Endocrine disruptor

1589:) are a popular lab choice. Zebrafish work well as a model organism, part of which can be attributed to the fact that researchers are able to study them starting from the embryo, as the embryo is nearly transparent. Additionally, zebrafish have DNA sex markers, which allows biologists to individually assign sex to fish; this is particularly important when studying endocrine disruptors as the disruptors can affect how, among other things, the sex organs work. If there is sperm in the ovaries later on through testing, it can then be pinned to the chemical without the chance of it being a genetic abnormality since the sex was determined by the researcher. Besides zebrafish being readily available, and easy to study through different life stages, their genes are similar to humans'—70% of human genes have a zebrafish counterpart and 84% of disease genes in humans have a zebrafish counterpart. Also important is the fact that the vast majority of endocrine disruptors end up in waterways; it is important to know how the disruptors affect fish, which are model organisms as well. 1029:, and neurological problems. To expand on the reproductive problems faced by women exposed to BPA. Studies in the US have shown that healthy women without any fertility problems found that urinary BPA was unrelated to time of pregnancy despite a shorter luteal phase (second part of the menstrual cycle) being reported. Additional studies have been conducted in fertility centers say that BPA exposure is correlation with lower ovarian reserves. To combat this, most women will undergo IVF to help with the poor ovarian stimulation response; seemingly all of them have elevated levels of BPA in the urinary tract. Median conjugation of BPA concentrations were higher in those who did have a miscarriage compared to those who had a live birth. All of these studies show that BPA can have an effect on ovarian functions and the pivotal early part of conception. One study did show racial or ethnic differences as Asian women were found to have an increased 1860:

once in the environment, move through ecosystems, is essential to designing ways to isolate and remove them. Global efforts have been made to label the most common POPs routinely found in the environment through usage of chemicals like insecticides. The twelve main POPs have been evaluated and placed in a demographic so as to streamline the information around the general population. Such facilitation has allowed nations around the world to effectively work on the testing and reduction of the usage of these chemicals. With an effort to reduce the presence of such chemicals in the environment, they can reduce the leaching of POPs into food sources which contaminate the animals commercially fed to the U.S. population.

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effects both structurally and toward brain development. Depending on the stage of reproductive development, interference with hormonal signaling can result in irreversible effects not seen in adults exposed to the same dose for the same length of time. Experiments with animals have identified critical developmental time points in utero and days after birth when exposure to chemicals that interfere with or mimic hormones have adverse effects that persist into adulthood. Disruption of thyroid function early in development may be the cause of abnormal sexual development in both males and females early motor development impairment, and learning disabilities.

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tests was announced there was objection to their design. Critics have charged that the entire process has been compromised by chemical company interference. In 2005, the EPA appointed a panel of experts to conduct an open peer-review of the program and its orientation. Their results found that "the long-term goals and science questions in the EDC program are appropriate", however this study was conducted over a year before the EPA announced the final structure of the screening program. The EPA is still finding it difficult to execute a credible and efficient endocrine testing program.

558:. Since these compounds are fat-soluble, it is likely they are accumulating from the environment in the fatty tissue of animals eaten by humans. Some suspect fish consumption is a major source of many environmental contaminants. Indeed, both wild and farmed salmon from all over the world have been shown to contain a variety of man-made organic compounds. While pesticides are found in many food products, phthalates can also leech into crops, vegetables and fruits from contaminated soil and greenhouse plastic covers. 1735:

similar to estrogens in humans, it also gave the EPA the authority to screen other types of chemicals and endocrine effects. Based on recommendations from an advisory panel, the agency expanded the screening program to include male hormones, the thyroid system, and effects on fish and other wildlife. The basic concept behind the program is that prioritization will be based on existing information about chemical uses, production volume, structure-activity and toxicity. Screening is done by use of

276:(POPs), and can be transported long distances across national boundaries and have been found in virtually all regions of the world, and may even concentrate near the North Pole, due to weather patterns and cold conditions. Others are rapidly degraded in the environment or human body or may be present for only short periods of time. Health effects attributed to endocrine disrupting compounds include a range of reproductive problems (reduced fertility, male and female 1596:) without killing them to study how their organs develop, in particular neurodevelopment and transport of presumed endocrine-disrupting chemicals, thus how their development is impacted by certain chemicals. As a model, they have simple modes of endocrine disruption, along with homologous physiological, sensory, anatomical and signal-transduction mechanisms similar to mammals. Another helpful tool available to scientists is their recorded genome along with multiple 1046:

formula-fed infants. In January 2010, the FDA issued a report indicating that, due to findings of recent studies that used novel approaches in testing for subtle effects, both the National Toxicology Program at the National Institutes of Health as well as the FDA have some level of concern regarding the possible effects of BPA on the brain and behavior of fetuses, infants and younger children. In 2012 the FDA did ban the use of BPA in baby bottles; however, the

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processes, using hormones as messengers. The endocrine system secretes hormones in response to environmental stimuli and to orchestrate developmental and reproductive changes. The adjustments brought on by the endocrine system are biochemical, changing the cell's internal and external chemistry to bring about a long term change in the body. These systems work together to maintain the proper functioning of the body through its entire life cycle.

593:, which when present in dust has been associated with asthma and wheezing in children. The risk of exposure to EDCs increases as products, both conventional and "chemical-free", are used in combination. "If a consumer used the alternative surface cleaner, tub and tile cleaner, laundry detergent, bar soap, shampoo and conditioner, facial cleanser and lotion, and toothpaste would potentially be exposed to at least 19 compounds: 2 parabens, 3 887: 38: 1747:) and via the use of in animal models, such as development of tadpoles and uterine growth in prepubertal rodents. Full-scale testing will examine effects not only in mammals (rats) but also in a number of other species (frogs, fish, birds and invertebrates). Since the theory involves the effects of these substances on a functioning system, animal testing is essential for scientific validity, but has been opposed by 979: 130: 995: 186:‚ altered nervous system or immune function; certain cancers; respiratory problems; metabolic issues; diabetes, obesity, or cardiovascular problems; growth, neurological and learning disabilities, and more. Found in many household and industrial products, endocrine disruptors "interfere with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural 1142:, an extract of a flower from Japan, had been used to control these insects and the diseases they can spread. During World War II, Japan stopped exporting pyrethrum, forcing the search for an alternative. Fearing an epidemic outbreak of typhus, every British and American soldier was issued DDT, who used it to routinely dust beds, tents, and barracks all over the world. 1111: 463:

relate to clinically important outcomes, however, remains to be determined, as does its utility as a measure of androgen action in epidemiological studies." Today, it is well-established that AGD is an indicator of fetal androgen exposure, and several studies have found a correlation between AGD and the incidence of prostate cancer.

770:. In fact, almost all plastic products, including those advertised as BPA-free, have been found to leach endocrine-disrupting chemicals. In a 2011, study it was found that some BPA-free products released more endocrine-active chemicals than the BPA-containing products. Other forms of endocrine disruptors are 1328:

reproductive system and production of normal sperm in young animals. In view of the available animal data, precautions should be taken to limit the exposure of the developing male to DEHP". Similarly, phthalates may play a causal role in disrupting masculine neurological development when exposed prenatally.

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recommendations dealt with fire prevention education and improved building engineering, such as the installation of fire sprinklers and smoke detectors. The Commission expected that with the recommendations, a 5% reduction in fire losses could be expected each year, halving the annual losses within 14 years.

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1960s, as compared to less than 3 billion per year in the beginning of the twentieth century. When combined with high-density living, the potential for home fires was higher in the 1960s than it had ever been in the US. By the late 1970s, approximately 6000 people in the US died each year in home fires.

589:, a class of chemicals that has been associated with reproductive-tract issues, were detected in seven of the "chemical-free" products, including three sunscreens that did not list parabens on the label. Vinyl products such as shower curtains were found to contain more than 10% by weight of the compound 1572:

who are socially promiscuous and solitary, when looking at how different species have various forms of development and social brain structure. Both monogamous and promiscuous mice species have been used in these types of experiments, for more information studies can expand on this topic. More complex

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The CC population consists of 83 inbred mouse strains that over many generations in labs came from the eight founder strains. These inbred mice have recombinant genomes that are developed to ensure every strain is equally related, this eradicates population structure and can result in false positives

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There are multiple lines of genetically engineered mice used for lab studies, in this case the lines can be used as population-based genetic foundations. For instance, one population is named Multi-parent and can be a Collaborative Cross (CC) or Diversity Outbred (DO). These mice, while both from the

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A consensus statement by the Learning and Developmental Disabilities Initiative argued that "The very low-dose effects of endocrine disruptors cannot be predicted from high-dose studies, which contradicts the standard 'dose makes the poison' rule of toxicology. Nontraditional dose-response curves are

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There are studies of cell cultures, laboratory animals, wildlife, and accidentally exposed humans that show that environmental chemicals cause a wide range of reproductive, developmental, growth, and behavior effects, and so while "endocrine disruption in humans by pollutant chemicals remains largely

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The timing of exposure is also critical. Most critical stages of development occur in utero, where the fertilized egg divides, rapidly developing every structure of a fully formed baby, including much of the wiring in the brain. Interfering with the hormonal communication in utero can have profound

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of chlorinated compounds used as industrial coolants and lubricants. PCBs are created by heating benzene, a byproduct of gasoline refining, with chlorine. They were first manufactured commercially by the Swann Chemical Company in 1927. In 1933, the health

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More than sixty years ago when biologists began to study the effects of DDT on laboratory animals, it was discovered that DDT interfered with reproductive development. Recent studies suggest DDT may inhibit the proper development of female reproductive organs that adversely affects reproduction into

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women in mid-pregnancy determined that they have much lower levels in their systems than the general population. Mennonites eat mostly fresh, unprocessed foods, farm without pesticides, and use few or no cosmetics or personal care products. One woman who had reported using hairspray and perfume had

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With the increase in household products containing pollutants and the decrease in the quality of building ventilation, indoor air has become a significant source of pollutant exposure. Residents living in houses with wood floors treated in the 1960s with PCB-based wood finish have a much higher body

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in 1993. In this paper, she stated that environmental chemicals disrupt the development of the endocrine system, and that effects of exposure during development are often permanent. Although the endocrine disruption has been disputed by some, work sessions from 1992 to 1999 have generated consensus

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There has been controversy over endocrine disruptors, with some groups calling for swift action by regulators to remove them from the market, and regulators and other scientists calling for further study. Some endocrine disruptors have been identified and removed from the market (for example, a drug

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PCBs in the environment may also be related to reproductive and infertility problems in wildlife. In Alaska, it is thought that they may contribute to reproductive defects, infertility and antler malformation in some deer populations. Declines in the populations of otters and sea lions may also be

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maturity rate, but all of the women had significantly lower concentration of BPA in the study. Early developmental stages appear to be the period of greatest sensitivity to its effects, and some studies have linked prenatal exposure to later physical and neurological difficulties. Regulatory bodies

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The most challenging aspect of this problem is discovering how to eliminate these compounds from the environment and where to focus remediation efforts. Even pollutants no longer in production persist in the environment and bio-accumulate in the food chain. An understanding of how these chemicals,

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In 1998, the EPA announced the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program by establishment of a framework for priority setting, screening and testing more than 85,000 chemicals in commerce. While the Food Quality Protection Act only required the EPA to screen pesticides for potential to produce effects

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lines accessible for breeding. Zebrafish and mammalian genomes when compared have prominent similarities with about 80% of human genes expressed in the fish. Additionally, zebrafish are also fairly inexpensive to breed and house in a lab partly due to their shorter lifespan and being able to house

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of DDT and PCB have been declining. Since their ban in 1972, the PCB body burden in 2009 is one-hundredth of what it was in the early 1980s. On the other hand, monitoring programs of European breast milk samples have shown that PBDE levels are increasing. An analysis of PBDE content in breast milk

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in Japan (Yushō disease, 1968) and Taiwan (Yu-cheng disease, 1979), leading to a worldwide ban on PCB use in 1977. Recent studies show the endocrine interference of certain PCB congeners is toxic to the liver and thyroid, increases childhood obesity in children exposed prenatally, and may increase

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As early as 1946, the harmful effects of DDT on birds, beneficial insects, fish, and marine invertebrates were seen in the environment. The most infamous example of these effects were seen in the eggshells of large predatory birds, which did not develop to be thick enough to support the adult bird

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Consumer goods are another potential source of exposure to endocrine disruptors. An analysis of the composition of 42 household cleaning and personal care products versus 43 "chemical-free" products has been performed. The products contained 55 different chemical compounds: 50 were found in the 42

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and associated incomplete descent of testes and a smaller scrotum and penis. The science behind this study was questioned by phthalate industry consultants, and back in 2008, there were only five studies of anogenital distance in humans, with one researcher stating, "Whether AGD measures in humans

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After failing to meet several deadlines to begin testing, the EPA finally announced that they were ready to begin the process of testing dozens of chemical entities that are suspected endocrine disruptors early in 2007, eleven years after the program was announced. When the final structure of the

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lines of mice in order to study how certain mechanisms work when impacted by EDCs. Transgenic rodents are an important tool for studies involving the mechanisms that are impacted by EDC but take a long time to produce and are expensive. Additionally, the genes aimed at for knockout are not always

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exerts hormonal effects including alteration of thyroid hormone levels. Blood serum levels of PFOA were associated with an increased time to pregnancy—or "infertility"—in a 2009 study. PFOA exposure is associated with decreased semen quality. PFOA appeared to act as an endocrine disruptor by a

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Hormones travel throughout the body and act as chemical messengers. Hormones interface with cells that contain matching receptors in or on their surfaces. The hormone binds with the receptor, much like a key would fit into a lock. The endocrine system regulates adjustments through slower internal

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released a study, the most comprehensive report on EDCs to date, calling for more research to fully understand the associations between EDCs and the risks to health of human and animal life. The team pointed to wide gaps in knowledge and called for more research to obtain a fuller picture of the

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By the 1960s, all homes were wired with electricity and had numerous electrical appliances. Cotton had been the dominant textile used to produce home furnishings, but now home furnishings were composed of mostly synthetic materials. More than 500 billion cigarettes were consumed each year in the

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Tang et al. published research in 2019 that found all 15 different phthalates that were measured in preschoolers' clothing. Levels were largely independent of country of manufacture though they differed by garment type, fabric composition, and garment color. It was found that "when children wore

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pan coatings, furniture, firefighter equipment, industrial, and other common household items. There is evidence to suggest that PFOA is an endocrine disruptor affecting male and female reproductive systems. PFOA delivered to pregnant rats produced male offspring with decreased levels of 3-β and

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and wood, as far back as Roman times. Since it is a non-absorbent material once created, flame retardant chemicals are added to plastic during the polymerization reaction when it is formed. Organic compounds based on halogens like bromine and chlorine are used as the flame retardant additive in

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General Electric was one of the largest US companies to incorporate PCBs into manufactured equipment. Between 1952 and 1977, the New York GE plant had dumped more than 500,000 pounds of PCB waste into the Hudson River. PCBs were first discovered in the environment far from its industrial use by

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crop yields that were threatened by pest infestation, and to reduce the spread of malaria which had a high mortality rate in many parts of the world. Its use for agricultural purposes has since been prohibited by national legislation of most countries, while its use as a control against malaria

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In August 2008, the U.S. FDA issued a draft reassessment, reconfirming their initial opinion that, based on scientific evidence, BPA is safe. However, in October 2008, FDA's advisory Science Board concluded that the Agency's assessment was "flawed" and had not proven the chemical to be safe for

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high levels of monoethyl phthalate, while the other women all had levels below detection. Three women who reported being in a car or truck within 48 hours of providing a urine sample had higher levels of diethylhexyl phthalate, which is found in polyvinyl chloride and is used in car interiors.

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research shows that some endocrine disruptors target the specific hormone trait that allows one hormone to regulate the production or degradation of intrinsic hormones. As endocrine disruptors have the potential to mimic or antagonize natural hormones, these chemicals can exert their effects by

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The socio-economic burden of EDC-associated health effects for the European Union was estimated based on currently available literature in 2016 and considering the uncertainties with respect to causality with EDCs and corresponding health-related costs to be in the range of €46 billion to €288

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Studies suggest that bisphenol A, certain PCBs, and phthalate compounds are preferentially eliminated from the human body through sweat. Although some pollutants like bisphenol A (BPA) are preferentially eliminated from the human body through sweat, recent scientific advances have been made to

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Phthalates are found in some soft toys, flooring, medical equipment, cosmetics and air fresheners. They are of potential health concern because they are known to disrupt the endocrine system of animals, and some research has implicated them in the rise of birth defects of the male reproductive

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had been to set criteria by December 2013 identifying endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in thousands of products—including disinfectants, pesticides and toiletries—that have been linked to cancers, birth defects and development disorders in children. However, the body delayed the process,

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began, the US military used these new plastic materials to improve weapons, protect equipment, and to replace heavy components in aircraft and vehicles. After WWII, manufacturers saw the potential plastics could have in many industries, and plastics were incorporated into new consumer product

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While DO mice have the identical alleles to the CC mice population, there are two major differences: every individual is unique, allowing for hundreds of individuals to be applied in one mapping study, making DO mice an extremely useful tool for determining genetic relationships; however, DO

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released a public report which cautioned against exposing male babies to DEHP. Although there are no direct human studies the FDA report states: "Exposure to DEHP has produced a range of adverse effects in laboratory animals, but of greatest concern are effects on the development of the male

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The interrelationships between exposures to chemicals and health effects are rather complex. It is hard to definitively link a particular chemical with a specific health effect, and exposed adults may not show any ill effects. But, fetuses and embryos, whose growth and development are highly

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released a scientific statement outlining mechanisms and effects of endocrine disruptors on "male and female reproduction, breast development and cancer, prostate cancer, neuroendocrinology, thyroid, metabolism and obesity, and cardiovascular endocrinology," and showing how experimental and

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In 1972, in response to this situation, the National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control was created to study the fire problem in the US. In 1973 they published their findings in "America Burning", a 192-page report that made recommendations to increase fire prevention. Most of the

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called the ban "purely cosmetic". In a statement they said, "If the agency truly wants to prevent people from being exposed to this toxic chemical associated with a variety of serious and chronic conditions it should ban its use in cans of infant formula, food and beverages." The

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of that pollutant declines. Through the efforts of several large-scale monitoring programs, the most prevalent pollutants in the human population are fairly well known. The first step in reducing the body burden of these pollutants is eliminating or phasing out their production.

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A study by Greenpeace Germany published in 2014 again found high levels of phthalates in athletic gear. The print of a t-shirt produced in Argentine contained phthalate levels as high as 15%, while a pair of gloves contained 6% phthalates. The study also found high levels of

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It has been shown that contaminated house dust is a primary source of lead in young children's bodies. It may be that babies and toddlers ingest more contaminated house dust than the adults they live with, and therefore have much higher levels of pollutants in their systems.

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The eight founder strains combine strains that are wild-derived (with high genetic diversity) and historically significant biomedical research bred strains. Each genetically differential line is important in EDCs response and also almost all biological processes and traits.

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A US uranium enrichment site that was contaminated with uranium and PCBs was cleaned up with high tech equipment used to find the pollutants within the soil. The soil and water at a polluted wetlands site were cleaned of VOCs, PCBs and lead, native plants were installed as

1166:. Twenty years after its widespread use, DDT was found trapped in ice samples taken from Antarctic snow, suggesting wind and water are another means of environmental transport. Recent studies show the historical record of DDT deposition on remote glaciers in the Himalayas. 1563:

are socially monogamous, making them a better model for human social behaviors and development in relation to EDCs. Additionally the prairie vole genome has been sequenced making it feasible to do the experiments mentioned above. These voles can be compared to

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17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, a gene that transcribes for proteins involved in the production of sperm. Adult women have exhibited low progesterone and androstenedione production when exposed to PFOA, leading to menstrual and reproductive health issues.

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may be due to the push from Great Lakes Chemical Corporation (GLCC) to profit from its huge investment in bromine. In 1992, the world market consumed approximately 150,000 tonnes of bromine-based flame retardants, and GLCC produced 30% of the world supply.

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Chaparro-Ortega A, Betancourt M, Rosas P, Vázquez-Cuevas FG, Chavira R, Bonilla E, et al. (February 2018). "Endocrine disruptor effect of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on porcine ovarian cell steroidogenesis".

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The effects of acute exposure to PCBs were well known within the companies who used Monsanto's PCB formulation who saw the effects on their workers who came into contact with it regularly. Direct skin contact results in a severe acne-like condition called

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models that have systems that are as close as possible to humans are being looked at. Looking back at more common rodent models, for instance the common ASD mouse, is helpful but does not fully encompass the entirety of a model of human social behaviors.

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Intelligenzabnahme in der Bevölkerung entwickelter Länder: Der negative "Flynn-Effekt" – die unbekannte Seite endokriner Disruptoren. In: Schatz H, Weber M: Endokrinologie – Diabetologie – Stoffwechsel: Neues über Hormone und Metabolismus im Jahre

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Marín-Martínez FM, Arense-Gonzalo JJ, Artes MA, Bobadilla Romero ER, García Porcel VJ, Alcon Cerro P, et al. (November 2023). "Anogenital distance, a biomarker of fetal androgen exposure and the risk of prostate cancer: A case-control study".

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Maldonado-Cárceles AB, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Vera-Porras EM, Árense-Gonzalo JJ, Oñate-Celdrán J, Samper-Mateo P, et al. (March 2017). "Anogenital Distance, a Biomarker of Prenatal Androgen Exposure Is Associated With Prostate Cancer Severity".

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Talsness CE, Shakibaei M, Kuriyama SN, Grande SW, Sterner-Kock A, Schnitker P, et al. (July 2005). "Ultrastructural changes observed in rat ovaries following in utero and lactational exposure to low doses of a polybrominated flame retardant".

1890:, and a community program was implemented to ensure ongoing monitoring of pollutant concentrations in the area. These case studies are encouraging due to the short amount of time needed to remediate the site and the high level of success achieved. 1496:

Because endocrine disruptors affect complex metabolic, reproductive, and neuroendocrine systems, they cannot be modeled in in vitro cell based assay. Consequently, animal models are important for access the risk of endocrine disrupting chemicals.

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Traces of BPS have also been found in personal care products. It is more presently being used because of the ban of BPA. BPS is used in place of BPA in BPA-free items. However, BPS and BPF have been shown to be endocrine disruptors as much as BPA.

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partially due to their exposure to PCBs, the insecticide DDT, other persistent organic pollutants. Bans and restrictions on the use of EDCs have been associated with a reduction in health problems and the recovery of some wildlife populations.

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materials. Through the downstream use in making alkylphenolic resins, alkylphenols are also found in tires, adhesives, coatings, carbonless copy paper and high performance rubber products. They have been used in industry for over 40 years.

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tested for in all samples. Recent studies suggest that contaminated house dust, not food, may be the major source of PBDE in the body. One study estimated that ingestion of house dust accounts for up to 82% of humans' PBDE body burden.

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controlled by the endocrine system, are more vulnerable to exposure and may develop overt or subtle lifelong health or reproductive abnormalities. Prebirth exposure, in some cases, can lead to permanent alterations and adult diseases.

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Ben Rhouma B, Kallabi F, Mahfoudh N, Ben Mahmoud A, Engeli RT, Kamoun H, et al. (January 2017). "Novel cases of Tunisian patients with mutations in the gene encoding 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 and a founder effect".

1472:, commonly known as bottom paint. TBT has been shown to impact invertebrate and vertebrate development, disrupting the endocrine system, resulting in masculinization, lower survival rates, as well as many health problems in mammals. 1726:

has improved the evaluation and regulation process of drugs and other chemicals. The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 and the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1996 simultaneously provided the first legislative direction requiring the

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Andersson N, Arena M, Auteri D, Barmaz S, Grignard E, Kienzler A, et al. (European Chemical Agency (ECHA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) with the technical support of the Joint Research Centre (JRC)) (June 2018).

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hormonally active substances can disrupt the proper functioning of the body's endocrine system. Thus, an endocrine disruptor can elicit adverse effects at much lower doses than a toxicity, acting through a different mechanism.

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Genes may be manipulated in a particular cell populations if done under the correct conditions. For endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) research, these rodents have become an important tool to the point where they can produce

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The second step toward lowering human body burden is awareness of and potentially labeling foods that are likely to contain high amounts of pollutants. This strategy has worked in the past—pregnant and nursing women are

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All people are exposed to chemicals with estrogenic effects in their everyday life, because endocrine disrupting chemicals are found in low doses in thousands of products. Chemicals commonly detected in people include

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Many persistent organic compounds, PCB, DDT and PBDE included, accumulate in river and marine sediments. Several processes are currently being used by the EPA to clean up heavily polluted areas, as outlined in their

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Although an expert panel has concluded that there is "insufficient evidence" that they can harm the reproductive system of infants, California, Washington state, and Europe have banned them from toys. One phthalate,

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maturity. Additional studies suggest that a marked decrease in fertility in adult males may be due to DDT exposure. Most recently, it has been suggested that exposure to DDT in utero can increase a child's risk of

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Human exposure may cause some health effects, such as lower IQ and adult obesity. These effects may lead to lost productivity, disability, or premature death in some people. One source estimated that, within the

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Szlinder-Richert J, Barska I, Mazerski J, Usydus Z (May 2008). "Organochlorine pesticides in fish from the southern Baltic Sea: levels, bioaccumulation features and temporal trends during the 1995–2006 period".

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Tumburu L, Shepard EF, Strand AE, Browdy CL (November 2011). "Effects of endosulfan exposure and Taura Syndrome Virus infection on the survival and molting of the marine penaeid shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei".

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in 2006. Studies with rodents have suggested that even brief exposure to PBDEs can cause developmental and behavior problems in juvenile rodents and exposure interferes with proper thyroid hormone regulation.

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Uemura H, Arisawa K, Hiyoshi M, Satoh H, Sumiyoshi Y, Morinaga K, et al. (September 2008). "Associations of environmental exposure to dioxins with prevalent diabetes among general inhabitants in Japan".

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also contained very high levels of these chemicals. It was also noted that manufacturers work to replace more regulated substances, such as DEHP, with newer ones, that may not yet be as tightly regulated.

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Alleva E, Brock J, Brouwer A, Colborn T, Fossi MC, Gray E, et al. (1998). "Statement from the work session on environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals: neural, endocrine, and behavioral effects".

306:. The relevance of the DES saga to the risks of exposure to endocrine disruptors is questionable, as the doses involved are much higher in these individuals than in those due to environmental exposures. 4893:

Anderson HA, Imm P, Knobeloch L, Turyk M, Mathew J, Buelow C, et al. (September 2008). "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in serum: findings from a US cohort of consumers of sport-caught fish".

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Research: more scientific evidence is needed to identify the effects of mixtures of EDCs on humans and wildlife (mainly from industrial by-products) to which humans and wildlife are increasingly exposed.

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Health cost that may be associated with Endocrine Disrupting Chemical – An inventory, evaluation and way forward to assess the potential socio-economic impact of EDC-associated health effects in the EU

9509:"Diethylstilbestrol (DES)-stimulated hormonal toxicity is mediated by ERα alteration of target gene methylation patterns and epigenetic modifiers (DNMT3A, MBD2, and HDAC2) in the mouse seminal vesicle" 3145:

Golden RJ, Noller KL, Titus-Ernstoff L, Kaufman RH, Mittendorf R, Stillman R, et al. (March 1998). "Environmental endocrine modulators and human health: an assessment of the biological evidence".

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Brock J, Colborn T, Cooper R, Craine DA, Dodson SF, Garry VF, et al. (1999). "Statement from the Work Session on Health Effects of Contemporary-Use Pesticides: the Wildlife / Human Connection".

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samples from Europe, Canada, and the US shows that levels are 40 times higher for North American women than for Swedish women, and that levels in North America are doubling every two to six years.

3741:"A brominated flame retardant, 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether: uptake, retention, and induction of neurobehavioral alterations in mice during a critical phase of neonatal brain development" 1488:

It has been discussed that the long-term slow decline in average body temperature observed since the beginning of the industrial revolution may result from disrupted thyroid hormone signalling.

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Testing: known EDCs are only the 'tip of the iceberg' and more comprehensive testing methods are required to identify other possible endocrine disruptors, their sources, and routes of exposure.

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exposure in infants, including through clothing. It was found that laundering could not remove phthalates completely. Out of the six different types of phthalates that were measured, DEHP and

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Eriksson P, Lundkvist U, Fredriksson A (1991). "Neonatal exposure to 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl: changes in spontaneous behaviour and cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the adult mouse".

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Hormones work at very small doses (part per billion ranges). Endocrine disruption can thereby also occur from low-dose exposure to exogenous hormones or hormonally active chemicals such as

1059:. In a statement a FDA spokesman said the agency's action was not based on safety concerns and that "the agency continues to support the safety of BPA for use in products that hold food." 1526:

These rodents, mainly mice, have been bred by inserting other genes from another organism to make transgenic lines (thousands of lines) of rodents. The most recent tool used to do this is

16470: 1205:. Exposure increases the risk of skin cancer, liver cancer, and brain cancer. Monsanto tried for years to downplay the health problems related to PCB exposure in order to continue sales. 1006:. Another exposure comes from receipt paper commonly used at grocery stores and restaurants, because today the paper is commonly coated with a BPA containing clay for printing purposes. 10595: 8730:

Knobeloch L, Turyk M, Imm P, Schrank C, Anderson H (January 2009). "Temporal changes in PCB and DDE levels among a cohort of frequent and infrequent consumers of Great Lakes sportfish".

6534: 5673:

Soares A, Guieysse B, Jefferson B, Cartmell E, Lester JN (October 2008). "Nonylphenol in the environment: a critical review on occurrence, fate, toxicity and treatment in wastewaters".

1663:

results from additive, multiplicative or more complex interactions of disruptors in combination that yield fundamentally different effects from that of the respective substances alone.

1081:

set a reference dose for BPA at 50 μg/kg/day for mammals, although exposure to doses lower than the reference dose has been shown to affect both male and female reproductive systems.

13915: 13910: 5200: 6510: 9217:"Dietary fat alters body composition, mammary development, and cytochrome p450 induction after maternal TCDD exposure in DBA/2J mice with low-responsive aryl hydrocarbon receptors" 7072:

Tiemann U (April 2008). "In vivo and in vitro effects of the organochlorine pesticides DDT, TCPM, methoxychlor, and lindane on the female reproductive tract of mammals: a review".

5281:

Tang Z, Chai M, Wang Y, Cheng J (April 2020). "Phthalates in preschool children's clothing manufactured in seven Asian countries: Occurrence, profiles and potential health risks".

10942: 3002: 3782:"Neonatal exposure to higher brominated diphenyl ethers, hepta-, octa-, or nonabromodiphenyl ether, impairs spontaneous behavior and learning and memory functions of adult mice" 11620: 13333: 4575:

Fürst P (October 2006). "Dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and other organohalogen compounds in human milk. Levels, correlations, trends and exposure through breastfeeding".

515:

Low concentrations of endocrine disruptors can also have synergistic effects in amphibians, but it is not clear that this is an effect mediated through the endocrine system.

15796: 11874: 5959:"Urinary Concentrations of Phthalate Metabolites and Bisphenol A and Associations with Follicular-Phase Length, Luteal-Phase Length, Fecundability, and Early Pregnancy Loss" 3083: 3334: 298:

and not an environmental pollutant. Prior to its ban in the early 1970s, doctors prescribed DES to as many as five million pregnant women to block spontaneous abortion, an

2056: 1785:"This delay is due to the European chemical lobby, which put pressure again on different commissioners. Hormone disrupters are becoming a huge problem. In some places in 1551:

Experiments (gene by environment) with these relatively new rodent models may be able to discover if there are mechanisms that EDCs could impact in the social decline in

13496: 5235:

Li HL, Ma WL, Liu LY, Zhang Z, Sverko E, Zhang ZF, et al. (September 2019). "Phthalates in infant cotton clothing: Occurrence and implications for human exposure".

1630: 7719:"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, a group of brominated flame retardants, can interact with polychlorinated biphenyls in enhancing developmental neurobehavioral defects" 11864: 10675: 6275:

Beronius A, Rudén C, Håkansson H, Hanberg A (April 2010). "Risk to all or none? A comparative analysis of controversies in the health risk assessment of Bisphenol A".

1366:

potential mechanism on breast maturation in young girls. A C8 Science Panel status report noted an association between exposure in girls and a later onset of puberty.

10912: 7497: 3604:"Effects of perinatal PBDE exposure on hepatic phase I, phase II, phase III, and deiodinase 1 gene expression involved in thyroid hormone metabolism in male rat pups" 2520:"Long term transcriptional and behavioral effects in mice developmentally exposed to a mixture of endocrine disruptors associated with delayed human neurodevelopment" 5583:"Alkylphenol xenoestrogens with varying carbon chain lengths differentially and potently activate signaling and functional responses in GH3/B6/F10 somatomammotropes" 1789:

we see double-sexed fish. We have scientific reports on how this affects fertility of young boys and girls, and other serious effects," Swedish Environment Minister

12188: 10972: 8116:"Dietary exposure to 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) alters thyroid status and thyroid hormone-regulated gene transcription in the pituitary and brain" 6008:"The association of bisphenol-A urinary concentrations with antral follicle counts and other measures of ovarian reserve in women undergoing infertility treatments" 302:

of this medication prior to 1947. It was discovered after the children went through puberty that DES affected the development of the reproductive system and caused

221:), but it is uncertain whether some endocrine disruptors on the market actually harm humans and wildlife at the doses to which wildlife and humans are exposed. The 16028: 15368: 8348: 1034:

have determined safety levels for humans, but those safety levels are currently being questioned or are under review as a result of new scientific studies. A 2011

3653:"Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats" 178:) systems. These disruptions can cause numerous adverse human health outcomes, including alterations in sperm quality and fertility; abnormalities in sex organs‚ 5733: 2324:"River otters (Lontra canadensis) "trapped" in a coastal environment contaminated with persistent organic pollutants: Demographic and physiological consequences" 9912:

Engell MD, Godwin J, Young LJ, Vandenbergh JG (2006). "Perinatal exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds alters behavior and brain in the female pine vole".

1042:

expert panel recommended no new regulations limiting or banning the use of bisphenol A, stating that "initiation of public health measures would be premature."

554:. In a study of 32 different common food products from three grocery stores in Dallas, Texas, fish and other animal products were found to be contaminated with 13847: 11562: 6791:

Lundholm CD (October 1997). "DDE-induced eggshell thinning in birds: effects of p, p′-DDE on the calcium and prostaglandin metabolism of the eggshell gland".

9172:

Threadgill DW, Hunter KW, Williams RW (April 2002). "Genetic dissection of complex and quantitative traits: from fantasy to reality via a community effort".

4455:"In utero and lactational exposures to low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether-47 alter the reproductive system and thyroid gland of female rat offspring" 1151: 284:, loss of fetus, menstrual problems); changes in hormone levels; early puberty; brain and behavior problems; impaired immune functions; and various cancers. 9715:"Species, sex and individual differences in the vasotocin/vasopressin system: relationship to neurochemical signaling in the social behavior neural network" 1820:

across the EU anywhere from 59 million to 1.18 billion Euros a year, noting that even this represented only "a fraction of the endocrine related diseases".

5785:"Critical evaluation of observed adverse effects of endocrine active substances on reproduction and development, the immune system, and the nervous system" 1592:

The zebrafish embryos are transparent, relatively small fish (larvae are less than a few millimeters in size). This allows scientists to view the larvae (

341:

Collaboration: more data sharing between scientists and between countries can fill gaps in data, primarily in developing countries and emerging economies.

16194: 6743: 3471:"Lymphoma and lung cancer in offspring born to pregnant mice dosed with dibenzo[a, l]pyrene: the importance of in utero vs. lactational exposure" 2730: 1865: 10149:"The insecticide permethrin induces transgenerational behavioral changes linked to transcriptomic and epigenetic alterations in zebrafish (Danio rerio)" 9617:"Development of genomic resources for the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster): construction of a BAC library and vole-mouse comparative cytogenetic map" 6535:"Statement from Stephen Ostroff M.D., Deputy Commissioner for Foods and Veterinary Medicine, on National Toxicology Program draft report on Bisphenol A" 6202: 1074:(named CLARITY-BPA) found no effect of chronic exposure to BPA on rats and the FDA considers currently authorized uses of BPA to be safe for consumers. 7763: 9865:"A novel model for neuroendocrine toxicology: neurobehavioral effects of BPA exposure in a prosocial species, the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster)" 15943: 13310: 6203:"Draft Screening Assessment for The Challenge Phenol, 4,4′-(1-methylethylidene)bis- (Bisphenol A) Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 80-05-7" 4429: 1458:, a chemical blocker that provides broad-spectrum UV coverage, yet is subject to a lot of controversy due its potential estrogenic effect in humans. 1263:

designs. Plastics began to replace wood and metal in existing products as well, and today plastics are the most widely used manufacturing materials.

897: 48: 11994: 1894:

increase the rate of elimination of pollutants from the human body. For example, BPA removal techniques have been proposed that use enzymes such as

15709: 4850:

Stapleton HM, Dodder NG, Offenberg JH, Schantz MM, Wise SA (February 2005). "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust and clothes dryer lint".

4653:

Hites RA, Foran JA, Carpenter DO, Hamilton MC, Knuth BA, Schwager SJ (January 2004). "Global assessment of organic contaminants in farmed salmon".

13900: 11499: 420:

undemonstrated, the underlying science is sound and the potential for such effects is real." While compounds that produce estrogenic, androgenic,

249:

epidemiological studies converge with human clinical observations "to implicate endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs) as a significant concern to

15760: 15752: 10773: 15335: 12882: 12872: 8776:

Norén K, Meironyté D (2000). "Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20-30 years".

7652:"Negative association between plasma levels of adiponectin and polychlorinated biphenyl 153 in obese women under non-energy-restrictive regime" 5218: 1770:(TTIP) negotiators insisted the EU drop the criteria. They stated that a risk-based approach should be taken on regulation. Later the same day 1767: 1235:

used in plastic cases of televisions and computers, electronics, carpets, lighting, bedding, clothing, car components, foam cushions and other

1009:

BPA is a known endocrine disruptor, and numerous studies have found that laboratory animals exposed to low levels of it have elevated rates of

11273: 10747: 5826:"Direct evidence revealing structural elements essential for the high binding ability of bisphenol A to human estrogen-related receptor-gamma" 1287:

PBDEs have the potential to disrupt thyroid hormone balance and contribute to a variety of neurological and developmental deficits, including

338:

Reporting: many sources of EDCs are not known because of insufficient reporting and information on chemicals in products, materials and goods.

16095: 16090: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15448: 13315: 11062:"Biomonitoring and Elimination of Perfluorinated Compounds and Polychlorinated Biphenyls through Perspiration: Blood, Urine, and Sweat Study" 1078: 831: 287:

One example of the consequences of the exposure of developing animals, including humans, to hormonally active agents is the case of the drug

5489: 4793:"PCB-containing wood floor finish is a likely source of elevated PCBs in residents' blood, household air and dust: a case study of exposure" 504:

Endocrine-disrupting effects have been noted in animals exposed to environmentally relevant levels of some chemicals. For example, a common

16054: 15974: 15771: 15073: 14857: 13356: 13351: 13136: 12912: 12902: 10603: 3017: 1812:

released its own independent report that estimated the impact of environmental EDCs on male reproductive health, and the resulting cost to

14560: 10727:"The Cost of Inaction: A Socioeconomic analysis of costs linked to effects of endocrine disrupting substances on male reproductive health" 10703: 4610:

Schecter A, Päpke O, Tung KC, Staskal D, Birnbaum L (October 2004). "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers contamination of United States food".

15846: 15841: 15613: 15538: 13655: 13590: 13585: 13535: 13366: 13280: 12892: 7937: 3207: 585:

conventional samples representing 170 product types, while 41 were detected in 43 "chemical-free" samples representing 39 product types.

435:

Some in the scientific community are concerned that exposure to endocrine disruptors in the womb or early in life may be associated with

15821: 15816: 15663: 15658: 14010: 13840: 13650: 13525: 13476: 13300: 13285: 13216: 12927: 12837: 11555: 5471: 1609:

Research on endocrine disruptors is challenged by five complexities requiring special trial designs and sophisticated study protocols:

567:

burden than the general population. A study of indoor house dust and dryer lint of 16 homes found high levels of all 22 different PBDE

8318: 7227: 1902:

to degrade BPA into less harmful compounds. Another technique for BPA removal is the use of highly reactive radicals for degradation.

16156: 15989: 15984: 15668: 15503: 15458: 14807: 13809: 13116: 13111: 13101: 12942: 12772: 8976:"Is the Observed Decrease in Body Temperature During Industrialization Due to Thyroid Hormone-Dependent Thermoregulation Disruption?" 5910:"Urinary bisphenol A, phthalates, and couple fecundity: the Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment (LIFE) Study" 9359:"New insights into the classical and non-classical actions of estrogen: evidence from estrogen receptor knock-out and knock-in mice" 7194: 15826: 15734: 15729: 15719: 15633: 15558: 14570: 13645: 13466: 12817: 10979: 10949: 10919: 5027:

Charney E, Sayre J, Coulter M (February 1980). "Increased lead absorption in inner city children: where does the lead come from?".

2122: 1258:

In the 1930s and 1940s, the plastics industry developed technologies to create a variety of plastics with broad applications. Once

1208:

The detrimental health effects of PCB exposure to humans became undeniable when two separate incidents of contaminated cooking oil

407:

hormones are already present in the body in biologically active concentrations, additional exposure to relatively small amounts of

9460:"Non-nuclear estrogen receptor alpha signaling promotes cardiovascular protection but not uterine or breast cancer growth in mice" 7846: 4338:"Structural and functional evidences for the interactions between nuclear hormone receptors and endocrine disruptors at low doses" 3094: 1189:

effects of direct PCB exposure was seen in those who worked with the chemicals at the manufacturing facility in Alabama. In 1935,

958: 109: 16187: 15673: 13814: 12294: 9307:"Positive, but not negative feedback actions of estradiol in adult female mice require estrogen receptor α in kisspeptin neurons" 7461:

Sinks T, Steele G, Smith AB, Watkins K, Shults RA (August 1992). "Mortality among workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls".

3338: 3233: 253:." The statement noted that it is difficult to show that endocrine disruptors cause human diseases, and it recommended that the 8819:

Hites RA (February 2004). "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations".

2097: 1751:

groups. Similarly, proof that these effects occur in humans would require human testing, and such testing also has opposition.

930: 458:

in pregnant women's urine was linked to subtle, but specific, genital changes in their male infants—a shorter, more female-like

81: 15349: 12807: 1766:

In 2013, a number of pesticides containing endocrine disrupting chemicals were in draft EU criteria to be banned. On 2 May, US

11391:"Guidance for the identification of endocrine disruptors in the context of Regulations (EU) No 528/2012 and (EC) No 1107/2009" 11164:"Endocrine disrupting effects of bisphenol A exposure and recent advances on its removal by water treatment systems. A review" 10627:"Endocrine disrupting chemicals research program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: summary of a peer-review report" 5395:

Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals (Report). National Center for Environmental Health. 2021.

3354:"Growth abnormalities in the population exposed in utero and early postnatally to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans" 3259: 1782:

prompting Sweden to state that it would sue the commission in May 2014—blaming chemical industry lobbying for the disruption.

16151: 13833: 13804: 12756: 11548: 11485: 11451: 11378: 11361: 11334: 11310: 10407: 7021:

Stoner HB (December 1953). "Effect of 2,2-bis (parachlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane (DDD) on the adrenal cortex of the rat".

6163:"Serum unconjugated bisphenol A concentrations in women may adversely influence oocyte quality during in vitro fertilization" 5767: 4270: 4245: 3903:

Colborn T, Carroll LE (2007). "Pesticides, sexual development, reproduction, and fertility: current perspective and future".

3191: 2850: 2745: 1824: 11889: 10427: 8377: 7793: 7505: 543:

Food is a major mechanism by which people are exposed to pollutants. Diet is thought to account for up to 90% of a person's

16480: 16449: 16146: 14642: 14120: 13799: 11795: 1962: 1255:. PBDEs are similar in chemical structure to PCBs, and it has been suggested that PBDEs act by the same mechanism as PCBs. 1038:

that investigated the number of chemicals pregnant women are exposed to in the U.S. found BPA in 96% of women. In 2010 the

937: 324: 260:

Endocrine disrupting compounds encompass a variety of chemical classes, including drugs, pesticides, compounds used in the

88: 17: 3940: 1695:

The multitude of possible endocrine disruptors are technically regulated in the United States by many laws, including the

15880: 12144: 268:

and even some naturally produced botanical chemicals. Some are pervasive and widely dispersed in the environment and may

8359: 7820: 2835:"Statement from the work session on chemically induced alterations in functional development and reproduction of fishes" 2731:"Statement from the Work Session on Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual Development: The Wildlife/Human Connection" 1356:

PFOA is a stable chemical that has been used for its grease-, fire-, and water-resistant properties in products such as

242:

statements from scientists regarding the hazard from endocrine disruptors, particularly in wildlife and also in humans.

16180: 14105: 14100: 12551: 12546: 11321: 6360: 1092:

and Bisphenol F are analogs of bisphenol A. They are commonly found in thermal receipts, plastics, and household dust.

11984: 10876:

Field JA, Sierra-Alvarez R (September 2008). "Microbial transformation and degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls".

8462:"Dibutyl Phthalate Exposure Disrupts Evolutionarily Conserved Insulin and Glucagon-Like Signaling in Drosophila Males" 6978:

Tauber OE, Hughes AB (November 1950). "Effect of DDT ingestion on total cholesterol content of ovaries of white rat".

1002:

Bisphenol A is commonly found in plastic bottles, plastic food containers, dental materials, and the linings of metal

631:

has reported on endocrine-disrupting chemicals in clothing since 2011. In 2013, Greenpeace found detectable levels of

237:

was coined in 1991 at the Wingspread Conference Center in Wisconsin. One of the early papers on the phenomenon was by

14153: 12213: 11790: 10850: 10457:"Early life bisphenol A exposure and neurobehavior at 8years of age: Identifying windows of heightened vulnerability" 7922: 7537: 1731:

to address endocrine disruption through establishment of a program for screening and testing of chemical substances.

1375: 1323:(DEHP), used in medical tubing, catheters and blood bags, may harm sexual development in male infants. In 2002, the 1052: 944: 697:

trousers, long-sleeved shirts, briefs and socks at the same time, the reproductive risks exceeded acceptable level".

95: 12996: 10100:"High-throughput characterization of chemical-associated embryonic behavioral changes predicts teratogenic outcomes" 6487: 5107: 916: 512:-47, affects the reproductive system and thyroid gland of female rats in doses similar to which humans are exposed. 201:

can be derailed by hormone disruptors. Specifically, endocrine disruptors may be associated with the development of

67: 14169: 13395: 12300: 12263: 12093: 12058: 11432:"Revised Guidance Document 150 on Standardised Test Guidelines for Evaluating Chemicals for Endocrine Disruption". 10726: 8168:"Environmental anti-androgens and male reproductive health: focus on phthalates and testicular dysgenesis syndrome" 1932: 1451:

resulted increased susceptibility to acute toxicity and increased mortalities in the postmolt stage of the shrimp.

14724: 14290: 11989: 3049: 2373:"In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS study" 1158:

sitting on them. Further studies found DDT in high concentrations in carnivores all over the world, the result of

16172: 15304: 12218: 11528: 7310:"Expression of AhR, CYP1A1, GSTA1, c-fos and TGF-alpha in skin lesions from dioxin-exposed humans with chloracne" 7257:

Jensen S, Johnels AG, Olsson M, Otterlind G (October 1969). "DDT and PCB in marine animals from Swedish waters".

2463:"Prenatal exposure to bisphenols and cognitive function in children at 7 years of age in the Swedish SELMA study" 1383: 328:

health and environmental impacts of endocrine disruptors. To improve global knowledge the team has recommended:

14364: 14332: 6777: 6651:"A new chapter in the bisphenol A story: bisphenol S and bisphenol F are not safe alternatives to this compound" 6561:"Low dose effects of bisphenol A: An integrated review of in vitro, laboratory animal, and epidemiology studies" 4117:"Reliability and determinants of anogenital distance and penis dimensions in male newborns from Chiapas, Mexico" 2577:"The ENDpoiNTs Project: Novel Testing Strategies for Endocrine Disruptors Linked to Developmental Neurotoxicity" 926: 77: 16465: 16444: 16341: 14555: 11748: 11514: 11220: 4552: 3561:

Recabarren SE, Rojas-García PP, Recabarren MP, Alfaro VH, Smith R, Padmanabhan V, et al. (December 2008).

1226: 763: 555: 12986: 11370:

Our stolen future: are we threatening our fertility, intelligence, and survival?: a scientific detective story

8256:

Kaiser J (October 2005). "Toxicology. Panel finds no proof that phthalates harm infant reproductive systems".

6755: 2751: 1843:

There is evidence that once a pollutant is no longer in use, or once its use is heavily restricted, the human

1174:. DDT is still used as anti-malarial insecticide in Africa and parts of Southeast Asia in limited quantities. 1138:

led to its use against the mosquitoes, lice, and houseflies that carried these diseases. Before World War II,

16501: 10060:

Segner H (March 2009). "Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism for investigating endocrine disruption".

6212: 2140:

Casals-Casas C, Desvergne B (17 March 2011). "Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption".

1771: 1723: 1716: 1379: 273: 11655: 11635: 10006:"Sex differences in microglial colonization and vulnerabilities to endocrine disruption in the social brain" 7771: 6692:"Early prenatal exposure to suspected endocrine disruptor mixtures is associated with lower IQ at age seven" 2778:"Statement from the Work Session on Environmentally induced Alterations in Development: A Focus on Wildlife" 1193:

acquired the company, taking over US production and licensing PCB manufacturing technology internationally.

16439: 16141: 14455: 13794: 13764: 13329: 12623: 12011: 6602:"Bisphenol S and F: A Systematic Review and Comparison of the Hormonal Activity of Bisphenol A Substitutes" 4287: 1696: 1681:

reflects the fact that effects may be different depending on whether embryos or fetuses are female or male.

1324: 1071: 873:. Nonylphenol is considered to be a low-level endocrine disruptor owing to its tendency to mimic estrogen. 15905: 14015: 13990: 12484: 11837: 11650: 4436: 3941:

Collaborative on Health, the Environment's Learning, Developmental Disabilities Initiative (1 July 2008).

3822: 16434: 16250: 16161: 14403: 12701: 12063: 11665: 11225:"Estimating burden and disease costs of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the European union" 5507: 4453:

Talsness CE, Kuriyama SN, Sterner-Kock A, Schnitker P, Grande SW, Shakibaei M, et al. (March 2008).

2953:

Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins GS, Soto AM, et al. (June 2009).

2055:

Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins GS, Soto AM, et al. (June 2009).

1809: 1704: 1700: 1320: 1145:

DDT was approved for general, non-military use after the war ended. It became used worldwide to increase

1067: 1047: 636: 590: 501:. This means that very low and very high levels have more effects than mid-level exposure to a toxicant. 436: 12686: 12681: 12489: 9357:

McDevitt MA, Glidewell-Kenney C, Jimenez MA, Ahearn PC, Weiss J, Jameson JL, et al. (August 2008).

7146:"Intrauterine exposure to environmental pollutants and body mass index during the first 3 years of life" 5957:

Jukic AM, Calafat AM, McConnaughey DR, Longnecker MP, Hoppin JA, Weinberg CR, et al. (March 2016).

3868:

Bern HA (November 1992). "The development of the role of hormones in development—a double remembrance".

14408: 12223: 11842: 7559:"Neurotoxicity of Persistent Organic Pollutants: Possible Mode(s) of Action and Further Considerations" 6559:

Vandenberg LN, Ehrlich S, Belcher SM, Ben-Jonathan N, Dolinoy DC, Hugo ER, et al. (October 2013).

6380: 2422:"Exposure to phthalates: reproductive outcome and children health. A review of epidemiological studies" 498: 206: 12991: 7692:"Effects of human exposure to hormone-disrupting chemicals examined in landmark United Nations report" 7336: 6649:

Eladak S, Grisin T, Moison D, Guerquin MJ, N'Tumba-Byn T, Pozzi-Gaudin S, et al. (January 2015).

4504:"Pesticide mixtures, endocrine disruption, and amphibian declines: are we underestimating the impact?" 2518:

Repouskou A, Papadopoulou AK, Panagiotidou E, Trichas P, Lindh C, Bergman Å, et al. (June 2020).

2175: 1871:

Naturally occurring microbes that degrade PCB congeners to remediate contaminated areas are utilized.

830:

are used because of their alleged "toxicity, persistence, and the liability to bioaccumulate" but the

729:

during manufacturing may leach into the environment after the plastic item is discarded; additives in

16286: 15463: 15373: 14595: 12053: 11780: 11726: 9765:

Young LJ, Lim MM, Gingrich B, Insel TR (September 2001). "Cellular mechanisms of social attachment".

5760:

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice (Contemporary Endocrinology)

3943:"Scientific Consensus Statement on Environmental Agents Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders" 1879: 1240: 1183: 1039: 905: 797: 480: 403:. These chemicals can bind to receptors for other hormonally mediated processes. Furthermore, since 222: 56: 11832: 10801:"Persistent Organic Pollutants in Food: Contamination Sources, Health Effects and Detection Methods" 6690:

Tanner EM, Hallerbäck MU, Wikström S, Lindh C, Kiviranta H, Gennings C, et al. (January 2020).

6006:

Souter I, Smith KW, Dimitriadis I, Ehrlich S, Williams PL, Calafat AM, et al. (December 2013).

4937:

Morland KB, Landrigan PJ, Sjödin A, Gobeille AK, Jones RS, McGahee EE, et al. (December 2005).

700:

In a review of 120 articles from 2014 to 2023 about phthalates in clothing, it was found that while

16356: 16346: 16208: 16024: 15786: 15699: 15324: 15017: 14550: 14545: 14445: 12643: 12612: 12332: 12273: 12006: 11784: 11660: 11610: 10751: 9615:

McGraw LA, Davis JK, Lowman JJ, ten Hallers BF, Koriabine M, Young LJ, et al. (January 2010).

9305:

Dubois SL, Acosta-Martínez M, DeJoseph MR, Wolfe A, Radovick S, Boehm U, et al. (March 2015).

8299: 7885: 6112:

Lathi RB, Liebert CA, Brookfield KF, Taylor JA, vom Saal FS, Fujimoto VY, et al. (July 2014).

5424:"Most plastic products release estrogenic chemicals: a potential health problem that can be solved" 2738:

Chemically-induced alterations in sexual and functional development-- the wildlife/human connection

2461:

Bornehag CG, Engdahl E, Unenge Hallerbäck M, Wikström S, Lindh C, Rüegg J, et al. (May 2021).

1916: 1248: 755: 544: 12981: 12716: 12696: 10455:

Stacy SL, Papandonatos GD, Calafat AM, Chen A, Yolton K, Lanphear BP, et al. (October 2017).

9863:

Sullivan AW, Beach EC, Stetzik LA, Perry A, D'Addezio AS, Cushing BS, et al. (October 2014).

9813:"The oxytocin system in drug discovery for autism: animal models and novel therapeutic strategies" 7309: 15312: 15222: 14847: 14837: 14772: 14300: 14070: 13512: 12439: 12001: 11901: 7917:, Environmental Health Criteria monograph No. 192, Geneva: World Health Organization, 1997, 7691: 7532:, Environmental Health Criteria monograph No. 002, Geneva: World Health Organization, 1976, 7117:"Impairment of Testicular Endocrine and Exocrine Functions after Dieldrin Exposure in Adult Rats" 6439: 6406: 5179: 2626: 1967: 1712: 951: 901: 826:. The European Union has implemented sales and use restrictions on certain applications in which 659: 369: 312:

life subjected to endocrine disruptors in an urban effluent have experienced decreased levels of

254: 102: 52: 14110: 14085: 14025: 14020: 12183: 10950:"Profiles & Case Studies of Green Remediation: Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Paducah, KY" 7878: 6414: 6063:

Mok-Lin E, Ehrlich S, Williams PL, Petrozza J, Wright DL, Calafat AM, et al. (April 2010).

5716: 635:

in 33 out of 35 printed articles of clothing from a global sample. A particularly high level of

530:

have fundamentally different (and harmful) effects on the body at low doses than at high doses.

16506: 16361: 16239: 15280: 14832: 14312: 14237: 14232: 14185: 13504: 12639: 12278: 12149: 12021: 11869: 11738: 11687: 9074:

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Most toxicants, including endocrine disruptors, have been claimed to follow a U-shaped

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3942: 1209: 16291: 16277: 15523: 15256: 15130: 14762: 14709: 14664: 14465: 13381: 13266: 13121: 12792: 12459: 12434: 12285: 12238: 12048: 11908: 10897: 10480: 9565:"The prairie vole: an emerging model organism for understanding the social brain" 9215:

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plastics, and in fabric based textiles as well. The widespread use of brominated

1232: 1018: 701: 651: 505: 428:

actions have been studied, less is known about interactions with other hormones.

400: 269: 15234: 15230: 15208: 11188: 11163: 10021: 9828: 9730: 9140: 8615: 8460:

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There are many success stories of cleanup efforts of large heavily contaminated

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implies that dose-effect relationships use to be nonlinear and sometimes even

16495: 16314: 15608: 15443: 15418: 15198: 15116: 14949: 14927: 14782: 14659: 14391: 14242: 14200: 13635: 13580: 13555: 13131: 12529: 12429: 11640: 11443: 11406: 11197: 9263: 8992: 8209:"Phthalates and Baby Boys: Potential Disruption of Human Genital Development" 6207: 5886: 5630:

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The endocrine systems between mammals and fish are similar; because of this,

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Guo W, Pan B, Sakkiah S, Yavas G, Ge W, Zou W, et al. (November 2019).

10305: 9633: 8556: 8385: 8349:"Children's Safe Product Act – RCW 70.240.020 Lead, Cadmium, and Phthalates" 7735: 7718: 6161:

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5801: 5784: 4674: 4021:"Validity of anogenital distance as a marker of in utero phthalate exposure" 3838: 3798: 3781: 3651:

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Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was first used as a pesticide against

796:. Synthetic xenoestrogens include widely used industrial compounds, such as 15776: 15748: 15724: 15593: 15518: 15428: 15423: 15413: 15216: 15182: 15172: 15168: 15103: 15097: 15029: 14525: 14515: 14490: 14354: 14307: 14161: 14149: 13774: 13630: 13560: 13461: 13451: 13416: 13386: 13320: 13295: 13246: 13201: 13166: 13141: 13086: 13041: 12877: 12659: 12576: 12464: 12394: 12369: 12317: 12307: 12253: 12100: 12033: 11918: 11913: 11896: 11847: 11524: 11424: 11258: 11148: 11097: 11046: 10905: 10836: 10817: 10660: 10557: 10498: 10428:"Endocrine Disruptors: from Scientific Evidence to Human Health Protection" 10380: 10323: 10274: 10225: 10182: 10133: 10081: 10039: 9990: 9941: 9898: 9846: 9786: 9778: 9748: 9696: 9652: 9598: 9542: 9493: 9444: 9392: 9340: 9291: 9250: 9193: 9158: 9109: 9060: 9011: 8960: 8905: 8848: 8805: 8759: 8708: 8667: 8623: 8587: 8536: 8487: 8446: 8277: 8193: 8149: 8100: 8043: 7744: 7677: 7636: 7592: 7344: 7179: 7101: 7050: 6999: 6956: 6856: 6725: 6676: 6635: 6345: 6296: 6261: 6188: 6147: 6098: 6049: 5992: 5943: 5894: 5859: 5702: 5659: 5616: 5567: 5457: 5378: 5360: 5310: 5264: 5170: 5108:"Endocrine disruptors and asthma-associated chemicals in consumer products" 5097: 5064:"Endocrine Disruptors and Asthma-Associated Chemicals in Consumer Products" 5013: 5004: 4987: 4972: 4923: 4879: 4836: 4742: 4682: 4639: 4596: 4588: 4537: 4488: 4406: 4363: 4314: 4288:"Nuclear receptors are the major targets of endocrine disrupting chemicals" 4222: 4186: 4150: 4089: 4081: 4054: 4005: 3846: 3807: 3766: 3722: 3686: 3637: 3588: 3512: 3455: 3320: 2988: 2955:"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement" 2952: 2819: 2612: 2561: 2496: 2447: 2406: 2357: 2251: 2161: 2093: 2057:"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement" 2054: 2033: 1984: 1979: 1937: 1565: 1556: 1259: 817: 783: 625:

A more recent discussion around exposure to EDCs has been around clothing.

421: 377: 292: 265: 238: 16373: 11329:. United Nations Environment Programme and the World Health Organization. 11129: 11078: 11027: 10854: 10676:"EU dropped pesticide laws due to US pressure over TTIP, documents reveal" 10098:

Reif DM, Truong L, Mandrell D, Marvel S, Zhang G, Tanguay RL (June 2016).

9091: 8224: 7482: 7439: 7404: 7386: 7286: 6905: 6812: 6114:"Conjugated bisphenol A in maternal serum in relation to miscarriage risk" 5400: 5048: 5040: 4817: 3889: 3547: 3395: 3166: 2896: 2691: 2308: 309: 16310: 16282: 16217: 16121: 16049: 16014: 16009: 15969: 15939: 15925: 15915: 15910: 15739: 15683: 15678: 15573: 15568: 15548: 15498: 15473: 15468: 15393: 15383: 15300: 15296: 15292: 15284: 15274: 15270: 15238: 15226: 15212: 15204: 15144: 15077: 15021: 14993: 14827: 14802: 14674: 14575: 14450: 14374: 14344: 14195: 14175: 14125: 14079: 13975: 13759: 13640: 13625: 13620: 13550: 13486: 13441: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13290: 13236: 13231: 13211: 13151: 13096: 13066: 13056: 13046: 13016: 13001: 12917: 12897: 12802: 12726: 12618: 12571: 12536: 12454: 12444: 12389: 12347: 12312: 12258: 12243: 12208: 12203: 11957: 11928: 11240: 10004:

Rebuli ME, Gibson P, Rhodes CL, Cushing BS, Patisaul HB (November 2016).

9972: 9880: 9322: 8478: 8461: 8025: 7668: 7651: 5755: 4112: 4036: 3579: 3562: 3469:

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2970: 2593: 2233: 2075: 1844: 1739:

test systems (by examining, for instance, if an agent interacts with the

1569: 1481: 1461: 1435: 1415: 1231:

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of compounds found in

1146: 1089: 989: 858: 827: 801: 789: 759: 738: 663: 606: 551: 191: 148: 11477: 10980:"Case Studies of Green Remediation: Re-Solve, Inc., North Dartmouth, MA" 10362: 9687: 9670: 9524: 9232: 9076:"Genetic analysis of complex traits in the emerging Collaborative Cross" 8941: 8518: 8184: 8167: 7369:

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7161: 6617: 6327: 6243: 5974: 5598: 5534:"Xenoestrogens are potent activators of nongenomic estrogenic responses" 5439: 5079: 4706: 4430:

White Paper on Potential Developmental Effects of Atrazine on Amphibians

3126:. Center for Bioenvironmental Research at Tulane and Xavier Universities 2517: 2460: 2388: 2267:"Environmental endocrine disruption: an effects assessment and analysis" 1758:

As of 2016, the EPA had estrogen screening results for 1,800 chemicals.

1674:, so that low or medium doses may have stronger effects than high doses. 16386: 16064: 16044: 16019: 15866: 15811: 15766: 15744: 15653: 15648: 15618: 15603: 15598: 15563: 15453: 15408: 15388: 15266: 15260: 15164: 15152: 15112: 15093: 15069: 15053: 14963: 14959: 14933: 14919: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14852: 14822: 14792: 14787: 14767: 14704: 14625: 14605: 14590: 14585: 14530: 14480: 14381: 14322: 14255: 14250: 14227: 14165: 14140: 13729: 13696: 13545: 13540: 13520: 13491: 13411: 13376: 13371: 13361: 13256: 13191: 13126: 13076: 12932: 12827: 12782: 12741: 12649: 12598: 12449: 12399: 12352: 12342: 12161: 12129: 12088: 12038: 12028: 11974: 11962: 11923: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11677: 8232: 6577: 6560: 5717:"Statewide Endocrine Disrupting Compound Monitoring Study, 2007 – 2008" 5490:"Study: Even "BPA-Free" Plastics Leach Endrocrine-Disrupting Chemicals" 5199:

Brigden K, Hetherington S, Wang M, Santillo D, Johnston P (June 2013).

5129:"Lifestyle behaviors associated with exposures to endocrine disruptors" 4178: 3437: 3377: 2801: 2673: 2426:

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

2290: 1899: 1805: 1626: 1455: 1448: 1399: 1391: 1309: 1244: 1163: 915:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

870: 854: 850: 805: 686: 675: 632: 628: 527: 471: 404: 139: 66:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

14565: 14060: 10062:

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology

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Daly GL, Wania F (January 2005). "Organic contaminants in mountains".

5841: 5651: 4871: 4631: 4470: 3560: 837:

The long-chain alkylphenols are used extensively as precursors to the

257:

should be followed. A concurrent statement expresses policy concerns.

16475: 16381: 16351: 16221: 16059: 16039: 15979: 15959: 15801: 15638: 15513: 15508: 15493: 15478: 15438: 15320: 15288: 15246: 15194: 15190: 15186: 15176: 15156: 15140: 15089: 15065: 15061: 15049: 15041: 15037: 14997: 14985: 14969: 14955: 14945: 14941: 14897: 14757: 14731: 14719: 14694: 14684: 14669: 14649: 14600: 14500: 14495: 14470: 14460: 14425: 14285: 14260: 14222: 14180: 13750: 13724: 13704: 13700: 13688: 13565: 13530: 13471: 13431: 13426: 13325: 13305: 13241: 13206: 13181: 13176: 13161: 13081: 13031: 12952: 12887: 12832: 12822: 12812: 12746: 12593: 12581: 12337: 12228: 12156: 12117: 12043: 12016: 11945: 11699: 11682: 11011:"Human excretion of bisphenol A: blood, urine, and sweat (BUS) study" 10740: 10642: 9475: 9356: 9031:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

7984:"toxicological review of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47)" 7278: 6896: 6871: 4954: 4519: 4452: 4263:

Environmental Toxicology: Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants

3987: 3668: 3112: 3084:"Environmental oestrogens: consequences to human health and wildlife" 3062:

International programme on chemical safety, World Health Organization

1887: 1875: 1597: 1582: 1427: 1274:

Historically, treatments with alum and borax were used to reduce the

1202: 1139: 1131: 1055:

called the move inadequate saying, the FDA needs to ban BPA from all

842: 838: 767: 734: 594: 523: 455: 408: 385: 381: 313: 281: 210: 171: 144: 14005: 11320:

Bergman Å, Heindel JJ, Jobling S, Kidd KA, Zoeller RT, eds. (2013).

8600: 7794:"Cotton Products Research: Durable Press and Flame Retardant Cotton" 6825: 6558: 5907: 4939:"Body burdens of polybrominated diphenyl ethers among urban anglers" 4756:

Weschler CJ (2009). "Changes in indoor pollutants since the 1950s".

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3429: 3369: 3082:

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2793: 2665: 2282: 16396: 15930: 15920: 15623: 15483: 15403: 15398: 15331: 15148: 15085: 15081: 15045: 15033: 15005: 15001: 14989: 14981: 14911: 14699: 14689: 14535: 14520: 14505: 14440: 14435: 14280: 14190: 13736: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13401: 13156: 13091: 12907: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12797: 12736: 12731: 12671: 11852: 11694: 11534: 9411:"Experimental models for evaluating non-genomic estrogen signaling" 4336:

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3056:

Damstra T, Barlow S, Bergman A, Kavlock R, Van der Kraak G (2002).

1957: 1411: 1339: 1239:. Potential health concern: PBDEs are structurally very similar to 1236: 1190: 1010: 793: 726: 586: 492: 393: 295: 9304: 5956: 5422:

Yang CZ, Yaniger SI, Jordan VC, Klein DJ, Bittner GD (July 2011).

3779: 396:

regulation, which tends to limit the sensitivity of these glands.

16401: 16302: 16204: 16085: 15831: 15643: 15543: 15533: 15528: 15308: 15252: 15242: 15134: 15009: 14817: 14812: 14714: 14679: 14610: 14510: 14359: 14327: 14265: 13692: 13481: 13421: 13221: 13106: 12947: 12922: 12777: 12519: 12469: 12409: 12070: 10805:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

3144: 1952: 1895: 1798: 1790: 1593: 1465: 1387: 1335: 1123: 1026: 1022: 1003: 640: 389: 365: 264:

and in consumer products, industrial by-products and pollutants,

198: 187: 175: 8413:"Prenatal phthalate exposure and reduced masculine play in boys" 7818: 7222: 7220: 6228:"Does Rapid Metabolism Ensure Negligible Risk from Bisphenol A?" 4707:

Aldegunde-Louzao N, Lolo-Aira M, Herrero-Latorre C (June 2024).

4335: 3081: 2115: 1774:

wrote to Karl Falkenberg asking for the criteria to be removed.

1621:, their impact may also be mediated by effects at the levels of 1617:

means that, although disruptors may act by a common pathway via

16004: 15999: 15856: 15120: 15108: 14923: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14615: 14270: 13743: 13684: 13669: 13575: 10986:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from 10956:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from 10926:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from 10853:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from 9954: 9214: 7649: 5672: 5513:. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. May 2010 5198: 4849: 3699: 3563:"Prenatal testosterone excess reduces sperm count and motility" 3208:"State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals – 2012" 1973: 1786: 1527: 1403: 1127: 1030: 648: 444: 357: 143:

A comparison of the structures of the natural estrogen hormone

27:

Chemicals that can interfere with endocrine or hormonal systems

15350: 8459: 6062: 5532:

Watson CS, Bulayeva NN, Wozniak AL, Alyea RA (February 2007).

5061: 4936: 3650: 2841:. Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemist. pp. 2740:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton Scientific Pub. Co. pp. 1–8. 1530:/Cas9, which allows this process to be done more efficiently. 1464:(TBT) are organotin compounds. For 40 years TBT was used as a 994: 16080: 15954: 15836: 15806: 15025: 14907: 14736: 13275: 12957: 12867: 12798:

Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)

12757: 11641:

Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)

11323:

State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals - 2012

11218: 9955:

Singewald GM, Rjabokon A, Singewald N, Ebner K (March 2011).

7217: 6689: 6446:. United States Food & Drug Administration. 30 March 2012 6274: 6005: 5206:. Greenpeace Research Laboratories (published December 2013). 2775: 2574: 2215: 1063: 361: 10704:"Sweden to sue EU for delay on hormone disrupting chemicals" 10454: 10290:"Multidimensional in vivo hazard assessment using zebrafish" 9911: 9614: 9408: 9073: 7368: 7256: 6111: 3601: 3525: 1122:

on crops beginning in 1936. An increase in the incidence of

869:

Certain alkylphenols are degradation products from nonionic

16100: 15881: 15791: 15160: 14915: 13708: 13021: 11434: 11271: 8114:

Lema SC, Dickey JT, Schultz IR, Swanson P (December 2008).

7959:"Toxicological review of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209)" 7114: 4652: 3285:

Kim YJ, Tamadon A, Park HT, Kim H, Ku SY (September 2016).

3055: 1362: 671: 509: 440: 11387: 10774:"Fish and Shellfish Advisories and Safe Eating Guidelines" 10421: 10419: 9457: 9409:

Stefkovich ML, Arao Y, Hamilton KJ, Korach KS (May 2018).

8644: 7716: 6648: 5823: 5531: 3738: 2370: 1882:

was restored in a year to a wetland and educational park.

1831:

of the chemical industry away from xenohormones and other

1084: 693:

were found to be particularly present in infant clothing.

451:(DES) in the womb due to DES used as a medical treatment. 15935: 13391: 11319: 11110: 11008: 10511: 10003: 9862: 8918: 8604:

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

7605: 7115:

Hallegue D, Rhouma KB, Tébourbi O, Sakly M (April 2003).

5342: 4988:"Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers" 4892: 4344:. Endocrine disruptors / Les perturbateurs endocriniens. 2865: 2321: 1919:

as the effects caused by mercury and lead contamination.

1728: 1407: 1105: 751: 662:

were commonly found in swimwear and waterproof clothing.

548: 320: 12482:

17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives:

10336: 10146: 10097: 9171: 8729: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8113: 5776: 5734:"Receipts a large — and largely ignored — source of BPA" 4609: 3468: 2917: 2728: 2627:"State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals" 11985:

7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)

10624: 10416: 8500: 7460: 7143: 6778:"Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants" 6388:"Chemical Used in Plastic Bottles Is Safe, F.D.A. Says" 6361:"Jury still out on BPA, World Health Organization says" 6160: 3411: 3027: 1838: 1506:

same eight founder strains, have distinct differences.

1369: 733:

in the ocean leach into ocean water and in plastics in

579: 14251:

Epiestriol (16β-epiestriol, 16β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol)

12679:

5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives:

11366: 10582:"Reducing Pesticide Risks: A Half Century of Progress" 10287: 8300:"California OKs phthalates ban on children's products" 7852:. National Fire Protection Association. Archived from 7717:

Eriksson P, Fischer C, Fredriksson A (December 2006).

6819: 5709: 5472:"Study: Most plastic products trigger estrogen effect" 5421: 3075: 1555:(ASD) and other behavioral disorders. This is because 1110: 1021:, decreased sperm count, reproductive problems, early 808:, which have estrogenic effects on a living organism. 11059: 10604:"Scientists criticize EPA chemical screening program" 9764: 9664: 9662: 8687:

Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine

8543: 2139: 1295:. Many of the most common PBDE's were banned in the 1152:

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

612:

An analysis of the endocrine-disrupting chemicals in

13765: 11229:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

8683:"Current sunscreen controversies: a critical review" 7938:"Great Lakes Chemical Corporation – Company History" 7871: 7307: 6440:"Bisphenol A (BPA): Use in Food Contact Application" 6309: 3003:"Position statement: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals" 2832: 2264: 1856:

that is known to accumulate high levels of mercury.

1150:

vectors is permitted, as specifically stated by the

519:

referred to as non-monotonic dose response curves."

12113:

Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)

10875: 10698: 10696: 10579: 9404: 9402: 9122: 9024: 7989:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1 June 2008 7812: 6225: 5026: 2837:. In Rolland RM, Gilbertson M, Peterson RE (eds.). 2647: 11111:Genuis SJ, Beesoon S, Lobo RA, Birkholz D (2012). 11009:Genuis SJ, Beesoon S, Birkholz D, Lobo RA (2012). 10798: 9659: 9506: 8501:Steenland K, Fletcher T, Savitz DA (August 2010). 7552: 7550: 7548: 6415:"Advisers: FDA decision on safety of BPA 'flawed'" 5782: 5580: 4501: 3969: 3936: 3934: 2707:"In Feast of Data on BPA Plastic, No Final Answer" 1915:, this economic effect might have about twice the 12325:17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives: 10392: 10390: 10238: 9858: 9856: 8410: 8327:"California Bans Phthalates In Toys For Children" 7964:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. June 2008 7139: 7137: 5748: 5280: 3284: 3210:. World Health Organization. 2013. Archived from 2826: 2722: 1671: 1475: 1220: 737:may escape and leach into the soil and then into 356:Endocrine systems are found in most varieties of 16493: 13855: 11570: 11472:. OECD Studies on Water. OECD. 12 October 2023. 11283:, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS). 10724: 10693: 10667: 9610: 9608: 9399: 9352: 9350: 7838: 7195:"March/April 2001 Sierra Magazine – Sierra Club" 5323: 5126: 4790: 4376: 4285: 4260: 4068:Postellon DC (June 2008). "Baby care products". 3734: 3732: 3266:. The Department of Health, Victorian Government 2648:Colborn T, vom Saal FS, Soto AM (October 1993). 561: 466: 12544:5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyltestosterone derivatives: 11438:. OECD Series on Testing and Assessment. 2018. 10055: 10053: 10051: 10049: 9708: 9706: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9552: 8973: 8723: 7976: 7951: 7643: 7545: 7364: 7362: 6599: 6310:Woodruff TJ, Zota AR, Schwartz JM (June 2011). 3948:. Institute for Children's Environmental Health 3931: 3644: 3554: 486: 15355:Tooltip Selective estrogen receptor modulators 14710:Furostilbestrol (diethylstilbestrol difuroate) 14071:16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol) 11995:11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate 11272:Rijk I, Van Duursen M, van den Berg M (2016). 11219:Trasande L, Zoeller RT, Hass U, Kortenkamp A, 10387: 9853: 9760: 9758: 8775: 8771: 8769: 7819:Epidemiology and Statistics Unit (July 2011). 7710: 7134: 7108: 6784: 6737: 6735: 3902: 3407: 3405: 2946: 1768:Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership 911:Please review the contents of the section and 832:United States Environmental Protections Agency 666:were found in most clothing articles as well. 62:Please review the contents of the article and 16188: 13901:3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol 13841: 12762:Tooltip Selective androgen receptor modulator 12407:17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: 11556: 11305:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 11212: 11104: 11053: 11002: 10618: 10450: 10448: 10330: 10281: 10232: 10206:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 10197: 10093: 10091: 9997: 9948: 9905: 9806: 9804: 9605: 9500: 9451: 9347: 9298: 9257: 9208: 9165: 9123:Threadgill DW, Churchill GA (February 2012). 9116: 9067: 9025:Patisaul HB, Fenton SE, Aylor D (June 2018). 9018: 8872:"Rapidly rising PBDE levels in North America" 8638: 8453: 8404: 8386:"PVC Devices Containing the Plasticizer DEHP" 8249: 8056: 8001: 7301: 7065: 6971: 6863: 6744:"The deadly dust: the unhappy history of DDT" 6458: 6268: 6195: 5872: 5390: 5388: 5216: 4886: 4603: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4427: 3729: 3693: 3519: 3352:Guo YL, Lambert GH, Hsu CC (September 1995). 3351: 2419: 14011:10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED) 12813:Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22) 10046: 9703: 9668: 9549: 8200: 7770:. American Chemistry Council. Archived from 7599: 7556: 7359: 7250: 7234:. Clean Water Action Council. Archived from 7014: 6977: 5817: 5666: 5581:Kochukov MY, Jeng YJ, Watson CS (May 2009). 5336: 5234: 5120: 5055: 4930: 4843: 4749: 4646: 4550: 4495: 4446: 4115:, Cupul-Uicab LA, Longnecker MP (May 2007). 4104: 4067: 4061: 4018: 4012: 3965: 3963: 3896: 3814: 3773: 3462: 2769: 1816:systems. It concluded that EDCs likely cost 1514:with qualitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. 1177: 15886:Tooltip G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 14705:Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate) 12564:17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: 10869: 10239:Rennekamp AJ, Peterson RT (February 2015). 9755: 9562: 8863: 8812: 8766: 8680: 8390:US FDA/CDRH: FDA Public Health Notification 8050: 7454: 7411: 6790: 6732: 5020: 4979: 4755: 3861: 3402: 3138: 2859: 2641: 2581:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2048: 1997: 1601:more of them compared to mammalian models. 151:(right), a xenoestrogen endocrine disruptor 16195: 16181: 14848:Triphenylmethylethylene (triphenylpropene) 14172:, many others; via estrogenic metabolites) 14096:17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol) 13848: 13834: 12286:Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone) 12181:5α-Dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: 11563: 11549: 11161: 10601: 10445: 10241:"15 years of zebrafish chemical screening" 10088: 9801: 8161: 8159: 8107: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7495: 7337:11370/f27e334f-9133-421b-9d78-ff322686e1ae 6920: 6869: 5385: 5127:Martina CA, Weiss B, Swan SH (June 2012). 4784: 4563: 3820: 3595: 3186:. New York: Nova Publishers. p. 176. 2911: 2258: 2006:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 13868: 12507:17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: 12123:Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate) 11739:DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA) 11583: 11414: 11367:Colborn T, Dumanoski D, Meyers P (1996). 11248: 11187: 11138: 11128: 11087: 11077: 11060:Genuis SJ, Beesoon S, Birkholz D (2013). 11036: 11026: 10826: 10816: 10650: 10547: 10537: 10488: 10425: 10370: 10313: 10264: 10203: 10172: 10123: 10029: 9980: 9888: 9836: 9810: 9738: 9686: 9642: 9632: 9588: 9532: 9483: 9434: 9382: 9330: 9281: 9240: 9148: 9099: 9050: 9001: 8991: 8950: 8940: 8919:Protsiv M, Ley C, Lankester J, Hastie T, 8895: 8698: 8526: 8477: 8436: 8383: 8324: 8240: 8183: 8165: 8139: 8090: 8033: 7844: 7734: 7667: 7582: 7394: 7192: 7169: 7071: 7020: 6926: 6895: 6715: 6666: 6625: 6576: 6335: 6251: 6178: 6137: 6088: 6039: 5982: 5933: 5849: 5800: 5623: 5606: 5557: 5447: 5368: 5160: 5087: 5003: 4962: 4826: 4816: 4732: 4713:Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 4527: 4478: 4353: 4140: 4044: 3995: 3960: 3797: 3756: 3676: 3627: 3578: 3502: 3445: 3385: 3310: 3179: 2978: 2809: 2698: 2681: 2602: 2592: 2551: 2486: 2437: 2396: 2347: 2298: 2241: 2083: 1604: 1374:Some other examples of putative EDCs are 1345: 12214:Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA) 11537:, provided by European authorities, 2023 10673: 10580:Wayland S, Fenner-Crisp P (March 2016). 10396: 9270:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 8869: 8818: 8292: 8255: 8007: 7914:Flame retardants: a general introduction 7529:Polychlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls 7417: 6741: 5629: 4985: 4709:"Phthalate esters in clothing: A review" 4286:Toporova L, Balaguer P (February 2020). 3345: 3337:. Environment California. Archived from 1109: 993: 138: 13815:List of androgens and anabolic steroids 12201:17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: 11298: 9671:"Neuroendocrinology of social behavior" 9027:"Animal models of endocrine disruption" 8974:Vancamp P, Demeneix BA (22 July 2020). 8206: 8156: 7900: 7520: 7124:Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 6532: 6480: 6412: 5754: 5332:(Report). New Delhi, India. p. 41. 4574: 4551:Curwood S, Young J (4 September 2009). 3867: 2704: 2176:"Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)" 2003: 1085:Bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) 372:that detect and react to the hormones. 14: 16494: 12219:Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT) 11975:Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone) 11525:Endocrine Disruption Screening Program 11223:, Myers JP, et al. (April 2015). 11162:Ohore OE, Zhang S (1 September 2019). 10575: 10573: 10571: 10569: 10567: 10059: 9712: 9125:"Ten years of the Collaborative Cross" 8356:Washington State Department of Ecology 8057:Costa LG, Giordano G (November 2007). 5866: 5632:Environmental Science & Technology 4791:Rudel RA, Seryak LM, Brody JG (2008). 4235: 1629:, degradation of hormones or modified 1480:Since being banned, the average human 280:abnormalities, and skewed male/female 170:are chemicals that can interfere with 16176: 13829: 12500:Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone) 12034:Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate) 12029:Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione) 11744:DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate) 11544: 10778:U.S. Envirnomental Protectdion Agency 10750:. State of California. Archived from 10725:Ing-Marie Olsson (24 November 2014). 10402:. Hildesheim: Wecom. pp. 35–39. 10010:General and Comparative Endocrinology 9563:McGraw LA, Young LJ (February 2010). 9464:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 7847:"Fire Loss In The United States 2007" 6600:Rochester JR, Bolden AL (July 2015). 6358: 5722:. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. 5276: 5274: 4702: 4700: 4238:Human Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures 4111:Romano-Riquer SP, Hernández-Avila M, 3033: 2200: 2154:10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142200 1825:Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability 1538:models. Additionally, scientists use 533: 197:Any system in the body controlled by 16450:List of environmental health hazards 13770:Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin 12517:17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: 11796:Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate 10153:The Science of the Total Environment 9363:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 7798:National Historic Chemical Landmarks 6219: 5326:An Overview of Chemicals in Textiles 5237:The Science of the Total Environment 4295:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 4261:Yu MH, Tsunoda H, Tsunoda M (2016). 4019:McEwen GN, Renner G (January 2006). 3905:Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 1963:Pollutant-induced abnormal behaviour 1839:Environmental and human body cleanup 1370:Other suspected endocrine disruptors 880: 876: 580:Cosmetics and personal care products 325:United Nations Environment Programme 31: 12440:Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN) 12145:Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate 11805:5α-Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: 11673:Androstenedione (4-androstenedione) 10564: 10245:Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 7498:"Monsanto Hid Decades Of Pollution" 4428:Steeger T, Tietge J (29 May 2003). 1905: 1410:and its derivatives, the herbicide 1197:scientists in Sweden studying DDT. 360:. The endocrine system consists of 345: 24: 16335:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs 12497:17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: 12259:Methandriol (methylandrostenediol) 11291: 10748:"California Biomonitoring Program" 8681:Burnett ME, Wang SQ (April 2011). 8358:. 12 February 2016. Archived from 8010:"New thinking on flame retardants" 7475:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116511 6069:International Journal of Andrology 5271: 5219:"A Red Card for sportswear brands" 4697: 3183:Progress in Environmental Research 2736:. In Clement C, Colborn T (eds.). 2026:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03994.x 1518:individuals cannot be reproduced. 25: 16518: 15247:taleranol (teranol, β-zearalanol) 14162:metandienone (methandrostenolone) 12537:Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone) 12254:Metandienone (methandrostenolone) 12084:Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene) 11695:Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione) 11646:Androstenediol (5-androstenediol) 11611:4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA) 11508: 10631:Environmental Health Perspectives 9513:Environmental Health Perspectives 9221:Environmental Health Perspectives 8660:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.057 8507:Environmental Health Perspectives 8329:. 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Archived from 6708:2020EnInt.13405185T 6618:10.1289/ehp.1408989 6492:The Huffington Post 6328:10.1289/ehp.1002727 6244:10.1289/ehp.0901010 6024:2013RepTx..42..224S 5975:10.1289/ehp.1408164 5687:2008EnInt..34.1033S 5644:1997EnST...31..316R 5599:10.1289/ehp.0800182 5440:10.1289/ehp.1003220 5401:10.15620/cdc:105345 5295:2020JHzM..38721681T 5249:2019ScTEn.683..109L 5145:2012NeuTx..33.1427M 5080:10.1289/ehp.1104052 4908:2008Chmsp..73..187A 4864:2005EnST...39..925S 4809:2008EnvHe...7....2R 4770:2009AtmEn..43..153W 4725:2024EnvTP.10804457A 4667:2004Sci...303..226H 4624:2004EnST...38.5306S 4391:2003Natur.421..691C 3487:2008ToxAP.233..454C 3364:(Suppl 6): 117–22. 3214:on 23 February 2013 3120:"EDC Human Effects" 3023:on 30 October 2010. 2932:1999ToxIH..15....1. 2881:1998ToxIH..14....1. 2536:2020NatSR..10.9367R 2479:2021EnInt.15006433B 2389:10.1289/ehp.1205597 2340:2018EPoll.238..306H 2018:2001NYASA.948..130K 1833:hazardous chemicals 1779:European Commission 1679:dissociation of sex 725:Additives added to 614:Old Order Mennonite 499:dose-response curve 460:anogenital distance 235:endocrine disruptor 16407:Polymer fume fever 16117:Diethylstilbestrol 15901:2-Methoxyestradiol 15832:TAS-108 (SR-16234) 15782:Methylepitiostanol 15720:EM-800 (SCH-57050) 15644:TAS-108 (SR-16234) 15364:2-Phenylbenzofuran 14978:8-prenylnaringenin 14638:Diethylstilbestrol 14296:Lipoidal estradiol 14271:ERA-63 (ORG-37663) 14213:Conjugated estriol 14158:methyltestosterone 14116:17β-Dihydroequilin 14091:17α-Dihydroequilin 14066:16β-Hydroxyestrone 14051:16α-Hydroxyestrone 14001:8,9-Dehydroestrone 13986:7α-Methylestradiol 13961:4-Methoxyestradiol 13951:4-Hydroxyestradiol 13926:3β-Hydroxytibolone 13921:3α-Hydroxytibolone 13891:2-Hydroxyestradiol 12557:Dihydroethisterone 12420:Dimethyltrienolone 12380:Methylepitiostanol 12358:Metenolone acetate 12291:Methyltestosterone 12194:19-Norandrosterone 12167:Trestolone acetate 12135:Trenbolone acetate 12079:-nitrosocarbamate) 11968:Stenbolone acetate 11858:Bolazine capronate 11710:Clostebol caproate 11299:Krimsky S (2000). 11168:Scientific African 10780:. 10 November 2014 7859:on 7 December 2008 7698:. 19 February 2013 6578:10.4161/endo.26490 6514:. 23 February 2018 6392:The New York Times 4179:10.1002/pros.23279 3833:(1 Pt 2): 247–52. 3424:(Suppl 4): 613–8. 3240:. 19 November 2019 3180:Willis IC (2007). 3147:Crit. Rev. Toxicol 2920:Toxicol Ind Health 2712:The New York Times 2524:Scientific Reports 2277:(Suppl 1): 11–56. 1923:billion per year. 1888:biological filters 1623:transport proteins 1470:anti-fouling paint 1406:(chlordecone) and 1398:insecticides like 1388:phenol derivatives 1116: 1000: 774:(plant hormones). 534:Routes of exposure 449:diethylstilbestrol 289:diethylstilbestrol 278:reproductive tract 219:diethylstilbestrol 153: 16489: 16488: 16423:Plastic pollution 16203:Health issues of 16170: 16169: 16162:List of estrogens 16130: 16129: 15875: 15874: 15715:Cytestrol acetate 14938:isoliquiritigenin 14880:Unknown/unsorted: 14566:β-LGND2 (GTx-878) 14146:Anabolic steroids 14056:16α-Iodoestradiol 13946:4-Fluoroestradiol 13941:4-Androstenedione 13931:3β-Androstanediol 13906:3α-Androstanediol 13857:Estrogen receptor 13823: 13822: 13783: 13782: 13753: 13746: 13739: 13732: 13664: 13663: 13187:Osaterone acetate 13147:Megestrol acetate 13012:Allyltestosterone 12788:Acetothiolutamide 12707:Megestrol acetate 12510:Vinyltestosterone 12415:Dimethyldienolone 12234:Ethyltestosterone 12162:Trestolone (MENT) 12094:Nandrolone esters 12075:-(2-chloroethyl)- 11951:Nisterime acetate 11828:3α-Androstanediol 11813:1-Androstenedione 11722:Cloxotestosterone 11705:Clostebol acetate 11626:5-Androstenedione 11572:Androgen receptor 11500:Policy Highlights 11487:978-92-64-53751-4 11453:978-92-64-30474-1 11380:978-0-525-93982-5 11362:978-92-4-150503-1 11336:978-92-807-3274-0 11312:978-0-8018-6279-3 10984:Green Remediation 10954:Green Remediation 10924:Green Remediation 10409:978-3-00-065109-0 10349:(7446): 498–503. 8897:10.1021/es022197w 8841:10.1021/es035082g 8784:(9–11): 1111–23. 8306:. 15 October 2007 8132:10.1289/ehp.11570 7768:Plastics Division 7656:Int J Obes (Lond) 7508:on 21 August 2010 7375:Occup Environ Med 7043:10.1038/1721044a0 6949:10.1021/es048859u 6829:Mar. Pollut. Bull 6742:Davis KS (1971). 6444:News & Events 6366:Los Angeles Times 6238:(11): 1639–1643. 5881:(11): 1353–1355. 5842:10.1289/ehp.10587 5769:978-1-58829-830-0 5652:10.1021/es972366q 5355:(1526): 2027–45. 5224:. Greenpeace e.V. 4872:10.1021/es0486824 4632:10.1021/es0490830 4577:Mol Nutr Food Res 4471:10.1289/ehp.10536 4348:(9–10): 414–420. 4272:978-1-4398-4038-2 4247:978-1-4377-3463-8 4236:Harold Z (2011). 3341:on 22 April 2011. 3193:978-1-60021-618-3 2959:Endocrine Reviews 2852:978-1-880611-19-7 2747:978-0-911131-35-2 2222:Endocrine Reviews 2182:. 24 January 2022 2180:www.endocrine.org 2064:Endocrine Reviews 1866:Green Remediation 1745:androgen receptor 1741:estrogen receptor 1619:hormone receptors 1332:Dibutyl phthalate 1172:childhood obesity 986: 985: 962: 877:Bisphenol A (BPA) 822:Alkylphenols are 706:synthetic leather 680:dimethylformamide 477:nuclear receptors 262:plastics industry 137: 136: 113: 16:(Redirected from 16514: 16428:Rubber pollution 16278:Organophosphates 16197: 16190: 16183: 16174: 16173: 16029:2,2',5'-PCB-4-OH 15965:Ethinylestradiol 15891: 15890: 15887: 15883: 15624:Rimostil (P-081) 15434:Chlorotrianisene 15356: 15352: 15131:Metalloestrogens 14910:-related (e.g., 14725:Hexestrol esters 14399:Ethinylestradiol 14291:Estradiol esters 14046:16α-Hydroxy-DHEA 14031:16-Ketoestradiol 13971:5-Androstenediol 13966:4-Methoxyestrone 13956:4-Hydroxyestrone 13936:4-Androstenediol 13896:2-Hydroxyestrone 13878: 13877: 13874: 13870: 13850: 13843: 13836: 13827: 13826: 13771: 13767: 13751: 13744: 13737: 13730: 13675: 13674: 13457:Ketodarolutamide 13437:Hydroxyflutamide 13394:(via metabolite 12763: 12759: 12714:Others/unsorted: 12385:Methylstenbolone 12249:Hydroxystenozole 11808:1-Androstenediol 11606:4-Androstenediol 11593: 11592: 11589: 11585: 11565: 11558: 11551: 11542: 11541: 11503: 11465: 11428: 11418: 11384: 11355: 11353: 11351: 11345: 11339:. Archived from 11328: 11316: 11285: 11284: 11278: 11269: 11263: 11262: 11252: 11216: 11210: 11209: 11191: 11159: 11153: 11152: 11142: 11132: 11108: 11102: 11101: 11091: 11081: 11057: 11051: 11050: 11040: 11030: 11006: 11000: 10999: 10997: 10995: 10990:on 15 March 2009 10976: 10970: 10969: 10967: 10965: 10960:on 17 March 2009 10946: 10940: 10939: 10937: 10935: 10930:on 17 March 2009 10916: 10910: 10909: 10873: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10857:on 15 March 2009 10847: 10841: 10840: 10830: 10820: 10796: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10754:on 16 March 2009 10744: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10700: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10671: 10665: 10664: 10654: 10643:10.1289/ehp.8875 10622: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10599: 10593: 10592: 10586: 10577: 10562: 10561: 10551: 10541: 10509: 10503: 10502: 10492: 10452: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10432: 10423: 10414: 10413: 10394: 10385: 10384: 10374: 10334: 10328: 10327: 10317: 10285: 10279: 10278: 10268: 10236: 10230: 10229: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10176: 10144: 10138: 10137: 10127: 10110:(6): 1459–1470. 10095: 10086: 10085: 10057: 10044: 10043: 10033: 10001: 9995: 9994: 9984: 9952: 9946: 9945: 9909: 9903: 9902: 9892: 9860: 9851: 9850: 9840: 9808: 9799: 9798: 9762: 9753: 9752: 9742: 9710: 9701: 9700: 9690: 9666: 9657: 9656: 9646: 9636: 9612: 9603: 9602: 9592: 9560: 9547: 9546: 9536: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9487: 9476:10.1172/JCI38291 9455: 9449: 9448: 9438: 9406: 9397: 9396: 9386: 9354: 9345: 9344: 9334: 9302: 9296: 9295: 9285: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9244: 9212: 9206: 9205: 9174:Mammalian Genome 9169: 9163: 9162: 9152: 9120: 9114: 9113: 9103: 9071: 9065: 9064: 9054: 9022: 9016: 9015: 9005: 8995: 8971: 8965: 8964: 8954: 8944: 8923:(January 2020). 8916: 8910: 8909: 8899: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8773: 8764: 8763: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8702: 8678: 8672: 8671: 8642: 8636: 8635: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8554: 8541: 8540: 8530: 8513:(8): 1100–1108. 8498: 8492: 8491: 8481: 8457: 8451: 8450: 8440: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8364: 8353: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8187: 8163: 8154: 8153: 8143: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8094: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8037: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7988: 7980: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7969: 7963: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7934: 7928: 7927: 7909: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7883: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7858: 7851: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7825: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7760: 7749: 7748: 7738: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7671: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7586: 7554: 7543: 7542: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7504:. Archived from 7493: 7487: 7486: 7463:Am. J. Epidemiol 7458: 7452: 7451: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7398: 7366: 7357: 7356: 7314: 7305: 7299: 7298: 7279:10.1038/224247a0 7265:(5216): 247–50. 7254: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7224: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7201:. Archived from 7190: 7184: 7183: 7173: 7141: 7132: 7131: 7121: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7029:(4388): 1044–5. 7018: 7012: 7011: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6899: 6897:10.1038/224620a0 6867: 6861: 6860: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6739: 6730: 6729: 6719: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6670: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6629: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6580: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6394:. 16 August 2008 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6339: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6255: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6182: 6173:(5): 1816–1819. 6158: 6152: 6151: 6141: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6092: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6043: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5986: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5937: 5920:(5): 1359–1366. 5905: 5899: 5898: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5853: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5804: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5638:(7): 316A–320A. 5627: 5621: 5620: 5610: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5561: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5512: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5451: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5392: 5383: 5382: 5372: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5278: 5269: 5268: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5177:Lay summary in: 5174: 5164: 5139:(6): 1427–1433. 5124: 5118: 5115: 5104:Lay summary in: 5101: 5091: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5007: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4966: 4955:10.1289/ehp.8138 4934: 4928: 4927: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4830: 4820: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4736: 4704: 4695: 4694: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4572: 4561: 4560: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4531: 4520:10.1289/ehp.8051 4499: 4493: 4492: 4482: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4442:on 11 July 2004. 4441: 4434: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4357: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4292: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4144: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4048: 4016: 4010: 4009: 3999: 3988:10.1289/ehp.8100 3967: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3911:(5): 1078–1110. 3900: 3894: 3893: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3760: 3736: 3727: 3726: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3680: 3669:10.1289/ehp.8391 3648: 3642: 3641: 3631: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3582: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3506: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3449: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3389: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3314: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3099: 3088: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3007: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2982: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2813: 2788:(Suppl 4): 3–5. 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2756: 2750:. Archived from 2735: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2685: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2606: 2596: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2555: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2490: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2441: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2400: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2351: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2302: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2245: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2102: 2096:. Archived from 2087: 2061: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2001: 1943:Endocrine system 1906:Economic effects 1829:green transition 1420:ethinylestradiol 1390:and a number of 1289:low intelligence 1281:flame retardants 1233:flame retardants 1160:biomagnification 1019:prostate cancers 981: 980: 972: 969: 963: 961: 920: 889: 888: 881: 853:, thermoplastic 656:American Apparel 352:Endocrine system 346:Endocrine system 132: 131: 123: 120: 114: 112: 71: 40: 39: 32: 21: 16522: 16521: 16517: 16516: 16515: 16513: 16512: 16511: 16492: 16491: 16490: 16485: 16454: 16411: 16368: 16330: 16297: 16266: 16212: 16201: 16171: 16166: 16126: 16105: 16069: 15885: 15871: 15705:7β-Hydroxy-DHEA 15688: 15524:Levormeloxifene 15354: 15347: 15341: 15257:deoxymiroestrol 15125:-hinokiresinol) 14763:Methallenestril 14665:Doisynolic acid 14466:Methylestradiol 13981:7α-Hydroxy-DHEA 13872: 13862: 13854: 13824: 13819: 13779: 13769: 13660: 13382:Cyanonilutamide 13311:Bavdegalutamide 13122:Epitestosterone 12962: 12793:Acetoxolutamide 12761: 12751: 12460:Norethandrolone 12435:Methyldienolone 12239:Fluoxymesterone 12049:Dimethandrolone 11909:Epiandrosterone 11587: 11577: 11569: 11511: 11506: 11488: 11468: 11454: 11431: 11381: 11349: 11347: 11343: 11337: 11326: 11313: 11294: 11292:Further reading 11289: 11288: 11276: 11270: 11266: 11217: 11213: 11160: 11156: 11109: 11105: 11058: 11054: 11007: 11003: 10993: 10991: 10978: 10977: 10973: 10963: 10961: 10948: 10947: 10943: 10933: 10931: 10918: 10917: 10913: 10878:Environ. Pollut 10874: 10870: 10860: 10858: 10849: 10848: 10844: 10797: 10793: 10783: 10781: 10772: 10771: 10767: 10757: 10755: 10746: 10745: 10741: 10731: 10729: 10723: 10719: 10709: 10707: 10702: 10701: 10694: 10684: 10682: 10672: 10668: 10623: 10619: 10609: 10607: 10600: 10596: 10584: 10578: 10565: 10510: 10506: 10453: 10446: 10436: 10434: 10430: 10424: 10417: 10410: 10395: 10388: 10335: 10331: 10286: 10282: 10237: 10233: 10202: 10198: 10145: 10141: 10096: 10089: 10058: 10047: 10002: 9998: 9953: 9949: 9910: 9906: 9875:(10): 3867–81. 9861: 9854: 9809: 9802: 9763: 9756: 9711: 9704: 9667: 9660: 9613: 9606: 9561: 9550: 9505: 9501: 9456: 9452: 9407: 9400: 9355: 9348: 9303: 9299: 9262: 9258: 9213: 9209: 9170: 9166: 9121: 9117: 9080:Genome Research 9072: 9068: 9023: 9019: 8972: 8968: 8917: 8913: 8868: 8864: 8817: 8813: 8774: 8767: 8728: 8724: 8679: 8675: 8643: 8639: 8610:(Pt A): 86–94. 8599: 8595: 8555: 8544: 8499: 8495: 8458: 8454: 8409: 8405: 8395: 8393: 8382: 8378: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8351: 8347: 8346: 8342: 8332: 8330: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8307: 8298: 8297: 8293: 8254: 8250: 8205: 8201: 8164: 8157: 8112: 8108: 8063:Neurotoxicology 8055: 8051: 8006: 8002: 7992: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7942: 7940: 7936: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7911: 7910: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7881: 7879:America Burning 7877: 7876: 7872: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7849: 7843: 7839: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7817: 7813: 7803: 7801: 7792: 7791: 7787: 7777: 7775: 7762: 7761: 7752: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7699: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7648: 7644: 7604: 7600: 7555: 7546: 7540: 7526: 7525: 7521: 7511: 7509: 7494: 7490: 7459: 7455: 7416: 7412: 7367: 7360: 7312: 7306: 7302: 7255: 7251: 7241: 7239: 7232:Fox River Watch 7226: 7225: 7218: 7208: 7206: 7205:on 20 June 2009 7199:Sierra Magazine 7191: 7187: 7142: 7135: 7119: 7113: 7109: 7074:Reprod. Toxicol 7070: 7066: 7019: 7015: 6976: 6972: 6925: 6921: 6868: 6864: 6824: 6820: 6789: 6785: 6776: 6775: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6740: 6733: 6688: 6684: 6647: 6643: 6598: 6594: 6557: 6553: 6543: 6541: 6531: 6527: 6517: 6515: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6494:. 17 July 2012. 6486: 6485: 6481: 6471: 6469: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6423: 6421: 6411: 6407: 6397: 6395: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6357: 6353: 6308: 6304: 6273: 6269: 6224: 6220: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6159: 6155: 6110: 6106: 6061: 6057: 6004: 6000: 5955: 5951: 5906: 5902: 5871: 5867: 5822: 5818: 5789:Pure Appl. Chem 5781: 5777: 5770: 5753: 5749: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5671: 5667: 5628: 5624: 5579: 5575: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5496:. 8 March 2011. 5488: 5487: 5483: 5478:. 7 March 2011. 5470: 5469: 5465: 5420: 5416: 5394: 5393: 5386: 5341: 5337: 5322: 5318: 5279: 5272: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5197: 5193: 5178: 5133:Neurotoxicology 5125: 5121: 5105: 5060: 5056: 5025: 5021: 4984: 4980: 4949:(12): 1689–92. 4935: 4931: 4891: 4887: 4848: 4844: 4789: 4785: 4754: 4750: 4705: 4698: 4661:(5655): 226–9. 4651: 4647: 4618:(20): 5306–11. 4608: 4604: 4573: 4564: 4557:Living on Earth 4549: 4545: 4500: 4496: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4432: 4426: 4422: 4399:10.1038/421691a 4385:(6924): 691–2. 4375: 4371: 4334: 4330: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4234: 4230: 4198: 4194: 4162: 4158: 4109: 4105: 4066: 4062: 4017: 4013: 3968: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3932: 3901: 3897: 3866: 3862: 3819: 3815: 3778: 3774: 3737: 3730: 3698: 3694: 3649: 3645: 3600: 3596: 3559: 3555: 3524: 3520: 3467: 3463: 3430:10.2307/3434553 3410: 3403: 3370:10.2307/3432359 3350: 3346: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3178: 3174: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3086: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2951: 2947: 2916: 2912: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2831: 2827: 2794:10.2307/3432404 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2757:on 26 July 2011 2754: 2748: 2733: 2727: 2723: 2703: 2699: 2666:10.2307/3431890 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2573: 2569: 2516: 2512: 2459: 2455: 2418: 2414: 2369: 2365: 2320: 2316: 2283:10.2307/3433911 2263: 2259: 2214: 2210: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2138: 2134: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2059: 2053: 2049: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1929: 1917:economic impact 1908: 1841: 1764: 1709:Clean Water Act 1693: 1688: 1639:allostatic load 1607: 1579: 1549: 1536:humanized mouse 1524: 1503: 1494: 1478: 1372: 1354: 1348: 1312: 1306: 1229: 1223: 1186: 1180: 1108: 1102: 1087: 1070:, and the U.S. 992: 982: 978: 973: 967: 964: 921: 910: 906:primary sources 890: 886: 879: 847:phenolic resins 820: 814: 786: 780: 747: 723: 714:mattress covers 702:screen printing 647:was found in a 623: 582: 564: 541: 536: 506:flame retardant 495: 489: 469: 354: 348: 231: 133: 129: 124: 118: 115: 72: 61: 57:primary sources 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16520: 16510: 16509: 16504: 16487: 16486: 16484: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16462: 16460: 16456: 16455: 16453: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16431: 16430: 16419: 16417: 16413: 16412: 16410: 16409: 16404: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16378: 16376: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16366: 16365: 16364: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16338: 16336: 16332: 16331: 16329: 16328: 16321:Vinyl chloride 16318: 16315:Polycarbonates 16307: 16305: 16299: 16298: 16296: 16295: 16289: 16280: 16274: 16272: 16268: 16267: 16265: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16248: 16243: 16237: 16232: 16226: 16224: 16214: 16213: 16200: 16199: 16192: 16185: 16177: 16168: 16167: 16165: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16135: 16132: 16131: 16128: 16127: 16125: 16124: 16119: 16113: 16111: 16107: 16106: 16104: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16077: 16075: 16071: 16070: 16068: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15995:Hydroxytyrosol 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15897: 15895: 15888: 15877: 15876: 15873: 15872: 15870: 15869: 15860: 15859: 15850: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15710:Chloroindazole 15707: 15702: 15696: 15694: 15690: 15689: 15687: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15629:Spironolactone 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15360: 15358: 15343: 15342: 15340: 15339: 15330:Others (e.g., 15328: 15278: 15264: 15250: 15220: 15202: 15180: 15138: 15128: 15106: 15101: 15058:liquiritigenin 14967: 14953: 14931: 14905:Xenoestrogens: 14901: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14876: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14778:Paroxypropione 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14747: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14728: 14727: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14690:Estrobin (DBE) 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14646: 14645: 14635: 14634: 14633: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14581:Allenolic acid 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14539: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14486:Norethisterone 14483: 14478: 14476:Mytatrienediol 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14421:Ethylestradiol 14418: 14416:Ethinylestriol 14413: 14412: 14411: 14406: 14396: 14395: 14394: 14384: 14379: 14378: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14365:Estrone esters 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14341: 14340: 14335: 14333:Estriol esters 14325: 14320: 14318:Estrapronicate 14315: 14310: 14305: 14304: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14209: 14208: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14143: 14138: 14136:Alestramustine 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14036:16-Ketoestrone 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13884: 13882: 13875: 13864: 13863: 13853: 13852: 13845: 13838: 13830: 13821: 13820: 13818: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13788: 13785: 13784: 13781: 13780: 13778: 13777: 13772: 13762: 13757: 13733:-α-Amino acids 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13681: 13679: 13672: 13666: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13659: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13510: 13502: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13260: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13227:Spironolactone 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13052:Cyproheptadine 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13027:Canrenoic acid 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12970: 12968: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12936: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12766: 12764: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12710: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12675: 12674: 12669: 12668: 12667: 12657: 12655:Norgestrienone 12652: 12647: 12633: 12631:Norethisterone 12628: 12627: 12626: 12616: 12606: 12604:Levonorgestrel 12601: 12596: 12591: 12590: 12589: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12560: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12540: 12539: 12534: 12533: 12532: 12522: 12513: 12512: 12503: 12502: 12493: 12492: 12487: 12478: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12425:Ethyldienolone 12422: 12417: 12412: 12403: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12366: 12365: 12360: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12328:Androisoxazole 12321: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12304: 12303: 12288: 12283: 12282: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12197: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12177: 12176: 12175: 12174: 12169: 12159: 12154: 12153: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12127: 12126: 12125: 12115: 12110: 12109: 12108: 12098: 12097: 12096: 12086: 12081: 12068: 12067: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12025: 12024: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11998: 11997: 11987: 11978: 11977: 11972: 11971: 11970: 11960: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11943: 11941:Methyldiazinol 11938: 11937: 11936: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11905: 11904: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11861: 11860: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11823:1-Testosterone 11820: 11815: 11810: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11798: 11793: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11752: 11751: 11746: 11736: 11731: 11730: 11729: 11719: 11718: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11697: 11692: 11691: 11690: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11599: 11597: 11590: 11579: 11578: 11568: 11567: 11560: 11553: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11532: 11522: 11510: 11509:External links 11507: 11505: 11504: 11486: 11466: 11452: 11429: 11385: 11379: 11364: 11346:on 22 May 2013 11335: 11317: 11311: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11264: 11235:(4): 1245–55. 11211: 11154: 11103: 11052: 11001: 10971: 10941: 10911: 10868: 10842: 10791: 10765: 10739: 10717: 10692: 10666: 10637:(8): 1276–82. 10617: 10594: 10563: 10504: 10444: 10415: 10408: 10386: 10329: 10300:(1): 212–233. 10280: 10231: 10212:(3): 252–256. 10196: 10139: 10087: 10045: 9996: 9967:(4): 793–804. 9947: 9904: 9852: 9800: 9754: 9702: 9658: 9604: 9548: 9499: 9470:(7): 2319–30. 9450: 9398: 9369:(1–2): 24–30. 9346: 9317:(3): 1111–20. 9297: 9256: 9207: 9164: 9115: 9086:(8): 1213–22. 9066: 9037:(3): 283–297. 9017: 8966: 8911: 8882:(3): 50A–52A. 8862: 8811: 8765: 8722: 8673: 8637: 8593: 8542: 8493: 8472:(6): 2309–21. 8452: 8417:Int. J. Androl 8403: 8376: 8340: 8317: 8291: 8248: 8199: 8155: 8126:(12): 1694–9. 8106: 8069:(6): 1047–67. 8049: 8000: 7975: 7950: 7929: 7923: 7899: 7870: 7837: 7811: 7785: 7750: 7709: 7683: 7662:(12): 1875–8. 7642: 7598: 7569:(3): 273–305. 7544: 7538: 7519: 7488: 7453: 7410: 7358: 7300: 7249: 7216: 7185: 7133: 7107: 7064: 7013: 6970: 6919: 6862: 6818: 6783: 6769: 6731: 6682: 6641: 6592: 6551: 6525: 6497: 6479: 6457: 6431: 6405: 6379: 6351: 6302: 6267: 6218: 6194: 6153: 6124:(1): 123–128. 6104: 6075:(2): 385–393. 6055: 5998: 5969:(3): 321–328. 5949: 5900: 5865: 5816: 5775: 5768: 5747: 5725: 5708: 5681:(7): 1033–49. 5665: 5622: 5573: 5544:(2): 124–134. 5524: 5499: 5481: 5463: 5414: 5384: 5335: 5316: 5270: 5227: 5209: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5074:(7): 935–943. 5054: 5019: 4978: 4929: 4885: 4842: 4797:Environ Health 4783: 4764:(1): 153–169. 4748: 4696: 4645: 4602: 4583:(10): 922–33. 4562: 4543: 4514:(S–1): 40–50. 4494: 4445: 4420: 4369: 4328: 4278: 4271: 4253: 4246: 4228: 4209:(4): 715–719. 4192: 4173:(4): 406–411. 4156: 4103: 4060: 4011: 3982:(8): 1056–61. 3959: 3930: 3895: 3860: 3813: 3772: 3728: 3709:(3): 189–202. 3692: 3663:(2): 194–201. 3643: 3594: 3573:(12): 6444–8. 3553: 3518: 3461: 3401: 3344: 3326: 3297:(3): 140–155. 3277: 3251: 3225: 3199: 3192: 3172: 3153:(2): 109–227. 3137: 3111: 3091:IEH assessment 3074: 3048: 3026: 3010:Endocrine News 2994: 2965:(4): 293–342. 2945: 2910: 2858: 2851: 2825: 2768: 2746: 2721: 2697: 2640: 2618: 2567: 2510: 2453: 2412: 2363: 2314: 2257: 2228:(3): 378–455. 2208: 2193: 2167: 2148:(1): 135–162. 2132: 2114: 2070:(4): 293–342. 2047: 2012:(1): 130–142. 1995: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1928: 1925: 1913:European Union 1907: 1904: 1840: 1837: 1818:health systems 1797:, noting that 1763: 1760: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1686:Legal approach 1684: 1683: 1682: 1675: 1664: 1657: 1642: 1635:feedback loops 1606: 1603: 1578: 1575: 1548: 1545: 1523: 1520: 1502: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1477: 1474: 1447:, exposure to 1424:phytoestrogens 1396:organochlorine 1371: 1368: 1350:Main article: 1347: 1344: 1308:Main article: 1305: 1302: 1297:European Union 1225:Main article: 1222: 1219: 1182:Main article: 1179: 1176: 1104:Main article: 1101: 1098: 1086: 1083: 1057:food packaging 988:Main article: 984: 983: 976: 974: 893: 891: 884: 878: 875: 863:fire retardant 816:Main article: 813: 810: 792:that imitates 782:Main article: 779: 776: 772:phytoestrogens 746: 743: 722: 719: 622: 619: 581: 578: 563: 560: 540: 537: 535: 532: 488: 485: 468: 465: 422:antiandrogenic 350:Main article: 347: 344: 343: 342: 339: 336: 333: 304:vaginal cancer 230: 227: 135: 134: 127: 125: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16519: 16508: 16507:Endocrinology 16505: 16503: 16500: 16499: 16497: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16463: 16461: 16457: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16429: 16426: 16425: 16424: 16421: 16420: 16418: 16414: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16379: 16377: 16375: 16374:Health issues 16371: 16363: 16360: 16359: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16339: 16337: 16333: 16326: 16322: 16319: 16316: 16312: 16309: 16308: 16306: 16304: 16300: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16275: 16273: 16269: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16227: 16225: 16223: 16219: 16215: 16210: 16206: 16198: 16193: 16191: 16186: 16184: 16179: 16178: 16175: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16137: 16136: 16133: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16114: 16112: 16108: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16078: 16076: 16072: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16030: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15945: 15941: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15898: 15896: 15892: 15889: 15884: 15878: 15868: 15865: 15862: 15861: 15858: 15855: 15852: 15851: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15762: 15758: 15754: 15750: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15697: 15695: 15691: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15609:Pipendoxifene 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15444:Clomifenoxide 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15419:Brilanestrant 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15361: 15359: 15353: 15344: 15337: 15333: 15329: 15326: 15322: 15318: 15314: 15310: 15306: 15302: 15298: 15294: 15290: 15286: 15282: 15279: 15276: 15272: 15268: 15265: 15262: 15258: 15255:-like (e.g., 15254: 15251: 15248: 15244: 15240: 15236: 15232: 15228: 15224: 15221: 15218: 15214: 15210: 15206: 15203: 15200: 15199:guggulsterone 15196: 15192: 15188: 15184: 15183:Phytosteroids 15181: 15178: 15174: 15170: 15166: 15162: 15158: 15154: 15150: 15146: 15142: 15139: 15136: 15132: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15118: 15117:enterolactone 15114: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15099: 15095: 15091: 15087: 15083: 15079: 15075: 15071: 15067: 15063: 15059: 15055: 15051: 15047: 15043: 15039: 15035: 15031: 15027: 15023: 15019: 15015: 15011: 15007: 15003: 14999: 14995: 14991: 14987: 14983: 14979: 14975: 14971: 14968: 14965: 14961: 14957: 14954: 14951: 14950:wedelolactone 14947: 14943: 14939: 14935: 14932: 14929: 14928:photoanethole 14925: 14921: 14917: 14913: 14909: 14906: 14903: 14902: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14878: 14877: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14783:Pentafluranol 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14752: 14748: 14746: 14744: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14726: 14723: 14722: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14644: 14641: 14640: 14639: 14636: 14632: 14629: 14628: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14543:Nonsteroidal: 14541: 14540: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14401: 14400: 14397: 14393: 14392:Ethandrostate 14390: 14389: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14362: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14330: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14288: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14245: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14207: 14204: 14203: 14202: 14201:Cloxestradiol 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14171: 14167: 14163: 14159: 14155: 14151: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14081: 14077: 14076:17α-Estradiol 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13886: 13885: 13883: 13879: 13876: 13871: 13865: 13861: 13858: 13851: 13846: 13844: 13839: 13837: 13832: 13831: 13828: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13790: 13789: 13786: 13776: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13755: 13748: 13741: 13734: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13710: 13706: 13702: 13698: 13694: 13690: 13686: 13683: 13682: 13680: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13667: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13636:Valproic acid 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13581:Rezvilutamide 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13556:Proxalutamide 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13515: 13511: 13509: 13507: 13503: 13501: 13499: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13397: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13271:-Bicalutamide 13270: 13265: 13264:Nonsteroidal: 13262: 13261: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13132:Guggulsterone 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12972: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12938: 12937: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12770:Nonsteroidal: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12760: 12754: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12722:5α-Androstane 12720: 12718: 12715: 12712: 12711: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12692: 12691: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12677: 12676: 12673: 12670: 12666: 12663: 12662: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12645: 12641: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12625: 12622: 12621: 12620: 12617: 12614: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12588: 12585: 12584: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12562: 12561: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12542: 12541: 12538: 12535: 12531: 12530:Ethandrostate 12528: 12527: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12515: 12514: 12511: 12508: 12505: 12504: 12501: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12430:Ethylestrenol 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12302: 12299: 12298: 12296: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12261: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12199: 12198: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12179: 12178: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12164: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12132: 12131: 12128: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12107: 12104: 12103: 12102: 12099: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12078: 12074: 12069: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12051: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11996: 11993: 11992: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11980: 11979: 11976: 11973: 11969: 11966: 11965: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11895: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11803: 11802: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11728: 11725: 11724: 11723: 11720: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11702: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11689: 11686: 11685: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11648: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11591: 11586: 11580: 11576: 11573: 11566: 11561: 11559: 11554: 11552: 11547: 11546: 11543: 11536: 11533: 11530: 11526: 11523: 11520: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11501: 11497: 11493: 11489: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11436: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11401:(6): e05311. 11400: 11396: 11392: 11386: 11382: 11376: 11372: 11371: 11365: 11363: 11359: 11342: 11338: 11332: 11325: 11324: 11318: 11314: 11308: 11304: 11303: 11297: 11296: 11282: 11275: 11268: 11260: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11215: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11158: 11150: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11122: 11118: 11114: 11107: 11099: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11056: 11048: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11005: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10975: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10945: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10915: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10872: 10856: 10852: 10846: 10838: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10795: 10779: 10775: 10769: 10753: 10749: 10743: 10728: 10721: 10706:. 22 May 2014 10705: 10699: 10697: 10681: 10677: 10670: 10662: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10621: 10605: 10598: 10590: 10583: 10576: 10574: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10559: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10508: 10500: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10449: 10429: 10422: 10420: 10411: 10405: 10401: 10393: 10391: 10382: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10333: 10325: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10284: 10276: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10235: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10200: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10143: 10135: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10094: 10092: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10068:(2): 187–95. 10067: 10063: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10041: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10000: 9992: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9951: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9920:(1): 103–10. 9919: 9915: 9908: 9900: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9869:Endocrinology 9866: 9859: 9857: 9848: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9823:(3): 340–50. 9822: 9818: 9814: 9807: 9805: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9761: 9759: 9750: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9709: 9707: 9698: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9665: 9663: 9654: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9611: 9609: 9600: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9559: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9544: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9503: 9495: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9405: 9403: 9394: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9353: 9351: 9342: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9311:Endocrinology 9308: 9301: 9293: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9260: 9252: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9227:(9): 1414–9. 9226: 9222: 9218: 9211: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9168: 9160: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9119: 9111: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9070: 9062: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9021: 9013: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8970: 8962: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8915: 8907: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8866: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8827:(4): 945–56. 8826: 8822: 8815: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8772: 8770: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8641: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8597: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8538: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8497: 8489: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8466:Endocrinology 8463: 8456: 8448: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8423:(2): 259–69. 8422: 8418: 8414: 8407: 8391: 8387: 8380: 8361: 8357: 8350: 8344: 8328: 8321: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8264:(5747): 422. 8263: 8259: 8252: 8243: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8203: 8195: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8178:(3): 305–15. 8177: 8173: 8169: 8162: 8160: 8151: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8110: 8102: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8053: 8045: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8020:(5): A210–3. 8019: 8015: 8011: 8004: 7985: 7979: 7960: 7954: 7939: 7933: 7926: 7924:92-4-157192-6 7920: 7916: 7915: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7887: 7880: 7874: 7855: 7848: 7841: 7822: 7815: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7746: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7713: 7697: 7696:Science Daily 7693: 7687: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7646: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7602: 7594: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7563:Dose-Response 7560: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7541: 7539:92-4-154062-1 7535: 7531: 7530: 7523: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7469:(4): 389–98. 7468: 7464: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7414: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7381:(10): 720–8. 7380: 7376: 7372: 7365: 7363: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7317:Toxicol. Lett 7311: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7223: 7221: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7140: 7138: 7130:(5): 557–562. 7129: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7080:(3): 316–26. 7079: 7075: 7068: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7017: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6935:(2): 385–98. 6934: 6930: 6923: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6882:(5219): 620. 6881: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6835:(5): 927–40. 6834: 6830: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6799:(2): 113–28. 6798: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6773: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6738: 6736: 6727: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6612:(7): 643–50. 6611: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6588: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6571:(1): e26490. 6570: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6467: 6461: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6322:(6): 878–85. 6321: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6283:(2): 132–46. 6282: 6278: 6271: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6208:Health Canada 6204: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6059: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5771: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5718: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5593:(5): 723–30. 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5509: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5434:(7): 989–96. 5433: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5389: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5220: 5213: 5202: 5195: 5185: 5184:Science Daily 5181: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5035:(2): 226–31. 5034: 5030: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4902:(2): 187–94. 4901: 4897: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4858:(4): 925–31. 4857: 4853: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4701: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4465:(3): 308–14. 4464: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4274: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4127:(3): 219–28. 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3964: 3944: 3937: 3935: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3876:(5): 2037–8. 3875: 3871: 3870:Endocrinology 3864: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3751:(1): 98–103. 3750: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3733: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3703:Toxicol. Lett 3696: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3567:Endocrinology 3564: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3406: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3078: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3037: 3030: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2854: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2725: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2660:(5): 378–84. 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2628: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2432:(2): 115–41. 2431: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2383:(2): 257–62. 2382: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2204: 2197: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1814:public health 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1772:Catherine Day 1769: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1749:animal rights 1746: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1717:Clean Air Act 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1691:United States 1680: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1547:Social models 1544: 1541: 1540:gene knockout 1537: 1531: 1529: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1498: 1492:Animal models 1489: 1486: 1483: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1432:mycoestrogens 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1367: 1364: 1359: 1353: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1316: 1311: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1253:neurotoxicity 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1228: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1185: 1175: 1173: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1136:typhoid fever 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1112: 1107: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1082: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 996: 991: 975: 971: 960: 957: 953: 950: 946: 943: 939: 936: 932: 929: – 928: 924: 923:Find sources: 918: 914: 908: 907: 903: 899: 894:This section 892: 883: 882: 874: 872: 867: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 833: 829: 825: 824:xenoestrogens 819: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 785: 778:Xenoestrogens 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 742: 740: 736: 732: 731:microplastics 728: 718: 715: 711: 707: 703: 698: 694: 692: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 618: 615: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 577: 573: 570: 559: 557: 553: 550: 546: 531: 529: 525: 520: 516: 513: 511: 507: 502: 500: 494: 484: 482: 478: 473: 464: 461: 457: 452: 450: 446: 442: 438: 433: 429: 427: 423: 417: 413: 410: 406: 402: 397: 395: 391: 388:, as well as 387: 383: 379: 373: 371: 367: 364:that secrete 363: 359: 353: 340: 337: 334: 331: 330: 329: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 305: 301: 300:off-label use 297: 294: 290: 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 270:bioaccumulate 267: 263: 258: 256: 252: 251:public health 247: 243: 240: 236: 226: 224: 220: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 195: 193: 189: 185: 184:early puberty 181: 180:endometriosis 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 150: 149:nonyl-phenols 146: 141: 126: 122: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: – 79: 75: 74:Find sources: 69: 65: 59: 58: 54: 50: 45:This article 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 16391: 16218:Plasticizers 15863: 15853: 15777:Mepitiostane 15725:Epitiostanol 15594:Ormeloxifene 15519:Lasofoxifene 15429:Camizestrant 15424:Broparestrol 15414:Bazedoxifene 15336:rotundifuran 15285:alkylphenols 15235:β-zearalenol 15231:α-zearalenol 15217:stigmasterol 15209:β-sitosterol 15205:Phytosterols 15173:triclocarban 15169:methoxychlor 15122: 15104:Lavender oil 15098:tectorigenin 15030:formononetin 14904: 14879: 14750: 14742: 14542: 14526:Quinestradol 14516:Promestriene 14491:Noretynodrel 14355:Estromustine 14308:Estramustine 14243: 14150:testosterone 13887: 13775:Testosterone 13561:Pyrilutamide 13513: 13505: 13497: 13462:Lavender oil 13452:Ketoconazole 13417:Enzalutamide 13387:Darolutamide 13321:Bicalutamide 13296:Atraric acid 13268: 13263: 13247:Trimegestone 13202:Promegestone 13167:Mifepristone 13142:Medrogestone 13087:Drospirenone 13042:Clascoterone 12973: 12939: 12883:JNJ-37654032 12878:JNJ-28330835 12873:JNJ-26146900 12769: 12713: 12693: 12678: 12660:Quingestanol 12577:Etonogestrel 12563: 12543: 12516: 12506: 12496: 12481: 12465:Propetandrol 12406: 12395:Oxymetholone 12370:Methasterone 12324: 12318:Tiomesterone 12308:Oxymesterone 12200: 12180: 12101:Norclostebol 12076: 12072: 11981: 11919:Mepitiostane 11914:Epitiostanol 11897:Drostanolone 11848:Androsterone 11804: 11785:+dutasteride 11781:Testosterone 11749:DHEA sulfate 11602: 11531:, April 2023 11469: 11433: 11398: 11395:EFSA Journal 11394: 11369: 11348:. Retrieved 11341:the original 11322: 11301: 11267: 11232: 11228: 11214: 11171: 11167: 11157: 11120: 11116: 11106: 11069: 11066:ISRN Toxicol 11065: 11055: 11018: 11014: 11004: 10992:. Retrieved 10988:the original 10983: 10974: 10962:. Retrieved 10958:the original 10953: 10944: 10932:. Retrieved 10928:the original 10923: 10914: 10881: 10877: 10871: 10859:. Retrieved 10855:the original 10845: 10811:(22): 4361. 10808: 10804: 10794: 10782:. Retrieved 10777: 10768: 10756:. Retrieved 10752:the original 10742: 10730:. Retrieved 10720: 10708:. Retrieved 10683:. Retrieved 10679: 10669: 10634: 10630: 10620: 10608:. Retrieved 10597: 10588: 10521: 10517: 10507: 10464: 10460: 10435:. Retrieved 10398: 10346: 10342: 10332: 10297: 10293: 10283: 10248: 10244: 10234: 10209: 10205: 10199: 10156: 10152: 10142: 10107: 10103: 10065: 10061: 10013: 10009: 9999: 9964: 9960: 9950: 9917: 9913: 9907: 9872: 9868: 9820: 9816: 9773:(2): 133–8. 9770: 9766: 9722: 9718: 9678: 9675:ILAR Journal 9674: 9624: 9621:BMC Genomics 9620: 9575:(2): 103–9. 9572: 9568: 9519:(3): 262–8. 9516: 9512: 9502: 9467: 9463: 9453: 9418: 9414: 9366: 9362: 9314: 9310: 9300: 9273: 9269: 9259: 9224: 9220: 9210: 9180:(4): 175–8. 9177: 9173: 9167: 9135:(2): 291–4. 9132: 9128: 9118: 9083: 9079: 9069: 9034: 9030: 9020: 8983: 8979: 8969: 8932: 8928: 8914: 8879: 8875: 8865: 8824: 8820: 8814: 8781: 8777: 8738:(1): 66–72. 8735: 8732:Environ. Res 8731: 8725: 8693:(2): 58–67. 8690: 8686: 8676: 8654:(9): 912–8. 8651: 8647: 8640: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8563: 8559: 8510: 8506: 8496: 8469: 8465: 8455: 8420: 8416: 8406: 8394:. Retrieved 8389: 8379: 8367:. Retrieved 8360:the original 8355: 8343: 8331:. Retrieved 8320: 8308:. Retrieved 8303: 8294: 8261: 8257: 8251: 8216: 8212: 8202: 8175: 8172:Reproduction 8171: 8123: 8119: 8109: 8066: 8062: 8052: 8017: 8013: 8003: 7991:. Retrieved 7978: 7966:. Retrieved 7953: 7941:. Retrieved 7932: 7913: 7890:. Retrieved 7888:. 4 May 1973 7873: 7861:. Retrieved 7854:the original 7840: 7828:. Retrieved 7814: 7802:. Retrieved 7797: 7788: 7776:. Retrieved 7772:the original 7767: 7729:(2): 302–9. 7726: 7723:Toxicol. Sci 7722: 7712: 7700:. Retrieved 7695: 7686: 7659: 7655: 7645: 7612: 7609:Environ. Res 7608: 7601: 7566: 7562: 7528: 7522: 7510:. Retrieved 7506:the original 7501: 7491: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7426:(6): 333–9. 7423: 7419: 7413: 7378: 7374: 7323:(3): 182–7. 7320: 7316: 7303: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7240:. Retrieved 7236:the original 7231: 7207:. 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Retrieved 2098:the original 2067: 2063: 2050: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1985:Xenoestrogen 1980:John Sumpter 1972: 1938:Theo Colborn 1921: 1909: 1892: 1884: 1873: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1842: 1822: 1803: 1784: 1776: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1736: 1733: 1721: 1694: 1678: 1667: 1660: 1645: 1614: 1608: 1591: 1586: 1580: 1570:meadow voles 1550: 1532: 1525: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1495: 1487: 1482:body burdens 1479: 1460: 1453: 1442: 1440: 1378:(PCDDs) and 1373: 1355: 1330: 1317: 1313: 1286: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260:World War II 1257: 1230: 1215: 1207: 1199: 1195: 1187: 1168: 1162:through the 1156: 1144: 1117: 1094: 1088: 1076: 1061: 1044: 1008: 1001: 965: 955: 948: 941: 934: 922: 902:verification 895: 868: 859:antioxidants 836: 828:nonylphenols 821: 818:Alkylphenols 812:Alkylphenols 787: 784:Xenoestrogen 748: 724: 699: 695: 684: 668: 627: 624: 611: 607:alkylphenols 583: 574: 565: 542: 521: 517: 514: 503: 496: 470: 453: 434: 430: 418: 414: 398: 378:Sex steroids 374: 355: 319:In 2013 the 318: 308: 293:nonsteroidal 286: 266:heavy metals 259: 244: 239:Theo Colborn 234: 232: 215: 196: 167: 163: 159: 155: 154: 116: 106: 99: 92: 85: 73: 53:verification 46: 29: 16459:Regulations 16311:Bisphenol A 16122:Zearalenone 16074:Antagonists 16050:Resveratrol 16015:Nonylphenol 16010:Niacinamide 15926:Bisphenol A 15916:Aldosterone 15745:Glyceollins 15693:Antagonists 15684:Zuclomifene 15679:Zindoxifene 15589:NNC 45-1506 15584:NNC 45-0781 15579:NNC 45-0320 15574:NNC 45-0095 15569:Nitromifene 15549:Miproxifene 15499:Fispemifene 15474:Enclomifene 15469:Droloxifene 15449:CN-55945-27 15394:Afimoxifene 15384:Acefluranol 15275:rhaponticin 15271:resveratrol 15267:Stilbenoids 15239:zearalenone 15227:zearalanone 15213:campesterol 15145:alternariol 15078:pinocembrin 15022:epicatechin 14994:biochanin A 14934:Chalconoids 14828:Terfluranol 14803:Quadrosilan 14675:Elacestrant 14576:Allenestrol 14451:Lynestrenol 14375:Estropipate 14345:Estrofurate 14196:Clomestrone 14176:Atrimustine 14126:Abiraterone 14080:alfatradiol 13760:Osteocalcin 13641:Vinclozolin 13626:Thalidomide 13621:Seviteronel 13551:Procymidone 13487:Masofaniten 13442:Inocoterone 13346:bisphenol S 13342:bisphenol F 13338:bisphenol A 13316:BAY-1024767 13291:Apalutamide 13237:Spiroxasone 13232:Spirorenone 13212:Rosterolone 13152:Mespirenone 13097:Edogestrone 13067:Delanterone 13057:Cyproterone 13047:Clometerone 13017:Benorterone 13002:Abiraterone 12967:Antagonists 12898:PF-06260414 12803:BMS-564,929 12727:Alternariol 12619:Lynestrenol 12572:Desogestrel 12455:Norboletone 12445:Metribolone 12390:Oxandrolone 12348:Mestanolone 12313:Penmesterol 12244:Formebolone 12209:Calusterone 12204:Bolasterone 11958:Prostanozol 11929:Mesterolone 11350:24 February 11221:Grandjean P 10884:(1): 1–12. 10467:: 258–265. 9681:(1): 5–14. 8921:Parsonnet J 8778:Chemosphere 8648:Chemosphere 8219:(8): A542. 7804:21 February 7615:(1): 63–8. 6762:15 February 6018:: 224–231. 5675:Environ Int 5330:Toxics Link 5243:: 109–115. 4998:(1): 2–19. 4896:Chemosphere 3034:Visser MJ. 2530:(1): 9367. 2334:: 306–316. 1845:body burden 1627:deiodinases 1587:Danio rerio 1462:Tributyltin 1436:zearalenone 1416:vinclozolin 1147:monoculture 1126:, epidemic 1090:Bisphenol S 990:Bisphenol A 896:needs more 790:xenohormone 760:bisphenol A 739:groundwater 721:Environment 552:body burden 426:antithyroid 401:bisphenol A 272:. Some are 192:homeostasis 119:August 2019 47:needs more 16496:Categories 16387:Carcinogen 16352:Organotins 16222:Phthalates 16065:Tectoridin 16045:Raloxifene 16020:Oleuropein 15867:Trilostane 15812:Prochloraz 15772:MDL-101906 15767:ICI-164384 15654:Trioxifene 15649:Toremifene 15619:Raloxifene 15604:Panomifene 15599:Ospemifene 15564:Nafoxidine 15454:Cyclofenil 15409:Arzoxifene 15389:Acolbifene 15321:phthalates 15289:bisphenols 15261:miroestrol 15165:methiocarb 15153:endosulfan 15141:Pesticides 15113:enterodiol 15094:tectoridin 15074:penduletin 15070:naringenin 15054:kaempferol 14970:Flavonoids 14964:psoralidin 14960:coumestrol 14956:Coumestans 14920:dianethole 14873:WAY-214156 14863:WAY-200070 14858:WAY-169916 14853:WAY-166818 14823:SKF-82,958 14788:Phenestrol 14768:Methestrol 14753:-Hexestrol 14745:-Butestrol 14626:Dienestrol 14606:Carbestrol 14591:Bifluranol 14586:Benzestrol 14531:Quinestrol 14481:Nilestriol 14323:Estrazinol 14256:Epimestrol 14246:-Estradiol 14228:Cyclotriol 14166:nandrolone 14141:Almestrone 13976:7-Oxo-DHEA 13888:Steroidal: 13860:modulators 13754:-ornithine 13697:gadolinium 13546:Prochloraz 13541:Phenothrin 13521:Nilutamide 13492:Methiocarb 13412:Endosulfan 13377:Cioteronel 13372:Cimetidine 13362:BMS-641988 13357:BMS-570511 13352:BMS-501949 13326:Bisphenols 13281:Antarlides 13257:Zanoterone 13192:Oxendolone 13137:Ludaterone 13127:Galeterone 13077:Dicirenone 12974:Steroidal: 12940:Steroidal: 12933:Vosilasarm 12828:GSK2881078 12783:AC-262,536 12742:Trilostane 12650:Norgestrel 12599:Gestrinone 12567:Δ-Tibolone 12450:Mibolerone 12400:Stanozolol 12353:Metenolone 12130:Trenbolone 12089:Nandrolone 12039:Dienedione 11963:Stenbolone 11924:Mesabolone 11776:Silandrone 11771:Quinbolone 11766:Plomestane 11761:Formestane 11756:Exemestane 11678:Atamestane 11575:modulators 11279:(Report). 11174:: e00135. 10732:10 October 10710:10 October 10159:: 146404. 7884:(Report). 6702:: 105185. 6372:7 February 5289:: 121681. 5029:Pediatrics 4719:: 104457. 4301:: 110665. 4070:Pediatrics 3827:Pediatrics 3528:Toxicology 2633:20 October 2473:: 106433. 1991:References 1900:peroxidase 1806:Copenhagen 1715:, and the 1598:transgenic 1561:pine voles 1522:Transgenic 1456:oxybenzone 1449:endosulfan 1400:endosulfan 1392:pesticides 1310:Phthalates 1304:Phthalates 1245:neurotoxic 1164:food chain 968:March 2016 938:newspapers 871:detergents 855:elastomers 851:fragrances 843:lubricants 839:detergents 806:phthalates 768:phthalates 710:waterproof 676:nonoxynols 633:phthalates 629:Greenpeace 595:phthalates 528:phthalates 491:See also: 472:Toxicology 456:phthalates 405:endogenous 282:sex ratios 89:newspapers 16416:Pollution 16382:Teratogen 16313:(BPA, in 16060:Tamoxifen 16040:Quercetin 15980:Genistein 15960:Estradiol 15944:o',p'-DDE 15847:ZK-191703 15842:ZK-164015 15802:Phenytoin 15700:(R,R)-THC 15639:Tamoxifen 15614:Promensil 15539:LY-117018 15514:Idoxifene 15509:ICI-55548 15494:Femarelle 15479:Endoxifen 15439:Clomifene 15195:diosgenin 15191:digitalis 15187:digitoxin 15177:triclosan 15157:fenarimol 15090:quercetin 15066:myricetin 15062:mirificin 15050:glycitein 15042:genistein 15038:glabridin 14998:calycosin 14986:baicalein 14942:phloretin 14898:ZK-283197 14758:Mestilbol 14720:Hexestrol 14695:Fenestrel 14670:Efavirenz 14601:Butestrol 14556:2,8-DHHHC 14551:(S,S)-THC 14546:(R,R)-THC 14501:Pentolame 14496:Orestrate 14471:Moxestrol 14461:Mestranol 14426:Etynodiol 14286:Estradiol 14261:Equilenin 14223:Cyclodiol 14181:Bolandiol 13740:-arginine 13725:Estradiol 13705:strontium 13701:magnesium 13689:aluminium 13656:YM-175735 13591:Ro 5-2537 13586:Ro 2-7239 13536:PF-998425 13531:Pentomone 13472:LG-120907 13432:Flutamide 13427:Fenarimol 13367:CH5137291 13306:Bakuchiol 13242:Topterone 13207:Prorenone 13182:Osaterone 13177:Nordinone 13162:Mexrenone 13082:Dienogest 13032:Canrenone 12953:TFM-4AS-1 12893:ORM-11984 12833:GSK-4336A 12823:GLPG-0492 12747:ZM-182345 12594:Gestodene 12582:Etynodiol 12338:Furazabol 12229:Enestebol 12157:Trendione 12118:Oxabolone 12044:Dienolone 12017:Bolandiol 11946:Nisterime 11700:Clostebol 11683:Boldenone 11496:264081548 11462:240274054 11206:202079156 11198:2468-2276 10524:(1): 17. 10251:: 58–70. 10191:232323014 10016:: 39–46. 9725:: 49–71. 9421:: 34–37. 8566:: 86–93. 6419:USA Today 5517:1 January 5476:USA Today 5409:241050234 4323:209493576 4113:Gladen BC 3124:e.hormone 2505:232064637 1876:Superfund 1868:program. 1793:told the 1650:embryonal 1631:setpoints 1583:zebrafish 1577:Zebrafish 1428:genistein 1382:(PCDFs), 1358:non-stick 1203:chloracne 1140:pyrethrum 1132:dysentery 735:landfills 687:phthalate 652:one-piece 569:congeners 526:and some 524:tamoxifen 409:exogenous 386:androgens 382:estrogens 370:receptors 314:serotonin 291:(DES), a 233:The term 211:cognitive 205:, severe 172:endocrine 145:estradiol 16397:Diabetes 16303:Monomers 16283:Adipates 16205:plastics 16138:See also 15940:p,p'-DDT 15931:Daidzein 15921:Atrazine 15894:Agonists 15822:RU-58668 15817:RU-39411 15664:U-11555A 15659:TZE-5323 15404:Anordrin 15399:Anordiol 15332:agnuside 15309:parabens 15149:dieldrin 15121:nyasol ( 15086:puerarin 15082:prunetin 15046:genistin 15034:glabrene 15006:daidzein 15002:catechin 14990:baicalin 14982:apigenin 14912:anethole 14700:FERb 033 14536:Tibolone 14521:RU-16117 14506:Prodiame 14441:Hippulin 14436:Hexolame 14281:Estetrol 14191:Butolame 13881:Agonists 13791:See also 13678:Agonists 13651:YM-92088 13616:RU-58841 13611:RU-58642 13606:RU-57073 13601:RU-56187 13596:RU-22930 13526:ONC1-13B 13477:LGD-1331 13402:Dieldrin 13396:p,p’-DDE 13301:AZD-3514 13286:Arabilin 13217:RU-15328 13157:Metogest 13092:DU-41165 12928:S-101479 12908:RU-59063 12863:LGD-4033 12858:LGD-3303 12848:LGD-2226 12838:GSK-8698 12737:Drupanol 12732:Cl-4AS-1 12672:Tibolone 11853:Bolazine 11596:Agonists 11425:32625944 11259:25742516 11149:23213291 11123:: 1–10. 11098:24083032 11047:22253637 11021:: 1–10. 10994:14 March 10964:14 March 10934:14 March 10906:18035460 10861:14 March 10837:31717330 10758:14 March 10680:Guardian 10661:16882539 10610:14 March 10558:29458359 10499:28764921 10381:23594743 10324:24136191 10275:25461724 10226:10826982 10183:33752003 10134:26126630 10082:18955160 10040:27102938 9991:21160468 9942:16307867 9899:25051448 9847:22206823 9787:11534973 9749:25102443 9697:19106448 9653:20109198 9599:20005580 9543:24316720 9494:20577047 9445:29122548 9415:Steroids 9393:18534740 9341:25545386 9292:26397828 9251:19750107 9202:17568717 9194:11956758 9159:22345604 9129:Genetics 9110:21406540 9061:29779582 9012:32793119 8961:31908267 8906:11871568 8857:32909270 8849:14998004 8806:10739053 8760:18950754 8717:29173997 8709:21392107 8668:22119282 8632:25889473 8624:26956191 8588:28982594 8537:20423814 8488:27100621 8447:19919614 8396:14 March 8369:27 April 8333:14 March 8310:14 March 8286:39080713 8278:16239449 8194:15016950 8150:19079722 8101:17904639 8044:18470294 7993:14 March 7968:14 March 7943:14 March 7892:14 March 7863:14 March 7778:14 March 7745:16980691 7678:18825156 7637:18649880 7593:18648619 7512:14 March 7345:18329192 7242:14 March 7209:14 March 7180:19165398 7102:18434086 7051:13111250 7000:14808278 6965:19072832 6957:15707037 6857:18407298 6726:31668669 6677:25475787 6636:25775505 6587:82372971 6544:5 August 6518:5 August 6450:14 April 6424:14 March 6398:14 March 6346:21233055 6297:19931376 6262:20049111 6189:21122836 6148:24746738 6099:20002217 6050:24100206 5993:26161573 5944:24534276 5895:18799451 5860:18197296 5811:97899046 5758:(2007). 5703:18282600 5660:21650741 5617:19479013 5568:17174995 5538:Steroids 5458:21367689 5379:19528054 5311:31757725 5265:31129321 5171:22739065 5098:22398195 5014:17426733 4973:16330348 4924:18599108 4880:15773463 4837:18201376 4803:(1): 2. 4743:38677495 4691:24058620 4683:14716013 4640:15543730 4597:17009213 4538:16818245 4489:18335096 4407:12610596 4364:29126514 4315:31760044 4223:37606191 4203:Urologia 4187:27862129 4151:17439530 4098:27956545 4090:18519505 4055:16393642 4006:16079079 3952:14 March 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NIEHS. 2162:21054169 2094:19502515 2042:41532171 2034:11795392 1958:Obesogen 1927:See also 1737:in vitro 1672:U-shaped 1434:such as 1426:such as 1412:atrazine 1386:(PAHs), 1340:glucagon 1315:system. 1237:textiles 1191:Monsanto 1011:diabetes 794:estrogen 758:(PCBs), 727:plastics 621:Clothing 587:Parabens 493:Hormesis 394:feedback 380:such as 366:hormones 323:and the 296:estrogen 199:hormones 188:hormones 176:hormonal 16445:Dioxins 16402:Obesity 16110:Unknown 16086:Estriol 15990:GPER-L2 15985:GPER-L1 15669:U-11634 15544:Menerba 15534:LN-2299 15529:LN-1643 15504:GW-7604 15459:D-15413 15291:(e.g., 15283:(e.g., 15269:(e.g., 15253:Steroid 15225:(e.g., 15207:(e.g., 15185:(e.g., 15143:(e.g., 15135:cadmium 15133:(e.g., 15111:(e.g., 15109:Lignans 15010:daidzin 14974:7,8-DHF 14972:(incl. 14958:(e.g., 14936:(e.g., 14818:SERBA-2 14813:SC-4289 14808:SC-3296 14715:GTx-758 14611:D-15414 14561:β-LGND1 14511:Prolame 14360:Estrone 14328:Estriol 14266:Equilin 14148:(e.g., 14061:16α-LE2 13747:-lysine 13735:(incl. 13693:calcium 13687:(incl. 13685:Cations 13482:Linuron 13422:EPI-001 13328:(e.g., 13117:EM-6537 13112:EM-5855 13107:EM-5854 13102:EM-4350 12948:MK-0773 12943:EM-9017 12923:S-40503 12778:ACP-105 12773:198RL26 12638:(e.g., 12611:(e.g., 12520:Danazol 12470:RU-2309 12410:Bolenol 11416:7009395 11250:4399291 11176:Bibcode 11140:3504417 11089:3776372 11072:: 1–7. 11038:3255175 10886:Bibcode 10828:6888492 10784:4 March 10652:1552001 10549:5819230 10526:Bibcode 10490:5567845 10469:Bibcode 10372:3703927 10351:Bibcode 10315:3871932 10266:4339096 10161:Bibcode 10125:4701642 10031:5067172 9982:3055728 9922:Bibcode 9890:6285157 9838:3483080 9795:7256393 9740:4317378 9644:2824727 9590:2822034 9534:3948038 9485:2898582 9436:5864539 9384:2562461 9332:4330313 9242:2737019 9150:3276648 9101:3149489 9052:6029710 9003:7387406 8986:: 470. 8952:6946399 8884:Bibcode 8829:Bibcode 8786:Bibcode 8740:Bibcode 8568:Bibcode 8528:2920088 8438:2874619 8304:Reuters 8258:Science 8242:1280383 8233:3436340 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