634:
effect of infusing ex-vivo expanded bone marrow EPCs and culture enriched EPCs derived from peripheral blood into 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). After four months, significant enhancements were found in ventricular ejection fraction, cardiac geometry, coronary blood flow reserve, and myocardial viability (Shantsila, Watson, & Lip). A similar study looked at the therapeutic effects of EPCs on leg ischemia caused by severe peripheral artery disease. The study injected a sample of EPC rich blood into the gastrocnemius muscles of 25 patients. After 24 weeks an increased number of collateral vessels and improved recovery in blood perfusion was observed. Rest pain and pain-free walking were also noted to have improved
70:
instead acting via paracrine methods to provide support for the resident endothelial cells. While some other authors have contested these, and maintained that they are true EPCs, many investigators have begun to term these cells colony forming unit-Hill cells (CFU-Hill) or circulating angiogenic cells (CAC) instead (depending on the method of isolation), highlighting their role as hematopoietic
651:. These observations contradict sprouting angiogenesis driven by EPCs. Taken together with the inability to find bone-marrow derived endothelium in new vasculature, there is now little material support for postnatal vasculogenesis. Instead, angiogenesis is likely driven by a process of physical force.
66:-like cells; cells which could give rise to functional vasculature in adults. The existence of endothelial progenitor cells has been posited since the mid-twentieth century, however their existence was not confirmed until the 1990s when Asahara et al. published the discovery of the first putative EPC.
1640:
Lyden, D.; Hattori, K.; Dias, S.; Costa, C.; Blaikie, P.; Butros, L.; Chadburn, A.; Heissig, B.; Marks, W.; Witte, L.; Wu, Y.; Hicklin, D.; Zhu, Z.; Hackett, N. R.; Crystal, R. G.; Moore, M. A. S.; Hajjar, K. A.; Manova, K.; Benezra, R.; Rafii, S. (2001). "Impaired recruitment of bone-marrow-derived
633:
A number of small phase clinical trials have begun to point to EPCs as a potential treatment for various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). For instance, the year long "Transplantation of
Progenitor Cells and Regeneration Enhancement in Acute Myocardial Infarction" (TOPCARE-AMI) studied the therapeutic
604:
Recently it has been found that miRNAs regulate EPC biology and tumour angiogenesis. This work by
Plummer et al. found that in particular targeting of the miRNAs miR-10b and miR-196b led to significant defects in angiogenesis-mediated tumor growth by decreasing the mobilization of proangiogenic EPCs
217:
EPCs also have variable phenotypic markers used for identification. Unfortunately, there are no unique markers for endothelial progenitors that are not shared with other endothelial or hematopoietic cells, which has contributed to the historical controversy surrounding the field. A detailed overview
554:
are a late outgrowth cell type; that is, they are only isolated after significantly longer culture than CFU-Hill cells. ECFCs are isolated by plating peripheral blood mononuclear fraction on collagen-coated plates, removing non-adherent cells, and culturing for weeks until the emergence of colonies
69:
Recently, controversy has developed over the definition of true endothelial progenitors. Although bone marrow-derived cells do appear to localize to injured vessels and promote an angiogenic switch, other studies have suggested these cells do not contribute directly to the functional endothelium,
592:
Endothelial progenitor cells are likely important in tumour growth and are thought to be critical for metastasis and the angiogenesis. A large amount of research has been done on CFU-Hill bone marrow-derived putative EPCs. Ablation of the endothelial progenitor cells in the bone marrow lead to a
612:(HUVECs) to have a capacity for tumor migration and neoangiogenesis even greater than that of other CD34+ hematopoietic cells when implanted in immunodeficient mice, suggesting the endothelial progenitors play a key role, but further supporting the importance of both cell types as targets for
629:
between these outcomes and circulating endothelial progenitor cell numbers were scant in the original research. Endothelial progenitor cells are mobilized after a myocardial infarction, and that they function to restore the lining of blood vessels that are damaged during the heart attack.
542:
A similar method is to culture the peripheral blood mononuclear fraction in supplemented endothelial growth medium, removing the non-adherent cells, and isolating the remaining. While these cells display some endothelial characteristics, they do not form colonies.
533:
As originally isolated by
Asahara et al., the CFU-Hill population is an early outgrowth, formed by plating peripheral blood mononuclear cells on fibronectin-coated dishes, allowing adhesion and depleting non-adherent cells, and isolating discrete colonies.
81:-like expression patterns, and support the existence of a separate population of progenitors, the late outgrowth, or endothelial colony forming cell (ECFC). Furthermore, early outgrowth cells maintain other monocyte functions such as high Dil-Ac-LDL and
103:
represent a distinct population that has been found to have the potential to differentiate and promote vessel repair. ECFCs are now known to be tissue-resident progenitor cells in adults that maintain some vasculogenic ability.
1735:
Bieback K, Vinci M, Elvers-Hornung S, Bartol A, Gloe T, Czabanka M, KlĂĽter H, Augustin H, Vajkoczy P (2013). "Recruitment of human cord blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells to sites of tumor angiogenesis".
646:
remains unclear. Blood vessels have been seen entering ischemic tissue in a process driven by mechanically forced ingress of existing capillaries into the avascular region, and importantly, instead of through
624:
Higher levels of circulating "endothelial progenitor cells" were detected in the bloodstream of patients, predicted better outcomes, and patients experienced fewer repeat heart attacks, though statistical
777:
Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, Silver M, van der Zee R, Li T, Witzenbichler B, Schatteman G, Isner JM (1997). "Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis".
38:. Outgrowth endothelial cells are an EPC subtype committed to endothelial cell formation. Despite the history and controversy, the EPC in all its forms remains a promising target of
555:
with a distinctive cobblestone morphology. These cells are phenotypically similar to endothelial cells and have been shown to create vessel-like structures in vitro and in vivo.
1593:"Using the Transcription Factor Inhibitor of DNA Binding 1 to Selectively Target Endothelial Progenitor Cells Offers Novel Strategies to Inhibit Tumor Angiogenesis and Growth"
601:) has been used as a marker for these cells; this allows for tracking EPCs from the bone marrow to the blood to the tumour-stroma and even incorporated in tumour vasculature.
112:
By method of isolation and cell function, three main populations of putative adult EPCs have been described. The behavior of the cells can be found in the following table.
567:(or their in vitro counterpart, blast-colony forming cells) are cells believed to give rise to both the endothelial and hematopoietic systems during early development.
820:
Yoder MC, Ingram DA (2009). "Endothelial progenitor cell: ongoing controversy for defining these cells and their role in neoangiogenesis in the murine system".
983:"Endothelial progenitor cells are cellular hubs essential for neoangiogenesis of certain aggressive adenocarcinomas and metastatic transition but not adenomas"
924:"Reply to Kerbel et al.: EPCs are again claimed to be essential in yet other models despite the irreproducibility of the original experiments introducing them"
676:
593:
significant decrease in tumour growth and vasculature development. This indicates that endothelial progenitor cells present novel therapeutic targets.
605:
to the tumour. These findings indicate that directed targeting these miRNAs in EPCs may result in a novel strategy for inhibiting tumor angiogenesis.
1549:
Milosevic, Vladan; Edelmann, Reidunn J.; Fosse, Johanna Hol; Ă–stman, Arne; Akslen, Lars A. (2022), Akslen, Lars A.; Watnick, Randolph S. (eds.),
702:
1949:
Molecular
Phenotypes of Endothelial Cells in Malignant Tumors. In: Akslen, L.A., Watnick, R.S. (eds) Biomarkers of the Tumor Microenvironment
865:"Bone marrow-derived circulating endothelial precursors do not contribute to vascular endothelium and are not needed for tumor growth"
563:
Certain developmental cells may be similar to or the same as other endothelial progenitors, though not typically referred to as EPCs.
1199:"Adult endothelial progenitor cells from human peripheral blood maintain monocyte/macrophage function throughout in vitro culture"
1148:"Molecular analysis of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) subtypes reveals two distinct cell populations with different identities"
1570:
609:
1330:(2008). "Endothelial progenitor cells, angioblasts, and angiogenesis – old terms reconsidered from a current perspective".
981:
Kerbel RS, Benezra R, Lyden DC, Hattori K, Heissig B, Nolan DJ, Mittal V, Shaked Y, Dias S, Bertolini F, Rafii S (2008).
1240:"Identification of a novel hierarchy of endothelial progenitor cells using human peripheral and umbilical cord blood"
571:
are believed to be a form of early progenitor or stem cell which gives rise to the endothelium alone. More recently,
551:
100:
1853:
Kilarski WW; et al. (2009). "Biomechanical regulation of blood vessel growth during tissue vascularization".
1449:
Gao D; et al. (2008). "Endothelial
Progenitor Cells Control the Angiogenic Switch in Mouse Lung Metastasis".
1327:
1238:
Ingram DA, Mead LE, Tanaka H, Meade V, Fenoglio A, Mortell K, Pollok K, Ferkowicz MJ, Gilley D, Yoder MC (2004).
863:
Purhonen S, Palm J, Rossi D, Kaskenpää N, Rajantie I, Ylä-Herttuala S, Alitalo K, Weissman IL, Salven P (2008).
1502:"Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells are a major determinant of nascent tumor neovascularization"
30:) is a term that has been applied to multiple different cell types that play roles in the regeneration of the
1414:
Cossu G, Bianco P (2003). "Mesoangioblasts – vascular progenitors for extravascular mesodermal tissues".
698:"Outgrowth endothelial cells: characterization and their potential for reversing ischemic retinopathy"
77:
Molecular genetic analysis of early outgrowth putative EPC populations suggests they do indeed have
613:
1948:
648:
1146:
Medina RJ, O'Neill CL, Sweeney M, Guduric-Fuchs J, Gardiner TA, Simpson DA, Stitt AW (2010).
922:
Salven, P.; Purhonen, S.; Rossi, D.; Yla-Herttuala, S.; Alitalo, K.; Weissman, I. L. (2008).
476:
442:
55:
39:
17:
1967:
1458:
994:
935:
876:
51:
8:
1462:
998:
939:
880:
89:
expression. These original, early outgrowth, CFU-Hill or CACs are also shown to express
1878:
1666:
1617:
1592:
1526:
1501:
1482:
1391:
1366:
1174:
1147:
1123:
1098:
1017:
982:
966:
923:
899:
864:
845:
802:
94:
1919:
1870:
1835:
1794:
1753:
1717:
1712:
1658:
1641:
endothelial and hematopoietic precursor cells blocks tumor angiogenesis and growth".
1622:
1566:
1531:
1474:
1431:
1396:
1382:
1347:
1305:
1261:
1220:
1179:
1128:
1070:
1022:
953:
904:
837:
794:
759:
721:
697:
1882:
1670:
1486:
849:
806:
1909:
1862:
1825:
1784:
1745:
1707:
1697:
1650:
1612:
1604:
1558:
1521:
1513:
1466:
1423:
1386:
1378:
1339:
1295:
1251:
1210:
1169:
1159:
1118:
1110:
1060:
1012:
1002:
961:
943:
894:
884:
829:
786:
751:
711:
1702:
1685:
1608:
1686:"MicroRNAs regulate tumor angiogenesis modulated by endothelial progenitor cells"
833:
790:
572:
86:
1562:
667:
of the ectopic endometrial tissue originates from endothelial progenitor cells.
1830:
1813:
1749:
1256:
1239:
755:
564:
1952:
1947:
Milosevic, V., Edelmann, R.J., Fosse, J.H., Ă–stman, A., Akslen, L.A. (2022).
1550:
1427:
1343:
1961:
1323:
1309:
957:
660:
643:
59:
35:
1914:
1897:
1470:
1365:
Timmermans F, Plum J, Yöder MC, Ingram DA, Vandekerckhove B, Case J (2009).
1007:
948:
889:
1923:
1874:
1839:
1798:
1757:
1721:
1662:
1626:
1535:
1478:
1435:
1400:
1351:
1265:
1224:
1183:
1164:
1132:
1074:
1065:
1048:
1026:
908:
841:
763:
725:
626:
1300:
1283:
1215:
1198:
798:
1789:
1772:
1197:
Zhang SJ, Zhang H, Wei YJ, Su WJ, Liao ZK, Hou M, Zhou JY, Hu SS (2006).
716:
664:
568:
306:
31:
1654:
1517:
576:
63:
1773:"Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Cardiovascular Outcomes"
1114:
1145:
82:
1866:
696:
Medina RJ, O'Neill CL, Humphreys MW, Gardiner TA, Stitt AW (2010).
78:
695:
50:
Developmentally, the endothelium arises in close contact with the
742:
Pelosi E, Castelli G, Testa U (2014). "Endothelial progenitors".
71:
1734:
1282:
Parham, Kate A.; Pitson, Stuart M.; Bonder, Claudine S. (2014).
921:
1551:"Molecular Phenotypes of Endothelial Cells in Malignant Tumors"
425:
408:
1099:"Circulating and tissue resident endothelial progenitor cells"
1049:"Working hypothesis to redefine endothelial progenitor cells"
776:
459:
391:
374:
323:
289:
255:
1548:
1557:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 31–52,
1284:"Regulation of EPCs: The Gateway to Blood Vessel Formation"
493:
357:
340:
272:
238:
97:
receptor expressed by monocytes but not endothelial cells.
90:
1814:"Endothelial progenitor cells in cardiovascular disorders"
862:
1898:"Vasculogenesis: A new piece of the endometriosis puzzle"
1364:
980:
598:
594:
510:
218:
of current markers can be found in the following table.
575:
have been theorized as a cell giving rise to multiple
1639:
1322:
1237:
1046:
677:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
1895:
1590:
1896:Laschke, M. W.; Giebels, C.; Menger, M. D. (2011).
741:
1281:
546:
1367:"Endothelial progenitor cells: identity defined?"
663:, it appears that up to 37% of the microvascular
619:
1959:
703:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
1196:
1047:Prater DN, Case J, Ingram DA, Yoder MC (2007).
928:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
74:cells involved in promoting new vessel growth.
1940:Aird, William C. "Blood Endothelial Cells" in
1358:
537:
1818:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1277:
1275:
528:
1591:Mellick As; Plummer PN; et al. (2010).
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
737:
735:
642:The role of endothelial progenitor cells in
1953:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98950-7_3
1852:
1811:
1728:
1413:
1316:
1096:
856:
819:
689:
1683:
1272:
1231:
1139:
770:
45:
1944:. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2005.
1913:
1829:
1788:
1711:
1701:
1616:
1525:
1407:
1390:
1299:
1255:
1214:
1190:
1173:
1163:
1122:
1081:
1064:
1033:
1016:
1006:
974:
965:
947:
915:
898:
888:
732:
715:
1770:
1555:Biomarkers of the Tumor Microenvironment
1499:
813:
654:
637:
1942:Endothelial Cells In Health and Disease
587:
58:, led to a belief and search for adult
1960:
610:human umbilical vein endothelial cells
1448:
1326:, Moore J, Herbert A, Ma D, Boehm M,
13:
1934:
202:Paracrine support of angiogenesis
107:
14:
1979:
1812:Shantsila E; et al. (2007).
188:Homing to ischemic sites in vivo
174:In vivo de novo vessel formation
1684:Plummer PN; et al. (2012).
1383:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00598.x
552:Endothelial colony forming cells
233:Endothelial colony forming cell
127:Endothelial colony forming cell
101:Endothelial colony forming cells
1889:
1846:
1805:
1777:New England Journal of Medicine
1764:
1677:
1633:
1584:
1542:
1493:
1442:
547:Endothelial colony forming cell
1771:Werner N; et al. (2005).
1500:Nolan DJ; et al. (2007).
620:Role in cardiovascular disease
558:
118:Behaviour .. \\ .. Population
1:
1703:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-0271
1609:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1142
993:(34): E54, author reply E55.
682:
608:Studies have shown ECFCs and
54:. This, and the existence of
1097:Basile DP, Yoder MC (2014).
834:10.1097/MOH.0b013e32832bbcab
791:10.1126/science.275.5302.964
230:Circulating angiogenic cell
132:Clonal proliferative status
124:Circulating angiogenic cell
7:
1563:10.1007/978-3-030-98950-7_3
670:
582:
538:Circulating angiogenic cell
227:Colony forming unit – Hill
224:Marker .. \\ .. Population
121:Colony forming unit – Hill
24:Endothelial progenitor cell
10:
1984:
1831:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.09.050
1750:10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.01.215
1257:10.1182/blood-2004-04-1396
987:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
869:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
756:10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.11.004
595:Inhibitor of DNA Binding 1
529:Colony forming unit – Hill
15:
1902:Human Reproduction Update
1428:10.1016/j.gde.2003.08.001
1344:10.1016/j.tcm.2007.12.002
160:In vitro tube formation
16:Not to be confused with
1506:Genes & Development
1471:10.1126/science.1150224
1008:10.1073/pnas.0804876105
949:10.1073/pnas.0805971105
890:10.1073/pnas.0710516105
614:pharmacological therapy
46:History and controversy
1416:Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev
1332:Trends Cardiovasc. Med
1288:New Journal of Science
1165:10.1186/1755-8794-3-18
1066:10.1038/sj.leu.2404676
649:sprouting angiogenesis
428:(KDR/Flk1) expression
1915:10.1093/humupd/dmr023
1713:10536/DRO/DU:30063097
1216:10.1038/sj.cr.7310075
655:Role in endometriosis
638:Role in wound healing
477:von Willebrand factor
56:hemogenic endothelium
40:regenerative medicine
18:Endothelial stem cell
1790:10.1056/NEJMoa043814
744:Blood Cells Mol. Dis
717:10.1167/iovs.09-4951
588:Role in tumor growth
52:hematopoietic system
1655:10.1038/nm1101-1194
1463:2008Sci...319..195G
1301:10.1155/2014/972043
999:2008PNAS..105E..54K
940:2008PNAS..105E..55S
881:2008PNAS..105.6620P
822:Curr. Opin. Hematol
343:(PECAM) expression
1951:. Springer, Cham.
1518:10.1101/gad.436307
394:(ckit) expression
146:Replating ability
95:lipopolysaccharide
1572:978-3-030-98950-7
1371:J. Cell. Mol. Med
1115:10.1002/jcp.24423
526:
525:
215:
214:
1975:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1783:(10): 999–1007.
1768:
1762:
1761:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1715:
1705:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1649:(11): 1194–201.
1637:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1457:(5860): 195–98.
1446:
1440:
1439:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1167:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1103:J. Cell. Physiol
1094:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1044:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1010:
978:
972:
971:
969:
951:
919:
913:
912:
902:
892:
860:
854:
853:
817:
811:
810:
785:(5302): 964–67.
774:
768:
767:
739:
730:
729:
719:
693:
221:
220:
115:
114:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1958:
1957:
1937:
1935:Further reading
1932:
1931:
1894:
1890:
1867:10.1038/nm.1985
1855:Nature Medicine
1851:
1847:
1810:
1806:
1769:
1765:
1733:
1729:
1690:Cancer Research
1682:
1678:
1643:Nature Medicine
1638:
1634:
1603:(18): 7273–82.
1597:Cancer Research
1589:
1585:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1547:
1543:
1512:(12): 1546–58.
1498:
1494:
1447:
1443:
1412:
1408:
1363:
1359:
1321:
1317:
1280:
1273:
1236:
1232:
1195:
1191:
1144:
1140:
1095:
1082:
1045:
1034:
979:
975:
920:
916:
875:(18): 6620–25.
861:
857:
818:
814:
775:
771:
740:
733:
710:(11): 5906–13.
694:
690:
685:
673:
657:
640:
622:
590:
585:
573:mesoangioblasts
561:
549:
540:
531:
110:
108:Classifications
85:uptake and low
48:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1888:
1845:
1804:
1763:
1727:
1676:
1632:
1583:
1571:
1541:
1492:
1441:
1406:
1357:
1315:
1271:
1250:(9): 2752–60.
1230:
1189:
1152:BMC Med. Genom
1138:
1080:
1059:(6): 1141–49.
1032:
973:
914:
855:
812:
769:
731:
687:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
672:
669:
656:
653:
639:
636:
621:
618:
589:
586:
584:
581:
565:Hemangioblasts
560:
557:
548:
545:
539:
536:
530:
527:
524:
523:
520:
517:
514:
506:
505:
502:
499:
496:
490:
489:
486:
483:
480:
473:
472:
469:
466:
463:
456:
455:
452:
449:
446:
439:
438:
435:
432:
429:
422:
421:
418:
415:
412:
405:
404:
401:
398:
395:
388:
387:
384:
381:
378:
371:
370:
367:
364:
361:
354:
353:
350:
347:
344:
337:
336:
333:
330:
327:
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
303:
302:
299:
296:
293:
286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
269:
268:
265:
262:
259:
252:
251:
248:
245:
242:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
109:
106:
47:
44:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1980:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1908:(5): 628–36.
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1861:(6): 657–64.
1860:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1824:(7): 741–52.
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:(6): 726–39.
1743:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1696:(1): 341–52.
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:(5): 537–42.
1421:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:(1): 87–102.
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1209:(6): 577–84.
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
968:
963:
959:
955:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
918:
910:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828:(4): 269–73.
827:
823:
816:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
773:
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:(4): 186–94.
749:
745:
738:
736:
727:
723:
718:
713:
709:
705:
704:
699:
692:
688:
678:
675:
674:
668:
666:
662:
661:endometriosis
652:
650:
645:
644:wound healing
635:
631:
628:
617:
615:
611:
606:
602:
600:
596:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
556:
553:
544:
535:
521:
518:
515:
512:
508:
507:
503:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
474:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
457:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
440:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
423:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
406:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
389:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
372:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
355:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
338:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
321:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
304:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
287:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
270:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
253:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
105:
102:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
67:
65:
61:
60:hemangioblast
57:
53:
43:
41:
37:
36:blood vessels
33:
29:
25:
19:
1941:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1576:, retrieved
1554:
1544:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1338:(2): 45–51.
1335:
1331:
1318:
1291:
1287:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1109:(1): 10–16.
1106:
1102:
1056:
1052:
990:
986:
976:
931:
927:
917:
872:
868:
858:
825:
821:
815:
782:
778:
772:
747:
743:
707:
701:
691:
658:
641:
632:
627:correlations
623:
607:
603:
591:
562:
550:
541:
532:
216:
111:
99:
76:
68:
49:
27:
23:
22:
1968:Blood cells
1738:Cytotherapy
934:(34): E55.
665:endothelium
569:Angioblasts
559:Development
479:expression
462:expression
445:expression
411:expression
377:expression
360:expression
326:expression
309:expression
307:VE-cadherin
292:expression
275:expression
258:expression
241:expression
32:endothelial
1578:2022-07-13
1324:Kovacic JC
683:References
577:mesodermal
64:angioblast
42:research.
34:lining of
1328:Graham RM
1310:2356-7740
958:0027-8424
579:tissues.
83:India ink
1962:Category
1924:21586449
1883:13354598
1875:19483693
1840:17306702
1799:16148285
1758:23491253
1722:22836757
1671:12961562
1663:11689883
1627:20807818
1536:17575055
1487:12577022
1479:18187653
1436:14550421
1401:19067770
1352:18308194
1294:: 1–16.
1266:15226175
1225:16775629
1203:Cell Res
1184:20465783
1133:23794280
1075:17392816
1053:Leukemia
1027:18715995
909:18443294
850:24786196
842:19417649
807:44878638
764:24332583
726:20554606
671:See also
583:Function
79:monocyte
1618:3058751
1527:1891431
1459:Bibcode
1451:Science
1392:3823038
1175:2881111
1124:3908443
1018:2527966
995:Bibcode
967:2527967
936:Bibcode
900:2365563
877:Bibcode
799:9020076
779:Science
513:uptake
504:Bright
501:Bright
498:Bright
72:myeloid
1922:
1881:
1873:
1838:
1797:
1756:
1720:
1669:
1661:
1625:
1615:
1569:
1534:
1524:
1485:
1477:
1434:
1399:
1389:
1350:
1308:
1264:
1223:
1182:
1172:
1158:: 18.
1131:
1121:
1073:
1025:
1015:
964:
956:
907:
897:
848:
840:
805:
797:
762:
724:
426:VEGFR2
409:VEGFR1
1879:S2CID
1667:S2CID
1483:S2CID
1244:Blood
846:S2CID
803:S2CID
460:CXCR4
443:TIE-2
392:CD117
375:CD105
324:CD115
290:CD146
256:CD133
62:- or
1920:PMID
1871:PMID
1836:PMID
1795:PMID
1754:PMID
1718:PMID
1659:PMID
1623:PMID
1567:ISBN
1532:PMID
1475:PMID
1432:PMID
1397:PMID
1348:PMID
1306:ISSN
1292:2014
1262:PMID
1221:PMID
1180:PMID
1129:PMID
1071:PMID
1023:PMID
954:ISSN
905:PMID
838:PMID
795:PMID
760:PMID
722:PMID
494:ALDH
485:+/-
482:+/-
471:+/-
403:+/-
358:CD14
341:CD31
315:+/-
312:+/-
298:+/-
295:+/-
281:+/-
278:+/-
273:CD45
250:+/-
247:+/-
244:+/-
239:CD34
166:+/-
163:+/-
93:, a
91:CD14
87:eNOS
26:(or
1910:doi
1863:doi
1826:doi
1785:doi
1781:353
1746:doi
1708:hdl
1698:doi
1651:doi
1613:PMC
1605:doi
1559:doi
1522:PMC
1514:doi
1467:doi
1455:319
1424:doi
1387:PMC
1379:doi
1340:doi
1296:doi
1252:doi
1248:104
1211:doi
1170:PMC
1160:doi
1119:PMC
1111:doi
1107:229
1061:doi
1013:PMC
1003:doi
991:105
962:PMC
944:doi
932:105
895:PMC
885:doi
873:105
830:doi
787:doi
783:275
752:doi
712:doi
659:In
599:ID1
511:LDL
437:++
318:++
28:EPC
1964::
1918:.
1906:17
1904:.
1900:.
1877:.
1869:.
1859:15
1857:.
1834:.
1822:49
1820:.
1816:.
1793:.
1779:.
1775:.
1752:.
1742:15
1740:.
1716:.
1706:.
1694:73
1692:.
1688:.
1665:.
1657:.
1645:.
1621:.
1611:.
1601:70
1599:.
1595:.
1565:,
1553:,
1530:.
1520:.
1510:21
1508:.
1504:.
1481:.
1473:.
1465:.
1453:.
1430:.
1420:13
1418:.
1395:.
1385:.
1375:13
1373:.
1369:.
1346:.
1336:18
1334:.
1304:.
1290:.
1286:.
1274:^
1260:.
1246:.
1242:.
1219:.
1207:16
1205:.
1201:.
1178:.
1168:.
1154:.
1150:.
1127:.
1117:.
1105:.
1101:.
1083:^
1069:.
1057:21
1055:.
1051:.
1035:^
1021:.
1011:.
1001:.
989:.
985:.
960:.
952:.
942:.
930:.
926:.
903:.
893:.
883:.
871:.
867:.
844:.
836:.
826:16
824:.
801:.
793:.
781:.
758:.
748:52
746:.
734:^
720:.
708:51
706:.
700:.
616:.
522:+
519:+
516:+
509:ac
488:+
468:+
465:+
454:+
451:+
448:+
434:+
431:+
420:+
417:+
414:+
400:+
397:+
386:+
383:+
380:+
369:-
366:+
363:+
352:+
349:+
346:+
335:-
332:+
329:+
301:+
284:-
267:-
264:+
261:+
211:+
208:+
205:+
197:+
194:+
191:+
183:+
180:-
177:-
169:+
155:+
152:-
149:-
141:+
138:-
135:-
1926:.
1912::
1885:.
1865::
1842:.
1828::
1801:.
1787::
1760:.
1748::
1724:.
1710::
1700::
1673:.
1653::
1647:7
1629:.
1607::
1561::
1538:.
1516::
1489:.
1469::
1461::
1438:.
1426::
1403:.
1381::
1354:.
1342::
1312:.
1298::
1268:.
1254::
1227:.
1213::
1186:.
1162::
1156:3
1135:.
1113::
1077:.
1063::
1029:.
1005::
997::
970:.
946::
938::
911:.
887::
879::
852:.
832::
809:.
789::
766:.
754::
728:.
714::
597:(
20:.
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