22:
1006:
1020:
276:". It consists of a stanza of three lines. The first line has ten syllables (in two groups of five), the second has five to six; and the third has seven. The seventh, eighth or ninth syllable of the first line introduces the rhyme and this is repeated on the last syllable of the other two lines. The fourth syllable of the second line may echo the final syllable of the first through either rhyme or
331:
except that it adds a fourth, rhyming, seven-syllable line at the end. Thus it consists of four lines of ten, six, seven and seven syllables. The seventh, eighth or ninth syllable of the first line introduces the rhyme and this is repeated on the last syllable of the other three lines. The part of
149:. It is the only set stanzaic metre found in the early Welsh poetic corpus, and explanations for its origins have tended to focus on stanzaic Latin poetry and hymns; however, it is as likely to be a development within the Brittonic poetic tradition. Whereas the metrical rules of later
556:, except that it adds an extra seven-syllable line at the beginning. This is made up of four lines of seven, seven, ten and six syllables. The last syllables of the first, second and last lines and the seventh, eighth or ninth syllable of the third line all rhyme.
503:, but orders the lines differently: seven syllables in the first, ten syllables (in two groups of five) in the second, and five to six syllables in the third. In the following example, the second line does not participate in the rhyme:
574:". This form has four lines of seven syllables each. The final syllables of the first, second, and last line rhyme. The final syllable of the third line rhymes with the second, third or fourth syllable of the last line:
727:". In this version there are four lines of seven syllables. The first and third lines rhyme and the second and fourth half rhyme on the same vowel sound as the full rhyme syllables.
434:", more common in the Middle Ages than later. This consists of four seven-syllable lines. All four lines rhyme. One example (showing the half-rhyme of
192:
793:
After the first two lines there is just one more line of three syllables or fewer, which follows the rhyme of the first two lines.
1152:
629:, there are four seven-syllable lines that half-rhyme with each other (half-rhyme means that the final consonants agree).
1187:
21:
255:
1204:
1137:
181:
form poems which seem to represent moments of characters' emotional reflection in stories now lost:
1209:
745:". This has four lines of seven syllables. All four lines half-rhyme, and there is additional
1214:
810:
254:. Details of their structures are as follows; not all of these, however, are included in the
215:
8:
1180:(1905), "The Origin of the Welsh Englyn and Kindred Metres", in Evans, E. Vincent (ed.),
1044:
277:
172:
32:
1116:, ed. by Jenny Rowland (London: Modern Humanities Research Association, 2014), p. xxvi.
1035:
208:
184:
882:
332:
the first line after the rhyme alliterates with the first part of the second line.
219:, and others again are lyric, religious meditations and laments such as the famous
1181:
1011:
976:
155:
are clear (and are based on counting syllables), the precise metre of the early
222:
92:
84:
73:
1198:
845:
1025:
107:. Each line contains a repeating pattern of consonants and accent known as
1053:
719:
230:
200:
703:
389:". This consists of three seven-syllable lines. All three lines rhyme.
168:
110:
104:
1177:
991:
132:
96:
966:
161:
is debated and could have involved stress-counting. The earliest
129:
is found in the work of the earliest attested Welsh poets (the
88:
100:
854:
in
English, included in the Juvinalia (1910–1914) of his
781:, and there follow two more lines of ten syllables each.
984:; in 2020, he has published a collection of them called
1141:, ed. by Thomas Parry (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962).
1102:
Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and
Edition of the
1089:
Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and
Edition of the
1076:
Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and
Edition of the
1001:
205:. Others survey heroic tradition, for example the
1196:
1104:Englynion (Cambridge: Brewer, 1990), pp. 308-32.
1153:"Adolygiad Ffilm: The Last Days of Dolwyn (PG)"
1091:Englynion (Cambridge: Brewer, 1990), pp. 305-8.
1150:
1078:Englynion (Cambridge: Brewer, 1990), p. 305.
985:
970:
864:Thou, a poor woman's fairing, white heather,
730:
1051:
1042:
1033:
979:
939:
933:
926:
920:
910:
904:
876:
849:
820:
808:
802:
785:
776:
770:
764:
755:
746:
740:
731:
722:
710:
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
665:
634:
624:
615:
579:
569:
560:
551:
545:
539:
530:
508:
498:
492:
483:
451:
441:
435:
429:
420:
394:
384:
375:
346:
336:
326:
320:
311:
285:
271:
262:
249:
240:
228:
220:
206:
198:
190:
182:
176:
162:
156:
150:
144:
138:
137:), where the main types are the three-line
130:
124:
108:
78:
62:
37:
26:
892:He types his laboured column—weary drudge!
709:
679:except that the half rhymes must use the
614:
50:Dear Price, pure in his diligent service
20:
516:Goruchel gwaeddau rhag bron bannau bre;
171:written in a tenth-century hand in the
1197:
950:O, Father, as a happy family – we come
664:
1114:A Selection of Early Welsh Saga Poems
529:
310:
238:
72:
1176:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
915:shown) in a poem by W. D. Williams:
775:. The first two lines are as for an
822:Balch ei fugunawr ban nafawr ei lef
482:
54:A man acerbic, fearless and fluent,
39:Price anwyl, pur ei wasanaeth diwyd
13:
1188:Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion
992:http://brezhoneg.org/en/node/11057
954:For from your hand comes every day
922:O, Dad, yn deulu dedwydd – y deuwn
784:
14:
1226:
1151:lowrihafcooke (6 February 2013).
1119:
754:
419:
16:Traditional Welsh short poem form
1018:
1004:
898:These dry leaves of his autumn.
828:Bon ehang blaen hang bloed fawr.
261:
118:
807:by the 12th-century Welsh poet
559:
374:
270:Also known as "the short-ended
256:Traditional Welsh poetic metres
248:There are a number of types of
1144:
1138:The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse
1107:
1094:
1081:
1068:
868:Of summer's bliss to the sting
1:
1061:
956:Our sustenance and our joy.
941:Ein lluniaeth a'n llawenydd.
935:Cans o'th law y daw bob dydd
875:Here is an English-language
870:Of winter's grey beginning.
826:Corn Llywelyn llyw lluydfawr
763:This is a hybrid between an
465:Ereidr yn rhych, ych yng ngw
95:, involving the counting of
45:A thrwyadl mewn athrawiaeth.
43:Gwr o aspri, ffri a ffraeth,
7:
997:
837:Corn rueinell yn ol gellgwn
796:
739:The "reciprocal half-rhyme
636:Adeiliwyd bedd, gwedd gwiwd
287:Oer gwly pysgawd yng nghysg
10:
1231:
831:Corn wedi llad corn llawen
408:Oer llynnau, eu lliw heb d
961:
896:Spare, editor, to condemn
894:Senile, fudge and solemn;
866:Witherest from the ending
809:
733:Englyn proest cyfnewidiog
673:This is identical to the
642:F'enaid, i'th gylch o fyn
471:Gwyrdd môr, brithotor tir
319:The "straight one-rhymed
56:And thorough in doctrine.
903:Grace in the form of an
587:Gwalch byddin gwerin gor
299:Byr diwedydd, gwŷdd gwyr
99:, and rigid patterns of
538:The "crooked one-rhyme
348:Ym Mhorth oer y Merthyr
1052:
1043:
1034:
986:
980:
971:
959:
946:
940:
934:
927:
921:
911:
905:
901:
877:
873:
862:A Pot of White Heather
850:
842:
835:Corn gwyd gwydr ai can
833:Corn llugynor Llywelyn
824:Pan ganer cyrn cydawr;
821:
803:
786:
777:
771:
765:
756:
747:
741:
732:
723:
712:Englyn proest cadwynog
711:
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
666:
662:
635:
625:
616:
612:
580:
570:
561:
552:
546:
540:
531:
527:
510:Ton tra thon toid tu t
509:
499:
493:
484:
480:
452:
442:
436:
430:
421:
417:
395:
385:
376:
372:
347:
337:
327:
321:
312:
308:
286:
272:
263:
250:
241:
229:
221:
207:
199:
191:
183:
177:
163:
157:
151:
145:
139:
131:
125:
109:
79:
63:
58:
52:Wide in his knowledge;
38:
27:
947:
917:
887:
859:
817:
811:Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr
676:englyn proest dalgron
653:I'm calon ddilon ddol
631:
617:Englyn proest dalgron
593:Hebawg teulu cu ceinm
576:
505:
459:Dydar adar, glas call
448:
391:
343:
282:
24:
648:Adeiliawdd cof dy al
402:Nid â cedwyr i'w neg
396:Otid eiry, gwyn y cn
359:A hir-fawrha y fro h
216:Geraint son of Erbin
1186:, vol. XVIII,
1045:Englynion y Clywaid
667:Englyn lleddfbroest
491:The "short crooked
453:Cyntefin ceinaf ams
354:Mwya'i werth o ddig
293:Cul hydd, cawn barf
173:Juvencus Manuscript
93:quantitative metres
83:) is a traditional
33:Christ Church, Bala
31:on a gravestone in
1205:Cornish literature
1036:Englynion y Beddau
890:The Old Journalist
581:Caradawg fab Cedif
532:Englyn unodl crwca
518:Braidd allan orsef
338:englyn unodl union
313:Englyn unodl union
209:Englynion y Beddau
59:
41:Eang ei wybodaeth;
952:With thanks anew,
928:Â diolch o newydd
364:Wr dewr o Aberdar
185:Canu Llywarch Hen
74:[ˈɛŋ.lɪn]
1222:
1191:
1190:, pp. 1–185
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1148:
1142:
1134:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1100:Rowland, Jenny,
1098:
1092:
1087:Rowland, Jenny,
1085:
1079:
1074:Rowland, Jenny,
1072:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
989:
983:
974:
972:Padrig an Habask
943:
937:
930:
924:
914:
908:
883:Robertson Davies
880:
853:
839:
814:
813:
806:
789:
780:
774:
768:
759:
750:
744:
735:
726:
720:chain half-rhyme
714:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
669:
659:
628:
619:
609:
573:
564:
555:
553:englyn byr crwca
549:
543:
534:
524:
502:
497:". This is like
496:
487:
485:Englyn byr crwca
477:
445:
439:
433:
424:
414:
388:
379:
369:
340:
330:
325:", identical to
324:
315:
305:
275:
266:
253:
244:
234:
226:
212:
204:
196:
188:
180:
166:
160:
154:
148:
142:
136:
128:
114:
82:
76:
71:
66:
47:
30:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1195:
1194:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1157:Lowri Haf Cooke
1149:
1145:
1135:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:Cornwall portal
1010:
1005:
1003:
1000:
977:Breton-language
964:
958:
955:
953:
951:
945:
938:
932:
925:
900:
897:
895:
893:
891:
872:
869:
867:
865:
863:
841:
836:
834:
832:
830:
829:
827:
825:
823:
799:
791:
787:Englyn cil-dwrn
761:
737:
716:
671:
661:
652:
647:
641:
621:
611:
598:
592:
586:
566:
536:
526:
517:
515:
489:
479:
470:
464:
458:
426:
416:
407:
401:
383:The "soldier's
381:
371:
363:
358:
353:
341:by Alan Llwyd:
317:
307:
298:
292:
268:
246:
121:
69:
57:
55:
53:
51:
48:
44:
42:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1193:
1192:
1171:
1170:
1143:
1118:
1106:
1093:
1080:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1030:
1029:
1015:
999:
996:
963:
960:
948:
918:
888:
860:
856:Complete Poems
818:
798:
795:
790:
783:
760:
757:Englyn toddaid
753:
736:
729:
715:
708:
670:
663:
632:
620:
613:
577:
565:
558:
535:
528:
506:
488:
481:
449:
425:
422:Englyn gwastad
418:
392:
380:
373:
344:
316:
309:
283:
267:
260:
245:
237:
223:Claf Abercuawg
120:
117:
91:form. It uses
49:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1227:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:Stanzaic form
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1016:
1013:
1002:
995:
993:
988:
982:
978:
973:
968:
957:
944:
942:
936:
929:
923:
916:
913:
907:
899:
886:
884:
879:
871:
858:
857:
852:
847:
846:Robert Graves
840:
838:
816:
812:
805:
801:Here are two
794:
788:
782:
779:
773:
767:
758:
752:
749:
743:
734:
728:
725:
721:
713:
707:
705:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
668:
660:
658:
656:
651:
645:
639:
630:
627:
618:
610:
608:
606:
602:
596:
590:
584:
575:
572:
568:The "seeking
563:
557:
554:
548:
542:
533:
525:
523:
521:
513:
504:
501:
500:englyn penfyr
495:
486:
478:
476:
474:
468:
462:
456:
447:
444:
438:
432:
423:
415:
413:
411:
405:
399:
390:
387:
378:
370:
368:
367:
362:
357:
351:
342:
339:
333:
329:
328:englyn penfyr
323:
314:
306:
304:
302:
296:
290:
281:
279:
274:
265:
264:Englyn penfyr
259:
257:
252:
243:
236:
233:
232:
225:
224:
218:
217:
211:
210:
203:
202:
195:
194:
187:
186:
179:
175:. Many early
174:
170:
167:are found as
165:
159:
153:
147:
146:englyn penfyr
141:
135:
134:
127:
119:Early history
116:
113:
112:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
75:
67:
65:
46:
34:
29:
23:
19:
1215:Welsh poetry
1182:
1161:. Retrieved
1156:
1146:
1136:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1026:Wales portal
975:also writes
965:
949:
919:
902:
889:
881:by novelist
874:
861:
855:
843:
819:
800:
792:
762:
738:
717:
672:
654:
649:
643:
637:
633:
622:
604:
600:
594:
588:
582:
578:
567:
562:Englyn cyrch
537:
519:
511:
507:
490:
472:
466:
460:
454:
450:
427:
409:
403:
397:
393:
382:
377:Englyn milwr
365:
360:
355:
349:
345:
334:
318:
300:
294:
288:
284:
269:
247:
214:
140:englyn milwr
122:
61:
60:
18:
1183:Y Cymmrodor
1054:Cerdd dafod
599:Anawdd genn
352:– y merthyr
335:This is an
231:Kyntaw geir
201:Canu Heledd
1199:Categories
1178:Rhys, John
1159:(in Welsh)
1062:References
912:cynghanedd
748:cynghanedd
704:diphthongs
428:The "even
278:consonance
193:Canu Urien
169:marginalia
111:cynghanedd
105:half rhyme
70:pronounced
981:englynion
848:wrote an
844:The poet
804:englynion
251:englynion
242:englynion
239:Types of
178:englynion
164:englynion
158:englynion
152:englynion
133:cynfeirdd
97:syllables
80:englynion
77:; plural
998:See also
987:Lampreiz
797:Examples
623:In this
550:is like
544:". This
1163:18 June
772:toddaid
603:dy hepg
967:Breton
962:Breton
909:(with
906:englyn
878:englyn
851:englyn
778:englyn
769:and a
766:englyn
742:englyn
724:englyn
697:, and
626:englyn
571:englyn
547:englyn
541:englyn
494:englyn
446:) is:
431:englyn
386:englyn
322:englyn
273:englyn
126:englyn
87:short
64:Englyn
28:englyn
969:poet
718:The "
440:with
291:iäen;
101:rhyme
85:Welsh
1165:2019
437:-edd
227:and
143:and
123:The
103:and
89:poem
990:. (
473:edd
467:edd
461:edd
443:-er
301:awd
295:awd
289:awd
213:or
25:An
1201::
1155:.
1121:^
994:)
931:,
885:.
815::
751:.
706:.
700:ei
694:wy
691:,
688:oe
685:,
682:ae
655:ur
650:ar
644:or
638:er
605:or
601:yn
595:yn
589:or
583:or
520:ir
512:ir
455:er
410:es
404:es
398:es
366:on
361:on
356:on
350:on
280:.
258:.
235:.
197:,
189:,
115:.
35::
1167:.
657:.
646::
640:,
607:.
597:,
591:,
585:,
522:.
514:;
475:.
469:,
463:,
457:,
412:.
406:;
400:;
303:.
297:;
68:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
