2596:
2580:
2576:Desch-Obi 2008
2568:
2564:Desch-Obi 2008
2556:
2554:, pp. 86.
2552:Desch-Obi 2008
2541:
2537:Desch-Obi 2008
2529:
2525:Desch-Obi 2008
2512:
2508:Desch-Obi 2008
2500:
2496:Desch-Obi 2008
2488:
2484:Desch-Obi 2008
2476:
2472:Desch-Obi 2008
2464:
2453:
2444:
2434:
2430:Desch-Obi 2008
2422:
2418:Desch-Obi 2008
2407:
2400:
2379:
2362:
2360:, pp. 47.
2358:Desch-Obi 2008
2350:
2332:
2328:Desch-Obi 2008
2320:
2316:Desch-Obi 2008
2308:
2306:, pp. 62.
2293:
2289:Desch-Obi 2008
2278:
2276:, pp. 77.
2274:Desch-Obi 2008
2266:
2262:Desch-Obi 2008
2254:
2250:Desch-Obi 2008
2237:
2235:, pp. 53.
2225:
2221:Desch-Obi 2008
2213:
2211:, pp. 21.
2209:Desch-Obi 2008
2201:
2199:, pp. 45.
2197:Desch-Obi 2008
2189:
2187:, pp. 19.
2177:
2175:, pp. 47.
2160:
2158:, pp. 39.
2156:Desch-Obi 2008
2139:
2137:, pp. 37.
2135:Desch-Obi 2008
2127:
2123:Desch-Obi 2008
2115:
2063:
2059:Desch-Obi 2008
2051:
2039:
2037:, pp. 43.
2035:Desch-Obi 2008
2018:
2016:, pp. 40.
2014:Desch-Obi 2008
2003:
2001:, pp. 36.
1999:Desch-Obi 2008
1984:
1982:, pp. 29.
1969:
1958:
1956:, pp. 38.
1954:Desch-Obi 2008
1943:
1929:
1927:, pp. 45.
1917:
1913:Desch-Obi 2008
1900:
1886:
1875:
1849:
1833:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1788:
1782:
1769:
1763:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1720:
1717:
1695:
1692:
1681:
1661:Kahani Waupeta
1658:
1641:Main article:
1638:
1635:
1627:Kongo religion
1616:Main article:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1601:Kahani Waupeta
1598:
1592:
1589:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1504:
1473:Main article:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1397:
1394:
1362:Cartwheel kick
1360:Main article:
1357:
1354:
1345:Main article:
1342:
1339:
1324:
1323:Back hook kick
1321:
1316:
1309:
1279:Rabo de arraia
1270:Main article:
1267:
1266:Rabo de arraia
1264:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1205:Main article:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1164:
1150:
1143:
1118:
1115:
1095:Main article:
1092:
1089:
1083:for kicks and
1070:Kahani Waupeta
1067:
1061:
1058:
1011:regional style
956:Augustus Earle
954:, c. 1824, by
952:Rio de Janeiro
937:Main article:
934:
931:
875:playing angola
871:Rio de Janeiro
806:
781:Main article:
778:
775:
718:South Carolina
706:South Carolina
668:South Carolina
640:
637:
622:cartwheel kick
614:rabo de arraia
493:
490:
455:kongo religion
427:
424:
422:
419:
382:Main article:
379:
376:
366:
365:
356:
346:
345:
342:
285:
282:
240:
237:
155:, dodges, and
120:and game from
102:
101:
92:
88:
87:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
36:
32:
31:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3166:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3131:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2606:, pp. 3.
2605:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2492:
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2473:
2468:
2462:
2457:
2448:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2304:Assunção 2002
2300:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2233:Assunção 2002
2229:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2173:Assunção 2002
2169:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2060:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1925:Assunção 2002
1921:
1915:, pp. 2.
1914:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
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1797:
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1757:. Routledge.
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1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:Neves e Sousa
1691:
1680:
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1644:
1634:
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1624:
1619:
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1575:Engolo using
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1393:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1383:Neves e Sousa
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1353:
1348:
1341:Scorpion kick
1338:
1336:
1335:
1334:Jogo de corpo
1330:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1294:Neves e Sousa
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1188:
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1177:chapa lateral
1174:
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1078:
1066:
1057:
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1050:Neves e Sousa
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1032:
1026:
1024:
1020:
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1000:
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923:
917:
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911:
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900:" before the
899:
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768:
764:
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724:was known as
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629:Jogo de Corpo
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598:Neves e Sousa
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482:Bantu peoples
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448:
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441:According to
435:
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394:
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385:
378:Engolo circle
375:
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315:Jogo de corpo
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167:scorpion kick
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63:
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55:
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48:
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40:
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33:
29:
27:Also known as
25:
19:
3127:
3084:
3077:
3070:
2900:Pé de Chumbo
2885:Jelon Vieira
2847:João Pequeno
2776:
2759:
2742:Contemporary
2721:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2599:
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2532:
2503:
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1739:
1722:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1688:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1655:
1651:Engolo drums
1621:
1607:Spirituality
1595:
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1529:
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1228:
1224:
1218:
1198:
1192:
1183:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1145:Push kicks (
1128:
1125:Engolo chapa
1100:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1047:
1042:
1027:
1021:founded the
1009:founded the
1007:Mestre Bimba
992:
976:hand strikes
963:
961:
947:
927:freed slaves
920:
918:
913:
910:hand walking
906:witch doctor
893:
887:
882:
878:
874:
863:
854:
840:
837:freed slaves
834:
830:Cunene River
815:
803:
793:San Salvador
791:
770:
762:
754:
750:
738:
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730:
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683:
673:
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210:
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197:
182:
176:
170:
160:
150:
141:Cunene River
138:
110:
106:
105:
41:, evasions,
18:
3008:foundations
2890:Cobra Mansa
2865:João Grande
2852:Canjiquinha
1501:okukondjola
1493:foot sweeps
1485:Cobra Mansa
1301:okuminunina
1039:headbutting
964:capoeiragem
902:Inquisition
866:Inquisition
761:filmed the
749:. The term
664:stick dance
486:San Bushmen
475:zebra kicks
388:Within the
320:musical bow
294:musical bow
278:Zebra dance
118:martial art
3143:Categories
3006:Groups and
2915:Techniques
2905:Amen Santo
2860:Leopoldina
2856:Gato Preto
2812:Sinhozinho
1966:Body Games
1745:Literature
1672:oktonkheka
1591:Initiation
1581:cartwheels
1577:handstands
1551:Acrobatics
1418:slapboxing
1141:position.
1081:ngatussana
1060:Techniques
980:head butts
898:witchcraft
890:acrobatics
743:Martinique
696:Martinique
666:to banjo,
662:, Angolan
586:Quilengues
580:district:
233:Madagascar
47:handstands
2938:Aú batido
2345:Realidade
1712:Desch-Obi
1583:both for
1570:cartwheel
1565:headstand
1560:handstand
1469:Takedowns
1379:cartwheel
1225:okupayeka
1139:handstand
1091:Base step
1035:grappling
767:wrestling
570:Imbangala
503:in Angola
443:Desch-Obi
243:The term
157:takedowns
43:takedowns
3129:Category
3102:Maculelê
3086:Batizado
3059:See also
3045:Candeias
2997:Headbutt
2992:Rasteira
2982:Queixada
2965:Scorpion
2928:Negativa
2875:Acordeon
2870:Suassuna
2842:Waldemar
2802:Pastinha
2772:Berimbau
2767:Atabaque
2737:Regional
2706:Capoeira
2643:Capoeira
2637:See also
1698:Painter
1682:—
1659:—
1599:—
1544:rasteira
1537:rasteira
1530:rasteira
1475:Rasteira
1422:blocking
1396:Evasions
1249:queixada
1199:meia lua
1068:—
1031:punching
1015:Salvador
922:capoeira
847:Kimbundu
826:Benguela
807:—
798:Rugendas
747:capoeira
710:Virginia
701:capoeira
618:scorpion
600:visited
590:ómudinhu
578:Benguela
406:clapping
402:kimbanda
340:Kimbundu
253:strength
228:moraingy
218:capoeira
193:capoeira
184:rasteira
134:capoeira
95:strength
77:capoeira
3092:Batuque
3015:Senzala
2987:Martelo
2827:Noronha
2807:Besouro
2794:Mestres
2761:Bateria
2732:Carioca
2714:History
2653:Kandeka
1736:before.
1725:Nkhumbi
1708:omuhelo
1623:Kalûnga
1442:okuyepa
1414:kandeka
1313:martelo
1103:jumping
1077:mussana
988:daggers
851:dragoon
842:kilombo
670:, 1780s
565:kilombo
548:Cavazzi
540:sanguar
447:shamans
421:History
410:humming
249:Kikongo
143:in the
91:Meaning
3149:Engolo
2977:Armada
2895:Barrão
2880:Moraes
2778:Toques
2727:Angola
2722:Engolo
2398:
1803:
1780:
1761:
1668:spirit
1375:L-kick
1256:armada
1227:, pt.
1147:chapas
1111:fences
1085:koyola
1054:Mucope
1003:boxing
914:angola
883:engolo
879:angola
822:Angola
818:slaves
771:kokoyé
755:danmyé
751:danmyé
734:danmyé
726:nganga
691:danmyé
649:Danmyé
620:, and
602:Mucope
552:nganga
532:Ndongo
467:Masked
310:circle
303:ritual
223:danmyé
189:L-kick
130:circle
126:combat
122:Angola
111:Engolo
107:N'golo
85:danmyé
60:Angola
22:N'golo
3112:Ladja
3097:Samba
3035:Abadá
2923:Ginga
2822:Bimba
2784:Songs
2752:Music
2442:2021.
1815:Notes
1704:efico
1585:kicks
1523:banda
1131:kicks
1117:Kicks
1107:ginga
984:clubs
972:gangs
894:negro
835:Soon
820:from
763:ladja
739:ladja
604:, in
514:, by
459:Pende
390:Bantu
284:Music
267:ngolo
262:ngola
257:power
245:ngolo
172:chapa
153:kicks
115:Bantu
99:power
51:jumps
39:kicks
35:Focus
3072:Roda
3030:GCAP
3025:FICA
2817:Zuma
2396:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1706:and
1579:and
1373:The
1079:and
1033:and
997:and
986:and
881:and
731:The
708:and
698:and
647:and
584:The
398:roda
239:Name
3020:Axé
1679:on.
1625:in
1282:or
968:Rio
966:in
737:or
694:in
554::
522:In
453:of
333::
271:gol
231:on
3145::
2933:Aú
2583:^
2544:^
2515:^
2410:^
2382:^
2343:.
2296:^
2281:^
2240:^
2163:^
2142:^
2066:^
2042:^
2021:^
2006:^
1987:^
1972:^
1946:^
1932:^
1903:^
1889:^
1852:^
1836:^
1542:a
1528:a
1303:/
1233:)
1113:.
990:.
982:,
978:,
950:,
773:.
624:.
616:,
612:,
465:.
280:.
255:,
195:.
187:,
181:,
175:,
169:,
165:,
136:.
97:,
49:,
45:,
2698:e
2691:t
2684:v
2404:.
1830:.
1809:.
1786:.
1767:.
1510:)
1503:)
1444:)
1315:)
1258:)
1251:)
1201:)
1186:)
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1172:)
1163:)
1149:)
958:.
518:.
296:.
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