Black Dahlia - Knowledge

1077:, between 1934 and 1938. As part of their investigation into other murders that took place before and after the Short killing, the original LAPD investigators studied the Torso Murders in 1947 but later discounted any connection between the two cases. In 1980, new evidence implicating a former Torso Murder suspect, Jack Anderson Wilson (a.k.a. Arnold Smith), was investigated by Detective St. John in relation to Short's murder. He claimed he was close to arresting Wilson in Short's murder, but that Wilson died in a fire on February 4, 1982. The possible connection to the Torso Murders received renewed media attention when it was profiled on the 51: 1111:. Captain Donahoe of the LAPD stated publicly that he believed the Black Dahlia and the "Lipstick Murders" in Chicago were "likely connected". Among the evidence cited is the fact that Short's body was found on Norton Avenue, three blocks west of Degnan Boulevard, Degnan being the last name of the girl from Chicago. There were also striking similarities between the handwriting on the Degnan ransom note and that of the "Black Dahlia Avenger". Both texts used a combination of capitals and small letters (the Degnan note read in part "BuRN This FoR heR SAfTY" [ 4636: 3542: 3393: 557: 1058: 721:

names written on pieces of paper, and an address book with the name Mark Hansen embossed on the cover. The packet had been carefully cleaned with gasoline, similarly to Short's body, which led police to suspect the packet had been sent directly by her killer. Despite efforts to clean the packet, several partial fingerprints were lifted from the envelope and sent to the FBI for testing; however, the prints were compromised in transit and thus could not be properly analyzed. The same day the packet was received by the

6000: 6012: 352: 1573: 553:. Newbarr's autopsy report stated that Short was 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m) tall, weighed 115 pounds (52 kg), and had light blue eyes, brown hair, and badly decayed teeth. There were ligature marks on her ankles, wrists, and neck, and an "irregular laceration with superficial tissue loss" on her right breast. Newbarr also noted superficial lacerations on the right forearm, left upper arm, and the lower left side of the chest. 736:. The note read: "To whom it may concern: I have waited for the police to capture me for the Black Dahlia killing, but have not. I am too much of a coward to turn myself in, so this is the best way out for me. I couldn't help myself for that, or this. Sorry, Mary." The pile of clothing was first seen by a beach caretaker, who reported the discovery to lifeguard captain John Dillon. Dillon immediately notified Captain L. E. Christensen of 1442: 1391:, many "unsubstantiated stories" have circulated about Short over the years: "She was a prostitute, she was frigid, she was pregnant, she was a lesbian. And somehow, instead of fading away over time, the legend of the Black Dahlia just keeps getting more convoluted." Harnisch has refuted several supposed rumors and popular conceptions about Short and her murder and also disputed the validity of Gilmore's book 1547:, also known as "infantile genitalia". Los Angeles County district attorney's files state that the investigators had questioned three men with whom Short had engaged in sex, including a Chicago police officer who was a suspect in the case; FBI files on the case also contain a statement from one of Short's alleged lovers. Short's autopsy itself, which was reprinted in full in Michael Newton's 2009 book 948:

of his secretary, Ruth Spaulding; and was accused of raping his own daughter, Tamar, but acquitted. Hodel fled the country several times, and lived in the Philippines between 1950 and 1990. Additionally, Steve Hodel has cited his father's training as a surgeon as circumstantial evidence. In 2003, it was revealed in notes from the 1949 grand jury report that investigators had

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parked sedan, allegedly with its right rear door open; the driver of the sedan was standing in the lot. His arrival apparently startled the owner of the sedan, who approached his car and peered in the window before returning to the sedan and driving away. The owner of the sedan was followed to a local restaurant where he worked, but was ultimately cleared of suspicion.

5988: 816:—from the public. Further reports about her personal life were publicized, including details about her alleged declining of Hansen's sexual advances; additionally, a stripper who was an acquaintance of Short's told police that she "liked to get guys worked up over her, but she'd leave them hanging dry." This led some reporters (namely the 1000:. Eatwell posits that Short was murdered because she knew too much about the men's involvement in a scheme for robbing hotels. She further suggests that Short was killed at the Aster Motel in Los Angeles, where the owners reported finding one of their rooms "covered in blood and fecal matter" on the morning Short's body was found. The 796:, this time handwritten, which read: "Here it is. Turning in Wed., Jan. 29, 10 am. Had my fun at police. Black Dahlia Avenger". The letter also named a location at which the supposed killer would turn himself in. Police waited at the location on the morning of January 29, but the alleged killer did not appear. Instead, at 1:00pm, the 279:, Massachusetts, the third of five daughters of Cleo Alvin Short Jr. (October 18, 1885 – January 19, 1967) and his wife, Phoebe May Sawyer (July 2, 1897 – March 1, 1992). Her sisters were Virginia May West (born 1920), Dorothea Schloesser (born 1922), Elnora Chalmers (born 1925), and Muriel (born 1929). Her father, Cleo Alvin, was a 1588:. After her younger sister, Elnora, had grown up and married, their mother, Phoebe, moved to Oakland to be near her daughter's grave. She finally returned to the East Coast in the 1970s, where she lived into her 90s and died in 1992. On February 2, 1947, just two weeks after Short's murder, Republican state assemblyman 410:. Short later told friends that Gordon had written to propose marriage while he was recovering from injuries from a plane crash in India. She accepted his offer, but Gordon died in a second crash on August 10, 1945. Short's sister, Dorothea, also served in World War II and was assigned to decode Japanese messages. 725:, a handbag and a black suede shoe were reported to have been seen on top of a garbage can in an alley a short distance from Norton Avenue, two miles (three kilometers) from the crime scene. The items were recovered by police, but they had also been wiped clean with gasoline, destroying any fingerprints. 1412:

After the discovery of Short's body, numerous Los Angeles newspapers printed headlines claiming she had been tortured leading up to her death. This was denied by law enforcement at the time, but they allowed the claims to circulate so as to keep Short's actual cause of death a secret from the public.

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Hodel's home and obtained recorded conversation of him with an unidentified visitor, saying: "Supposin' I did kill the Black Dahlia. They couldn't prove it now. They can't talk to my secretary because she's dead. They thought there was something fishy. Anyway, now they may have figured it out. Killed

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Although he was never formally charged in the crime, Hodel came to wider attention after his death when he was accused by his son, LAPD homicide detective Steve Hodel, of killing Short and committing several additional murders. Prior to the Dahlia case, he was suspected, but not charged, in the death

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murder and the details surrounding it have had a lasting cultural intrigue, generating various theories and public speculation. Her life and death have been the basis of numerous books and films, and her murder is frequently cited as one of the most famous unsolved murders in U.S. history, as well as

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surrounding Short's murder. Both local and national publications covered the story heavily, many of which reprinted sensationalistic reports suggesting that Short had been tortured for hours prior to her death; the information, however, was false, yet police allowed the reports to circulate so as to

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Police quickly deemed Mark Hansen, the owner of the address book found in the packet, a suspect. Hansen was a wealthy local nightclub and theater owner and an acquaintance at whose home Short had stayed with friends. According to some sources, Hansen also confirmed that the purse and shoe discovered

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determined that she had been dead for around ten hours prior to the discovery, leaving her time of death either sometime during the evening of January 14 or the early morning hours of January 15. The body had apparently been washed by the killer. Short's face had been slashed from the corners of her

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in downtown Los Angeles, and that Short was to meet her sister, who was visiting from Boston, that afternoon. By some accounts, staff of the Biltmore recalled having seen Short using the lobby telephone. Shortly after, she was allegedly seen by patrons of the Crown Grill Cocktail Lounge at 754 South

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on Dillon's behalf. Keller believed Hansen was the killer, as he had studied at a surgical school in Sweden and had thrown elaborate parties attended by prominent LAPD officials. Williams' article says that Dillon sued the LAPD for $ 3 million, but that the suit was dropped. Harnisch disputes this,

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and other Los Angeles papers", with individual words that had been cut-and-pasted from newspaper clippings; additionally, a large message on the face of the envelope read: "Here is Dahlia's belongings letter to follow". The envelope contained Short's birth certificate, business cards, photographs,

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was "small"; however, no other information in the autopsy is provided that would suggest her reproductive organs were anything other than anatomically normal. The autopsy also states that Short was not and had never been pregnant, contrary to what had been claimed prior to and following her death.

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have been alternatively named as its creators. While some sources claim that Short was referred to or went by the name during her life, others dispute this. Both Gilmore and Harnisch agree that the name originated during Short's lifetime and was not a creation of the press: Harnisch states that it

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in Los Angeles was also considered by the media and detectives as possibly being related to Short's killing. French's body was discovered in West Los Angeles on Grand View Boulevard, nude and badly beaten. Written on her stomach in lipstick was what appeared to say "Fuck You B.D.", and the letters

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A number of people, none of whom knew Short, contacted police and the newspapers and claimed to have seen her during her so-called "missing week", between her January 9 disappearance and the discovery of her body, on January 15. Police and DA investigators ruled out each alleged sighting; in some

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that he believed he had interviewed Short's killer, a man who had been seen with his sedan parked near the vacant lot where her body was discovered in the early morning hours of January 15, 1947. A neighbor driving by that day stopped to dispose of a bag of lawn clippings in the lot when he saw a

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The notoriety of Short's murder has spurred a large number of confessions over the years, many of which have been deemed false. During the initial investigation into her murder, police received a total of sixty confessions, most made by men. Since that time, over 500 people have confessed to the

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When interviewed, lead investigator Captain Jack Donahue told the press that he believed Short's murder had taken place in a remote building or shack on the outskirts of Los Angeles, and that her body transported into the city where it was disposed of. Based on the precise cuts and dissection of

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convened to discuss inadequacies in the LAPD's homicide unit based on their failure to solve numerous murders—especially those of women and children—in the previous several years, Short's being one of them. In the aftermath of the grand jury, further investigation was done on Short's past, with

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and Florida before relocating to California, where her father lived. It is commonly held that she was an aspiring actress, though she had no known acting credits or jobs during her time in Los Angeles. She acquired the nickname of the Black Dahlia posthumously, as newspapers of the period often

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Numerous details regarding Short's personal life and death have been points of public dispute. The eager involvement of both the public and press in solving her murder have been credited as factors that complicated the investigation significantly, resulting in a complex, sometimes inconsistent

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article describing the black tailored suit Short was last seen wearing as "a tight skirt and a sheer blouse". The media nicknamed her the "Black Dahlia", and described her as an "adventuress" who "prowled Hollywood Boulevard". Additional newspaper reports, such as one published in the

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was told by the deputy coroner that Short "wasn't having sex with men" owing to her allegedly "small" genitalia. Means took this to mean that Short had sex with women, and both he and reporter Sid Hughes began fruitlessly investigating gay bars in Los Angeles for further information.

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columnist Steve Lopez) and contrary to Eatwell's claims, the files showed that Dillon was thoroughly investigated and was determined to have been in San Francisco when Short was killed. Harnisch speculated that Eatwell either did not find these files or she chose to ignore them.

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article published in 1997 calls into question the validity of this, noting that mention of the Biltmore sighting "cannot be found in heated news accounts of the day, which reported on every conceivable contact anyone had with Short in the so-called 'missing week' before her

713:, congratulating Richardson on the newspaper's coverage of the case and stating he planned on eventually turning himself in, but not before allowing police to pursue him further. Additionally, the caller told Richardson to "expect some souvenirs of Beth Short in the mail". 780: (equivalent to $ 136,453 in 2023) reward for information leading police to Short's killer. After the announcement of the reward, various persons came forward with confessions, most of which police dismissed as false. Several of the false confessors were charged with 1349:

was last heard from when she telephoned a friend from her home in the 700 block of Nimes Road in Los Angeles, California, on August 18, 1949. Between 7:00 and 8:00 p.m., the call ended. Five days after Boomhower vanished, her white handbag was discovered in a

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covered the story heavily and drew comparisons to the Short murder less than a month prior, surmising the initials "B.D." to stand for "Black Dahlia". According to historian Jon Lewis, however, the scrawling actually read "P.D.", ostensibly standing for "police

1044:'s files positively placed him in San Francisco when Short was killed. Harnisch claims that there was no LAPD coverup, and that Dillon did in fact receive a financial settlement from the City of Los Angeles, but has not produced concrete evidence to prove this. 658:

contacted her mother, Phoebe Short, in Boston, and told her that her daughter had won a beauty contest. It was only after prying as much personal information as they could from Phoebe that the reporters revealed that her daughter had in fact been murdered. The

852:, which was located near the site where the body had been discovered, requesting a complete list of the program's students. The university agreed so long as the students' identities remained private. Background checks were conducted but yielded no results. 1019:

on Short's murder. His father, Richard F. Williams, and his friend, Con Keller, were both members of the LAPD's Gangster Squad investigating the case. Williams' father believed that Dillon was the killer, and that when Dillon returned to his home state of

1310:, between her second and third ribs. One week later, on October 9, 1947, a note on the back of a business card was left under the door of a furniture store. The message was written in pencil and read: "I killed the Santa Monica Girl, I will kill others." 740:

police station. The clothes included a coat and trousers of blue herringbone tweed, a brown and white T-shirt, white jockey shorts, tan socks and tan moccasin leisure shoes, size about eight. The clothes gave no clue about the identity of their owner.

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at age 15, after which doctors suggested she periodically relocate to a milder climate to prevent further respiratory problems. Her mother sent her to spend winters with family friends in Miami, Florida, for the next three years. Short dropped out of

749:, Short's friend and roommate, told investigators that Short had recently rejected sexual advances from Hansen, and suggested it as potential motive for him to kill her; however, he was cleared of suspicion in the case. In addition to Hansen, the 1855:, Steve Nickel describes Short as a "common street prostitute, hooked on alcohol and drugs", posing nude for photos and living with a lesbian lover. Though these claims have persisted in crime biographies on Short, some journalists, such as the 1213:

copy-editor Larry Harnisch. Regardless, author Steve Hodel has still suggested that both women were killed by the same individual since in both cases the media received notes supposedly from the killer taunting the police and boasting of his

1520:. This is disputed by Harnisch, who states that Short did not, in fact, live in Los Angeles until after the canteen's closing in 1945. Although some of her acquaintances and several authors and journalists described Short as a prostitute or 395:, where she was arrested on September 23, 1943, for drinking at a local bar while underage. Juvenile authorities sent her back to Massachusetts, but she returned instead to Florida, making only occasional visits to her family near Boston. 753:(LAPD) interviewed over 150 men in the ensuing weeks whom they believed to be potential suspects. Manley, who had been one of the last people to see Short alive, was also investigated, but was cleared of suspicion after passing numerous 663:

also offered to pay Phoebe's airfare and accommodations if she would travel to Los Angeles to help with the police investigation; that was yet another ploy since the newspaper kept her away from police and other reporters to protect its

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her. The book was condemned as "trash" by Jolane Emerson, Knowlton's stepsister, who stated: "She believed it, but it wasn't reality. I know, because I lived with her father for sixteen years." Additionally, Detective St. John told the

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was among the first to arrive, and took several photos of the corpse and crime scene. Near the body, detectives located a heel print on the ground amid the tire tracks, and a cement sack containing watery blood was also found nearby.

1295:. She had been strangled by a silk stocking. Mondragon was last seen by her estranged husband that morning, at 1 a.m., when he had been served by her with divorce papers at his residence. She then left entering a stranger's car. 1496:, Gilmore names an A.L. Landers as the proprietor of the drugstore, though he does not provide the store's name. Prior to the circulation of the "Black Dahlia" name, Short's killing had been dubbed the "Werewolf Murder" by the 1279:

with friends in the late afternoon. Her husband wanted to continue; but Trelstad had become bored and left to go to the Crystal Ballroom. She stated: "If the boys can play poker, we girls can go dance." She was not seen alive

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based on his findings when examining the contents of her stomach. This claim has been denied by Harnisch and is also not indicated in Short's official autopsy, though it has been reprinted in several print and online media.

421:. Short spent the last six months of her life in southern California, mostly in the Los Angeles area; shortly before her death she had been working as a waitress, and rented a room behind the Florentine Gardens nightclub on 1342:. Her husband notified law enforcement of Springer's disappearance that evening when he returned from an errand inside her shop to find both Springer and his vehicle missing from the parking lot where they had been parked. 864:

with few new leads. Sergeant Finis Brown, one of the lead detectives on the case, blamed the press for compromising the investigation through journalists' probing of details and unverified reporting. In September 1949, a

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In late 1942, Short's mother received a letter of apology from her presumed-deceased husband, which revealed that he was in fact alive and had started a new life in California. In December, at age 18, Short relocated to

1209:, where Bauerdorf also worked as a hostess, could be a potential connection between the two women. However, the claim that Short ever worked at the Hollywood Canteen has been disputed by others, such as the retired 1256:. Montgomery had died due to strangulation and was found nude and beaten. Montgomery had been missing since 9:30 p.m. the previous evening when she had left her home to pick up her daughter at a dance recital. 1618:, which, in addition to the murder, explored "the larger fields of politics, crime, corruption, and paranoia in post-war Los Angeles", according to cultural critic David M. Fine. Ellroy's novel was adapted into a 425:. She has been variously described and depicted as an aspiring or "would-be" actress. According to some sources, she did in fact have aspirations to be a film star, though she had no known acting jobs or credits. 1242:. She had been bludgeoned and strangled to death. Evelyn was last seen by a male acquaintance, James Joseph Tiernan, who stated to authorities that he saw Winters leave The Albany Hotel in Los Angeles at 8 p.m. 1183:

by strangulation". Murray was last seen on July 26, 1943, attending a dance at the Zenda Ballroom in downtown Los Angeles with her sister before leaving with an unidentified man. Her murder remains unsolved.

1395:, claiming the book is "25% mistakes, and 50% fiction". Harnisch also had examined the district attorney's files (he claimed that Steve Hodel has examined some of them pertaining to his father, along with 465:

On the morning of January 15, 1947, Short's naked body, severed into two pieces, was found in a vacant lot on the west side of South Norton Avenue, midway between Coliseum Street and West 39th Street (at

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Varying claims about Short's life leading up to her death—including such claims that she was a prostitute, among other things—have been alleged and refuted by different sources. A 2016 article in the

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where they found her body face down in her bathtub. It is believed that Georgette was attacked by a man who was waiting inside the apartment for her. Gilmore suggests that Short's employment at the

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on a film set. She was last seen alive at a grocery store several blocks from her home at approximately 6:00 p.m. Two days later, Spangler's tattered purse was discovered in a remote area of

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also received several letters from the purported killer, again made with cut-and-pasted clippings, one of which read: "I will give up on Dahlia killing if I get 10 years. Don't try to find me."

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Short's life and death have been the basis of numerous books, television shows, and films, both fictionalized and non-fiction. Among the most famous fictional accounts of Short's death is

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cases, those interviewed were identifying other women whom they had mistaken for Short. Short's whereabouts in the days leading up to her murder and the discovery of her body are unknown.

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Short's body, the LAPD looked into the possibility that the murderer had been a surgeon, doctor, or someone with medical knowledge. In mid-February 1947, the LAPD served a warrant to the

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examinations. Police also interviewed several persons found listed in Hansen's address book, including Martin Lewis, who had been an acquaintance of Short's. Lewis was able to provide an

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sedan alongside a street in the south central part of Los Angeles. She had been garrotted with a length of clothesline that had been knotted and a stick had also been inserted into her

517:". She had several cuts on her thigh and breasts, where entire portions of flesh had been sliced away. The lower half of her body was positioned a foot away from the upper, and her 6077: 3122: 1883:

that Short's genitalia was apparently too undeveloped to allow for intercourse, as noted by the deputy coroner who performed her autopsy. This claim is disputed by Hélèna Katz in

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Various sources list Short's official birth name simply as "Elizabeth Short", including copies of her registered birth certificate, showing that no middle name was given at birth.

1746:, when a person is no longer a juvenile, from the longstanding standard of 21 to 18 did not occur in the United States until the 1970s, although the drinking age remained at 21. 5117: 619:

inches (65 mm) on the left. The skull was not fractured, but there was bruising noted on the front and right side of her scalp, with a small amount of bleeding in the

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reporter Bevo Means, who interviewed Short's acquaintances at the drugstore, has been credited with first using the "Black Dahlia" name, though reporters Underwood and

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inches (45 mm), suggesting that she might have been raped. Samples were taken from her body testing for the presence of sperm, but the results came back negative.

3417: 605:. The lacerations on each side of the face, which extended from the corners of the lips, were measured at three inches (75 mm) on the right side of the face, and 1709:

Crime historian Dirk Gibson cited Short's murder as one of the first highly publicized murders to grip the nation's attention after World War II, while in her work

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proved that there was no existing evidence that she was ever a prostitute. Harnisch claims that the rumor regarding Short's history as a prostitute originates from

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had been tucked neatly beneath her buttocks. The corpse had been "posed", with her hands over her head, her elbows bent at right angles, and her legs spread apart.

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In 1991, Janice Knowlton, who was ten years old at the time of Short's murder, claimed that she witnessed her father, George Knowlton, beat Short to death with a

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officers. Various locations were searched for potential evidence, including storm drains throughout Los Angeles, abandoned structures and various sites along the

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In July 1946, Short relocated to Los Angeles to visit Army Air Force Lieutenant Joseph Gordon Fickling, an acquaintance from Florida, who was stationed at the

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neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, on January 15, 1947. Her case became highly publicized owing to the gruesome nature of the crime, which included the

920:, whom biographer Donald Wolfe claims impregnated Short; Leslie Dillon, Joseph A. Dumais, Artie Lane (a.k.a. Jeff Connors), Mark Hansen, Francis E. Sweeney, 1816:. Some biographers, such as Oscar Fraley, claim Ness knew the identity of the Cleveland killer, who was also responsible for Short's killing in Los Angeles. 1103:

Crime authors such as Steve Hodel and William Rasmussen have suggested a link between the Short murder and the 1946 murder and dismemberment of 6-year-old

1788:, John Gilmore writes that Short allegedly plugged her cavities with wax, and this supposed fact was reprinted (albeit with pointed skepticism) in a 1997 3915: 1480:. According to the FBI official website, she received the first part of the nickname from the press "for her rumored penchant for sheer black clothes". 1179:

Golf Course. Murray had been severely beaten about her face and body and the autopsy determined that her cause of death was due to "constriction of the

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A total of 750 investigators from the LAPD and other departments worked on the case during its initial stages, including 400 sheriff's deputies and 250

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offices received another cut-and-pasted letter, which read: "Have changed my mind. You would not give me a square deal. Dahlia killing was justified."

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served life in prison for Degnan's murder. Initially arrested at age 17 for breaking into a residence close to that of Degnan, Heirens claimed he was

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continued to run stories on the murder and the investigation, which was front-page news for thirty-five days following the discovery of the body.

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stated in 1949 that LAPD chief William A. Worton denied that the Aster Motel had anything to do with the case, although its rival newspaper, the

5244: 996:'s assistant; his associates Mark Hansen and Jeff Connors; and Sergeant Finis Brown, a lead detective who had links to Hansen and was allegedly 732:

scrawled in pencil on a bit of paper was found tucked in a shoe in a pile of men's clothing by the ocean's edge at the foot of Breeze Avenue in

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Janice Knowlton claims that it was Robert Manley who identified the items as belonging to Short, while Cathy Scott states that it was Hansen.

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Haugen, Brenda; et al. (Design by Tracy Davies and Gene Bentdahl; additional research by Marcie Spence and Kathleen Baxter) (2011) .

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On January 21, 1947, a person claiming to be Short's killer placed a phone call to the office of James Richardson, the editor of the

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from the lacerations to her face and the shock from blows to the head and face. Newbarr noted that Short's anal canal was dilated at

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Another widely circulated rumor (sometimes used to counter claims that Short was a prostitute) holds that Short was unable to have

897:, a detective who worked the case until his retirement, stated, "It is amazing how many people offer up a relative as the killer." 823:

s Bevo Means) and detectives to look into the possibility that Short was a lesbian, and begin questioning employees and patrons of

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Arbitrary as such reasoning may sound to modern Americans, 21 stuck as a threshold age through the 19th century and into the 20th.

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left her home in Los Angeles, telling her sister-in-law that she was going to meet with her ex-husband before going to work as an

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Between 1943 and 1949, within Los Angeles over a dozen unsolved murders occurred including the death of Short which involved the

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Short is often referred to or characterized as an aspiring actress, though she had no known acting jobs or credits to her name.

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with a belt. According to her husband, they had both been playing cards the night prior at their home in 2211 Locust Avenue on

3973: 2570: 1428:, Gilmore states that the coroner who performed Short's autopsy suggested in conversation that she had been forced to consume 6057: 5750: 5729: 5710: 5691: 5669: 5627: 5604: 5560: 5522: 5482: 5463: 5423: 5400: 5381: 5357: 5319: 5298: 5279: 4260: 3408: 1133: 442:

with Robert "Red" Manley, a 25-year-old married salesman she had been dating. Manley stated that he dropped Short off at the

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highlights the "Black Dahlia" name and Short's whereabouts from January 9–15, 1947 as key points of contention and intrigue.

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Another rumor—that Short was a lesbian—has often circulated; according to Gilmore, this rumor began after Bevo Means of the

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Suspects remaining under discussion by various authors and experts include a doctor named Walter Bayley, proposed by former

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detectives tracing her movements between Massachusetts, California and Florida, and also interviewed people who knew her in

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Aadland, Gordon (April 28, 2012). Schwartz, Eric; Tomtas, Justyna; Taylor, Chad; Taylor, Coralee; Taylor, Franklin (eds.).

307:, a suburb of Boston, that same year. Short's father built miniature golf courses until he lost most of his savings in the 4390: 1065:, 1936; some journalists and law enforcement have speculated a connection between the Cleveland crimes and Short's murder. 4463: 1148:

of young attractive women. Authorities suspected at the time that they could have been the work of a single unidentified

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Several crime authors, as well as police detective Peter Merylo, have suspected a link between the Short murder and the

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district at 4217 Cromwell Avenue. That afternoon she was last seen with an unidentified man at the counter of a nearby

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by police, forced to confess, and made a scapegoat for the murder. After being taken from the medical infirmary at the

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However, reports by DA investigators state that the nickname was invented by newspaper reporters covering her murder;

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Short's murder has been described as one of the most brutal and culturally enduring crimes in American history, and

1476:(1946). Other popularly-circulated rumors claim that the media crafted the name because Short adorned her hair with 1163:

to solve the cases. As a result, further investigation was done on the homicides although none of them were solved.

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inflicted on her while she was still alive, though there is no indication of this in her official autopsy report.

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Quier, Hawley; Rohn, William J.; Keller, James E.; Dillon, Walter S.; Burkholder, A.N., eds. (October 16, 1944).

1596:; the state of California would become the first U.S. state to make the registration of sex offenders mandatory. 1325:. The murderer had stolen her appointment book during the crime and had cleaned the murder weapon before he left. 645: 284: 17: 6097: 6082: 3785: 849: 547: 287:

to Cleo Alvin Short Sr. and Alice Ada Billups. Her mother, Phoebe Mae, was a housewife who was born in 1897 in

251: 4760: 4124: 1512:

books claim that Short lived in or visited Los Angeles at various times in the mid-1940s, including Gilmore's

1117:]), and both notes contain a similar misshapen letter P and have one word that matches exactly. Convicted 6092: 4372: 3923: 2982: 2333: 2028: 750: 235: 31: 3589: 2670: 6052: 4531: 3481: 2616: 2106: 1812:

The Cleveland Torso Murders, which occurred between 1934 and 1938 in Cleveland, Ohio, were investigated by

894: 571:. The lower half of her body had been removed by transecting the lumbar spine between the second and third 399: 2935: 3440: 2538: 1253: 380: 1842:

article, dispute this claim. Some sources, however, still claim that Short went by the name in her life.

1838:

Harnisch claims that Short went by the "Black Dahlia" name in life, while other sources, such as a 2016

398:

While in Florida, Short met Major Matthew Michael Gordon Jr., a decorated Army Air Force officer of the

6032: 5978: 840:

reported that the case had "run into a Stone Wall", with no new leads for investigators to pursue. The

525: 365: 364:, to live with her father, whom she had not seen since age 6. At the time he was working at the nearby 6117: 5236: 1721: 1639: 1129: 769: 443: 403: 392: 205: 4685: 4649: 4635: 3541: 3392: 414: 4667: 4049: 1614: 1201:. At 11 a.m. on October 12, 1944, Georgette's maid and a janitor arrived to clean her apartment in 1070: 1062: 296: 124: 4354: 3567: 2759: 4806: 3537:. No. 52. September 20, 1948. p. 2 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1619: 961: 649: 308: 5211: 4624: 3615: 2749:"George Hodel, Lloyd Wright, the Black Dahlia Murder, and the J. A. Konrad bill for cement work" 1492:

was in fact a nickname she earned from the staff of the Long Beach drugstore she frequented; in

508:

body was completely severed at the waist and drained of blood, leaving her skin a pallid white.

6122: 1664: 1488: 1306:, when a man approached them and proceeded to stab Dominguez in the heart with a long and thin 836: 781: 418: 335: 304: 5659: 5073: 4836: 4761:"Nearly 70 years after her murder, here are the things we still don't know about Black Dahlia" 4567: 3530: 3377: 1354:

at a grocery store in Los Angeles. Boomhower was never heard from again, and she was declared

623:

on the right side, consistent with blows to the head. The cause of death was determined to be

5944: 5367: 4499: 4242: 4215: 4184: 2080: 1676: 1655: 1630:. Both Ellroy's novel and its film adaptation bear little relation to the facts of the case. 1593: 1292: 1186: 887: 255: 239: 50: 5938: 5638: 4967: 4085: 2966: 1862:

Larry Harnisch, dispute their validity, as does Alexis Fitts in a 2016 article published in

1466:

According to newspaper reports shortly after the murder, Short received the nickname "Black

1271:

before death and then thrown from a moving vehicle. She had been bludgeoned on the head and

6042: 6037: 4711: 3657: 2338: 1962: 1681: 1040:

claiming that Dillon was cleared by police after an exhaustive investigation, and that the

1036: 1029: 654: 3894: 1057: 8: 5596: 5415: 4408:"Mother of Three Choked to Death, Body Flung in Signal Hill Oil Field, Los Angeles Times" 1585: 1235: 1197: 813: 733: 624: 422: 388: 361: 4928: 776:, but the searches yielded no further evidence. City councilman Lloyd G. Davis posted a 6004: 5309: 4252: 3899: 3620: 1660: 1544: 1540: 1529: 1470:" from staff and patrons at a Long Beach drugstore in mid-1946 as wordplay on the film 1268: 1168: 1153: 1083: 1032: 620: 384: 312: 280: 5913:

The Black Dahlia Files: The Mob, the Mogul, and the Murder That Transfixed Los Angeles

4514:"Santa Monica Police Link Killing of Teenage Girl to Earlier Stabbing of Teenage Girl" 5971: 5917: 5911: 5896: 5874: 5846: 5830: 5814: 5795: 5789: 5774: 5746: 5740: 5725: 5706: 5687: 5679: 5665: 5644: 5623: 5616: 5600: 5577: 5556: 5537: 5518: 5499: 5478: 5459: 5440: 5419: 5396: 5377: 5353: 5334: 5315: 5294: 5275: 4412: 4256: 4227: 1975:

Copy of Short's registered birth certificate showing that no middle name was included

1790: 1770: 1714: 1517: 1239: 1206: 1145: 1108: 1041: 997: 949: 773: 687: 567:

The body had been cut completely in half by a technique taught in the 1930s called a

561: 369: 272: 3073: 2578: 2162: 2134: 556: 438:

On January 9, 1947, Short returned to her home in Los Angeles after a brief trip to

5992: 5456:

Most Evil: Avenger, Zodiac, and the Further Serial Murders of Dr. George Hill Hodel

1387: 1248:, 36, was found at about 10:30 a.m. in a vacant field on May 4, 1947, under a 762: 737: 572: 568: 530: 509: 288: 2873: 291:, Maine, to Charles Turner Sawyer and Ella Nora Brown. The Shorts were married in 254:. It has likewise been credited by historians as one of the first major crimes in 5571: 5122: 4606: 4588: 4246: 4142: 3707: 2986: 2973: 1743: 1601: 1472: 1450: 1418: 1160: 1121: 917: 300: 292: 230: 4337: 4208:"Time of tub murder set: Neighbor reports he heard Georgette Bauerdorf's scream" 4106: 3903:. Season 5. Episode 13. Cosgrove-Meurer Productions. December 9, 1992. Lifetime. 1784:

Short's autopsy notes her bottom teeth were in a significant state of decay. In

1195:, suggests a possible connection between Short's murder and that of 20-year-old 372:. Arguments between Short and her father led to her moving out in January 1943. 1686: 1623: 1368: 1307: 1202: 677: 4549: 4245:. In Kaelberer, Angie; Edney, Philip; Sandmann, Alexa L.; Klenk, Jane (eds.). 893:

crime, some of whom had not even been born at the time of her death. Sergeant

716:

On January 24, a suspicious manila envelope was discovered, addressed to "The

6026: 5081: 4287:"In 1947, a Month After the Black Dahlia, the 'Lipstick Murder' Shocked L.A." 3867:"Black Dahlia – Piu Eatwell's 'Black Dahlia, Red Rose' Exhumes Leslie Dillon" 3127: 1718: 1455: 1372: 1363: 1328: 1149: 1118: 921: 546:

of Short's body was performed on January 16, 1947, by Frederick Newbarr, the

514: 484: 471: 391:

sergeant who reportedly abused her. She left Lompoc in mid-1943 and moved to

376: 316: 156: 143: 5475:

Cold Cases: Famous Unsolved Mysteries, Crimes, and Disappearances in America

4177:"Gordon Aadland: The Cold Case that stretches from Los Angeles to Centralia" 1885:

Cold Cases: Famous Unsolved Mysteries, Crimes, and Disappearances in America

1605:

magazine listed it as one of the most infamous unsolved cases in the world.

1592:

was prompted by the case to introduce a bill calling for the formation of a

1334:, 35, was found murdered on June 13, 1949, in the backseat of her husband's 1028:

to California because his ex-wife Georgia Stevenson was second cousins with

5871:

Red Ink, White Lies: The Rise and Fall of Los Angeles Newspapers, 1920–1962

4900: 4266: 2189:"The Black Dahlia lived on Munjoy Hill: An unsolved murder from the vaults" 1627: 1609: 1589: 1524:

during her time in Los Angeles, according to Harnisch, the contemporaneous

1355: 1303: 1288: 1095:

suggested Ness knew the identity of the killer responsible for both cases.

1092: 969: 933: 929: 925: 900:

In 2003, Ralph Asdel, one of the original detectives on the case, told the

808: 803:

The graphic nature of the crime and the subsequent letters received by the

729: 665: 602: 498: 407: 5291:

Crime Scene Staging: Investigating Suspect Misdirection of the Crime Scene

3684: 1234:

was found at 12:10 a.m. in a vacant lot of an abandoned rail yard in

5212:"American Horror Story recap: Black Dahlia 'American Horror Story' recap" 4631:. Salem, Oregon. October 18, 1949. p. 20 – via Newspapers.com. 4050:"1947 LAPD CONFIDENT THAT THE "BLACK DAHLIA AVENGER" WAS A SERIAL KILLER" 3916:"The Cleveland Torso Murders aka Kingsbury Run Murders – Eliot Ness Case" 1650: 1634: 1335: 1249: 1025: 985: 977:

that Knowlton's claims were "not consistent with the facts of the case".

957: 937: 875: 224:

nicknamed particularly lurid crimes; the term may have originated from a

220: 5893:

The Badge: The Inside Story of One of America's Great Police Departments

5192: 2960:"Sex Fiend Slaying Victim Identified by Fingerprint Records of F.B.I.". 1259:

On May 12, 1947, an oil company patrolman discovered in an oil field on

322:

Believing her husband to be deceased, Short's mother began working as a

6016: 5967: 5618:

Torso: The Story of Eliot Ness and the Search for a Psychopathic Killer

4067: 3786:"Janice Knowlton, 67; Believed That Her Father Killed the Black Dahlia" 2005: 1853:

Torso: The Story of Eliot Ness and the Search for a Psychopathic Killer

1813: 1525: 1509: 1351: 1339: 1276: 1156: 1088: 878:. However, the interviews yielded no useful information in the murder. 866: 580: 518: 351: 327: 323: 209: 4446:"Mother of Three Choked to Death; Body Flung on Signal Hill Oil Field" 1572: 5888: 5037: 4310:"Werewolf Strikes Again! Kills L.A. Woman, Writes B.D. on Her Body". 3723:"Does this old letter finally solve the mystery of the Black Dahlia?" 1521: 1459: 1446: 1322: 1318: 1272: 1074: 993: 861: 754: 505: 439: 246: 225: 6011: 5719: 2879: 1441: 940:, George Knowlton, Robert M. "Red" Manley, Patrick S. O'Reilly, and 3838:"Black Dahlia: 5 Reasons Leslie Dillon Didn't Kill Elizabeth Short" 3762: 1021: 827:

in Los Angeles; this claim, however, remained unsubstantiated. The

746: 576: 120: 5515:

Hard-Boiled Hollywood: Crime and Punishment in Postwar Los Angeles

2977: 2746: 2617:"Obituaries: Ralph Asdel, 82; Detective in the Black Dahlia Case" 1171:

golf course greenskeeper discovered the nude body of 41-year-old

1125: 989: 824: 550: 543: 4875: 3640: 3638: 2728: 2385: 2383: 1552: 1477: 1467: 1180: 1132:

on February 26, 2012, for health problems, Heirens died at the

331: 276: 216: 78: 5811:

Childhood Shadows: The Hidden Story of the Black Dahlia Murder

4314:. Vol. LXXVI, no. 198. February 10, 1947. p. 1. 4158: 4156: 3308: 1768:

that Short was sighted at the Biltmore on January 9, though a

1633:

Short was also portrayed in heavily fictionalized accounts by

1385:

narrative of events. According to Anne Marie DiStefano of the

3357: 3355: 3097: 3095: 2487: 2444: 1429: 968:

in 1995, in which she made additional claims that her father

871: 758: 644:

Short was identified after her fingerprints were sent to the

598: 30:

This article is about the murder victim. For other uses, see

3821:"The Second Black Dahlia Investigation, Parts 1, 2, and 3". 3635: 2571:"The Black Dahlia: Los Angeles' most famous unsolved murder" 2380: 5126:. Top 10 Unsolved Crimes. December 17, 2008. Archived from 5098: 4153: 4012: 3950: 2919:"Girl Torture Slaying Victim Identified by Examiner, FBI". 238:(LAPD) began an extensive investigation that produced over 5350:

Clues from Killers: Serial Murder and Crime Scene Messages

4997: 4428:"Mother of 3 Children Latest Los Angeles Victim of Murder" 3970:"The Black Dahlia: The Unsolved Murder of Elizabeth Short" 3938: 3511: 3378:"LA Grand Jury Sifts Unsolved 'Black Dahlia' Type Murders" 3352: 3092: 3016: 3004: 2861: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 1659:

in 2011, featuring Short in the plot line of the episode "

1503: 1047: 4933: 4731: 4729: 4000: 3988: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3240: 3238: 3225: 3223: 3221: 2989:

historical archive from the University of North Carolina.

1903: 1445:

Some sources attribute the Black Dahlia name to the 1946

1302:, 15, was walking home with her sister and her friend in 1159:

was tasked with investigating the failure on the part of

1113: 1078: 5573:

Exquisite Corpse: Surrealism and the Black Dahlia Murder

3384:. No. 55. September 7, 1949. p. 2 – via 3182: 2747:

Nelson, Mark; Bayliss, Sarah Hudson (December 5, 2008).

2499: 2415:"Dorothea Schloesser Obituary (2012) – Legacy Remembers" 691:

on January 17, deemed the murder a "sex fiend slaying".

6078:

Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)

5142: 4863: 3685:"Black Dahlia: Author Claims to Have Found 1947 Killer" 3458: 3441:"False Confessions and Tips Still Flow in Simpson Case" 3325: 3323: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 2885: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2782: 2780: 2685: 2598: 2596: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2368: 2303: 2301: 2276: 2274: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2063: 2061: 2002:"Common Myths About the Black Dahlia and Their Origins" 5661:

American Police, A History: 1945–2012: The Blue Parade

5052: 5033:"Yesterday's Crimes: The Black Dahlia Lies in Oakland" 5009: 4985: 4851: 4726: 3658:"A Kinder, Simpler Time Dept.: The Office of Tomorrow" 3335: 3296: 3284: 3250: 3235: 3218: 3206: 3194: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3147: 2897: 2849: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2716: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2511: 2432: 2046: 597:

inches (110 mm) long ran longitudinally from the

5976: 5272:

In the Wake of the Butcher: Cleveland's Torso Murders

5181:(33–8). North American Publishing Company: 101. 1976. 4796: 4778: 4205: 3482:"Ralph Asdel, 82; Detective in the Black Dahlia Case" 501:. At the time, Leimert Park was largely undeveloped. 5154: 4948: 4686:"Daughter to Note 3rd Year of Actress Disappearance" 4318: 3860: 3858: 3548: 3499: 3320: 3267: 3080:. Los Angeles, California. March 15, 1947. p. 4 3028: 2828: 2809: 2777: 2704: 2593: 2456: 2356: 2298: 2286: 2271: 2244: 2227: 2206: 2058: 1927: 1011:

In 2000, Buz Williams, a retired detective with the

513:

mouth to her ears, creating an effect known as the "

355:

Short's arrest photo from 1943 for underage drinking

5684:

American Murder: Homicide in the Early 20th Century

3745:"I know who killed the Black Dahlia: my own father" 3742: 3703:"I know who killed the Black Dahlia: My own father" 3159: 2992: 2792: 2634: 2395: 2313: 1939: 860:By the spring of 1947, Short's murder had become a 5829: 5615: 5393:L.A. Noir: Nine Dark Visions of the City of Angels 5373:Severed: The True Story of the Black Dahlia Murder 4650:"Jean Spangler Believed Victim in 'Dahlia' Series" 3407: 3123:"Has the Black Dahlia Murder Finally been Solved?" 1643:, by Jessica Nelson in Season Four, Episode 13 of 1192:Severed: The True Story of the Black Dahlia Murder 792:On January 26, another letter was received by the 271:Elizabeth Short was born on July 29, 1924, in the 5553:American Murder: Criminals, Crimes, and the Media 4625:"Missing Actress' Mother Believes Daughter Alive" 3855: 3682: 3405: 1915: 315:, and it was assumed that he had jumped into the 299:, in 1918. The Short family briefly relocated to 6024: 5534:James Ellroy: A Companion to the Mystery Fiction 5289:Chancellor, Arthur S.; Graham, Grant D. (2016). 5288: 5237:"American Horror Story – Return to Murder House" 4881: 3783: 3531:"Man Jailed as Suspect in 'Black Dahlia' Murder" 3479: 2331: 2186: 1543:because of a congenital defect that resulted in 1230:On March 12, 1947, the nude body of 43-year-old 1175:lying on the ground near the parking lot of the 850:University of Southern California Medical School 212:of her corpse, which was bisected at the waist. 5640:Corroborating Evidence: The Black Dahlia Murder 4758: 2933: 2026: 1417:(1993), state that Short's body was covered in 1403: 1361:On the evening of October 7, 1949, 26-year-old 960:in the detached garage of her family's home in 311:. In 1930, his car was found abandoned on the 5491: 4926: 4893: 4284: 3768: 3644: 3613: 2936:"A Crossroads of Murder and Myth in Hollywood" 2493: 2450: 2389: 1379: 204:, was an American woman found murdered in the 5720:U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (2008). 5569: 5453: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4482:"Slain Woman's Stripped Body Found in Gutter" 3590:"Another Dance With L.A.'s Black Dahlia Case" 3438: 3314: 2734: 1217:The February 10, 1947, murder of 44-year-old 761:for the date of Short's murder, as he was in 537: 234:(1946). After the discovery of her body, the 5832:For the Life of Me: Memoirs of a City Editor 5570:Nelson, Mark; Bayliss, Sarah Hudson (2006). 5376:(Second ed.). Los Angeles: Amok Books. 5209: 5030: 4797:DiStefano, Anne Marie (September 11, 2006). 4032:"1940s "L.A. Lone Woman Murders" Victim Map" 3823:The Rap Sheet (Long Beach Police Department) 3587: 1008:, claimed that the murder took place there. 765:, Oregon, visiting his dying father-in-law. 136:Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California) 5026: 5024: 4922: 4920: 4918: 3972:. Trutv.com. April 11, 2003. Archived from 2656: 2654: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 1999: 1500:because of the brutal nature of the crime. 1015:, wrote an article for the LBPD newsletter 881: 855: 346: 5827: 5791:Reporters: Memoirs of a Young Newspaperman 5492:Knowlton, Janice; Newton, Michael (1995). 4741: 4280: 4278: 4276: 3409:"'Hell, someone's cut this girl in half!'" 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 2914: 2912: 1052: 787: 457:mile (600 m) away from the Biltmore. 49: 5895:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 5859: 5636: 5436:Black Dahlia Avenger: A Genius for Murder 4168: 4143:"Jilted Gal Rings Guy in Gardenia Murder" 4018: 4006: 3994: 3956: 3810:"Los Angeles Examiner". December 7, 1949. 3779: 3777: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 2880:U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation 2008 1717:likens the case to the highly publicized 704: 6073:American women civilians in World War II 5722:The FBI: A Centennial History, 1908–2008 5657: 5331:Imagining Los Angeles: A City in Fiction 5069: 5067: 5021: 4915: 4464:"Video Game to Play in Vintage Gumshoes" 4199: 3864: 3835: 3825:. 2000. pp. 16, 17, 32, 33, 34, 35. 3664:. Los Angeles History. Los Angeles Times 3583: 3581: 3475: 3473: 3464: 3372: 3370: 3120: 2651: 2614: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2539:"A Slaying Cloaked in Mystery and Myths" 2536: 2523: 1571: 1440: 1056: 699: 555: 350: 5531: 5366: 5185: 5104: 5015: 5003: 4991: 4869: 4668:"TV Actress Feared Victim of Sex Fiend" 4273: 4174: 4162: 3517: 3386:California Digital Newspaper Collection 3361: 3346: 3302: 3290: 3261: 3244: 3229: 3212: 3200: 3153: 3107: 3101: 3022: 3010: 2909: 2867: 2855: 2710: 2517: 2438: 2332:Greenblatt, Alan (September 30, 2009). 2052: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1909: 1536:, which is based in part on the crime. 1504:Alleged prostitution and sexual history 1048:Theories and potentially related crimes 579:. Newbarr's report noted "very little" 258:America to capture national attention. 14: 6088:Deaths by beating in the United States 6025: 5868: 5808: 5794:. Minneapolis: Roundtable Publishing. 5787: 5768: 5738: 5613: 5590: 5454:Hodel, Steve; Pezzullo, Ralph (2009). 5409: 5347: 5307: 5058: 4857: 4735: 4532:"Letter Tells Details of L.A. Killing" 4240: 4107:"Los Angeles Killer Claims New Victim" 3944: 3889: 3887: 3865:Harnisch, Larry (September 10, 2017). 3836:Harnisch, Larry (September 10, 2017). 3784:McLellan, Dennis (December 19, 2004). 3774: 3729: 3683:Suzan Nightingale (January 17, 1982). 3505: 3278: 3058:"'Suicide' Revives 'Dahlia' Inquiry". 2903: 2891: 2843: 2822: 2786: 2698: 2505: 2374: 2362: 2307: 2292: 2280: 2265: 2253: 2238: 2187:Steeves, Heather (February 14, 2014). 2067: 2029:"Haunting images and details of death" 2027:Harnisch, Larry (September 15, 2006). 1933: 1413:Some sources, such as Oliver Cyriax's 6128:Unsolved murders in the United States 5909: 5840: 5700: 5678: 5512: 5432: 5269: 5247:from the original on October 25, 2018 5064: 4929:"The enduring legend of Black Dahlia" 4894:Carter, Claire (September 14, 2017). 4805:. Pamplin Media Group. Archived from 4784: 4324: 3578: 3554: 3470: 3420:from the original on January 11, 2022 3367: 3329: 3188: 3045: 2722: 2602: 2556: 2481: 2221: 2180: 2157: 2155: 2129: 2127: 1945: 1921: 1139: 1134:University of Illinois Medical Center 953:her. Maybe I did kill my secretary." 575:, thus severing the intestine at the 402:, who was training for deployment to 303:, Maine, in 1927, before settling in 5887: 5550: 5472: 5390: 5328: 5160: 5148: 4954: 4759:Blakinger, Keri (January 16, 2016). 3913: 3743:Fitts, Alexis Sobel (May 26, 2016). 3480:McLellan, Dennis (January 9, 2003). 3399: 3176: 3121:Barcella, Laura (January 26, 2018). 2998: 2934:Harnisch, Larry (November 1, 1999). 2803: 2660: 2645: 2615:McLellan, Dennis (January 9, 2003). 2401: 2334:"What is the Age of Responsibility?" 2319: 1980: 1576:Short's grave in Oakland, California 812:conceal Short's true cause of death— 250:one of the oldest unsolved cases in 5773:. Los Angeles: Digital Data Werks. 5593:The Encyclopedia of Unsolved Crimes 4550:"Springer Murder Tips Flood Police" 3884: 2537:Harnisch, Larry (January 6, 1997). 2081:"Elizabeth Short: The Black Dahlia" 1889:The Encyclopedia of Unsolved Crimes 1549:The Encyclopedia of Unsolved Crimes 1298:On the evening of October 2, 1947, 1283:On July 8, 1947, the naked body of 1098: 964:. She also published a book titled 745:in the alley were in fact Short's. 433: 326:to support the family. Troubled by 24: 6108:People from Medford, Massachusetts 5964:, a 1950 radio program on the case 5761: 5745:(Revised ed.). Magpie Books. 5517:. University of California Press. 5412:The Black Dahlia: Shattered Dreams 4927:Summers, Chris (August 31, 2006). 4829:"Excerpts From Grand Jury Summary" 4285:Meares, Hadley (January 4, 2017). 4255:: Compass Point Books (Capstone). 4248:The Black Dahlia: Shattered Dreams 3406:Bray, Christopher (June 3, 2006). 2152: 2124: 1961:. Blackdahlia.info. Archived from 1959:"Investigation: Birth Certificate" 1313:On February 14, 1948, 42-year-old 672:and another Hearst newspaper, the 27:American murder victim (1924–1947) 25: 6144: 6048:1947 murders in the United States 5932: 5873:. Upland, CA: Dragonflyer Press. 5495:Daddy Was the Black Dahlia Killer 3895:"Black Dahlia & Torso Slayer" 2577:. January 8, 2017. Archived from 1516:, which claims she worked at the 1061:Police search for remains in the 966:Daddy was the Black Dahlia Killer 6010: 5998: 5986: 5864:. New York: Harper and Brothers. 5813:. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse. 5643:. Santa Fe, NM: Sunstone Press. 5498:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 5229: 5203: 5166: 5110: 5086: 4960: 4887: 4821: 4790: 4696: 4678: 4660: 4642: 4634: 4617: 4599: 4581: 4560: 4542: 4524: 4506: 4492: 4474: 4456: 4438: 4420: 4400: 4383: 4365: 4347: 4330: 4303: 4234: 4135: 4117: 4099: 4078: 4060: 4042: 4024: 3962: 3907: 3829: 3814: 3803: 3715: 3695: 3676: 3650: 3540: 3439:Corwin, Miles (March 25, 1996). 3391: 1873: 1845: 1832: 1819: 1806: 694: 219:, Short spent her early life in 5949:Federal Bureau of Investigation 5836:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 5439:. New York: Arcade Publishing. 5274:. Kent State University Press. 4972:Federal Bureau of Investigation 3614:Thomson, David (May 18, 2003). 3607: 3588:Lopez, Steve (April 13, 2003). 3560: 3523: 3432: 3066: 3051: 2953: 2927: 2740: 2608: 2407: 2325: 2099: 2073: 1797: 1778: 1758: 1749: 1736: 1167:On July 27, 1943, the son of a 646:Federal Bureau of Investigation 283:sailor who was born in 1885 in 105: 6113:People murdered in Los Angeles 5869:Wagner, Rob Leicester (2000). 5724:. Government Printing Office. 5664:. Vol. II. Enigma Books. 5637:Rasmussen, William T. (2005). 5333:. University of Nevada Press. 5210:Jensen, Jeff (March 2, 2015). 4214:. Vol. 77, no. 263. 2964:. January 17, 1947. p. 2. 2923:. January 17, 1947. p. 1. 2020: 1951: 1727: 1703: 1626:: Short was played by actress 13: 1: 6103:People from Hyde Park, Boston 5771:The Curse of the Black Dahlia 5742:Giant Book of Unsolved Crimes 5348:Gibson, Dirk Cameron (2004). 5031:Calhoun, Bob (July 3, 2017). 4391:"Another Nude Murder in L.A." 4377:The San Bernardino County Sun 4373:"Slain Woman's Husband Freed" 4338:"Another Nude Murder in L.A." 4251:. True Crime (2nd ed.). 4243:"Chapter 4: A Dangerous Path" 4125:"SHADES OF THE 'BLACK DAHLIA" 3568:"The Black Dahlia Never Dies" 1897: 1136:on March 5, 2012, at age 83. 751:Los Angeles Police Department 236:Los Angeles Police Department 194: 98: 32:Black Dahlia (disambiguation) 6058:20th-century American people 5845:. New York: Pinnacle Books. 5658:Reppetto, Thomas A. (2013). 5576:. New York: Bulfinch Press. 5270:Badal, James Jessen (2001). 5173:"Who Is the Black Dahlia?". 5093:"District Attorney Suspects" 4882:Chancellor & Graham 2016 4568:"THE LOUISE SPRINGER MURDER" 1764:Gini Graham Scott states in 1637:in the 1975 television film 1404:Murder and state of the body 1013:Long Beach Police Department 988:focuses on Leslie Dillon, a 460: 447:Olive Street, approximately 379:at Camp Cooke (which became 266: 7: 6133:Vandenberg Space Force Base 6063:20th-century American women 5945:The Black Dahlia case files 4607:"2157DFCA – Mimi Boomhower" 4536:The Bakersfield Californian 3689:Los Angeles Herald Examiner 3088:– via newspapers.com. 2921:Los Angeles Herald-Examiner 1887:, and by Michael Newton in 1742:The reduction of the legal 1670: 1663:", and again in 2018 with " 1436: 1380:Rumors and factual disputes 1285:Rosenda Josephine Mondragon 1254:Florence-Graham, California 912:copyeditor Larry Harnisch; 381:Vandenberg Space Force Base 343:during her sophomore year. 10: 6149: 5953:Freedom of Information Act 5860:Underwood, Agness (1949). 5828:Richardson, James (1954). 5262: 4312:Los Angeles Herald-Express 4218:. United Press. p. 15 3769:Knowlton & Newton 1995 3645:Knowlton & Newton 1995 2494:Knowlton & Newton 1995 2451:Knowlton & Newton 1995 2390:Knowlton & Newton 1995 2111:ancestors.familysearch.org 1620:2006 film of the same name 1287:, 21, was discovered by a 885: 538:Autopsy and identification 526:Los Angeles Herald-Express 366:Mare Island Naval Shipyard 29: 5910:Wolfe, Donald H. (2005). 4704:"Jean Elizabeth Spangler" 3382:Madera Daily News-Tribune 3315:Hodel & Pezzullo 2009 2735:Nelson & Bayliss 2006 1580:Short is interred at the 1567: 1198:Georgette Elise Bauerdorf 1130:Dixon Correctional Center 728:On March 14, an apparent 497:) in the neighborhood of 428: 334:attacks, Short underwent 180: 172: 131: 116: 94: 86: 60: 48: 41: 5916:. New York: ReganBooks. 5591:Newton, Michael (2009). 4654:St. Louis Star and Times 1697: 1692:List of unsolved murders 1640:Who Is the Black Dahlia? 1332:Louise Margaret Springer 1263:the body of 39-year-old 882:Suspects and confessions 856:Grand jury and aftermath 387:, briefly living with a 375:Short took a job at the 347:Relocation to California 242:but yielded no arrests. 6068:American murder victims 5769:Daniel, Jacque (2004). 5410:Haugen, Brenda (2010). 5329:Fine, David M. (2004). 5308:Cyriax, Oliver (1993). 4181:The Chronicle Newspaper 2985:April 19, 2019, at the 2972:March 28, 2019, at the 2756:Exquisitecorpsebook.com 1364:Jean Elizabeth Spangler 1246:Dorothy Ella Montgomery 1071:Cleveland Torso Murders 1063:Cleveland Torso Murders 1053:Cleveland Torso Murders 1024:, he was able to avoid 788:Media response; decline 770:California State Patrol 650:William Randolph Hearst 404:Southeast Asian theater 309:1929 stock market crash 261: 111:Los Angeles, California 5739:Wilkes, Roger (2006). 5614:Nickel, Steve (2001). 5391:Hare, William (2004). 5311:Crime: An Encyclopedia 5080:February 18, 2013, at 4672:Long Beach Independent 1879:John Gilmore notes in 1665:Return to Murder House 1582:Mountain View Cemetery 1577: 1463: 1415:Crime: An Encyclopedia 1219:Jeanne "Nettie" French 1073:, which took place in 1066: 982:Black Dahlia, Red Rose 837:Los Angeles Daily News 782:obstruction of justice 705:Letters and interviews 564: 415:Naval Reserve Air Base 400:2nd Air Commando Group 356: 305:Medford, Massachusetts 200:, 1947), known as the 157:37.83528°N 122.23694°W 6098:Female murder victims 6083:Crimes in Los Angeles 5809:Pacios, Mary (1999). 5788:Fowler, Will (1991). 5701:Scott, Cathy (2017). 5555:. Visible Ink Press. 5532:Mancall, Jim (2013). 5473:Katz, Hélèna (2010). 5433:Hodel, Steve (2003). 5293:. Charles C. Thomas. 5074:"Fact Versus Fiction" 4809:on September 12, 2017 4799:"The Dahlia, divined" 4629:Daily Capital Journal 4216:Reading, Pennsylvania 4185:Centralia, Washington 4086:"A Standalone Murder" 3078:The Los Angeles Times 3060:The Los Angeles Times 2765:on September 16, 2012 2581:on September 12, 2017 2135:"Cleo Alvin Short Jr" 1866:, and Bob Calhoun of 1656:American Horror Story 1594:sex offender registry 1575: 1444: 1293:Los Angeles City Hall 1060: 888:Black Dahlia suspects 700:Initial investigation 559: 354: 81:, Massachusetts, U.S. 6093:Deaths from bleeding 5841:Smith, Jack (1981). 5243:. October 24, 2018. 5216:Entertainment Weekly 5130:on December 29, 2015 4538:. February 17, 1948. 4500:"GHOSTS OF THE PAST" 4072:Deranged L.A. Crimes 2167:www.familysearch.org 2139:www.familysearch.org 2008:on December 30, 2016 1682:Crime in Los Angeles 1265:Laura Eliza Trelstad 1261:Long Beach Boulevard 1173:Ora Elizabeth Murray 1037:governor of Oklahoma 1035:, who contacted the 942:Jack Anderson Wilson 718:Los Angeles Examiner 655:Los Angeles Examiner 198: January 14–15 162:37.83528; -122.23694 102: January 14–15 6053:1947 in Los Angeles 5597:Infobase Publishing 5551:Mayo, Mike (2008). 5513:Lewis, Jon (2017). 5416:Capstone Publishers 5107:, pp. 141–142. 4833:BlackDahlia website 4765:New York Daily News 4708:The Charley Project 4674:. October 12, 1949. 4656:. October 12, 1949. 4593:The Charley Project 4502:. February 9, 2017. 4359:The Theorem Factory 4355:"THE BLACK DAHLIAS" 4341:Santa Cruz Sentinel 4187:: CT Publishing LLC 4165:, pp. 152–159. 4111:Valley Morning Star 3947:, pp. 189–190. 3914:Bardsley, Marilyn. 3771:, p. 147, 244. 3725:. November 2, 2018. 3616:"L.A. Confidential" 3364:, pp. 170–173. 3191:, pp. 222–223. 3104:, pp. 148–150. 3025:, pp. 167–168. 3013:, pp. 165–169. 2870:, pp. 124–125. 2663:"Macabre Discovery" 2163:"Phoebe May Sawyer" 1965:on October 14, 2007 1912:, pp. 137–138. 1840:New York Daily News 1827:New York Daily News 1315:Gladys Eugenia Kern 1236:Norwalk, California 834:On February 1, the 814:cerebral hemorrhage 680:the case, with one 485:34.0164°N 118.333°W 481: / 423:Hollywood Boulevard 389:U.S. Army Air Force 362:Vallejo, California 341:Medford High School 153: / 125:cerebral hemorrhage 117:Cause of death 5680:Scott, Gini Graham 5193:"The Black Dahlia" 5151:, pp. 209–10. 5118:"The Black Dahlia" 5076:BlackDahlia.info. 4968:"The Black Dahlia" 4692:. October 5, 1952. 4520:. October 5, 1947. 4468:The New York Times 4074:. August 16, 2013. 3976:on January 9, 2010 3900:Unsolved Mysteries 3621:The New York Times 3520:, p. 150–170. 2737:, pp. 14, 27. 2508:, pp. 19, 23. 2107:"FamilySearch.org" 1661:Spooky Little Girl 1578: 1545:gonadal dysgenesis 1541:sexual intercourse 1530:John Gregory Dunne 1464: 1269:sexually assaulted 1169:Los Angeles County 1154:Los Angeles County 1140:Lone Woman Murders 1087:in 1992, in which 1084:Unsolved Mysteries 1067: 1033:Adlai Stevenson II 1006:Los Angeles Herald 807:had resulted in a 621:subarachnoid space 565: 548:Los Angeles County 357: 313:Charlestown Bridge 281:United States Navy 252:Los Angeles County 6033:Black Dahlia case 5752:978-1-845-29205-8 5731:978-0-160-80954-5 5712:978-1-465-46667-9 5693:978-0-275-99977-3 5671:978-1-936274-44-4 5629:978-0-895-87246-3 5622:. John F. Blair. 5606:978-1-438-11914-4 5562:978-1-57859-256-2 5524:978-0-520-28432-6 5484:978-0-313-37692-4 5465:978-1-101-14035-2 5425:978-0-7565-4358-7 5402:978-0-786-41801-5 5383:978-1-878-92310-3 5359:978-0-275-98360-4 5321:978-0-233-98821-4 5314:. Andre Deutsch. 5300:978-0-398-09139-2 5281:978-0-873-38689-0 5095:BlackDahlia.info. 5006:, p. 15, 56. 4690:Los Angeles Times 4554:Los Angeles Times 4413:Los Angeles Times 4379:. August 2, 1947. 4343:. March 12, 1947. 4262:978-0-7565-4358-7 4228:Google Newspapers 4149:. August 6, 1943. 4131:. March 18, 1956. 4038:. April 16, 2014. 4021:, pp. 48–70. 3959:, pp. 80–97. 3790:Los Angeles Times 3594:Los Angeles Times 3535:Madera Daily News 3486:Los Angeles Times 3445:Los Angeles Times 3317:, pp. 28–29. 3062:. March 15, 1947. 2962:Los Angeles Times 2940:Los Angeles Times 2894:, pp. 11–12. 2725:, pp. 14–16. 2701:, pp. 44–46. 2661:Scheeres, Julia. 2621:Los Angeles Times 2543:Los Angeles Times 2377:, pp. 29–31. 2268:, pp. 19–20. 2087:. August 12, 2020 2033:Los Angeles Times 2000:Harnisch, Larry. 1857:Los Angeles Times 1851:In his 2001 book 1791:Los Angeles Times 1771:Los Angeles Times 1724:in the mid-1990s. 1715:Gini Graham Scott 1551:, notes that her 1518:Hollywood Canteen 1300:Lillian Dominguez 1291:in a gutter near 1240:Los Angeles River 1222:"TEX" below. The 1207:Hollywood Canteen 1146:sexual mutilation 1109:Chicago, Illinois 1042:district attorney 1030:Illinois Governor 992:who was a former 970:sexually molested 936:, Hodel's friend 774:Los Angeles River 688:Los Angeles Times 603:suprapubic region 562:death certificate 510:Medical examiners 504:Short's severely 490:34.0164; -118.333 370:San Francisco Bay 193:(July 29, 1924 – 188: 187: 16:(Redirected from 6140: 6118:Restaurant staff 6015: 6014: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5982: 5939:The Black Dahlia 5927: 5906: 5884: 5865: 5856: 5843:Jack Smith's L.A 5837: 5835: 5824: 5805: 5784: 5756: 5735: 5716: 5697: 5675: 5654: 5633: 5621: 5610: 5587: 5566: 5547: 5543:978-0-786-433070 5528: 5509: 5488: 5469: 5450: 5429: 5406: 5387: 5363: 5344: 5325: 5304: 5285: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5071: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5028: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4924: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4835:. 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Archived from 2667:The Black Dahlia 2658: 2649: 2643: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2567: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2534: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2242: 2236: 2225: 2219: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2159: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2131: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2004:. Archived from 1997: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1892: 1877: 1871: 1861: 1849: 1843: 1836: 1830: 1823: 1817: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1782: 1776: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1707: 1677:Agness Underwood 1615:The Black Dahlia 1534:True Confessions 1388:Portland Tribune 1099:Lipstick Murders 895:John P. St. John 822: 779: 738:West Los Angeles 640: 639: 635: 632: 618: 617: 613: 610: 596: 595: 591: 588: 573:lumbar vertebrae 569:hemicorporectomy 496: 495: 493: 492: 491: 486: 482: 479: 478: 477: 474: 456: 455: 451: 434:Prior activities 228:murder mystery, 199: 196: 168: 167: 165: 164: 163: 158: 154: 151: 150: 149: 146: 107: 103: 100: 74: 72: 53: 39: 38: 21: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5987: 5985: 5977: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5903: 5881: 5853: 5821: 5802: 5781: 5764: 5762:Further reading 5759: 5753: 5732: 5713: 5705:. DK. Penguin. 5694: 5672: 5651: 5630: 5607: 5584: 5563: 5544: 5525: 5506: 5485: 5466: 5447: 5426: 5403: 5384: 5360: 5341: 5322: 5301: 5282: 5265: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5220: 5218: 5208: 5204: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5072: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5029: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4925: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4839:on May 27, 2012 4827: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4757: 4742: 4734: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4611:The Doe Network 4605: 4604: 4600: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4488:. July 8, 1947. 4480: 4479: 4475: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4452:. May 11, 2005. 4444: 4443: 4439: 4434:. May 13, 1947. 4426: 4425: 4421: 4416:. May 13, 1947. 4406: 4405: 4401: 4396:. May 13, 1947. 4389: 4388: 4384: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4263: 4239: 4235: 4221: 4219: 4210:. 2nd section. 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4154: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4129:The Independent 4123: 4122: 4118: 4113:. May 13, 1947. 4105: 4104: 4100: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3912: 3908: 3893: 3892: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3863: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3782: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3741: 3730: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3711:. May 26, 2016. 3708:TheGuardian.com 3701: 3700: 3696: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3586: 3579: 3572:The Independent 3566: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3478: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3376: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3353: 3345: 3336: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3268: 3260: 3251: 3243: 3236: 3228: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3119: 3108: 3100: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2987:Wayback Machine 2974:Wayback Machine 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2917: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2829: 2821: 2810: 2802: 2793: 2785: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2673:on June 1, 2008 2659: 2652: 2644: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2569: 2568: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2535: 2524: 2520:, pp. 2–5. 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2344: 2342: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2245: 2237: 2228: 2220: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2185: 2181: 2171: 2169: 2161: 2160: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2085:Murderous Roots 2079: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2059: 2055:, pp. 1–4. 2051: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2025: 2021: 2011: 2009: 1998: 1981: 1968: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1878: 1874: 1859: 1850: 1846: 1837: 1833: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1783: 1779: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1744:age of majority 1741: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1711:American Murder 1708: 1704: 1700: 1673: 1570: 1506: 1473:The Blue Dahlia 1451:The Blue Dahlia 1439: 1419:cigarette burns 1406: 1382: 1161:law enforcement 1152:. In 1949, the 1142: 1122:William Heirens 1101: 1055: 1050: 918:Norman Chandler 890: 884: 858: 820: 790: 777: 707: 702: 697: 678:sensationalized 637: 633: 630: 628: 615: 611: 608: 606: 593: 589: 586: 584: 540: 531:Aggie Underwood 489: 487: 483: 480: 475: 472: 470: 468: 467: 463: 453: 449: 448: 436: 431: 349: 269: 264: 231:The Blue Dahlia 197: 191:Elizabeth Short 161: 159: 155: 152: 147: 144: 142: 140: 139: 138: 112: 109: 101: 90:January 9, 1947 82: 76: 70: 68: 67: 66: 65:Elizabeth Short 56: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Elizabeth Short 15: 12: 11: 5: 6146: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6020: 6019: 6007: 5995: 5975: 5974: 5965: 5960:Somebody Knows 5956: 5942: 5934: 5933:External links 5931: 5929: 5928: 5922: 5907: 5901: 5885: 5879: 5866: 5862:Newspaperwoman 5857: 5851: 5838: 5825: 5819: 5806: 5800: 5785: 5779: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5751: 5736: 5730: 5717: 5711: 5703:The Crime Book 5698: 5692: 5676: 5670: 5655: 5649: 5634: 5628: 5611: 5605: 5588: 5582: 5567: 5561: 5548: 5542: 5529: 5523: 5510: 5504: 5489: 5483: 5470: 5464: 5451: 5445: 5430: 5424: 5407: 5401: 5388: 5382: 5364: 5358: 5345: 5339: 5326: 5320: 5305: 5299: 5286: 5280: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5228: 5202: 5184: 5165: 5163:, p. 316. 5153: 5141: 5109: 5097: 5085: 5063: 5061:, p. 174. 5051: 5020: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4959: 4957:, p. 212. 4947: 4914: 4886: 4874: 4872:, p. 125. 4862: 4860:, p. 123. 4850: 4820: 4789: 4787:, p. 111. 4777: 4740: 4738:, p. 289. 4725: 4695: 4677: 4659: 4641: 4616: 4598: 4580: 4559: 4541: 4523: 4505: 4491: 4473: 4470:. May 6, 2011. 4455: 4437: 4419: 4399: 4394:Madera Tribune 4382: 4364: 4361:. May 7, 2017. 4346: 4329: 4317: 4302: 4272: 4261: 4233: 4198: 4167: 4152: 4147:Daily News New 4134: 4116: 4098: 4077: 4059: 4041: 4023: 4019:Rasmussen 2005 4011: 4009:, p. 122. 4007:Rasmussen 2005 3999: 3997:, p. 101. 3995:Rasmussen 2005 3987: 3961: 3957:Rasmussen 2005 3949: 3937: 3906: 3883: 3854: 3828: 3813: 3802: 3773: 3761: 3728: 3714: 3694: 3675: 3649: 3634: 3606: 3577: 3559: 3557:, p. 215. 3547: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3469: 3467:, p. 154. 3457: 3431: 3398: 3366: 3351: 3349:, p. 173. 3334: 3332:, p. 114. 3319: 3307: 3305:, p. 154. 3295: 3293:, p. 134. 3283: 3266: 3264:, p. 141. 3249: 3247:, p. 140. 3234: 3232:, p. 139. 3217: 3215:, p. 150. 3205: 3203:, p. 149. 3193: 3181: 3179:, p. 190. 3158: 3156:, p. 169. 3146: 3106: 3091: 3065: 3050: 3048:, p. 113. 3027: 3015: 3003: 3001:, p. 189. 2991: 2952: 2926: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2860: 2858:, p. 138. 2848: 2827: 2808: 2806:, p. 187. 2791: 2776: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2684: 2650: 2648:, p. 185. 2633: 2607: 2605:, p. 107. 2592: 2555: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2496:, p. 140. 2486: 2484:, p. 221. 2455: 2453:, p. 118. 2443: 2441:, p. 113. 2431: 2406: 2404:, p. 188. 2394: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2324: 2322:, p. 186. 2312: 2297: 2285: 2270: 2258: 2243: 2226: 2224:, p. 222. 2205: 2179: 2151: 2123: 2098: 2072: 2057: 2045: 2019: 1979: 1950: 1948:, p. 106. 1938: 1936:, p. 191. 1926: 1914: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1893: 1872: 1844: 1831: 1818: 1805: 1796: 1777: 1766:American Crime 1757: 1748: 1735: 1726: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1687:Ernest E. Debs 1684: 1679: 1672: 1669: 1653:in the series 1624:Brian De Palma 1612:'s 1987 novel 1569: 1566: 1561:Herald-Express 1532:'s 1977 novel 1505: 1502: 1498:Herald-Express 1485:Herald-Express 1438: 1435: 1405: 1402: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1359: 1347:Mimi Boomhower 1343: 1326: 1311: 1308:stiletto blade 1296: 1281: 1257: 1243: 1232:Evelyn Winters 1228: 1224:Herald-Express 1215: 1203:West Hollywood 1184: 1141: 1138: 1105:Suzanne Degnan 1100: 1097: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 980:The 2017 book 886:Main article: 883: 880: 857: 854: 829:Herald-Express 818:Herald-Express 789: 786: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 674:Herald-Express 539: 536: 462: 459: 444:Biltmore Hotel 435: 432: 430: 427: 348: 345: 268: 265: 263: 260: 186: 185: 182: 181:Known for 178: 177: 174: 170: 169: 133: 129: 128: 118: 114: 113: 110: 108:(aged 22) 96: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 77: 64: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6145: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6123:Retail clerks 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6006: 5996: 5994: 5984: 5983: 5980: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5925: 5923:0-06-058249-9 5919: 5915: 5914: 5908: 5904: 5902:0-09-949973-8 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5880:0-944933-80-7 5876: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5852:0-523-41493-5 5848: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5833: 5826: 5822: 5820:1-58500-484-7 5816: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5801:0-915677-61-X 5797: 5793: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5780:0-9651604-2-4 5776: 5772: 5767: 5766: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5686:. Greenwood. 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5650:0-86534-536-8 5646: 5642: 5641: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5583:0-8212-5819-2 5579: 5575: 5574: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5536:. McFarland. 5535: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5505:0-671-88084-5 5501: 5497: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5446:1-55970-664-3 5442: 5438: 5437: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5395:. McFarland. 5394: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5368:Gilmore, John 5365: 5361: 5355: 5352:. Greenwood. 5351: 5346: 5342: 5340:0-87417-603-4 5336: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5246: 5242: 5241:starrymag.com 5238: 5232: 5221:September 12, 5217: 5213: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5150: 5145: 5134:September 10, 5129: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5106: 5101: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5082:archive.today 5079: 5075: 5070: 5068: 5060: 5055: 5044:September 11, 5040: 5039: 5034: 5027: 5025: 5018:, p. 56. 5017: 5012: 5005: 5000: 4994:, p. 39. 4993: 4988: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4956: 4951: 4940:September 10, 4936: 4935: 4930: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4907:September 17, 4903: 4902: 4897: 4890: 4884:, p. 59. 4883: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4813:September 12, 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4770:September 10, 4766: 4762: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4637: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4576: 4569: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4501: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4403: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4327:, p. 38. 4326: 4321: 4313: 4306: 4295:September 12, 4291: 4288: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4237: 4229: 4217: 4213: 4212:Reading Eagle 4209: 4202: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4094: 4087: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4068:"The Butcher" 4063: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4020: 4015: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3946: 3941: 3925: 3921: 3920:Crime Library 3917: 3910: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3876:September 22, 3872: 3868: 3861: 3859: 3847:September 22, 3843: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3817: 3806: 3795:September 16, 3791: 3787: 3780: 3778: 3770: 3765: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3724: 3718: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3668:September 17, 3663: 3659: 3653: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3627:September 16, 3623: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3599:September 13, 3595: 3591: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3556: 3551: 3543: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3519: 3514: 3508:, p. 48. 3507: 3502: 3491:September 15, 3487: 3483: 3476: 3474: 3466: 3465:Reppetto 2013 3461: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3419: 3415: 3414:The Telegraph 3410: 3402: 3394: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3371: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3281:, p. 47. 3280: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3190: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3155: 3150: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3128:Rolling Stone 3124: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3024: 3019: 3012: 3007: 3000: 2995: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2976:available at 2975: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2956: 2945:September 12, 2941: 2937: 2930: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2905: 2900: 2893: 2888: 2882:, p. 43. 2881: 2876: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2852: 2846:, p. 46. 2845: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2825:, p. 45. 2824: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2789:, p. 44. 2788: 2783: 2781: 2769:September 12, 2761: 2757: 2750: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2707: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2655: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2585:September 11, 2580: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2548:September 11, 2544: 2540: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2519: 2514: 2507: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2435: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2392:, p. 30. 2391: 2386: 2384: 2376: 2371: 2365:, p. 29. 2364: 2359: 2352: 2345:September 12, 2341: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2310:, p. 25. 2309: 2304: 2302: 2295:, p. 23. 2294: 2289: 2283:, p. 20. 2282: 2277: 2275: 2267: 2262: 2256:, p. 19. 2255: 2250: 2248: 2241:, p. 18. 2240: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2194: 2190: 2183: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2156: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2128: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2070:, p. 15. 2069: 2064: 2062: 2054: 2049: 2034: 2030: 2023: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1976: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1947: 1942: 1935: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1841: 1835: 1828: 1822: 1815: 1809: 1800: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1781: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1752: 1745: 1739: 1730: 1723: 1720: 1719:O. J. Simpson 1716: 1712: 1706: 1702: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1562: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1456:Veronica Lake 1453: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1410: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1374: 1373:Griffith Park 1370: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1329:Cosmetologist 1327: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1267:who had been 1266: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1189:'s 1994 book 1188: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150:serial killer 1147: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1119:serial killer 1116: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1059: 1045: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1017:The Rap Sheet 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 978: 976: 971: 967: 963: 959: 954: 951: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 922:Woody Guthrie 919: 915: 911: 906: 903: 898: 896: 889: 879: 877: 873: 868: 863: 853: 851: 845: 843: 839: 838: 832: 830: 826: 819: 815: 810: 806: 801: 799: 795: 785: 783: 775: 771: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 742: 739: 735: 731: 726: 724: 719: 714: 712: 695:Investigation 692: 690: 689: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 657: 656: 651: 647: 642: 626: 622: 604: 600: 582: 578: 574: 570: 563: 558: 554: 552: 549: 545: 535: 532: 528: 527: 522: 520: 516: 515:Glasgow smile 511: 507: 502: 500: 494: 458: 445: 441: 426: 424: 420: 416: 411: 409: 405: 401: 396: 394: 393:Santa Barbara 390: 386: 382: 378: 377:Base Exchange 373: 371: 367: 363: 353: 344: 342: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 317:Charles River 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 259: 257: 253: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 232: 227: 222: 218: 213: 211: 207: 203: 192: 184:Murder victim 183: 179: 175: 171: 166: 137: 134: 132:Resting place 130: 126: 122: 119: 115: 97: 93: 89: 85: 80: 75:July 29, 1924 63: 59: 55:Short in 1946 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5968:Black Dahlia 5959: 5912: 5892: 5870: 5861: 5842: 5831: 5810: 5790: 5770: 5741: 5721: 5702: 5683: 5660: 5639: 5617: 5592: 5572: 5552: 5533: 5514: 5494: 5477:. ABC-CLIO. 5474: 5455: 5435: 5411: 5392: 5372: 5349: 5330: 5310: 5290: 5271: 5251:November 23, 5249:. Retrieved 5240: 5231: 5219:. Retrieved 5215: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5156: 5144: 5132:. Retrieved 5128:the original 5121: 5112: 5105:Gilmore 2006 5100: 5088: 5054: 5042:. Retrieved 5036: 5016:Gilmore 2006 5011: 5004:Gilmore 2006 4999: 4992:Mancall 2013 4987: 4975:. Retrieved 4971: 4962: 4950: 4938:. Retrieved 4932: 4905:. Retrieved 4901:Daily Mirror 4899: 4889: 4877: 4870:Gilmore 2006 4865: 4853: 4841:. Retrieved 4837:the original 4832: 4823: 4811:. Retrieved 4807:the original 4802: 4792: 4780: 4768:. Retrieved 4764: 4716:. Retrieved 4712:the original 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4653: 4644: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4411: 4402: 4393: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4332: 4320: 4311: 4305: 4293:. 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