382:, the Empress Dowager introduced two far-reaching policies. They were the "equal-field landholding system" and the "three-elder system". In the "equal-filed system" (juntian-zhi) implemented in 485, the state redistributed uncultivated land to commoners attached with obligations of tax duty in the forms of grain, cloth, and labor service. Under this policy, each household was entitled to lands proportional to its labor power. Specifically, two types of land with tenure were granted to a household: the first was open land for crop cultivation (40 mu) for each adult male in the household, and half those amounts for females which was returnable after the recipient reached a specific advanced age or died. The second was the land to support textile production (10 or 20 mu), with the same gender distribution principle as open land in one of two forms, namely, "mulberry lands" in silk-producing areas, and "hemp lands" in regions where sericulture was impractical. Mulberry land was inheritable because of the long-term investment and care mulberry orchards required. Households possessing slaves and plow oxen were entitled to larger allocations. The open land allocations would be doubled or tripled in areas where the land was less fertile or the population sparse. Sale of these land grants was forbidden, although subleasing was possible under some circumstances. Land allocations would be adjusted annually to account for changes in household wealth.
359:
Empress
Dowager Feng and Emperor Xiaowen jointly convened an imperial council to discuss their punishment. Grand Empress Dowager Feng opened by asking the officials, "Do you believe that we should care about familial relations and destroy law, or to disregard familial relations and follow the law?" The officials largely pleaded for the princes' lives. After Grand Empress Dowager Feng fell silent, Emperor Xiaowen stated: "What the two princes committed is unpardonable, but the Grand Empress Dowager takes after the brotherly love that Gaozong had. Further, the Prince of Nan'an is filially pious toward his mother. Therefore, the two will be spared the death penalty, but their offices and titles will be stripped from them, and they will be reduced to commoner status with no political rights."
273:
official Li Xin (李訢), who was a close friend of Li Yi's brother Li Fu (李敷), was accused of corruption, and
Emperor Xianwen became aware of the accusations even though Li Fu tried to suppress the reports. He had known about his stepmother's relationship with Li Yi and, while he had not taken any actions against it at that point, disapproved of it. He sentenced Li Xin to death, but then informed Li Xin that if he could report on crimes that Li Fu and Li Yi had committed, he would be spared. After initial reluctance, Li Xin did so, and another man named Fan Biao (范標) also did so. Emperor Xianwen then executed Li Fu and Li Yi. Empress Dowager Feng became resentful of Emperor Xianwen after that point.
304:
promoting some honored officials who were not her lovers. Because she was concerned that she would be criticized for what was seen as immoral conduct, she punished those whom she perceived to be criticizing her or parodying her behavior with severe punishment, including death. One of her victims was Li Xin, who had contributed to her prior lover Li Yi's death, as she had Li Xin put to death in 477. Fearful that
Emperor Xiaowen's mother's clan would try to take power, she falsely accused his grandfather Li Hui (李惠) the Prince of Nan Commandery of treason in 478 and had him and his clan slaughtered. She apparently accelerated the policy of
295:
economic power of local magnates who sheltered residents under their control living in fortified villages. Under this system, all land was owned by the state, and then equally distributed to taxpaying farmers. This system successfully created a stable fiscal infrastructure and a basis for universal military conscription for the
Northern Wei, and continued well into the Tang dynasty. The equal-field program was coupled with another initiative, the "Three Elders" system, aimed at compiling accurate population registers so that land could be distributed accordingly.
386:
neighborhood elder (linzhang) while five neighborhoods were grouped into a village and headed by one village elder (lizhang). Finally, over five villages, there was one ward elder (dangzhang). The three elders, appointed by the government, were responsible for detecting and re-registering population that fell otherwise outside of state accounts, requisitioning corvee labor, military conscripts, and taxes, and taking care of the poor and orphaned under their jurisdiction. This policy significantly bolstered the dynasty's control over the common people.
257:, and Yuchi subsequently defeated two attempts by Emperor Ming to recapture those provinces. She also sent the general Murong Baiyao (慕容白曜) to attack and try to capture Liu Song's Qing (青州, modern central and eastern Shandong) and Ji (冀州, modern northwestern Shandong) Provinces, which were cut off from the rest of Liu Song after Xue's defection, and by 469, both provinces fell into Northern Wei hands, and all of the regions north of the Huai River was by now Northern Wei territory.
355:, Consort Lin was forced to commit suicide pursuant to Northern Wei customs. She raised Tuoba Xun herself. In 485, after Emperor Xiaowen created his younger brothers princes, Grand Empress Dowager Feng established an imperial school for these princes. In 486, perhaps as both a sign of Sinicization and demonstration of Emperor Xiaowen's authority, he began to assume traditional Chinese imperial clothing, including a robe with dragon patterns and a tasseled hat.
339:), but was discovered, captured, and executed. Some officials advocating the execution of all Buddhist monks, but Grand Empress Dowager Feng refused. Also that year, she started the building of her future tomb at Fang Mountain (方山), near Pingcheng, leaving instructions that after she died that it would be unnecessary for her to be buried with her husband Emperor Wencheng (who was buried near the old Northern Wei capital Shengle (盛樂, in modern
351:
Xi (拓拔禧), but after her attendants persuaded her otherwise, she did not carry out such actions. While Grand
Empress Dowager Feng never formally returned imperial powers to him, by about 483 he appeared to be fairly in control of the government, although Grand Empress Dowager Feng continued to retain substantial powers. Indeed, it was by her order that that year, after Emperor Xiaowen's concubine Consort Lin bore his oldest son,
286:, believed that she poisoned him, but another version indicated that Empress Dowager Feng readied assassins who, when Emperor Xianwen came to her palace to greet her, seized and smothered him.) Empress Dowager Feng took on the title of grand empress dowager and re-assumed regency, over the nine-year-old Emperor Xiaowen.
350:
As the years went by, as
Emperor Xiaowen grew in age, he appeared to gradually assume more and more power. Sometime during the process, Grand Empress Dowager Feng apparently became apprehensive of his abilities and therefore had him detained and considered deposing him in favor of his brother Tuoba
358:
The power-sharing arrangement between step-grandmother and step-grandson could perhaps be illustrated by an incident in 489, when
Emperor Wencheng's younger brothers Tuoba Tianci (拓拔天賜) the Prince of Ruyin and Tuoba Zhen (拓拔楨) the Prince of Nan'an were accused of corruption, a death offense. Grand
323:
as its
Emperor Gao, Northern Wei commissioned Liu Chang (劉昶) the Prince of Danyang, a Liu Song prince who had fled to Northern Wei in 465, with an army and promising him support to rebuild Liu Song. However, Liu Chang's abilities were not up to task, and he was never able to gain much following in
303:
and permitted them to interfere in governmental matters. Further, she greatly promoted her lovers Wang Rui (王叡) and Li Chong (李沖) - both of whom were apparently talented officials, but whose promotions were beyond what their talents and contributions called for. She balanced her reputation by also
272:
While
Empress Dowager Feng was no longer regent, she appeared to remain fairly influential during the reign of her stepson Emperor Xianwen. However, in 470, an event occurred that would damage their relationship. Empress Dowager Feng had taken the official Li Yi (李奕) as her lover. In 470, the
385:
Another policy was the establishment of the three-elders system (sanzhang-zhi) in 486. This policy was introduced to compile accurate population registers and enhance state control of the village population. Under this system, five households were to make up one neighborhood (li), headed by one
137:
in 476. While
Emperor Xiaowen assumed imperial powers upon adulthood, he remained very deferential to her, and she was highly influential until her death in October 490. An enduring legacy of her regency was a series of reforms that led to political recentralization for Northern Wei and future
389:
Empress Dowager Feng's reforms substantially increased agricultural production and tax receipts in the long run. They also weakened the economic power of local aristocrats who sheltered residents under their control living in fortified villages that scattered across the rural landscape of the
294:
Under the regent of Empress Dowager Feng, Emperor Xiaowen enacted a new land-tenure system named the equal-field system in 485, which was aimed at boosting agricultural production and tax receipts. The implementation of the equal-field system was largely due to the court's desire to break the
185:. Two days later, as according to Northern Wei custom, Emperor Wencheng's personal possessions were burned—and while the ceremony was conducted, Empress Feng, in sadness, jumped into the fire. She was saved by the guards. Meanwhile, political power soon fell into the hands of the official
154:. Her father, the 10th son of Feng Hong, was Feng Lang (馮朗) Duke of Xicheng and a provincial governor. Her mother was Lady Wang—it is unclear whether Lady Wang was Feng Lang's wife or concubine. Feng Lang, along with his brothers Feng Chong (馮崇) and Feng Miao (馮邈), had surrendered to
298:
After Grand Empress Dowager Feng re-assumed regency, she was said to be more dictatorial than she was before, but intelligent in her decisions and frugal in her living. Not only was she highly literate, but she also was capable in mathematics. However, she trusted several
366:. Emperor Xiaowen was so distraught that he was unable to take in food or water for five days, and subsequently observed a three-year mourning period for her, notwithstanding officials' pleas for him to shorten the mourning period in accordance with rules that
347:). Later that year, a new criminal code that she commissioned Gao Lü to write was completed—with 832 sections, 16 of them prescribing clan-slaughter as penalty, 235 of them prescribing personal death penalty, and 377 prescribing other forms of punishment.
241:), who had initially declared for Liu Zixun, was apprehensive that he would be punished by Emperor Ming, and so decided to surrender to Northern Wei, and soon, he was joined by Bi Zhongjing (畢眾敬) the governor of Yan Province (兗州, modern western
197:
In spring 466, however, Empress Dowager Feng staged a coup, probably in association with Tuoba Pi (拓拔丕) and Jia Xiu (賈秀), and Yifu Hun was arrested and executed. She assumed regency over the young Emperor Xianwen's regime, and she engaged Jia,
162:. Later, Feng Lang was executed after being accused of crimes during his governorship. As Feng Lang's daughter, the later empress was seized to serve in the palace, but she was raised by her aunt, Consort Feng, a concubine of
174:(貴人). In 456, she was created empress; this was probably after she completed, as according to Northern Wei tradition, forging a golden statue, but there was no conclusive statement that she did so.
282:(retired emperor). However, he continued to have actual power in the imperial government. In 476, still resentful of Emperor Xianwen, Empress Dowager Feng killed him. (Most historians, including
393:
These institutional infrastructures built by the Empress Dowager and Emperor Xiaowen survived the fall of the dynasty and laid the foundation for China's eventual unification in 589 AD under the
233:). After Emperor Ming's forces defeated Liu Zixun's and captured and executed Liu Zixun in fall 466, the Liu Song general Xue Andu (薛安都), the governor of Xu Province (徐州, modern northern
264:, and Empress Dowager Feng personally raised the young prince. She soon terminated her regency and returned imperial powers to Emperor Xianwen, who was 13 years old at this point.
1306:
276:
In 471, Emperor Xianwen yielded the imperial title to his four-year-old son Tuoba Hong (who took the throne as Emperor Xiaowen), and he himself took the title of
784:
253:). Empress Dowager Feng sent the general Yuchi Yuan (尉遲元) to accept the surrenders of these Liu Song generals and to secure the region just north of the
390:
northern China from taxation. Since the reforms, the Northern Wei dynasty had doubled the registered population to more than 5 million households.
1286:
202:, and Gao Lü (高閭) as her assistants in the regency. Later, she also incorporated her brother Feng Xi (馮熙) into the decision-making circle.
777:
1378:
1383:
1322:
129:
and remained as such until his adulthood in 467. She subsequently had a falling-out with Emperor Xianwen (who had then become
1294:
1290:
770:
644:
564:
1282:
860:
793:
870:
205:
Empress Dowager Feng was soon presented with a major opportunity to expand Northern Wei territory, as also in 466, rival
1373:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
498:
1278:
1067:
865:
612:
588:
468:
indicated that she was 49 (by East Asian reckoning) when she died. Thus by calculation, her birth year should be 442.
1166:
1090:
954:
167:
115:
43:
1353:
379:
261:
178:
134:
126:
1318:
1270:
964:
855:
1358:
668:
163:
1388:
992:
1250:
133:) over his execution of her lover Li Yi (李奕), and she assassinated him and resumed regency over his son
949:
316:
158:
in 433, after believing that they were in danger of being killed by their stepmother, Feng Hong's wife
893:
845:
324:
the border regions to mount a major drive to reestablish Liu Song. By 481, the campaign had fizzled.
1262:
727:
673:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1266:
743:
661:
1298:
1274:
1240:
600:
199:
1212:
432:
309:
362:
In 490, Grand Empress Dowager Feng died, and she was buried with magnificent honors, in the
1062:
875:
850:
214:
605:
The Aristocratic Families in Early Imperial China: A Case Study of the Po-Ling Tsui Family
331:
monk Faxiu (法秀) tried to start a popular uprising at the capital Pingcheng (平城, in modern
8:
1368:
1363:
1235:
797:
444:
367:
916:
762:
181:(454–476) the Crown Prince, as Emperor Xianwen, and Empress Feng was honored as
640:
618:
608:
584:
560:
189:, who proceeded to execute many other key officials and effectively assumed regency.
363:
312:, as she issued an edict in 478 requiring people to marry in their social classes.
225:
the Prince of Jin'an was declared emperor in early 466 in Xunyang (尋陽, in modern
182:
159:
54:
959:
1184:
1138:
1108:
1052:
997:
926:
825:
820:
736:
680:
576:
344:
278:
245:) and Chang Zhenqi (常珍奇) the governor of Ru'nan Commandery (汝南, roughly modern
130:
1347:
1176:
1100:
979:
921:
170:
became emperor in 452, she became his concubine in 455, carrying the rank of
499:
Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E
1227:
1206:
1130:
1044:
1017:
1012:
911:
812:
622:
427:
305:
155:
151:
111:
1245:
1161:
1153:
1085:
1077:
1027:
936:
903:
885:
656:
394:
320:
1022:
1007:
1002:
944:
543:
The Economic History of China: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century
407:
283:
254:
177:
In 465, Emperor Wencheng died. He was succeeded by his 11-year-old son
557:
An Economic History of China: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century
987:
835:
754:
439:
417:
260:
In 467, Emperor Xianwen's concubine Consort Li bore his oldest child
246:
222:
147:
146:
The later Empress Feng was born in 442, one of the granddaughters of
637:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 2, The Six Dynasties, 220–589
528:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 2, The Six Dynasties, 220–589
513:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 2, The Six Dynasties, 220-589
969:
840:
352:
328:
242:
226:
218:
210:
206:
186:
122:
315:
In 479, after rival Liu Song's throne was usurped by the general
234:
230:
118:. After her husband's death in 465, she overthrew the autocratic
107:
103:
1189:
1113:
340:
336:
332:
300:
119:
102:(文明皇后, literally "the civil and understanding empress") was an
250:
238:
213:
was assassinated in January 466. Emperor Qianfei's uncle
792:
166:(408–452). After Taiwu's assassination, his son
1345:
639:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 461–478.
496:Lily Xiao Hong Lee, A.D. Stefanowska, Sue Wiles:
289:
192:
559:. Cambridge University Press. p. 297-311.
515:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 312–313.
209:had a major dynastic succession struggle after
778:
480:day of the 9th month of the 14th year of the
785:
771:
530:. Cambridge University Press. p. 174.
125:in 466 and became regent over her stepson
90:(馮皇(太)后) (442 – 17 October 490), formally
540:
412:Empress Feng of the Northern Wei Dynasty
1346:
525:
766:
599:
510:
400:
373:
267:
217:was declared emperor in the capital
13:
14:
1400:
581:A History Of Chinese Civilization
44:Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei
1379:Chinese grand empresses dowager
629:
583:". Cambridge University Press.
61:Empress Wencheng Wenming 文成文明皇后
607:. Cambridge University Press.
593:
570:
549:
534:
519:
504:
490:
484:era, per volume 7 (part 2) of
471:
458:
442:in the 2018 Chinese TV series
430:in the 2016 Chinese TV series
420:in the 2010 Chinese TV series
410:in the 2006 Chinese TV series
1:
1384:5th-century empresses consort
1307:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
669:History of Northern Dynasties
451:
290:As regent for Emperor Xiaowen
193:As regent for Emperor Xianwen
164:Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei
150:(d. 438) the last emperor of
141:
1185:Grand Empress Dowager Ashina
1139:Grand Empress Dowager Helian
7:
555:von Glahn, Richard (2016).
541:von Glahn, Richard (2016).
35:490 (aged 47–48)
10:
1405:
1144:Grand Empress Dowager Feng
114:of China. Her husband was
1374:5th-century women regents
1259:
1226:
1219:
1205:
1198:
1175:
1152:
1129:
1122:
1099:
1076:
1043:
1036:
978:
935:
902:
884:
811:
804:
750:
741:
733:
726:
464:Lady Feng's biography in
77:
69:
60:
53:
49:
39:
31:
23:
18:
1167:Grand Empress Dowager Hu
1124:Grand empresses dowager
744:Empress of Northern Wei
601:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley
1354:Northern Wei empresses
1241:Princess Dowager Helan
1109:Empress Dowager Ashina
1053:Empress Dowager Helian
526:Pearce, Scott (2019).
511:Xiong, Victor (2019).
88:Empress (Dowager) Feng
1213:Empress Regnant Wutai
635:Dien, Albert (2019).
433:The Princess Weiyoung
310:social stratification
1359:Northern Wei regents
1221:Posthumous empresses
1058:Empress Dowager Feng
221:, while his brother
215:Emperor Ming of Song
138:imperial dynasties.
112:Northern Wei dynasty
1389:5th-century regents
1063:Empress Dowager Gao
1091:Empress Dowager Hu
1068:Empress Dowager Hu
798:Northern dynasties
445:Untouchable Lovers
401:In popular culture
374:The 485–486 Reform
368:Emperor Wen of Han
319:, who established
1341:
1340:
1200:Empresses regnant
1038:Empresses dowager
806:Empresses consort
761:
760:
751:Succeeded by
645:978-1-107-02077-1
565:978-1-139-34384-8
327:Also in 481, the
308:, which included
268:Between regencies
85:
84:
65:
64:
1396:
787:
780:
773:
764:
763:
734:Preceded by
724:
723:
648:
633:
627:
626:
597:
591:
574:
568:
553:
547:
546:
538:
532:
531:
523:
517:
516:
508:
502:
494:
488:
475:
469:
462:
364:Yonggu Mausoleum
168:Emperor Wencheng
116:Emperor Wencheng
51:
50:
16:
15:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1255:
1251:Consort Yujiulü
1222:
1215:
1201:
1194:
1171:
1148:
1125:
1118:
1095:
1072:
1039:
1032:
974:
931:
917:Empress Yujiulü
898:
880:
807:
800:
791:
757:
747:
739:
728:Chinese royalty
652:
651:
634:
630:
615:
598:
594:
575:
571:
554:
550:
539:
535:
524:
520:
509:
505:
495:
491:
476:
472:
463:
459:
454:
403:
380:Emperor Xiaowen
376:
292:
270:
195:
183:empress dowager
160:Princess Murong
144:
135:Emperor Xiaowen
131:retired emperor
127:Emperor Xianwen
55:Posthumous name
12:
11:
5:
1402:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1339:
1338:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
998:Empress Ashina
995:
990:
984:
982:
976:
975:
973:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
941:
939:
933:
932:
930:
929:
927:Empress Ruogan
924:
919:
914:
908:
906:
900:
899:
897:
896:
890:
888:
882:
881:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
826:Empress Helian
823:
821:Empress Murong
817:
815:
809:
808:
805:
802:
801:
790:
789:
782:
775:
767:
759:
758:
752:
749:
740:
737:Empress Helian
735:
731:
730:
722:
721:
681:Zizhi Tongjian
677:
665:
650:
649:
628:
613:
592:
577:Jacques Gernet
569:
548:
545:. p. 173.
533:
518:
503:
489:
470:
456:
455:
453:
450:
449:
448:
436:
424:
414:
402:
399:
378:Together with
375:
372:
345:Inner Mongolia
291:
288:
279:Taishang Huang
269:
266:
194:
191:
143:
140:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
62:
58:
57:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
25:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1401:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1177:Northern Zhou
1174:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1101:Northern Zhou
1098:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
983:
981:
980:Northern Zhou
977:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
940:
938:
934:
928:
925:
923:
922:Empress Yuwen
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
907:
905:
901:
895:
892:
891:
889:
887:
883:
877:
874:
872:
871:Empress Erzhu
869:
867:
866:Empress Erzhu
864:
862:
861:Empress Erzhu
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
816:
814:
810:
803:
799:
795:
788:
783:
781:
776:
774:
769:
768:
765:
756:
746:
745:
738:
732:
729:
725:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
678:
675:
671:
670:
666:
663:
659:
658:
654:
653:
646:
642:
638:
632:
624:
620:
616:
614:0-521-21484-X
610:
606:
602:
596:
590:
589:0-521-24130-8
586:
582:
578:
573:
566:
562:
558:
552:
544:
537:
529:
522:
514:
507:
501:
500:
493:
487:
483:
479:
474:
467:
461:
457:
447:
446:
441:
438:Portrayed by
437:
435:
434:
429:
426:Portrayed by
425:
423:
419:
416:Portrayed by
415:
413:
409:
406:Portrayed by
405:
404:
398:
396:
391:
387:
383:
381:
371:
369:
365:
360:
356:
354:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
322:
318:
317:Xiao Daocheng
313:
311:
307:
302:
296:
287:
285:
281:
280:
274:
265:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
237:and northern
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
190:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
80:
76:
72:
68:
59:
56:
52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
17:
1295:N. Dynasties
1291:S. Dynasties
1228:Northern Wei
1207:Northern Wei
1143:
1131:Northern Wei
1057:
1045:Northern Wei
1018:Yuan Leshang
1013:Yuchi Chifan
993:Empress Dugu
960:Empress Hulü
950:Empress Yuan
912:Empress Yifu
831:Empress Feng
830:
813:Northern Wei
742:
679:
667:
655:
636:
631:
604:
595:
580:
572:
556:
551:
542:
536:
527:
521:
512:
506:
497:
492:
485:
481:
477:
473:
465:
460:
443:
431:
428:Tiffany Tang
422:Hujia Hanyue
421:
411:
392:
388:
384:
377:
361:
357:
349:
326:
314:
306:Sinicization
297:
293:
277:
275:
271:
259:
204:
196:
176:
171:
156:Northern Wei
152:Northern Yan
145:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:
19:Empress Feng
1287:16 Kingdoms
1246:Consort Yao
1162:Lou Zhaojun
1154:Northern Qi
1086:Lou Zhaojun
1078:Northern Qi
1028:Sima Lingji
937:Northern Qi
904:Western Wei
894:Empress Gao
886:Eastern Wei
876:Empress Gao
851:Empress Gao
657:Book of Wei
486:Book of Wei
466:Book of Wei
395:Sui dynasty
321:Southern Qi
1369:490 deaths
1364:442 births
1348:Categories
1279:3 Kingdoms
1023:Zhu Manyue
1008:Chen Yueyi
1003:Yang Lihua
965:Empress Hu
955:Empress Hu
856:Empress Hu
846:Empress Yu
452:References
408:Jacklyn Wu
284:Sima Guang
262:Tuoba Hong
255:Huai River
179:Tuoba Hong
142:As empress
988:Yuan Humo
836:Feng Qing
794:Empresses
755:Feng Qing
579:(1972). "
440:Wu Jinyan
418:Ning Jing
370:had set.
353:Tuoba Xun
247:Zhumadian
223:Liu Zixun
148:Feng Hong
81:Lady Wang
73:Feng Lang
970:Mu Sheli
841:Feng Run
753:Empress
748:456–465
684:, vols.
603:(1978).
329:Buddhist
243:Shandong
227:Jiujiang
219:Jiankang
211:Liu Ziye
207:Liu Song
187:Yifu Hun
123:Yifu Hun
1236:Lady Qi
945:Li Zu'e
796:of the
674:vol. 13
662:vol. 13
623:3002351
478:guichou
301:eunuchs
235:Jiangsu
231:Jiangxi
200:Gao Yun
108:Xianbei
106:of the
104:empress
100:Wenming
96:Dowager
92:Empress
1319:W. Xia
1261:Xia →
1190:Li Ezi
1114:Li Ezi
643:
621:
611:
587:
563:
341:Hohhot
337:Shanxi
333:Datong
172:Guiren
120:regent
78:Mother
70:Father
40:Spouse
1263:Shang
482:Taihe
251:Henan
239:Anhui
110:-led
1335:Qing
1331:Ming
1327:Yuan
1315:Song
1311:Liao
1303:Tang
1267:Zhou
641:ISBN
619:OCLC
609:ISBN
585:ISBN
561:ISBN
32:Died
24:Born
1323:Jīn
1299:Sui
1283:Jìn
1275:Han
1271:Qin
718:137
714:136
710:135
706:134
702:133
698:132
694:131
690:130
686:128
27:442
1350::
1333:→
1329:→
1325:→
1321:/
1317:/
1313:/
1309:→
1305:→
1301:→
1297:→
1293:/
1289:→
1285:/
1281:→
1277:→
1273:→
1269:→
1265:→
716:,
712:,
708:,
704:,
700:,
696:,
692:,
688:,
672:,
660:,
617:.
397:.
343:,
335:,
249:,
229:,
98:)
786:e
779:t
772:v
720:.
676:.
664:.
647:.
625:.
567:.
94:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.