234:
loop is stabilized by one architectural protein anchored to the enhancer and one anchored to the promoter, and these proteins are joined together to form a dimer (red zigzags). Specific regulatory transcription factors bind to DNA sequence motifs on the enhancer. General transcription factors bind to the promoter. When a transcription factor is activated by a signal (here indicated as phosphorylation shown by a small red star on a transcription factor on the enhancer) the enhancer is activated and can now activate its target promoter. The active enhancer is transcribed on each strand of DNA in opposite directions by bound RNAP IIs. Mediator (a complex consisting of about 26 proteins in an interacting structure) communicates regulatory signals from the enhancer DNA-bound transcription factors to the promoter.
266:
38:
334:
genes (see Figure "A nucleosome with histone tails set for transcriptional activation"). Biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle showed expression of 13,108 genes at baseline before an exercise training program. Six sedentary 23-year-old
Caucasian males provided vastus lateralis biopsies before entering an exercise program (six weeks of 60-minute sessions of riding a stationary cycle, five days per week). Four days after the exercise program was completed, biopsies of the same muscles had altered gene expression, with 641 genes up-regulated and 176 genes down-regulated. Williams
226:
301:(K) in their tails, some of which are subject to post-translational modifications consisting, usually, of acetylations and methylations {me}. The lysines (K) are designated with a number showing their position as, for instance, (K4), indicating lysine as the 4th amino acid from the amino (N) end of the tail in the histone protein. The particular acetylations and methylations {Me} shown are those that occur on nucleosomes close to, or at, some DNA regions undergoing transcriptional activation of the DNA wrapped around the nucleosome.
386:, while transcriptionally downregulated genes were associated with enhancers that had increased DNA methylation. In this study, the differentially methylated positions in enhancers with increased methylation were mainly associated with genes involved in structural remodeling of the muscle and glucose metabolism. The differentially decreased methylated positions in enhancers were associated with genes functioning in inflammatory/immunological processes and transcriptional regulation.
326:) of the proteins produced according to those genes were known to be secreted from the muscles. Four days after an endurance type of exercise, many genes have persistently altered epigentically regulated expression. Four pathways altered were in the platelet/coagulation system, the cognitive system, the cardiovascular system, and the renal system. Epigenetic regulation of these genes was indicated by epigenetic alterations in the distant upstream DNA
398:
233:
An active enhancer regulatory region is enabled to interact with the promoter region of its target gene by formation of a chromosome loop. This can allow initiation of messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) bound to the promoter at the transcription start site of the gene. The
333:
Up-regulated genes had epigenetic acetylations added at histone 3 lysine 27 (H3k27ac) of nucleosomes located at the enhancers controlling those up-regulated genes, while down-regulated genes had epigenetic acetylations removed from H3K27 in nucleosomes located at the enhancers that control those
154:
system this does not imply that endurance is guaranteed to improve any cardiovascular disease. "The major metabolic consequences of the adaptations of muscle to endurance exercise are a slower utilization of muscle glycogen and blood glucose, a greater reliance on fat oxidation, and less lactate
133:
or time spent; in some exercises, more repetitions taken rapidly improve muscle strength but have less effect on endurance. Increasing endurance has been proven to release endorphins resulting in a positive mind. The act of gaining endurance through physical activity decreases
210:. Best results can be achieved in the range between 55% and 65% of maximum heart rate. Aerobic, anaerobic and further thresholds are not to be mentioned within extensive endurance exercises. Training intensity is measured via the heart rate.
317:
of hundreds of muscle genes. This includes genes producing proteins and other products secreted into the systemic circulation, many of which may act as endocrine messengers. Of 817 genes with altered expression, 157 (according to
474:
338:
identified 599 enhancer-gene interactions, covering 491 enhancers and 268 genes, where both the enhancer and the connected target gene were coordinately either upregulated or downregulated after exercise training.
118:. The definition of "long" varies according to the type of exertion – minutes for high intensity anaerobic exercise, hours or days for low intensity aerobic exercise. Training for endurance can reduce endurance
205:
Calculating the intensity of exercise the individual capabilities should be considered. Effective training starts within half the individual performance capability. Performance capability is expressed by
188:: To have self control is to resist the temptation of things that seem immediately appealing, while to endure is to resist the discouragement of things that seem immediately uncomfortable.
367:
were taken both before training began and 24 hours after the last training session from each of the legs. The endurance-trained leg, compared to the untrained leg, had significant
129:
When a person is able to accomplish or withstand more effort than previously, their endurance is increasing. To improve their endurance they may slowly increase the amount of
482:
505:
889:
Williams K, Carrasquilla GD, Ingerslev LR, Hochreuter MY, Hansson S, Pillon NJ, Donkin I, Versteyhe S, Zierath JR, Kilpeläinen TO, Barrès R (November 2021).
293:. Nucleosomes consist of four pairs of histone proteins in a tightly assembled core region plus up to 30% of each histone remaining in a loosely organized
249:. Enhancers are non-coding sequences in the genome that activate the expression of distant target genes, by looping around and interacting with the
371:
changes at 4,919 sites across the genome. The sites of altered DNA methylation were predominantly in enhancers. Transcriptional analysis, using
694:
657:
99:
to exert itself and remain active for a long period of time, as well as its ability to resist, withstand, recover from and have immunity to
943:"An integrative analysis reveals coordinated reprogramming of the epigenome and the transcriptome in human skeletal muscle after training"
564:"Dose-response relationship of the cardiovascular adaptation to endurance training in healthy adults: how much training for what benefit?"
1108:
431:
Hickson, R.C. (1980). "Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance over a long period".
202:
Different types of endurance performance can be trained in specific ways. Adaptation of exercise plans should follow individual goals.
891:"Epigenetic rewiring of skeletal muscle enhancers after exercise training supports a role in whole-body function and human health"
1155:
847:
Marsman J, Horsfield JA (2012). "Long distance relationships: enhancer-promoter communication and dynamic gene transcription".
260:
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on only one leg during three months. The other leg was used as an untrained control leg. Skeletal muscle biopsies from the
1140:
607:
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257:, the average distance in the loop between the connected enhancers and promoters of genes is 239,000 nucleotide bases.
1008:
737:
1450:
1093:
342:
753:
Widmann M, Nieß AM, Munz B (April 2019). "Physical
Exercise and Epigenetic Modifications in Skeletal Muscle".
563:
941:
Lindholm ME, Marabita F, Gomez-Cabrero D, Rundqvist H, Ekström TJ, Tegnér J, Sundberg CJ (December 2014).
261:
Endurance exercise-induced long-term alteration of gene expression by histone acetylation or deacetylation
513:
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31:
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of their target genes (see Figure "Regulation of transcription in mammals"). As reported by
Williams
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to sustain high levels of combat potential relative to its opponent over the duration of a campaign.
1974:
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tail (only one tail of each pair is shown). The pairs of histones, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, each have
162:
is sometimes used synonymously and interchangeably with endurance. Endurance may also refer to an
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Endurance exercise-induced alteration to gene expression by DNA methylation or demethylation
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630:"Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences"
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Iwasaki, Ken-ichi; Zhang, Rong; Zuckerman, Julie H.; Levine, Benjamin D. (2003-10-01).
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Ability of an organism to exert itself and remain active for a long period of time
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Endurance muscle training also alters muscle gene expression through epigenetic
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Leistungsphysiologie – Grundlagen für
Trainer, Physiotherapeuten und Masseure
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Twins Tashi and
Nungshi Malik on endurance trek at the foothills of the
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506:"Exercise Duration and Mood State: How Much Is Enough to Feel Better?"
359:, twenty-three 27-year-old, sedentary, male and female volunteers had
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Between 2012 and 2019 at least 25 reports indicated a major role of
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European
Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology
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were associated with enhancers that had a significant decrease in
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Endurance-trained effects are mediated by epigenetic mechanisms
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in muscle is largely regulated, as in tissues generally, by
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798:"Mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown"
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DNA in the nucleus generally consists of segments of 146
375:, identified 4,076 differentially expressed genes.
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mechanisms in skeletal muscle responses to exercise.
393:
681:
Leader's Manual for Combat Stress
Control, FM 22-51
169:In military settings, endurance is the ability of
164:ability to persevere through a difficult situation
155:production during exercise of a given intensity."
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150:. Although a greater endurance can assist the
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679:Headquarter, Department of the Army (1994),
628:Holloszy, J.O.; Coyle, E.F. (1 April 1984).
2004:
1981:
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1963:
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1109:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
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693:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
355:within enhancers. In a study by Lindholm
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184:noted similarities between endurance and
110:The term is often used in the context of
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479:HealthLinkBC: Physical Activity Services
278:tails set for transcriptional activation
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224:
36:
1156:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
796:Panigrahi A, O'Malley BW (April 2021).
504:Hansen, Cheryl J.; et al. (2001).
430:
14:
2090:
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230:Regulation of transcription in mammals
990:
728:Tomasits, Josef; Haber, Paul (2008).
707:
289:connected to adjacent nucleosomes by
191:
122:unless an individual also undertakes
1141:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
380:transcriptionally upregulated genes
330:of the enhancers of these genes.
24:
481:. 29 November 2016. Archived from
25:
2124:
475:"Muscular Strength and Endurance"
660:from the original on 9 July 2019
439:(2–3). Springer Verlag: 255–63.
396:
610:from the original on 2017-12-03
580:10.1152/japplphysiol.00482.2003
1094:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
732:(in German). Springer-Verlag.
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634:Journal of Applied Physiology
568:Journal of Applied Physiology
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959:10.4161/15592294.2014.982445
907:10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101290
861:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.10.008
7:
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1016:
646:10.1152/jappl.1984.56.4.831
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126:to counteract this effect.
10:
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815:10.1186/s13059-021-02322-1
767:10.1007/s40279-019-01070-4
527:10.1037/0278-6133.20.4.267
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32:Endurance (disambiguation)
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243:regulatory DNA sequences
166:, to "endure hardship".
322:) or 392 (according to
95:) is the ability of an
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285:of DNA wrapped around
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1558:Righteous indignation
351:or de-methylation of
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1076:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
849:Biochim Biophys Acta
328:regulatory sequences
30:For other uses, see
1146:Theological virtues
1049:Positive psychology
485:on 18 December 2018
124:resistance training
1578:Self-transcendence
1170:Individual virtues
1114:Nine Noble Virtues
1043:Nicomachean Ethics
855:(11–12): 1217–27.
714:Nicomachean Ethics
445:10.1007/BF00421333
361:endurance training
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208:maximum heart rate
198:Endurance training
192:Endurance training
116:anaerobic exercise
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2103:Physical exercise
2098:Athletic training
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1232:Conscientiousness
1099:Epistemic virtues
683:, Washington D.C.
514:Health Psychology
51:(also related to
16:(Redirected from
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1820:Brahmacharya
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1618:Tranquillity
1568:Self-control
1538:Renunciation
1496:Philanthropy
1491:Perspicacity
1451:Magnificence
1404:Intelligence
1384:Impartiality
1304:Faithfulness
1283:
1192:Authenticity
1118:
1104:Five virtues
1081:
1074:
1054:Trait theory
1041:
950:
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637:
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571:
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546:. Retrieved
539:the original
518:
512:
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487:. Retrieved
483:the original
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186:self control
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85:perseverance
65:constitution
48:
47:
1638:Workmanship
1528:Punctuality
1446:Magnanimity
1369:Hospitality
1319:Forgiveness
1264:Discernment
1222:Cleanliness
947:Epigenetics
802:Genome Biol
295:polypeptide
287:nucleosomes
131:repetitions
73:persistence
57:forbearance
2092:Categories
1951:Auctoritas
1799:Aparigraha
1778:Adhiṭṭhāna
1760:Sophrosyne
1728:Eutrapelia
1613:Temperance
1593:Solidarity
1583:Simplicity
1543:Resilience
1518:Politeness
1486:Patriotism
1466:Moderation
1339:Good faith
1329:Generosity
1289:Equanimity
1269:Discipline
1227:Compassion
901:: 101290.
808:(1): 108.
755:Sports Med
614:2017-10-08
548:2017-10-08
418:References
315:expression
307:epigenetic
291:linker DNA
283:base pairs
272:nucleosome
220:epigenetic
177:Philosophy
140:depression
61:resilience
53:sufferance
2113:Endurance
1999:Humanitas
1745:Phronesis
1736:Philotimo
1588:Sincerity
1553:Reverence
1421:Judgement
1409:Emotional
1399:Integrity
1389:Innocence
1344:Gratitude
1324:Frugality
1314:Foresight
1294:Etiquette
1284:Endurance
1259:Diligence
1182:Alertness
1131:Scout Law
1032:Endowment
895:Mol Metab
709:Aristotle
588:8750-7587
353:CpG sites
311:enhancers
251:promoters
247:enhancers
182:Aristotle
158:The term
146:, or any
93:hardiness
69:fortitude
49:Endurance
43:Himalayas
1992:Gravitas
1975:Dignitas
1721:Ataraxia
1603:Sympathy
1533:Religion
1523:Prudence
1481:Patience
1456:Meekness
1431:Kindness
1379:Humility
1374:Humanity
1309:Fidelity
1254:Courtesy
1217:Chivalry
1212:Chastity
1202:Charisma
1197:Calmness
1187:Altruism
977:25484259
925:34252634
869:23124110
834:33858480
783:73481438
775:30778851
717:. VII.7.
689:citation
658:Archived
608:Archived
596:12832429
535:11515738
461:22934619
412:Exercise
390:See also
324:Exocarta
120:strength
97:organism
77:tenacity
2047:Sadaqah
2033:Ganbaru
1966:Decorum
1958:Caritas
1913:Śraddhā
1899:Shaucha
1864:Kshanti
1792:Akrodha
1647:Chinese
1548:Respect
1471:Modesty
1441:Loyalty
1426:Justice
1394:Insight
1354:Honesty
1349:Heroism
1279:Empathy
1237:Courage
1207:Charity
1120:Pāramīs
1018:Virtues
968:4622000
916:8355925
825:8051032
664:4 April
654:6373687
604:8493563
489:4 April
453:7193134
320:Uniprot
299:lysines
276:histone
171:a force
160:stamina
136:anxiety
112:aerobic
105:fatigue
89:stamina
18:Endures
2015:Virtus
2007:Pietas
1926:Upekṣā
1919:Saddhā
1885:Prajñā
1878:Muditā
1857:Kshama
1850:Karuṇā
1813:Asteya
1806:Ārjava
1785:Ahimsa
1770:Indian
1753:Sophia
1628:Wisdom
1506:Filial
1414:Social
1359:Honour
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336:et al.
255:et al.
144:stress
142:, and
101:trauma
91:, and
2071:Virtù
2025:Other
1984:Fides
1943:Latin
1933:Vīrya
1892:Satya
1871:Mettā
1834:Dhṛti
1713:Arete
1705:Agape
1697:Greek
1623:Trust
1608:Taste
1501:Piety
1461:Mercy
1334:Glory
1299:Faith
1247:Moral
1242:Civil
1161:Yamas
779:S2CID
600:S2CID
542:(PDF)
509:(PDF)
457:S2CID
274:with
2063:Sisu
2055:Seny
2040:Giri
1906:Sevā
1827:Dāna
1664:Jing
1513:Pity
1436:Love
1364:Hope
1274:Duty
973:PMID
921:PMID
865:PMID
853:1819
830:PMID
771:PMID
734:ISBN
695:link
666:2013
650:PMID
592:PMID
584:ISSN
531:PMID
491:2013
449:PMID
378:The
1842:Hrī
1679:Ren
1633:Wit
963:PMC
955:doi
911:PMC
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