271:
32:
107:
130:—enamel-producing cells—either for a short period of time or throughout their lifespan. Enamel hypoplasia has a wide variety of known causes. Some causes are hereditary and others are from environmental exposure. The severity and localization of disease presentation is dependent on the timing and stage of tooth development in which the defective enamel formation occurred.
63:
is deficient in quantity, caused by defective enamel matrix formation during enamel development, as a result of inherited and acquired systemic condition(s). It can be identified as missing tooth structure and may manifest as pits or grooves in the crown of the affected teeth, and in extreme
389:
is a presentation of enamel hypoplasia that normally affects only a single tooth. Its causes can be the same as other forms of enamel hypoplasia, but it is most commonly associated with trauma to a primary maxillary central incisor and the subsequent developmental disturbance of the underlying
88:
are found in areas of the teeth where the enamel was being actively formed during a systemic or local disturbance. Since the formation of enamel extends over a long period of time, defects may be confined to one well-defined area of the affected teeth. Knowledge of chronological development of
97:
makes it possible to determine the approximate time at which the developmental disturbance occurred. Enamel hypoplasia varies substantially among populations and can be used to infer health and behavioural impacts from the past. Defects have also been found in a variety of non-human animals.
350:, as opposed to hypoplasia, refers to a decrease in the mineral content of the enamel, not the total amount present. It can vary in its presentation, and teeth may appear visually normal or highly translucent. Affected enamel is softer and more susceptible to acid, wear and decay.
282:(ECC), which continues to be a burden for many children. This association has been identified as significant and independent, and is believed that the formation of pits and missing enamel provides a suitable local environment for adhesion and colonization of
327:) should be placed and cavity margins should not be placed in areas of defective enamel as this may lead to marginal leakage and recurrent decay. Stainless steel crowns with conservative preparation may be an effective method to eliminate
370:. In these cases, teeth may lose their weakened enamel shortly after eruption and are highly susceptible to dental caries. Affected teeth are highly sensitive to chemical and thermal irritants, and may also be difficult to obtain
374:. The causes of MIH are thought to be similar to those of other forms of enamel hypoplasia, but occur concurrently with crown development in the permanent molars and incisors (birth to approximately 3 years of age).
289:
Developmental defects in enamel that affect tooth appearance in the esthetic zone (i.e. upper front teeth) may cause individuals to experience social embarrassment or anxiety regarding the appearance of their teeth.
1205:
1190:
110:
Irreversible enamel defects caused by an untreated celiac disease. They may be the only clue to its diagnosis, even in absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, but are often confused with fluorosis,
274:
Teeth displaying enamel hypoplasia lines, linear defects of enamel that form during crowns development as a result of periods of nutritional stress or disease during infancy and childhood.
725:
308:
in the form of gel or varnish is effective in preventing tooth decay in children with enamel defects. Treatment with other topical agents, such as calcium phosphate (
1259:
747:
555:"An Enigmatic Hypoplastic Defect of the Maxillary Lateral Incisor in Recent and Fossil Orangutans from Sumatra (Pongo abelii) and Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus)"
638:
939:
Ferraz EG, Campos E, Sarmento VA, Silva LR (2012). "The oral manifestations of celiac disease: information for the pediatric dentist".
531:
1252:
922:
763:
610:
Dobney K, Ervynck A (2000). "Interpreting
Developmental Stress in Archaeological Pigs: The Chronology of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia".
780:
Pastore L, Carroccio A, Compilato D, Panzarella V, Serpico R, Lo Muzio L (March 2008). "Oral manifestations of celiac disease".
1480:
358:
Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a condition in which there are areas of hypomineralized or hypomatured enamel on the
424:
518:
Hillson S, Bond S (September 1997). "Relationship of enamel hypoplasia to the pattern of tooth crown growth: a discussion".
1245:
966:
Giuca MR, Cei G, Gigli F, Gandini P (2010). "Oral signs in the diagnosis of celiac disease: review of the literature".
31:
477:
171:, Down syndrome, Hypophosphatasia, Regional odontodysplasia, Cleft lip and palate, Vitamin D-resistant rickets.
168:
441:
115:
1059:"Developmental defects of enamel and dentine: challenges for basic science research and clinical management"
1108:"Esthetic and endosurgical management of Turner's hypoplasia; a sequlae of trauma to developing tooth germ"
687:
Moggi-Cecchi J, Crovella S (1991). "Occurrence of enamel hypoplasia in the dentitions of simian primates".
77:
309:
146:
1423:
312:), may also be effective in the remineralization of areas with congenital or carious enamel defects.
160:
73:
1433:
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81:
1418:
834:
328:
140:
72:
or localized to a few teeth. Defects are categorized by shape or location. Common categories are
1237:
478:"A probable genetic origin for pitting enamel hypoplasia on the molars of Paranthropus robustus"
1475:
1387:
286:
bacteria. Historically, enamel hypoplasia has been under-appreciated as a risk factor for ECC.
279:
316:
270:
919:
760:
8:
1346:
1209:
871:"Enamel hypoplasia and its role in identification of individuals: A review of literature"
554:
324:
228:
1147:"Hypoplasia of a Permanent Incisor Produced by Primary Incisor Intrusion: A Case Report"
301:
may be indicated for the prevention of caries in hypoplastic pit & fissure systems.
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332:
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cases, some portions of the crown of the tooth may have no enamel, exposing the
39:
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94:
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728:. National Institute of Health (NIH). Archived from the original on 15 May 2017
298:
152:
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Enamel hypoplasia is a risk factor for dental caries in children including
253:
184:
111:
60:
708:
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461:
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532:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199709)104:1<89::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-8
283:
224:
1182:
1331:
1291:
1010:"Dental Enamel formation and Implicateions for Oral Health and Disease"
442:"Severe Plane-Form Enamel Hypoplasia in a Dentition from Roman Britain"
127:
1075:
1058:
802:
700:
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and prevent further breakdown in teeth with enamel defects requiring
315:
In decayed teeth with enamel defects, only bonded restorations (e.g.
199:
69:
44:
779:
305:
243:
205:
181:
Nutritional deficits, such as
Vitamin D, iron or calcium deficiency
1267:
1112:
Journal of Indian
Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry
367:
213:
338:
293:
126:
Enamel hypoplasia is believed to result from the dysfunction of
106:
1194:
639:"Amelogenesis imperfecta in the dentition of a wild chimpanzee"
85:
65:
552:
234:
56:
1007:
938:
689:
1008:
Lacruz RS, Habelitz S, Wright JT, Paine ML (July 2017).
869:
Kanchan T, Machado M, Rao A, Krishan K, Garg AK (2015).
868:
553:
Skinner MF, Skinner MM, Pilbrow VC, Hannibal DL (2016).
1106:
Bhushan, B. A.; Garg, S.; Sharma, D.; Jain, M. (2008).
439:
1105:
864:
862:
860:
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856:
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139:
Primary abnormalities in enamel development, such as
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965:
773:
686:
219:
Certain diseases (such as undiagnosed and untreated
118:
include a dental exam in the diagnostic protocol of
636:
353:
986:
851:
412:
176:Environmental causes of enamel hypoplasia include:
754:
720:
718:
599:(13th ed.). India: Elsevier. pp. 72–87.
1467:
932:
746:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
440:Towle I, Dove ER, Irish JD, De Groote I (2018).
134:Hereditary causes of enamel hypoplasia include:
84:, and localised enamel hypoplasia. Hypoplastic
715:
1253:
637:Towle I, Irish JD, De Groote I (April 2018).
609:
419:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
339:Other conditions affecting enamel development
294:Guidelines for Treatment of Enamel Hypoplasia
959:
410:
151:Other complex hereditary conditions such as
835:"Is Tooth decay hereditary? - Healthy bano"
517:
145:Certain dermatological conditions, such as
1260:
1246:
475:
30:
1074:
1033:
896:
886:
801:
520:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
460:
415:Dental anatomy, physiology, and occlusion
390:permanent tooth. This may also result in
239:Hypoxia (i.e. from severe cardiac defect)
920:Dental Enamel Defects and Celiac Disease
761:Dental Enamel Defects and Celiac Disease
404:
269:
105:
68:. It may be generalized across the
1468:
377:
1241:
1144:
1003:
1001:
832:
597:Orban's Oral Histology and Embryology
594:
265:
1056:
782:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
562:International Journal of Primatology
394:of the root of the permanent tooth.
204:Certain infections (e.g. congenital
114:discoloration, or other causes. The
913:
13:
998:
929:National Institute of Health (NIH)
770:National Institute of Health (NIH)
14:
1492:
1168:
612:Journal of Archaeological Science
588:
321:polyacid-modified composite resin
476:Towle I, Irish JD (April 2019).
354:Molar-incisor hypomineralization
1138:
1099:
1050:
826:
680:
646:Journal of Medical Primatology
630:
603:
546:
511:
469:
433:
304:According to clinical trials,
1:
1481:Developmental tooth disorders
726:"Diagnosis of Celiac Disease"
411:Ash Jr MM, Nelson SJ (2003).
397:
258:Vitamin A, C, or D deficiency
116:National Institutes of Health
794:10.1097/MCG.0b013e318074dd98
497:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.01.002
7:
995:Doctor Staci Whitman (2021)
875:Indian Journal of Dentistry
833:bhong, akash (2023-05-10).
449:Dental Anthropology Journal
10:
1497:
1026:10.1152/physrev.00030.2016
485:Journal of Human Evolution
306:topical fluoride treatment
169:Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome
1442:
1424:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
1411:
1370:
1305:
1280:
1176:
1063:Australian Dental Journal
574:10.1007/s10764-016-9920-2
161:Treacher-Collins syndrome
101:
38:
29:
24:
1434:Regional odontodysplasia
1383:Regional odontodysplasia
888:10.4103/0975-962X.155887
193:Smoking during pregnancy
1419:Amelogenesis imperfecta
141:amelogenesis imperfecta
1145:Altun C (April 2009).
766:March 5, 2016, at the
624:10.1006/jasc.1999.0477
280:early childhood caries
275:
147:Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
123:
1118:(Suppl 3): S121–124.
1014:Physiological Reviews
968:Minerva Stomatologica
462:10.26575/daj.v30i1.23
273:
109:
1057:Seow, W. K. (2014).
333:full-coverage crowns
16:Lack of tooth enamel
1388:Turner's hypoplasia
1362:Supernumerary roots
941:Pediatric Dentistry
383:Turner's hypoplasia
378:Turner's hypoplasia
229:congenital syphilis
55:is a defect of the
925:2016-03-05 at the
344:Hypomineralization
276:
266:Clinical relevance
124:
1463:
1462:
1393:Enamel hypoplasia
1274:tooth abnormality
1235:
1234:
1076:10.1111/adj.12104
993:Enamel Hypoplasia
701:10.1159/000156571
658:10.1111/jmp.12323
426:978-0-7216-9382-8
348:hypocalcification
53:Enamel hypoplasia
50:
49:
25:Enamel hypoplasia
19:Medical condition
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1450:Dental fluorosis
1429:Dentin dysplasia
1412:Other hereditary
1337:Dens invaginatus
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1069:(s1): 143–154.
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299:Dental sealants
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157:Seckel syndrome
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1177:Classification
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1169:External links
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1020:(3): 939–993.
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618:(7): 597–607.
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387:Turner's tooth
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1378:Dilaceration
1357:Taurodontism
1342:Enamel pearl
1313:Concrescence
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961:
947:(7): 485–8.
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842:. Retrieved
839:healthy bano
838:
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254:Tetracycline
185:Birth injury
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112:tetracycline
52:
51:
1352:Microdontia
1347:Macrodontia
1297:Hyperdontia
329:sensitivity
225:chicken pox
128:ameloblasts
82:linear-form
1470:Categories
1332:Talon cusp
1323:Gemination
1292:Hypodontia
844:2023-05-10
803:10447/1671
784:(Review).
398:References
372:anesthesia
284:cariogenic
246:exposure (
242:Excessive
235:High fever
78:plane-form
1371:Formation
1288:Anodontia
1124:0970-4388
1085:1834-7819
820:205776755
491:: 54–61.
455:: 16–24.
200:Radiation
91:deciduous
70:dentition
45:Dentistry
40:Specialty
1281:Quantity
1132:19127030
1093:24164394
1044:28468833
980:20212408
953:23265166
923:Archived
907:26097340
812:18223505
764:Archived
742:cite web
666:29112236
582:42106249
505:30904040
368:incisors
323:and not
244:fluoride
206:syphilis
74:pit-form
1226:D003744
1035:6151498
898:4455163
709:1786905
674:3801451
540:9331455
325:amalgam
310:CPP-ACP
214:rubella
86:lesions
1318:Fusion
1130:
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1091:
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978:
951:
905:
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810:
732:6 June
707:
672:
664:
580:
538:
503:
423:
364:molars
360:crowns
196:Trauma
167:&
102:Causes
66:dentin
61:enamel
1443:Other
1215:520.4
1200:K00.4
1150:(PDF)
816:S2CID
670:S2CID
642:(PDF)
578:S2CID
558:(PDF)
481:(PDF)
445:(PDF)
57:teeth
1221:MeSH
1210:9-CM
1154:JCDA
1128:PMID
1120:ISSN
1089:PMID
1081:ISSN
1040:PMID
976:PMID
949:PMID
903:PMID
808:PMID
748:link
734:2017
705:PMID
662:PMID
536:PMID
501:PMID
421:ISBN
366:and
93:and
1206:ICD
1191:ICD
1071:doi
1030:PMC
1022:doi
893:PMC
883:doi
798:hdl
790:doi
697:doi
654:doi
620:doi
570:doi
528:doi
524:104
493:doi
489:129
457:doi
385:or
346:or
187:or
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